Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic moment of M?*(aq) ion @=27. Ans. Electronic configuration of M atom with Z = 27 is [Ar] 3d? 4s? . Electronic configuration of M™* = [Ar] 3a”, ie. [TI]TI] 1] 111 Hence, it has three unpaired electrons. Spin only magnetic moment (1) = Jad) BM = \88+2) BM = ViSBM = 3.87 BM a6) Explain why Cu* ion isnot stable in aqueous solutions? u Ans. In aqueous solution Cu* undergoes disproportionati 2Cu* (aq) — Cuag) + Cu(s) The higher stability of Cu* i ton to form a more stable Cu** ion. Q. 10. Actinoid contraction is greater from element to ele i me i ion. Why? ‘Ans. This is because the Sfelectrons themselves provide - nt than lanthanoid contraction. 00F Shieldine Fram ant tn alamant in thero what extent do the electronic configurations decide the stability of oxidation states in the first ‘series of the transition elements? Illustrate your answer with example. ns. The stability of oxidation states in the first seties of the transition elements are related to their electronic configurations. ‘The first five elements of the first transition series up to Mn in which the 3d-subshell is not more than halfilled, the minimum oxidation state is given by the number of electrons in the outer s-subshell and the maximum oxidation state is given by the sum of the outer s and d-electrons. For example, Sc does not show +2 oxidation state. Its electronic configuration is 45* 3d'. It loses all the three electrons to form Sc’, +3 oxidation state is very stable as by losing all three electrons, it attains the stable configuration of ‘Argon. For Mn, +2 oxidation state is very stable, as after losing two 4s electrons, the d-orbitals become halffilled. What may be the stable oxidation state of the transition element with the following d-electron configuration in the ground state of their atoms? 3d? 34°, 3d and 3d* Ans. Stable oxidation states: 34? (vanadium): +2, 43, +4, +5 3d (manganese): +2, +4, +6, 47 3d: 3d (chromium): +3, +4, +6 3a* (cobalt): +2, +3 (in complexes) ‘There is no d* configuration in the ground state. Game the oxo-metal anions ofthe fist series ofthe transition metals in which the metal exhibits the oxidation state equal to its group number. Ans. Cr,0} and CrO} (group no. = oxidation state of Cr= 6) M0; (group no. = oxidation state of Mn = 7) ‘Vanadate: VO; (group no. = oxidation state of V = 5) 7. Whats tanthanold contraction? What are the consequences of lanthanoid contraction? Ans. Refer to Basic Concepts Point 5 (v). ‘The consequences of lanthanoid contraction are as follows: (The properties of second and third transition series are similar. (i) Basie strength decreases from La(OH), to Lu(OH). (iii) Lanthanide contraction makes separation of lamthanoids possible,Ans. ey Give reasons for the following: @ Transition metals and many of their compounds show paramagnetic behaviour. (ii) The enthalpies of atomisation of the transition metals are high. (ii) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds. () Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalyst. @ Refer to Basic Concepts Point 3(h). (ii) The transition elements exhibit high enthalpy of atomisation because they have large unpaired electrons in their atoms. Due to this they have stronger interatomic interaction. (ii) Refer to Basic Concepts Point 3(k). (iv) The transition metals and their compounds are known for their catalytic activity. This ascribed to their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states and to form complexes. Van (in Contact Process), finely divided iron (in Haber’s Process), and nickel (in catalytic hy are some examples to mention. Catalysts at a solid surface involve the formation of bon Feactant molecules and atoms of the surface of the catalyst (first row transition metals u! 4s electrons for bonding). This has the effect of increasing the concentration of the reac catalyst surface and also weakening of the bonds in the reacting molecules (the activatio Jowering). Also, since the transition metal ions can change their oxidation states, they effective as catalysts. For example, iron(II1) catalyses the reaction between iodide and ions. 21" + 8,03 ‘An explanation of this cataly —— 1, +2807 action is given as under: 2Fe* + 21-7 ——~ 21 aL 2Fe** + S,07° —— 2Fe** + 2803"18. )Describe the oxidising action of pots ‘ith () iodide Gi) iron (II) solution Ans (i) Cr0}"+ I4H* + 617 — 2Cr* +7H,0 + 31, (i) CO} + 14H? + 6Fe™* — 2Cr* +7H,0 + 6Fe™* i) Cr,07 + 8H" +3H,S —— 2Cr*+7H,0 +35 ibe the preparation of potassium permanganate. How does the acidified permanganate react ith ( iron (It) ions (ii) SO, (ii) oxalic acid? Write the ionic equations for the reaction. Ans, For preparation, refer to Basic Concepts Point 4(b). () MnO; +8H* + 5Fe** —— Mn" + 4H,O + SFe™ (ii) 2MnO; +2H,0 +580, —~ 2Mn™* +4H* + 5S07° coo (iii) 2MnO; + 16H? +5 | —— 2Mn™ +8H,0 + 10C0, coo" © For M'/M and M™*/M™ systems, E° values for some metals are as follows: Cricr=-0.9V Cr/Cr* =-0.4V Mn"/Mn=-1.2V Mn™/Mn?* = +1.5 V Fe'Fe=—04V Fe"/Re*= 408 V (CBSE Sample Paper 2016) Use this data to comment upon (© the stability of Fe™ in acid solution as compared to that of Cr™ and Mn™*. i) the ease with which iron can be oxidised as compared to the similar process for either Cr or Mn Higher the reduction potential of a species, greater is the ease with which it undergo reduction, Among. these pairs, Mn?*/Mn?* has largest positive reduction potential. Hence Mn can be easily reduced to ‘Mn** i.e,, Mn* is least stable. CP*/CP* has a negative £° value, therefore, Cr” is most stable, Fe"™/Fe* has a positive value but small, Hence, Fe” is more stable than Mn but less stable than Cr", (Gi) Lower the reduction potential or higher the oxidation potential of « species, greater is the ease With Which it undergo oxidation, Among these pairs, Mné*/Mn has the most negative reduction potential ‘or most positive oxidation potential. Therefore, it will be most easily oxidised. Thus, the decreasing order of their ease of oxidation is Mn > Cr > Fe. Ans,Ans, Ans. How would you account for the following: (@) Of the d! species, Cr is strongly reducing while manganese (ILI) is strongly oxidising. (i) Cobalt (ID is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it oxidised. (ii) The d' configuration is very unstable in ions, (WE value for Cr**/Cr** is negative (~0.41 V) whereas E® value for Mn°*/Mn** is positive (+L Thus, Cr* ions can easily undergo oxidation to give Cr** ions and, therefore, act as strong ret agent. On the other hand, Mn™* can easily undergo reduction to give Mn™* and hence act as 0 agent. (ii) This is because in presence of com ionisation energy of cobalt. (iii) The ions witha ' configuration have the! stable d° configuration, Therefore, Whaat is meant by ‘disproportionation’ iplexing reagents the CFSE value more than compensates tendency tolose the only electron presentin d-subshell 0 they are unstable and undergo oxidation or disproportio . "? Give two examples of disproportionation reaction ina solution, Disproportionation reactions are those reacti as reduction. In disproportionation reaction, in whi jation’ ‘ons in which the same substance undergoes oxidati h oxidation number of an element increases as well as to form two different products, For example.vi vil Vv 3MnO}" + 4H" ——+ 2MnOj + MnO, +2H,0 v vi m 3CrO} + 8H —— 2CrOP + Cr+ 4H,0 .23. Which metal in the first transition series exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently and why? “Ans, Cu has the electronic configuration 3d'° 4s'. It can easily lose 4s! electron to give the stable 3d'° configuration. Hence, it shows +1 oxidation state, Q.24, Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in the following gascous ions: (@ Mn®, (i) Cr’, Git) V* and (iv) TH. Which one of these is the most stable in aqueous solution? ‘Aps. (i) Mn’ =3d*=4 unpaired electrons ii) Cr* = 3d? =3 electrons (iii) V3" = 3d? = 2 electrons (iv) Ti" = 3d! = 1 electron, C+* is the most stable in aqueous solution because it has half-filled f,, level (ie., P,). of) cre example and suggest reasons for the following features of the transition metal chemistry: (@ The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic, the highest is acidic. (i A transition metal exhibits higher oxidation states in oxides and fluorides. i) The highest oxidation state is exhibited in oxo-anions of a metal. Ans. () The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic because the metal atom has low oxidation state. This ‘means that it can donate valence electrons which are not involved in bonding to act like a base. ‘Whereas the highest oxide is acidic due to the highest oxidation state as the valence electrons are involved in bonding and are unavailable. For example, MnO is basic whereas Mn,O, is acidic. (ii) A transition metal exhibits higher oxidation states in oxides and fluorides because oxygen and fluorine are highly electronegative elements, small in size (and strongest oxidising agents). For example, osmium shows an oxidation states of +6 in OsF, and vanadium shows an oxidation state of +5 in V,0s. (ii) Oxometal anions have the highest oxidation state, e.g., Cr in Cr,0}” has an oxidation state of +6 whereas Mn in MnO; has an oxidation state of +7. This is again due to the combination of the metal with oxygen, which is highly electronegative and oxidising element.. pec mma aco he lt cone sre ar amen ras he toi baie 22 KJMnCN 53 [Fe(H,0)," 59 KMncl) ‘Ans, Magnetic moment) = rrr) BM rorn=2, (2 +2): Form, w= Ye Vi=17% Fe aD: ym BOvediGo3a7, Bornes, yaylMaFD = =490 Forn=5, w= JSGo2) = 55 =5.92 KJMa(CN)] Here, Mn isin +oxidation state, ie, as Mn™, p= 2.2 BM shows that it has only one unpaired el Hence, when CN" ligands approach Mn" on, the electrons in 3 pair up. Hence, CN“isa strong igand. The hybridisation involved is dsp? forming inner orbital octahedral For: u as ao TOT) = 7 “ mem TIT TT TTT uw a wera (TITTT Poxpex) fa] aap yb IFe(H,0),)* Here, Fe isin +2 stat, ie. as Fe™.1=5.3 BM shows tat there Toscan to 0 ip when he ligand 1,0 molecles approach, Hence HzO i's et canbe emmnte the electons donated by sx HO molecules, he hybidawien et spd? Hen willbe an outer orbital octahedral compe, a ce “ we LT ITT] [ir ] ait aay zu re (TTT) F] [Ea] i = Ts zz wreesour* (TITTITTTT) fox. Dex [xx] exo en eras - K,{MnC) Here, Mn is in +2 state, ie., as Mn? = 5.9 BM shows that there are five unpaired electrons, Hence, hybridisation involved willbe sp3 and the complex will bbe tetrahedral, M ‘ fs wa TE feo [: ere wmocu> [TTT TT [xx] [expoxpex XX = Eletton pais from CI ions ww hytid@ Complete the following chemical equations: (@ 8MnO; + 38,07 + H,0 —— (i Cr,0F + 38n** + 14" — ICBSE Dethi 2016} Ans. (9 8MnO; +2H,0 +3¢” ——> MnO, + 40H} x8 SOF + 100H —— 280} +5H,048e"] x3 a eae cement eae 8MnO; + 38,03" +H,O —— 8Mn0, + 6802 + 20H fered nO > _8MnO; + 680%" +, 20H (i) COP + 14H" + 6” — 2CP*+7H,0 Sn?* —+ sn# 4.267] x3 gO Sahn teeery Sec CrOF + 28n"* + 14Ht —- 2Cr* + 38n** + 7H0‘Ans. Mad) ies stable than Ma (4, half ld) while Fo™” (half led) s more Sable tag Fe (d*), That is why Mn is more resistance than Fe™* towards oxidation. requ (G) Lanthanoid metals show +2 and +4 oxidation states to attain extra stable f* and f” configur ton ‘When FeCr,0 is sed wth NaCO, inthe presence of art gives yellow solution of com Compound (A) on acidification gives compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with K and (D.) [CBSE 2019, Ams. A= NasGO, B= NasCuO; , C= K;CyOr_, B= _NasSO, Q.8. On what basis ean you say that seandium (Z = 21) isa transition element but zine (Z = 30) is ‘Ans. On the basis of incompletely filed 2¢-orbitls in case of scandium atom in its ground state round stat swells ints oxidised state, hence its ot regarded asa tansition element, “ransiion metas can act as catalysts Because these can change thelr oxidation state. Fe(II catalyse the reaction between iodide and pesulphate fons? (nceer Reaction betwen odie and persulpite fons is wssop 8. 1, + 2807 Rote of Feat ions are 4 2 ore st, Fe + SOF — are + 2807 O() Completed balance the folowing equations: Ww © Mo; + + HY — i) Na,Cr,0, + KCL — “Ans. () 2Mn0, + 101" + 16H" — 2Min™ + 8,0 + 51, [case 20196 (iy NayC0, + 2KC1 — K,CK0, + 2NACI (© Calctate te magnetic moment of divalent ion in aqueous soltion iit atomic na (Wie sting up of electrons in the atom orbitals, the A rbital filled betore the 3 bout reverse happens during the onsation a the atom: Explain why. [NCERTE (© The valent on aqueous sluson wil haved configuration (ve unied elec umber 25, The magnetic moment i ae = VG M=S92 NM +2 fsenei=4s 004 So, electron wil ner in obit Fonisation enthalpy is responsible for the ionisation of atom, 4s electrons are loosely ‘nucleus So, electrons are removed font As orbital prior to Ad Qn Ans. (i) na rule: For 3 Give reasons for the follow (i) £° values of Mn, Nand Zn are more negative than expected Gi (T(H,O} bs coloured while Set,0},P* ts colours, ip Negative £valvesfor Ma and aercue to sates ot halen allyl Ans. 0 eee Bal fog NPE vale elated the highest negative eal of hy ‘Preis duet de sto of eeton in (THO), complex, has on kt ac rs energy ors HEE eon nd an Oa age Het): BMtSE" fas seston he ea woParr ein ger ene ay tr a) + Fe (a) +B (at) — aor Leo + Sé — Mal + ati,0}%2 (cot — 2€0, 426-15 wo MoO; +5C,0F 16 — 2M + 1060, aD OF + 14H + 6 — 202" + 71,0 ® Re te) x6 %, SOF + ORs — aes a TD ys (0H, ete data to anwer the fellowing and also justity giving reasons [CBSE 2019 (S614), cr Ma Fe co Bow 091 -lis aa 028 Ee at “157 on 97 to Waa altauts reduig agent n aqueous medium, Ge oF Fe* and why? heen mes sabe ion n+ exdation and hy? ‘= Cid toloner sandr reduction potentay (E°yigher standard oxidation poten (0 Me oo ihe nepavesundad ers Potential sltable reaso ns for the followin Ma" compounds lease (P) 2014, stable. So, Mn? aration (Ac) 3a. 1. Hence Ma ie more * has electronic config clectronic configuration, {a which can abso ght invisible tepion foe ded a sation, Se has nd election a thereon see en, Hence, ts colores in aquene oa hoes et Bethe xian ee CA0¥ has an oxidation se of $6 tron on sat of 7. Thisis pin dc othe contiaaon oes ctronegative and oxising element &, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn * (CBSE East 2016) woe te falonngs PENG GVM erin pone Egeaqy value, Why? ti) Which cement strong reducing agent In +2 oxklatlon sate and why? (i) a salts are ‘colourless, Why 0 be igh ta £8 of sublimation enthalpy and hydration eth ‘hat itis no balanced by it hydration ent, O Cri sempre apt tenn C2 ‘as conigution 3, Ate losing one Eaton forms CP wich hs sable al ie (ti) 234) has Ace Hie doris, As el fh, ce wgion ana cur tnce 2a? sat are colouese, Ans, Hy Wo convert Cult) t0 Cx (ag) i 0eX "Wy do transition een show varie oxidation tats? How isthe vara in ox otablck ferent from thatthe lock ements? (cp ‘nw Intanstinelemen, tees off-hand ns bias ate neal same. Thee ftom oth can prt nbn formation nd ence tow variable oxlation Sats Intansion ements th ovion ss der from ech ahr by wn, es Fe and a,c len lock mens th oidation sate iferby unis of 0S" and Sa b* , cc. In transition elements the higher oxidation states are more stable for heavier elements in than P ingroup 16 How would you acount fr the following: (i) Many ofthe transition elements and their compounds can act as good catalysts, (i) The metalic ra ofthe third (Sa) series of transition elements are virtually thes the corresponding members ofthe second series. ‘Ans. (9) The catalytic activity of tanston meals atrbuted tothe following reasons: () Because ofthe variable oxdstion states transition metals form unstable intermedi ‘ed provide anew path with lower activation energy forthe reaction, (0) In some cases, the transition metal roves a suitable face area wit whichretcans adsorbed ue beara es “sto meals ae adsorbed, (i) 3an0} +41" — antag apn rants, MnO, + 481,0 (on which resetan (0 Why is Bigeye exceptional pasts (i Why Egos Ene compe (a) Which isa stronger eduing agen Ce or Foy gy ee SE Aus. () Cope is ih ety of atmisson a oy eniayr ns, (CBSE Poe taf Co) © Co (a int le y yd etn, Sic exceptional posite. sly thereto,so cxira stability of half-illed 3d-orbitals of Mn?*(3a), o oe incase of CP to Cr while d* > d occurs in ase of Fe" to Fe*, Asin a medium ot amare sable as compared tod, therefore, CP” stronger reducing agent than Fe?" ike water dis ot forte fllowing cp ba" sa strong reducing agen, colour of dichromate ion changes to yellow in alkane medium, oe vevg,vkes for trnsitoa metals ew irregular variation, tcBse (F) 2017) oo une cag ene een ccarinse ee ss i) In alkaline mediur, the orange colour of the solution chan (0 Geto (C407) on to cromate (C10; ion BeS to yellow due to conversion of 1,0} +208" — 2c103+1,0 (i The negli is due tthe iegular vation of fonstion enhlpes (A+ 4) and also the ‘sublimation enthalpies which are relatively much less for Mn (240 ky mot) and V_ (47015 mot), When prose ore MnO, I fsed with KOH in presence of ara gren esloed compound (A) is cbtined which undergoes disproportonation reaction in acidic medium to give a purple coloured ‘compound (B), {CBSE Sout 2016) (HOTS) (Wit the formulae ofthe compounds (A) and (B). (@) What happens when compound (B) is heated? Au ASKMn0, B= KMn0, $9 2K020, * K.ntn0, +0, +0, Pen ming KMaO. on reduction yields cher a colourless solution ora brown precipitate. a Foren depending on pH of the solution. What different stages ofthe redecan ane ‘presen and how are they caried out? INCERT Exenptar] ‘40. Ohidig behaviour of KMOe Jnasdic medium (ph <, depends on pH ofthe solution, MnO, + 8HT + Se” itt ie, + ano Ilaie medium (p> 7) MeO; + — wot {In neutral medium (pH. =, oe Moy #280 "Fat | Sao + 408 the fling observations: {° The enthalpies of atomisation of transition metas are quite hgh. (here hose sini in physi and heal proper ofthe Ad and ste {amon mens mach ore nn expected on te bs of ay eloship (The members in the actnokd series exhibit larger number of oxidation st INCERT Exemplar) ‘oFresponding members inthe lanthanold series. INGER Remi “ws (0 This ie because wanton metals hve song et ond they ave hg amber of pied slectons meee nes rl i cme in (Ts Sd A et ad Tod W on ae eeseries exhibit larger number of oxidation states than the co (ay The member inte aiid J 5 6d and 7s levels are of com ‘members inthe lanthanide series due to the fact that th energies. (@ For M"/M and M™*/M* systems, £° values for some metals are as follows: cr*ice=-09V ceric =-04V Mn/Min=-12.V Ma™/Mn® = +15V Fe"We=-04V 408 ‘ets dott comment oon . Ge) the stubs of Fein acd solution as compared to that of Ce" and Mn. (theese with which rn can be ned a ompared tothe sila proces fore Nema ‘Wat can be inferred from the manele momenta the complex K,[Ma(CN) newens 22 bY (CBSE Sample Pap ‘Ams (9 (@) Higher he reiuaton potential ofa species, geste is the ease with which it undergo ‘Anon sha” as arex pie edston ental Heme, ‘educed to Mn** i.e., Mn” is least stable. Cr'"/Ce™ has a negative E° value, therefor sost stable. Fe" has a positive value but small. Henoe See? stable than Jess stable than Cr, = z + Fels mons sabe © Jaret npn i dn tia of ei, eer wich Lun oxo. Amen ee pa ag inlay ‘most negative red Will be most easily oxidised. Th i coh ; '8 ligand the hybridisation involved is dsp, ei wera M0 bse pletely filled d-orbital (@) aeons a inge of oxidation states, ‘a in MnO, and + ee ment 28 MeO. tnow enon na of ncn tat et eee oxi asc eee ‘accept electrons and behave as an, acid, inte eve ‘ucla charge : {1 Copper ext manganese (A ‘en explosive cu 1h HCL gy aoa POU (C), Edeny nes 8 HS OD. The Mn0;.B=Ch, C=NC ‘pounds A and B. (CERT Beem ‘excess, reacts with NH, to giv Mn0;+4HCL — Mach +c +210 a wt NH, + 3Cl, —+NCI,+3HC1 em)+X. sect te prepnain of pots permanganate fro pyle oe. Write balanced * pemical equation for one reaction to show the oxidizing nature of potassium permanganate. ¢ bev he strecaresof chromate and dlchomat ions (CBSE Somple Paper 2017 m1) Conenin of pause (MnO no oan manganite (KMaO, 2Mn0,+4KOH+0, —+ 2K,Mn0,+24,0 "lcrlytie oxidation: K,Mn0, —= 2k'+Mn0? Atanode: MO — Mn0z +e Atcathode: H’ +e" —— H, 2H, oxidises oxalate (C,O{> to carbon dioxide (CO,) in acidic medium. Ma0;+8H" +5e" —— Mn +480) x2 0} — 200,+261%5 2Mn0;+5C, 0; + 16H” —— 2Mn** + 10C0, + 81,0 2Mn04 + $C, 05" Se Bilal +1000, 88,0 oY ff oo oT NOT No o oO oO Cuomo Dichronseian a {sthe variability in oxidation numberof transition lements different from that of on-transition ‘ements? Iiustrate with examples, (i Give reasons: (a) d-block elements exhibit more oxidation states (©) Orange solution of potassium dichromate (©) Zirconium (2 = 40) and Hatum (= 72) block elements. urns yellow om adding sodium hydroxide t e almost simile atone ral. {CBSE Sample Paper 2017) (® In transition elements, the oxidation states lifer fom each ether by uty eg. Fe™ and while in non-vansition element (plock elements), the oxidation sates dite By OW 6 PO and Pre Ans, Taunton elements he higher oiin ste ear stable othe evi clement . se icy whee nna lene hk kn) he May mor a a envi cements de inert ree eg PAD more sae than Putcause of et SOY 6 bet i (0 deck ements extitit more ondtion se be we oo 's subshell whereas block elements have large energy gap | eee ‘subshell. (00m ating NSO, pt of sluion insets nd the range Clo fe Son hay, Yalow ue conto of coma cea on 0% +208 2cr0% +H,0 oe = (©) This is due to filing of 4F-rbitas which have poor shielding effect (Lanthanoid contacto ‘A volt compound of manganese (A) decomposes on heating to berate oxygen and compounas and (C) of manganese are formed. Compound (C) reacts with KOH in the presence of potas nitrate to give compound (B). On heating compound (C) with cone. H,SO, and NaCl, chlorine {erated and a compound (D) of manganese along with other products formed, Mentifycompeng, A toD and also explain the reactions involved. (CERT Exemplar (hors ‘Ans. A=KMnO,, B=K;Mn0,, C=MnO3, D=MnCl, 2KMn0, —*~ K,Mn0,+Mn0,+0, “ oo 2MnO, + 4KOH +0, — 2K,Mn0,+2H,0 » MnO, + 4NaCI+4H,S0, — MnCl, + 4NaHSO, +2H,0+C1, o solution of compound (C) ois also formed. Identify compo INCERT Exemplar| (009 2Mn0, + 4KOH +0, —- 2K, Mn0,+2H,0 w “oF SiO +44” —-2Ms0;+Ma0,+ 24,0 oO ° 2Ma0; + H,0* KI — 2Min0, +208 + KIO, wy o(i) Compare non transition and transition elements on the basis of their (a) Variability of oxidation states (b) Stability of oxidation states. (i) Give chemical reactions for the following observations: (a) Potassium permanganate is a good oxidising agent in basic medium. (6) Inter convertibility of chromate ion and dichromate ion in aqueous solution depends y pH of the solution. (©) Potassium permanganate is thermally unstable at 513K. ICBSE Sample Paper 291 Ans. (i) (a) Oxidation states of transition elements differ from each other by unity. In non-transition elem oxidation states normally differ by a unit of two. (6) In transition elements higher oxidation states are favoured by heavier elements whereas in ny transition elements lower oxidation state is favoured by heavier elements. ( @ MnO, +2H,0+3e7 — MnO,+40H] x2 +60” — 10;+3H,0+6¢~ eee 2Mn0; +1" +H,0 — 10;+2MnO, +20H" @ 20rsg pedis : ) 2005 2H giimeia = COP +H,0 Sisk (© 2KMn0, PE. K,MnO,+Mn0, +0,G2 @ Compléfe the balance the following chemical equations: Cr,07 +17 +H — (6) MnO; + SO} + Ht —— (i) Explain the following observations: (@) Transition elements and their compounds are known to act as catalysts. (6) The higher oxidation states are usually exhibited by the members in the middle of a series of transition elements. (c) The metal-metal bonding is more frequently found with the second and third series of transition elements. ICBSE (F) 2012) Ans. (i) (a) Cr,0? + 14H" + 6 —— 2Cr°* +7H,O a 1, + 261 x3 Cr,0} + 617 + 14H* —— 2Cr* +31, + 7H,O(b) MnOj + 8H* + Se ——> Mn®* + 4H,0] x2 SO} + H,0 —— SO} +2H'+ e1x5 2MnO; +5SO> +6H* ——> 2Mn + 5807 + 3H,0. (ii) (@) The catalytic activity of transition metals and their compounds is attributed to the foll reasons: @ Due to their tendency to show variable oxidation states transition metals form inst intermediate compounds and provide a new path for the reaction with lower activation en ‘© _Insome cases, the transition metals provide a suitable large surface area with free vale ‘on which reactants are adsorbed. (b) It is due to greater number of unpaired electrons in (n—I)d and ns orbitals at the middle of series. (©) In the same group of d-block elements, the 4d and Sd transition elements are larger in size those of corresponding 3d elements. Hence, the valence electrons are less tightly held and f ‘metal-metal bond more frequently.He epon)n the fllving queso, i ” mn element X in +3 oxidation state i (Ar, What ists atomic ene cnagrasion of transition clement X in 3 oxidation state is (Arid, What its atoms 1, Beco (NCERT Exemplar} vente ws on wm (oc conan of Cul) 34? whereas that of Cu is a Which of he following is 2 edt (NCERT Exemplar (op CoD is ess stable (Ca and Cul are equally {a Sabity of Co) and Cu() depends on nature of copper salts 4 Metalic radi of some transition elements are given below. Which of these elements will have highest des? Blement Fes 3G NN Gn Meaicradipm = 1262S sag INCERT Exemplar wre @N © @o ‘ Genera transition clement frm coloured salts di tothe presence of unpaired electrons, Which ‘ofthe following compounds will be coloured in sol ld state? (NCERT Exemplar GSO, OR, (© ZaF, cue, § On addition of small amount of KMnO, to concentrated. H,SO4 a green oily compound is obtained. Dpico Ne APs in nature. Identity the compound trom the following. [NCERT Bees (© Mns0,, (@ M0, Which af the following statement about transition element is not correct? (6) They show variable oxidation states. (©) They exhibit diamagnetic and paramagnetic properties, (© Altions are coloured. (0 They exhibit catalytic propery. 7 Which ofthe following oxidation state is common forall lanthanolds? INCERT Exemplar] @2 oa © ws 4 Which ofthe following reactions are disproportionation reactions? INCERT Exemplar} WO" — osu (i 3Mn0} +411" — 2Mn0;+ M00, 24,0 (BMD, —- KMa0,+Mn0,+0, (Wy) 2Mn0;+3Mn?*+2H,0—+ SMO, +4” 0. (40, Gi, Gy (©) G. (UD, Gy Mow % Mies KMn0, slaton ie added ooalc ai sation, the dcsouration i ow nthe Deng ‘ut becomes instantaneous after some time because INCERT Exemplar {@) 00s formed athe product. (©) a0, catalyses the eation 18 Which one ofthe following doesnot correctly represent the coreet order ofthe property Indated eainst it? (@) Reactions exothermic. () Ma sets autocatalyst, (0) TiMol> Ml" > MO; Actnides form complexes wth bonding ligands such s alkyl phospines and thither. 1, Assertion % In transition elements ns orbits filled up frst and (n — 1) afterwards, during ionization ns elctons ae lost poet (mI) electrons. Reason +The effective nclear charg felt by (n I} electrons is higher as compared to that by rns electrons. ‘Ammongst Cu? and Cu" ions, the more stable ions is Cu For determination of ability ofan ion it electrode potential is more important factor than it eletronie configuration. a, Cd and Hg ean not be regarded as transition elements + These elements do nt belong tothe d-block of the periodic table “The most common oxidation state exhibited by actinoids is +2. o 5 @ 6m 20@)