THIES00/FH9/3 (ree) PLRIS, 25 July 1948 UNITED NaFLONS EDUCATIONAL, SOTERTIFIC AND CULTUREL ORGANIZATION HUMAN RIGHTS Couments and interpretetions 4A symposium edited by Unesco With an Introduction by Jaoques M+RITAININTRODUCTION FOREWORD WETTER 10 THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL of ‘UNESCO ‘THE RIGHTS OF wiv 2 FRGMENT OF THOUGHT CONCERNING ‘THE N-TURE AND FULFILMENT OF HUM RIGHTS ‘HUMLN RIGHTS IN THE GORLD TODT SHE PHILOSOSHIC BLSES 2ND MATERIAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE RIGHTS OF 1.0 ‘MATERUAL SECURITY ND SPIRITULL ‘LIBERTY ON HUMAN RIGHTS FAILOSOPRICEL BAAMOU-TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS TOWNS A UNIVERSAL DECL-RA TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ‘THE FUIURE OF LIBERALISN ‘REFLECTIONS ON SOME DeOLs.R.TTONS OP THE RIGHTS OF MAN SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE RIGHTS OF 1A ‘THE BIGHTS OF BAN IN LIBERALS, SOCL:LISM AND COKMUNTSM REL-TLONSHIP BETWERN DIFFERENT G.TEGORIES OF AUMAN RIGHTS COb2RISON OF THE SOVIET AND WESTERN DEMOCR:TIC PRINCIPLES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE 10 HUMAN RIGHTS REFLECTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS. ‘by Mehatma GeNDHE ‘dy Bdward H. CARR by Amold J. LIEN ‘by Luo SOMUIMAUSEN Bt) ‘by Richard PF, MoKEON 23 dy Don Salvador de MDARUGL 35 ‘by John, LEWIS 4B by Jacques MERIT. IN 59 by Harold J, LeSkI 65 dy Benedetto CROCE a by J. HESARRT 85 ‘by RP, TEILE:RD de CHARDIN 95 by Serge HESSEN * 99 ‘by Quincy WRIGHT wu ‘by Jobn SOMERVILLE 139 by Kurt RIEZIER WSwus/3(rev.) - 02 25 duly 1948 THR OGNORPTION OF THE RIGHTS OF Mat ‘by Boris TOHECHKD IN THE 0,3..,B. BASED ON OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS ‘ON TE DRAPT CONVENTION AND “UNIVERSLL, by LEVI-CARNEIRO 175 ‘DECL.Re TION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN TOW:RD & BILL OF RIGHTS FOR THE UNITED ‘NE-TIGNS. ‘by F.S.C. NORTEROP 181 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CHINESE T2aDITION ‘by Chumg-Shu 10 185 THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE ISLaMIC by Humayun KABIR ag ‘TRADITION HUMN FREEDOMS «ND THE HINDU DHINKING hy SV. PUNTAMERKAR 197 ‘THE RIGHTS OF MaN 2D THE HLCTS OF THE by Aldous HUALEY 203 BAUMAN SITUATION SE RIGHTS OF MAN; 4 BIOLOGIOL «PARO.CH by RW GERD 209 RIGHTS iND DUTIES CONCERNING CREATIVE EXPHESSION, IN P-RTLOUL-R IN SCIENCE dy JM, BURGERS 25 SCIENCE ..ND TAB RIGHTS OF MiN dy Ws. NOYES 221 ‘THE RIGHT TO INFORM-TION AND THE RIGHT TO by René mHEU 225 ‘HE EXPIESSION OF OFINION EDUCATION 2ND HUM.N RIGHTS by LL, KANDEL 231 THE RIGHTS OF kiN IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETY by #.P, ELCIN 235 THE RIGHTS OF DEPENDENT PEOPLES by Leonard BARNES 253 HUMW.N RIGHTS aND THD PRISONER ‘vy Margory FRY 257 APPENDIX I: BRMOR-NDUM ND QUSSTIONNAIRE CIRCULATED BY UNESCO ON THE THEORBTICAL B.SES OF HUW.N RIGHIS #PPENDIX II: THE GROUNDS OF .N INTHAN, TEOMAL DEGLRLTION OF HUM:N RIGHTS (Pinal result of the Uneaoo enquiry on the theoreticel bases ‘of humen rights)PES/3 (rev.)~ Poge T PARIS, 25 July 1948 Jeeques MARTTAIN DERODUCTIN Of the tasks assigned to the United Hations Organization, one of those which could and should nost ‘texts thie gathored in tho course of each one.of us believes instinctively in the ‘auth, and will only assent to what-he himself has which they axe relate’ have Long been divergent. Tt 4a related that at ono of tho mestings of Mnoea, National Commission whore Human Rights were being ed, that ertain champlons of viclantly oppoged ideologies hhad ogreed.on a list of those Yes", thoy seid, "we agrea about the rights but on condition shy" is uhere the ¢ no one us why." ‘That where i oe : The question of tnmon Biunte offers in an outetanding explo of tho situation I attempted to outline in on address at the Second General Conference of Unesco, fran which I venture to reproduce certain passages.PHs/3 (rev.)= page II 25 July 1948 "Hor," I ouked, "oan we imagine on of minds between men who are gathered together precively in order to scoamplish o coumon intclloctusl task, men who cone fron the four comers of the globe and who not only belong to different cultures and civilizations, but ore of antagonistic spiritual associations and schools of thought...? Because, as T said at the beginning of my speech, the goal. of Unesco is a practical goal, agreement between minds can’be reached spontancously, not on the basis of samon speculative ideas, but on camon practical ideas, not on the affirmation of one and the same conception of the world, of man and of imowledge, but upon the affirm ation of a single body of beliefs for gyidance in action. No doubt, this is little enough, but it is the last resort to intellectual agreenent. It is nevertheless, enough to enable a great task to ‘be undertaken, and it would do much to orystallize ‘this body of camon practical ecnvictians. "I should like to note hero that the orl tAdeclogy* anf the woud *princtples* eon, be interpreted in tvo very different senses, have shom that the present state of atviolon mong minds does not permit of agreesent on a common speoulative ideology, nor on conmon explicit principles. But, on the other hand, when we ara Soncemned vith a basic ‘Adeology and basis principles of action implicitly recognized today, in o live, even if not formated stcte, by the consciousness of free peoples, we find that they constitute modo a sort of eomon denominator, a sort of ‘tten cownon Jaw, at tho point where in proctics the most widely separated theoretical ideologies and mental traditions converge. fo understand this, it is only necessory to meke tho a i g E # g i & EPHB/3 (rev.)- page TIT 2 Taly INS theoretical dynamism, is equally the only way founded - upon truth, If both believed in the denooratie charter, a Christian and o rationalist would still give mtuolly incompatible justifications for their belicf, if their hearts ond minds and blood were involved, and they would fight cach other for them, And God forbid that I howl soy it does not mtter to Imow thich of the ‘wo is right! It matters essentially. The fact remains thet, on the practical expression of this charter, they are in agrecnent and can fonmilate ‘together common principles of action. -— Wiere it 4s a question of roticnal inter pretation and justifications of speculation or theory, the problem of Hunen Righty involves the whole structure of moral and netophysical (or anti~netophysical) convictions held by each of us. So long as minds are not united in faith or philosophy, there will be mtunl conflicts betwoon. interpretations ana justifications. In the field of practical condlusions, on ‘the other hand, ogreenent ‘on a joint declaration is possible, given.on approoch pragmatic rather than theoretical and co-operation in the comparison, recasting and fixing of formulae, te muke then eaceptable to both parties as points of convergence in practice, however ‘opposed the theoretic viow. points, There is nothing.to prevent the achiovesiont, in this way, of a new ard wider declaration of Human Rights noridng a notable stage in the: unification of the-worla, and wherein nore specially the concept exelusive to olassical individunlisn of man as a deing inherently entitled to rights and Liberties for the working out of his persoricl destiny, and the concept exclusive to Marxism of man as a being with rights and liberties dcriving from hia réle in the historie evolution of the community of which he is a part, would supplenent and integrate each other ~ I meon purely pragmaticaily and only for the proml~ gation of a nunbor of principles for action ond rules of behaviour. It is.not roasonobly possible to hope for more than this convergence in practice in the emmoration of articles jointly agreed. The reconciling of theories and a philosophic synthesis in the true sense are only conceivablo after an dsmense onount af investigation and elueidation of fundomentals, requiring a bigh degree of insight, a new systematization and authoritative correction of a mmber of errors and confusions of thought. For that very reason, and even if it succeeded .¥HS/3 (rev,)- pege IV 25 July 1968 4n influencing culture to any important degree, this synthesis would remain one doctrine among many, accepted ty some and rejected by others, with no pretention in fact to uiversal dominion aver the minds of men. The very diversity of the interpretations ond justifications put forvard in the essays in this book is in itself an important cbject lesson for the reader, wherein he will find, I trust, confirmation of the considerations set out above. Ts there anything surprising in systens antagon- istic in theory coaverging in their practical conclusions? "It is the usual pieture which the Betory of moral philosophy presents to us. pre-ueientific and pre-philosophio, is at every moral feeling, in itself Shtependent SF ha philosophic systens and ‘the rational justifications they Propound, even though there is a secondary inter action between then and itself, Is it surprising that, while all these aysteus quarrel over the why and wherefore, yet in their practical conclusions they prescribe rules of behaviour which are in the main and for all practical purposes identical for a given age and culture? What ds chiefly important sone error of theory or false philosophy. Finally, it is the speculative and inter pretative approach, as such, vhich, in the present book, will afford the reader the chief food forFHS/3 (rev.)- Page ¥ 2 July 1908 ‘thought. . For the texts here collected bring us the testinony of nen specially well qualified to give an authoritative exposition of the main currents af contemporary thought: It is profitab:é to knox those currents, hovever severely ve may censure those which -are not our om, and however legitinate that ccnsure may sonetines be. Yhatover school of thought we delong to, the comparisen of our om ideas vith those of go many distinguished minds will perfect and broaden cur views on the nature and basis of Hunan Rights, on what enunerntion of then should be’ attempted at our present stage in historical svolution, and on the scope - indecd on the gaps also - of the new declaration being prepared in, “tha councils of the United Nations. Fron the point of view of philosophic doctrine, it my be said, without over-simplification, that, os regards the question of Hunan Rights, wen are today, @ivided - as the renters of this collection will easily. perceive ~ into two antagonistic groups: those who to a greater or lesser axtent explicitly accept, and those who to a greater or lesser extent explicitly rejeot "Natural lax" as the bosis of those rights. In the eyes of the first the requirenents of his being endow nan with certain fundanental ond imalicnsble rights antecedent in nature, and superior, ‘to society, and are the source whence social life itsel?, with the duties and rights which thit inplios, originates and develops. Por the second school man's rights are relative to the historical developuont of society, and are theuseives constantly variable and in a state of flux; they arc a product of ‘society itself as it odvenses with the forvard march of history. Such an ideclogieal contrast is irreducible and no theoretical reconciliation is possible; it could however be leasened to sono extent, insofar as it wos possible for the supporters of "Natural Lav" to stress that, although certain fundonental rights ect 2 prine necessity of. that Luv while others nect only a secondary necessity or are merely desirable, nevertheless our knavledge of both is in all circumstances subject to slow and irregular grovth, 90 that those rights only stand forth as acknowledged. rules of conduct os moral consciousness progresses and societies evolve; and insofar as it tms possible forPHS/3 (rov.) - Page VI & July 1B ‘the opponents of “Natural Law" to stresa that, tioned Xf thereafter we adopt a practical viewpoint and concern ourao]ves no longor with aecking the basis and philosophic significance of Hunan Rights but only their statement and emmeration, we have before us on entirely different picture, where no theoretical tical apprehension, with thea o grester Rjaste forse end simitanocusly a wider Liberty of rights is not the exclusive possession of any ene school af thought: it is no more necessary to elong to the school of Rousseau to recognize the rights of the individuel than it is to be o Marxist ‘to recognize the “new rights", as they are catiod, somento and scoiel righte, ‘tho gains of the igputations of the schools. It is legitinate to suspect that the ‘which many contemporary authors see fit to postulate between "old" and "nev" Human Rights 4s partly ertitloial and derived either the liking of theorists for 1dcologice] cmélicte or sore, pomeps, fron the abvelutist concept of Human Rights hela by the philosophy - or better the rhetoric - of tho 16th Ocntury,Fas/3 (rev,)- Page VIL 25 Tuy 19S whose after effects still in sme measure give rise to migubdertondings today, and taint certain sacred formilse of the vocabulary of Human Rights, If each of thoue rights 4a in Steel? absolute and not susceptible of ony Limitation, in the seme wy as a divine attribute, clearly ony conflict betreen thea 4a insoluble, But in practice everyone sees that these rights, being human, ore subject, lke every other human thing, to modification and’ Jinitaticn. Even where rights are "innliennble", s distinotion must be nade between possession ani exereise, the latter. being subject to the modifications ond dinitations dictated in each instance by justice. If a criminal oan’ justly be condenned to Jose his Life, it is because he has, by his arise, deprived ‘hinself, not of hia right to existence, but rather of the possibility of dencnding that right with justice: morally he hes cut hinself off fron mecber- ship of the hunan comunity, as far gs concerns the use of that fundamental ond “irelicnable" right which the penalty imposed preventa-his exercising. Again, ‘the imparting by teaching and upbringing of the heritage of human culture is a fundanental rights in practice it is subject to the physical. capsoity of a given vociety, and justice nay fortid itn enjoyment by all being detannded hic et num, such enjoyment is only conceivable through the Aiszolution of the social body, oa in the case of the-slove-owning scclety of gncient Rome, or the feudal society of the Middle Ages; the uisin nevertheless rensine a Jegitinate goal’ to be achieved in tine. It then renains to endeavour to change the social order in question. Incidentally, this instance shows us that at the root of the hidden urge which impels ua ever to the transformation of ssciery, there lies the fast that man possesses MincJiehable” rights and that never thelees Ke is deprived of the possibility of justly claining to exercise ccrtain of then ty such inhunerdties ag subsigb in the social etructure in each age. Tt ts ony noruo] that the various acknowledged rigitis of tho individual should te mutually linitetive, and in particular that economic and sockal rights, the rights of-non aa a social animal, canhot'take ‘their place in human history without sone restriction upon the freedon end righta of menos an individunl. here the difficulties and argunents begin ig in the determination of the soale of values governing the exercise andras/3 )~ Page VIII Boy wee concrete integration of these various rights. Here we are no longer dealing with the mere enumeration of Hunen Righta, but with the principle of dynanio unification whereby they are brought into play, with ‘the tone scale, with the specific key in which 4ifferent kinds of music are played on the sano Keyboard, music which in the event is in tune with, or harmful to, human dignity. Conceivably the advoontes of the Liberal Andividualist; of the Comunist and of the co-operative type of society might draw up sinijar, even identical, Lists of Human Rights. But their exercise of these Fights will differ. 411 depends on the ultinate value whereon those rights depend ond in ters of which they are integrated ty nutual linitations, It is.in tems of the scale of values which we thus aclnovledge that we establish the means vhereby, in our eyes, Hunan Rights, eooncnic and social, as well as individual, wha. impinge on life; it is from these different scoles of values that spring mutual accusations of misunderstanding certain essential rights of the human ‘being levelled by those for whea the nark of husan dignity lies firstly and chiefly in the power to appropriate individually the gifts of nature so that each nay be in a position to do freely what leases hin; by those who sce it in the pover to plaoe those tia les Mer the collective oontrol, of ‘the social thug deliver nan fron the tread- Bilt ef labour ond gain control of history; or by ‘those who see it in the power of bringing the gifts of nature into service for. the joint attainment of on inmaterial good and of the free self-deternination of the person, It renaina to be decided which has a true ond which a distorted vision of Men. By following this Line of thought the extent and linits of the practical agreenent on Huuan Rights so often mentioned in the pages of this Introduction would becone clear, It would ‘be undsratood that to go beyond a ners list or enmeration of rights and to produce a true Oharter determining a coumon way of action, the agreement ‘must also cover the scrle of values, the key in which in their practical exercise An social life, the aclmavledged rights of nan iust be harmonized,PHS/3 (rov.)— Page IX 25 Suly 198 Thus, we must not expeot too much of an International Declaration af Hunan Rights, Yet does it not, above all, dear witness to vhat the peoples await today? “The function of language has been go much perverted, the truest words have been pressed into the service of 50 many lies, that even ‘the noblest ani most solenn declarations could not suffice to restore to the peoples faith in Hunan Righte. It is the implenentation of these declarations which is sought from those who subsoribe to then; it ds the neans of securing effective respect for Huson Rights fron States and Goverments that it is desired to guarentee, On this point I should not venture to express more than the rost guaxded optinien, Yor to reach agreement, no longer nerely on the definition of Hunen Rights, tut on arrange- nents for their exercise in daily life the first necessity, as I have pointed out above, would be ngreenent on a scale of velues. For the peoples to agree on the means of securing effective respect for Human Rights, they would have to have in oounén, hovever implicitly, not necessarily the same speculctive corcept, but at lenst the sane practical concept, of nan and life, the sane "puilosophy of life" if I my for onco be allowed to use the word "philosophy" in the outrageously improper sense of the popular proguntisn of today. Does the testinony collected in this volume give grounds for hope thet, despite the clash of theozy, a few scanty features of such a practicsl ideology, sufficiently defind and resolved to be effective, are in the course of taking root in the conscience of the nations? Does it give grounds for hope that ome day agreement nay be reached throughout the world, not only on the entmeration of Uunen Rights, but also on the key values gwerning their oxuzcise and on the practical criteria to be used to seoure respect for then? Fe do know that, though the crisis of civilization which rose with tms century has offered to our gaze the gravest violations cf Huon Rights, yet simultaneously At has led the public nind to a keener avaroness of ‘those rights, and Goverment propaganda to poy to then - in words ~ the nost ringing tributes. Pending something Detter, a Declaration of Hunan Rights agreed by the nations would be a great thing in itself, a word of promise for the downcast and cppressed throughout 921 lands, the begining of changes which the world requires, ‘the first condition precedent for the leter drafting of a universal Charter of civilised life, Jacques Maritain New York, July - August 1913FaR/s(Rev) ~ page 1 25 duly 1948” EOREFORD In the course of the year 1947, Unesco has carried out an enquiry into-the theoretical problens raised by the elstoretion of an Inter= national Decloretion of the Rights of Man. The reader will. find hereafter (Appendix I} the text of the explanatory statement and cuestionnaire, which were sent to the various persons from Metiber States of Unesco asked, as individual experts, to give their views, ‘The texts which constitute the body of this volume were chosen anong the replies which ‘Uneseo received to this enquiry. They are en expression of the personai opinions of their authors and should not be tnken as necessarily conforming to the official position of the Govern ments of the countries to which the authors belong. A first group of these essays concerns the general problems of Inman rights, the others deal more particularly with the reepect for diversity of cultures, the sooial implications of sciences, the valve of objective information, the right to education and the speolal position of primitive and dependent peoples ard prisoners, It is fitting aleo to state precisely what principles were followed in choosing such texts es were retained after a selection made necessary by the copfousness of the material, The primary consideration was to secure a rep- resentetive sample of the whole range of express- ed opinions, In pertioular it was thought desix- able to give an audience to the views of certsin thinkers whose outlook, although stimulating, does mot coincide with ‘the conclusions which Unesco finally drew from ite consultations, ‘The conclusions which Unesco drew from this enquiry are to be found hereafter (Appendix Ii): ‘they were elaborated, on the ‘asis of the many contributions received, by a Committos of Experts which brought together in Tuly 1947 Mr. Révaré-H. Garr, Chaimen, Mr. Richard B, McKeon, Rapporteur, ani Messrs, Pierre Auger, Georges Friedusnn, ‘Haxold Lnaki, Ghung-Shu Lo, Luo Somerbausen. Unesco’ con- clusions were forwarded to the United Nations#HS/3(Rev) = p age 2 25 July 1948 Commission of Human Rights, in the hope that they would help clarify its @iscussion and explore the ground for a constructive agree- ment, The seme Comittee agresd to the composition of the emposimn as it is now Presented to the public. The Secretariat of Unesco will to happy to receive coments about the contents of the volume as well as criticisas and replies.FaS/3(Rev) ~ page 3 25 Tudy 198, ALLATTER ADDRESSED TO THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL, BY MAHATECA CANTHT Bhangt Colony, Rew Delhi, 25 May 1947 Dear Dr. Julian Hurley, As I om constantly on the move, I never get ny post in tine, But for your letter to Pandit Nehru in which you referred to your letter to me, I might have missed your letter. But I see that have given your addressees ample tine to enable ‘them to give their replies, I am writing this in a moving train, It will be typed tomorrow when I reach Delui. J am afraid I can't give you anything approaching your minimm. ‘That I hove no time for the effort is true enough, ‘But whet is truer is tlet T am e poor reader of literature pest or present mch a I should like to reed some of its gms. Living a stomy life since my eardy youth, I bad no leisure to do the necessary reading, I learnt from my illiterate tut wise mother that all rights to be deserved and preserved ceme Zrom duty well done, Thus the very right to Live accrues to us only when we do the duty of citizen- ship of the world, From this one fundamentel state- tent, perhaps it is easy enough to define the duties of Nan and Woman and correlate every right to some corresponding duty to be first performed, Every other right oan te shown to be a usurpation hardly worth fighting for, Yours sincerely, M, K, GANDET 3 Dr, Julian 8, Hudey, Director-General, Unesco, Faris,s/3 (Rev) ~ page’5 25 duly 1948 EH, Cam. Fornerly professor of International Politics, University College of sfeles, author of "The Twesty Years' Crisis", “Conditions of Peace”, "Nationalism 2nd ‘sfter*, "The Soviet Impact on the Western sorla", ani other works. THE RIGHTS OF HAY article 62 of the Charter of the United Notions provides thet "tbe Zconomis and Social Council....mey make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for, and observance of, huzan. rights and fundamental freedoms. for all". the fact thet this task is entrusted to the Zeonomic and Sociel Couneil suagests that the framers of the Cherter intended to lay stres: on economic and social rights. In coupling witi ‘the idea of Inman rights the phrase "furdemental Preedoms" they vill certainly heve had in mind Franklin Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms", which by placing freedom from want and freedom from fear side by side with freedom of speech and freedom of worship forestalled any etteupt to interzret the word’ "freecom" in a narrou legal or formal sense. The conception of the rights of mn dates historicaliy from the 13th century when it was partioularly (though not, of course,BB/5 (rev) ~ paces 5 Tubs 194s exclusively) associated with the snerican and French revolutions. Tt ves expressed at that ‘time in wholly political terms. The more nolern conception of the Rights of lian my perhaps be assooieted (though also not exclusively) with the Russian revolution and ds economic and social as much aa political. Tt is this modern coneption quite es much as the classical tredition witch must be 20d as having ingpived this provision in tho Charter. What is iuplied in the transition fraa a purely politics. conception of the rights of san to an econunic and social o tweption may perhaps be illustrated by a comparison between a fundariental ocusent of the Prench Revolution, the Decleration of the Rights of Man, adopted by the French National Awsembly in 1789, and the Declaration of Rights of the Tolling and Exploited Peoples adigted by the All-Russian Cungress of Soviets in Senuery 1918. The leolaration eople.* Tho Lists to be found in tae atlantic Cherter and other recent doouments ere siilarly only fraguents, Hwwn rights are universal rights or en~ abling qulities of lumen beings as man beings or es individuals of the human rece, atace fe foo tae jumen being wherever he appears, without regard to tine, Place, colour, sox, Parentage or envionment, They axe really the keystone of the diy of man, In thelr quintessence Hy Sa TaT beet they consist basicly oF oe one all-inclusive rigt or onabling quality of oom plete freedom to develop to their fullest possible extent overy potential cxpacity ani tulent of the individual Zor vis most effective seli—manegenent seourity end satisfection, In ils ons Was=— cenent human right, all others are implied, or, of dt, ell others are phases, each receiving 2 position of prominence or an eniphesis dependent upon the perticuler temper or trend of the times, From the primiiive to the contemporary, edunstion (not to be confused with propaganda or indoctrinetion), has hed as its central aim the guidence ami training of the individual for the zesponsivde and successful exorcise of tais right. Howseze is thore any principle of nature or religion ar geience or reason Wiich essigns pranatelly one man ¢0 be waster and one to be aleve, cae to be pauper and ona to be rrince, Yet under one pretext or enothor, iuplenented with te necessary military, economic, religious or political force, these iuian vights have boos wantonly disregarded ang suppressed throughout the history of min by all sorts of absolut- fas tribal, feudel, monarchical, injustricl and other Gictatozial regines, . the great political revolutions of the late eighteenth century cate os an explosion of the accu~ milated discontent of the oppressed. The phases of tauaan rights wrioh had been most ebused at thet tine were forruleted into declarations and bills of viguts ‘the reverberation of which in the next century were felt around the world, Bat wore ispoztant than the statement of the vights af man was the new doctrine that the unin pur~ pose of avery governnent should be to preserve these vights and guarantse them against enoroactment, Unix versal Inman rights were hehcaforta to be accented aa besia urivileges of citizens of tho state aml be givenBare» the full protection of all the sanetions eet up by the government. No longer were they to remin merely pitiable natural rights which the individual could proclaim as sacred but for which he could offer no senotion or authority other taan his om feeble assertion, ‘With its beginnings even before the wars at the close of the eiguteenth century, but its greatest momentum attained only in the late mine- ‘eenth end early twentieth centuries, another revolutionary movement encompassed the world and transforued society from a comperatively simple ageioultural one into a complex and highly inius~ ‘eialdzed ons, This industrial revolution brought infinite possibilities for the elevation of ‘the standard of living and the promotion of the welfare of men; but it also involved new opportunities for oppression ani abuse, Its tempo, complexitica and magnitude threatened to reduce the individual to a ‘babe, clinging to its plok-a-back, in the woods of the giants of mss production and, periodically, mass destruction, with their billion dolla: wallets, To ada stilt further to the bewilderment of mankind there flared up in’Russia in 1917 4 Political revolution comparable in intensity and far-flung effects to the Anerioan and French revo~ lutions a century eavlier, Since then the earth fag been ravaged by two world wars with unprece~ dented dimensions of costs, destruction and dise location and with an almost incredible resurgence of old hatreds, autocratic disregard of humn rights, and bestiality, The new formulations of the rights of man an the twentieth cantury, as found in mmerous bills of rights in recent constitutions and im the many documents growing out-of the last war end the mover nent for international co-operation, are different from the old especially in the large emphasis placed upon the economic and social phases, The basic rights are the some; but the stresses pemiliar to ‘tho new age have brought a chenge in emphesis from political to economic, from liberty to equality, froa freedom to security, : Basically, the right of every aman being 6 on individual of the Inman zoce remains thet of complete freedon to develop to thoir fullest possible limit ell his telents.and capacities with the aim of, . sffective self-management, scourity and satisfaction, Every man lives in & very complex society, With aWus/3 (reve) = maze RI ew exceptions, every one is a menber of a politioal unit or state, These states are on widely varying Isvols of economic, wooial, political and cultural advencenent, Walle the basic rights mst everywhere be the seme, the degroe to which they can bp made operative ani the extent to which they can be ful~ Pilled mist vary frox one state to another = and contims to vary for a long time, in spite of the accelerating processes now developing through the Ualted Nations, The first ossential is that all states accept the basic Immun rights as constitutional xights for thir peoples and their observances ag an intor— national obligstion, with the vight of an ultinate appeal to some international tribunsl, altuough it woula be promature ani unrealistic as yet to consider ‘them as the priviloges of citisens of a world state, . the second requirement is that ‘jieeo rights ‘be gradually implemented with the goodwill and the teciniques necessary fox their effective operation, In many states, cortain phases of these rights cannot be put into practice at once, The imperative re- quirement in such a case is that the state mst taka constructive steps at once to formilate and carry out & long-range programme through which to prepare its people far the participation required of them to make the wights operative, . For instance, if the people are illiterete, let then be given an spupeston at they are starving, let them be fed; are ir~ responsible, let then be educated for sel-digeipline. within each state, what every individual is entitled to first is an opportunity for te develo ment of a sound, heslthy body and mind ~ 9 safe boritage, adequate food, shelter and clothing, See medical care, and ail the other indispensebles, Ee must have the opportunity to get the de: aud the ge ‘to eneble hint to earn a SES ee a and to efsure a modicum of security against old age and misfortune, He is entitled to an education to equip him vith methods, techniques and information with which to work ani perform his duties and to enable hin to dis~ caver what his best télents and capacities are and to acquaint hin with his place in and relation to sooiety and the universe, . Without these physical and intellectual foundations, the rigt: of the indivi- @ual t a fice ant full progress in selfonsgzaentFa8/3 (reve) = exe 15 25 July 18 ‘becomes a mere Imsk, He mst have these basic assurances af freedom iron vant and fear, Another comerstoue in the basic rights of men is the zight toa status of equality with all other individuals who arg citizens of the sai state, Puls upplies to every sphore of activity of the sdclety to which the individuei belongs = to the economic as imich as to the politiowl. In the opportunities offered and sezvices rendered by ‘oe guht ‘socist;, he is‘ entitled to, share equally vite others, Waatever froedous are guarentced. ast be available squally to all, Whetever burdens snd responsibilities are assessed mst be distri- buted equally among all, Ir there are resources they must just not be monopolized or exploited by the few to-the disadvantage of tho welfare of the many, ‘The divereity of oprortunities mist be mage as extensive as the diversity of telenta; for the operative seinciplo of equality leaves ample root: Zor infinite verdation, Nou is thote any conflict betwee the tpeingiple of emality and the vrincivlo of liberty or the several frecdccs, Rather they sugslonent ana give substance to each osier, Tn fact, no. other ayslication of equality is as vital ss that unieh roqiites the egal distribution of froedous or Liberty anong all, Liberty and equality exe merely tuo pluses of the one miltiplesshasod all- indlusive end universal Iman right of seli- Xedlization, Other-phases should, no doubt, be fen on international bill of rights is weitten, but their connexion with this basic one should never be lost sight ‘of, “These Inimen rights are rights of the indi- vidual, Within the state which guarantees them, they are balanced with a corresponding list of duties; but, geite apart fron these, there are responsibilities implied in the rights themselves, No individual born to-day finds hinself in an un~ inhabited world, His environment, consequently, iumediately damanis of him a sense of responsi dility, first, to himself and, second, to the soolety ‘in witich he lives, His main low is that ot self-interest; but thet law can operate on many levels ani, on the top level, my come very close to coincidence with the Law of the commen intevest of all,’ Self~discipline ant self-regu- lation my this be resorted to as means of self= advancement,FES/3 (rev.) = PE? 16 2 Taky IME If these responsibilities are not assumed ‘ty the individual and his vigats ere abused to the dotyinent of society as a whole or ov other indivi- duals, society itech (thet is, ell individuals aoting collectively), imposes restrictions and pre- soribes regulations, ‘these axe intended to protest those wao assume responaibilitics egeinst the dere~ Lictions of those who de not and are, im principle at least, toxpoxexy expedictts to sorve until the educaticnal system oan achisve a larger succesa in developing move offoctively the univeracl sense of responsibility. Ina stato, ell institutions and organi~ sections end individval adtivities are subject to the tacit or exnress acnction of the society as a Thole, As long es wrivate initiative et enterprise con ‘tribute to the ccumo weal ani adequately meet the needs af society, there is no occasion far collective vr Public action; bus whenever they resort to the injurious or Tell short of the standard of adequacy, society stands reedy to resivain ox suppress, to supplement or supersede, Thus there my be & cam pinetion of private end yublic or collective initietive and onterprise, 6s now in the majority of states, or there way be a plan in which all mejor envorprises exo publicly or collectively owed and oporated, as now in fn occasional state, in either casc, the people or the state is the ultimate authority on what is and what is not for the general welfare, She scnae of reaponsi- bility on the part of institutione and organizations of every Kind is of the same vitel importance es tint of individuals, The problem of detenining when a zight has doen -shused to the detriment of others or of society as a whole mist remain a difficult ono, depending upon ‘the crystallised national and world opinion of the tine for prineizles cud standards suitable to its solution, i? a trial is requived in-a regular court and, vith tdequete safeguaras, an ultimate appoal can be made to en internation] tribal, a reasonably satisfactory solwtion should be vossible. The authority to suspend basic rights in the case of critical emergencies my best ve placed in a smell representative body in waich ell perties and iminovities have nenbers, The safeguards mist include very severe restrictions on the duration of the mis pension and s provision for ultimate appeal to an dnternational tribunal.Bs (ours) > cen 17 Until these guarantees of individual rig: have become traditional end certain, colonial peoples and minority groups of various kinds ~ racial, oul~ tural, veligious = will, no doubt, also have to be assureé certain basic collective or group rights, These can logically take very mich the sane forms es those concerned vith individual rights and be made subject to the sane responsibilities, ‘The aciontists ave stoshing atoms to set free new enevgies for the advancemait of Imman welfare, Humnists are somethat behind in their attempt to educate all to a sense of respousibility and a sceial eoneciousness sufficient to ensure a constructive use of these energies, Biucztion scems to be the only key that con rélease the creative enorgies of the dulividual for the new era, Self-interest is the foree of gravity which draws individuals together. That is the farce on which the new order mst be built, 4s individuals grow in knowledge, umder~ standing and wisdom, their perspectives will be nore couplets, their horizons wider and their vision clearer. Qheir self-interest will find itself on ever higher levels until it ultimately coincides with ‘the comon interest of all,”