COATING AND LINING INSPECTION TRAINING MANUAL BECHTEL POWER CORPORATION PAGE BP oniain | COATING AND LINING | 5 yee. 414/83 INSPECTION MaQS/RAE MANUAL REVISION: ©COATING AND LINING INSPECTION TRAINING MANUAL 1983, all rights reserved."BECHTEL OFFICES SAN FRANCISCO Bechtel Power Corporation Bechtel Civil & Minerals, Bechtel Pot Fitty Beale Street San Franclaco, CA 04105 P.O. Box 3965 San Francisco, CA 94119 Telephone: 5: A8) TO Cable: WATT 5 tet Telex: 470185 Bom, — TWX: 910-972-1051/1052 Dom: — Telex: 34783 Facsimile: (415) 7686800 Rapitax: 415) 7686110 ANN ARBOR sphone: (313) 994-770 mre WWNX: 610-259-6032 ‘Dom: — Telex: 230101 Facsimile: (313) 994-7009 Rapitax: (313) 994-7260 Gents Plaza Torte As Piso 17 ‘Ave. Francisco de Miranda 08 Gi 5 1062, Venezuela Folophone: 263-4058 Telex: 25203 GOSAC EDMONTON Bechtel Canada Limited 10123 -99 Street P.O. Box 2221 Edmonton, Alberta 753 2P4, Canada Telephone: 409) 4229211 17-2676, 037-3305 Gable: WATERA. Eamonton, Canada krnaecee™ GAITHERSBURG Bechtel Power Corporation 15740 Shady Grove Road Gaithersburg, MD 20877 or 258.3000 yore oe 1) 926-0846, Facsimile: Rapifax: HOUSTON Bechtel Petroteum, inc. 5400 Westheimer Court Houston, Texas 770565347 P.O. Box 2166, Houston, TX 77252-2168 Telephone: (713) 235-2000 Dom. ~ Telex: 790769 Fa 13) 960-0347 — Rapitax (713) 871-1891 — Netax 3500 Bechtel Power Corporation 5575 Del Monte Or Houston, Texas 77056-4161 P.O. Box 2166, Houston, TX 77252-2168 Telephone: (79) 877-2060 Dom, — Telex: Facsimile: (713) 877-1368 — Omnlfax ORIGIN JAKARTA Bechtel Indonesia Incorporated jalan Menteng Raya 8 4 Mail Tromol Pos 467 indonesia ne: Gable: WATEKA, Jakarta, Indonesia Telex: OKT-46156 LONDON Bechtel Great Britain Ltd, House 245 Hammersmith Road London We, BOP. England Telephone: Gabler WATERA London, England fetl. — Telex: 934151 Flapifax: 846-5045 Facsimile: 6465033 LOS ANGELES Bechtel Power Corporation ‘12400 East Imperial Highway P.O. Box 60860, Terminal Annex Los Angeles, CA 20060 Telephone: (213) 807-2000 Bow = tolen: 877390, Cable: WATEKA, L.A. CA Facsimile: (213) 807-$456 Rapitax: (219) LOUISVILLE Bechtel Petroleum, inc. 1930 Bishi P.O. Box 32940 Louisville, KY 40232 Telephone. 02) 456-4220 ‘Telex: 204269 Facsimile: (602) 450.0136 Bechtel Equipment 1721S. Seventh ‘Street P.O. Box 8217 Koatrt Renuy 40208 ina Poe Seas eee eve MADRID Bechlol Espana, S.A. lo,Heron Paseo de ia Castellana, 3698 Madrid, Spain Cable: WATERA, Mac, Spall ' in {otox: 22486 (ees, Madtig) MELBOURNE Bechtel Pacific MLC Building, 303 Melbourne, Australia P.0. Box 928, GPO Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australla ‘Telephone: 617.0300 able: WATEKA, Melbourne, Austral ration Limited tins St. COATING AND LINING] pate: 11/03 INSPECTION MaQs/RaE MANUAL,BECHTEL OFFICES MEMPHIS Bechtel Energy Corporation Boulevard Bena tl Memon Twaett® Peedi 6s.saca MEXICO CITY Bechtel de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Paseo de la Reforma 381 ‘Apartado Postal 5-717 Mexico 5, D.F. Mexico Telephone: 2+ 8 588.2005 Cable: WATEKA, Mexico City, Mexico Telex: 175731 NEW YORK Bechte! Petroleum, inc. 80 Business Park rive 3rd Floor ‘Armonk, New York 10504 Telephone: (914) 273-2160 Facsimile: (014) 273-3139 Telex: 646334 OAK RIDGE Oak Ridge, TN 37890 phone! 618) AB 1882 15) 482-1552 Pi Telephone: 7205304 | Services 225.0300 Cable: WATEKA, Paris, France {ntl.—Telex: 260679 Rapifax; 256-9546 Ext. 20 RIO DE JANEIRO Bechtel do Brasil Construcogs Ltda. nfogo, 440 - 22nd Floor J, Brasil 181 236-20-00 Rilo de Janeiro, Ri, Brasil Telephone: 286.0690 (PBX), 246-1717 ‘and 226-5067, Cable: WATEKA, Rio de Janeiro, Brasi Telex: 021-21532 BECA-ER, ORIGIN ‘SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabian Bechtel Co. Dhahran Airport Post Office P.O. Box 88 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia ‘Telephone: 894.8011 Gable: WATEKA Alknobar ‘Telex: 670028 WATEKA SJ SEOUL Bechtel international Corp ce Bidg., 11th Floor 25781 WATEKA, TOKYO Bechtel international Corp. Fuji Building, Box 132 ‘Marunouchi, 3-Chome Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo, Japan Telephone: Business/Finance: 214.4481 Procurement Dept.: 2135231 Gable: WATEKA’ Tokyo, Japan J222.7914 Bechtel Canada Limited 250 Bloor Street East Toronto, Ontario MéW 3K5, Canada Telephone: (416) 828-1600 Gable: WATEXA Toronto, Canada Bom.—' 3266 Rapitax: tate) 908-1708 WASHINGTON, D.C. Bechtel Power Corporation ‘Sulte 703, 1620 Eye Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephon ‘3934747 Gable: wat Raplian ee) Yeo z04s COATING AND LINING] Date: 44/83 INSPECTION MaQs/naeDISCLAIMER It should be understood by all persons using this manual that neither Bechtel Power Corporation nor its related entities, nor their employees, agents or officers, give any warranties, expressed or implied, nor make any representations as to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the information or conclusions contained herein, nor assume any responsibility or liability of any nature from whatever cause, including negligence resulting from the use of this coating and lining manual. ORIGIN: Maas/RaeACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual was compiled through the efforts of Susan E. Johnson and Alan G. Race of the Materials and Quality Services Department of Research and Engineering, Bechtel Group, Inc. Portions of this manual are excerpts from selected standards and manuals and are printed verbatim. In each instance, the reference has been cited. The Steel Structures Painting Council, Pitteburgh, Pennsylvania; the American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the National Shipbuilding Research Program, in cooperation with Avondale Shipyards, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana; are gratefully acknowledged. Several of the pictures and photographs used throughout the manual were provided as a courtesy of Porter Coatings, Division of Porter Paint Company, Louisville, Kentucky and the National Shipbuilding Research Program, in cooperation with Avondale Shipyards, Inc. The Peychrometric Chart, illustrated in Section 5, " to Monitor Environmental Conditions," is a courtesy of Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, New York. We would especially like to acknowledge the San Francisco Pover Division Management for their enthusiastic sponsorship of this manual. Ontain [COATING AND LINING! oate: 11/83 PAGE INSPECTION cl maas/Ase manaart Revision: o | “1 NCOMMENTARY The intent of this manual is not to make the inspector a coatings expert, but to provide the inspector with the ic information that may be required to inspect coating or lining work, This manual was written primarily to help those who have a limited knowledge of coatings to become more proficient in this field. It provides the basic information that would be helpful to those who need to improve their inspection skills and general knowledge of coating and lining work. Because the same basic principles apply for inspection work performed in a fabrication shop or at the jobsite, the information provided in this manual can be used for both shop and field inspection work. The manual is divided into 16 sections. Each section covers a separate subject relating to coating and lining inspection work. The manual is written in the form of questions and anawers, in anticipation of some questions the inspector might be confronted with on the job. It does not contain everything, but it does contain much of the information one may need to determine whether the coating or lining work is being properly done, in accordance with the specification. It is recommended that all 16 sections be studied for a comprehensive understanding of the coating inspection process. The manual can be used as a handy reference that an inspector can take along with him when inspecting coating and lining work. Should there be questions, comments, suggestions for additional subjects or expansion of existing ones, please contact the Coatings and Corrosion Group of the Materials and Quality Services Department of Research and Engineering, San Francisco, California. Additional copies of this manual may be obtained by telephoning or writing to: Bechtel Group, Inc. Research and Engineering/ Materials and Quality Services Department Coatings and Corrosion Group P. 0. Box 3965, San Francisco, California 94119 Telephone: (415) 768-1234 COATING AND LINING! pate: 11/63 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN MaQS/RAE REVISION: 0Section 10 ll 12 13 le 15 16 CONTENTS Subject Coatings Technology The Coating Inspector's Role Specifications Supplier Procedures How to Monitor Environmental Conditions How to Test the Compressed Air Supply How to Test Recirculated Abrasives How to Inspect Prepared Steel Surfaces How to Measure the Surface Profile of Blasted Steel How to Measure Wet Film Thickness How to Measure Dry Film Thickness How to Inspect Defects in Coated Surfaces How to Test for Holidays, Pinholes or Voids How to Test the Adhesion of Applied Coatings and Linings Coating Calculations Glossary of Terms onicin |COATING AND LINING] pate: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL Maas/nae REVISION: 0SECTION 1 COATINGS TECHNOLOGY Principles of Corrosion What Is Corrosion? .. What Causes Corrosion? . What Components Must Be Present in the Surrounding Environment for Corrosion to Take Place? ..sscsseesesees 1-2 What Methods Should Be Utilized to Control Corrosion? .. seve 1-2 What Reading Material Can Be Suggested for a More Detailed Study of Corrosion? ., 1-2 Paints, Coatings and Spray Applied Linings What Is the Difference Between the Terms "Paint" and "Coating"? . What Are the General Uses of Coatings and Linings? . What Types of Coatings Are Commonly Used? ssesecseeee What Are the Major Components of Coatings? .. What Is the Difference Between the Terms "Thinner: jolvents""? How Do Coatings Cure? . What Are Some of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Each of the Generic Types of Coatings that Are Most Commonly Used? . ORIGIN | COATING AND LINING) pate: 11/83 | PAGE INSPECTION maas/nae : 1-0 MANUAL REVISION: 01.0 1 LL 1.1.2 COATINGS TECHNOLOGY Principles of Corrosion What Is Corrosion? Corrosion is a process whereby materials deteriorate as the result of a reaction between them and their surrounding environment. since iron and steel are the materials most widely used in construction today and they are subject to corrosion, it is of primary importance to control corrosion, in order to prolong the service life of structures and equipment fabricated from these materials. Because the mechanisms of corrosion are very complex, a detailed study of corrosion goes beyond the scope of this manual. However, @ list of supplemental reading material hae been provided in paragraph 1.1.5 of this section for those interested in a further study of the subject. What Causes Corrosion? The basic cause of corrosion of iron and steel is their temporary existence in their metallic forms. These metals are chemically unstable as manufactured products, and they stabilize by oxidizing and changing back to their natural iron ore forms in which they were mined. NATURAL CYCLE OF CORROSION tare — Cem { ao ‘ron Plate ‘S, Exposure to Moisture Bias Furace)| snd Oxygen Jes FIGURE 1,1* Iron and steel are manufactured products extracted from iron ore utilizing a blast furnace process. In the process of being converted into iron or steel, the ore acquires *Courtesy of National Shipbuilding Research Program, in cooperation with Avondale Shipyards, Inc. OniGin [COATING AND LINING! pate: 14/83 INSPECTION Maas/Rae MANUAL REVISION: O | 1-1large amounts of energy. Its natural tendency is to stabilize and release the acquired energy. During the release of this energy, the iron and steel corrode and rust is formed. 1.1.3 What Components Must Be Present in the Surrounding Environment for Corrosion to Take Place? For corrosion of iron to take place, three components must be present in the surrounding environment. The greater the concentration of these three, the more rapid the corrosion reaction will be. The three components are: = Oxygen - Water - A source of ions 1.1.4 What Methods Should Be Utilized to Control Corrosion? a The tendency of metals to corrode is a natural phenomenon and must be recognized as inevitable. The job of the corrosion or design engineer is to control these destructive forces at a minimum cost. There are six basic approaches to the problem, each with advantages and disadvantages. No single approach will normally suffice under all conditions, and a combination of all of them may be necessary in some instances. The basic methods for controlling corrosion are: - Altering the environment - The use of corrosion resistant materials of construction = Cathodic protection ~ Good engineering design = The use of corrosion allowance materials = The use of barriers between the metal and the environment 1.1.5 What Reading Material Can Be Suggested for a More Detailed Study of Corrosion? The following reading material is suggested for a more detailed study of corrosion: ~ Energy Communications, Inc., "Corrosion Control Handbook ," Copyright 1975, Dallas, Texas 4 ORIGIN [COATING AND LINING) pare: 11/83) PAGE INSPECTION 2 1-: Maas/Rae iam REVISION: © |ee 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 ~ National Association of Corrosion Engineers, "NACE Basic Corrosion Course Text," Copyright 1970, Houston, Texas ~ Steel Structures Painting Council, "Good Painting Practice, Volume 1," Revised Editions 1966 and 1982, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Paints, Coatings and Spray Applied Linings What Is the Difference Between the Terms "Paint" and "Coating" It is sometimes difficult to differentiate between the terms "paint" and “coating.” "Coating" is a more generic term and encompasses "paint." While the primary property of a coating is protective, paint may have the important additonal property of color along with protection. The color properties of a paint may occasionally be more important than the protective properties; however, with a coating, protection is always of primary importance. Many of the generic classes of coatings that are discussed throughout this manual can also be used as linings. In reference to liquid applied systems, the words "coating" and "lining" are, for the most part, used interchangeably throughout this manual, What Are the General Uses of Coatings and Linings? Paints and coatings are used in many different ways and serve many different purposes. They may protect the substrate from a corrosive environment by forming a barrier. They may provide an easily cleanable surface (e.g., a decontaminative coating in a nuclear facility). They may prevent contamination of a material by the container (e.g., the lining of tank cars transporting a highly concentrated, high-purity caustic where iron contamination is a problem). Coatings may provide insulation or fire protection. They are also used in accordance with the Underwriters’ color codes to call attention to important features such as safety, fire control areas, and so forth. Coatings have many uses, only one of which is to beautify. ORIGIN [COATING AND LINING) pate: 11/83] Pace INSPECTION 1-3 MANUAL REVISION: 0 MaQs/RaE1.2.3 1.2.4 What Types of Coatings Are Commonly Used? Generic coating types take their name from the resin used in their formulations. Thus, a coating may be referred to as a vinyl or an epoxy, although it may be highly modified. Or in some cases, it may be a combination of two or more different resins, one of which will usually be predominant. For example, vinyl resins are often modified with alkyd or acrylic resins, or coal tar pitch may be used in conjunction with epoxy resins. Such modifications produce the thousands of combinations in use today. The most common generic types of coatings used are: ~ Acrylics - Alkyds - Bituminous - Chlorinated rubbers - Epoxy amine - Epoxy coal tar - Epoxy ester - Epoxy phenolic - Epoxy polyamide - Inorganic and organic zincs - Silicones - Urethanes ~ Vinyls What Are the Major Components of Coatings? All paints or coatings consist of two major components: the vehicle and the pigment. The vehicle consists of the basic resin portion of the coating, which is usually dissolved in a solvent. This component of the coating is called the "binder." It binds the pigments together and is the basic film-forming portion of the coating. The pigment portion of the coating contains not only those pigments that impart color to the coating but may also include extenders and reinforcing agents such as silica flour, flake glass, mica, etc., inerts, thixotropizing agents, ultraviolet screening pigments, corrosion inhibitors, and other additives necessary to yield specific properties to the coating or lining. When the coating is applied to a surface, the volatile portion of the coating evaporates, leaving only the nonvolatile binder and pigments to form the protective film. This is normally referred to as the "solids" or "nonvolatile" portion of the coating. Figure 1.2 illustrates the relationships of these components COATING AND LINING] pate: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN maas/Rae PAGE 1-4 REVISION: 0COMPLETE 1.2.5 COATING VEHICLE PIGMENT RESIN COLORING | |REINFORCING SOLVENT (BINDER) PIGMENTS PIGMENTS INERTS FIGURE 1.2 Components of Coatings What Is the Difference Between the Terms “Thinners" and "Solvente"? Often used interchangeably, the terms "thinners" and "solvents" for all practical purpos mean the same thing to most painters. There is a distinction, however, and it can be of extreme importance. Most thinners can be used as solvents, but not all solvents can be used as thinners. Coating manufacturers will specify particular thinners to be used with their materials, some of which are blends of different solvents. The manufacturer's recommended thinner must always be used in the quantities recommended to thin coatings. Many painting contractors will buy inexpensive solvents which are particularly adapted for cleaning equipment. If a solvent not recommended by the coating manufacturer is used to thin the paint, it can cause separation of components, coagulation, too fast or too slow drying, changes in flow characteristics, lifting of previous coats, and a host of other undesirable conditions. Cleaning solvents must always be kept segregated from the coating materials and thinners. ORIGIN M&QS/RAE COATING AND LINING! pate: 91/83 INSPECTION MANUAL PAGE 1-5 REVISION: 01.2.6 The different types of thinners in common use and the types of coating materials for which they are typically used are: = Mineral spirits - Oils or alkyds - Aromatics (benzene, ~ Coal tar epoxies, xylol, toluol) alkyds, chlorinated rubbers Ketones (MEK, MIBK) - Vinyls, epoxies, urethanes = Alcohols (isopropyl) - Phenolics, inorganic zincs - Water ~ Acrylics, some inorganic zincs The solvents or thinners used with most coatings produce vapors that are heavier than air and, as a result, will collect in tank bottoms or confined locations unless means are employed to disperse them. The exception, of course, is water used as a thinner in some inorganic zinc and acrylic coatings. The ketones have the lowest flash point; however, a concentration of any organic solvent in the right proportions with air can create an explosive combination. How Do Coatings Cure? The inspector should be familiar with the type of curing mechanism of the coating he is working with. He should also be familiar with the correct curing times and should be sure to check the coating manufacturer's published Product Data Sheets for this information. A coating must be properly cured before it is topcoated and before it is placed into service. Premature failure of the applied coating will occur if the coating is topcoated before the primer or intermediate coats have sufficiently cured. The uncured coating, if topcoated, may blister because of entrapped solvents. This may result in lifting of the coating film. Many coatings, such as coal tar epoxies, have maximum recoat times. If the coating cures beyond the required period for topcoating, the topcoat will not bond properly. It is especially critical in the application of tank linings that the coating be sufficiently cured before being put into service. A differentiation must be made between "drying" and "curing." A coating may be dry to U origin |COATING AND LINING! parte: 11/83 race | maas/Rae inspection Revision: o | 1-6 MANUALthe touch and still may not be cured. Following is a list of curing methods, together with the generic types of coatings using each method: ~ Air Oxidation ~ Alkyds Epoxy Ester ~ Solvent Evaporation - Vinyls Chlorinated Rubber Bituminous (Coal Tar Solutions) Acrylics ~ Chemical Reaction ~ Epoxies Polyurethanes Vinyl-Esters Inorganic Zincs (Hydrolysis) Silicones High Bake Phenolics — Heat Cure The following is a description of each of the curing methods: ~ Air Oxidation Coatings that cure by oxidation, or air drying, depend upon oxygen to penetrate the film after the solvent has evaporated. There is a limit to the film thickness which can be achieved with this type of coating. Alkyds are examples of coatings that cure by this method. If they are applied too thick, the solvent will evaporate from the surface, the oxygen will cure the top layer of the coating film, and it will be difficult for the solvent to evaporate from the lower layers of the coating. At the same time, oxygen will have difficulty penetrating the rest of the coating film, and the coating will not cure properly.* - Solvent Evaporation Almost all coatings, unless they are 100 percent solids, will undergo solvent evaporation prior to curing. The solvent completely evaporates as the coating film *Courtesy of National Shipbuilding Research Program, in cooperation with Avondale Shipyards, Inc. oniain | COATING AND LINING] pay, INSPECTION MANUAL 11783 | PAGE maas/Rae Revision: o | 1-7 ofcures, leaving a film of the resin and pigment on the -surface.* - Chemical Reaction Coatings that cure by the addition of a catalyst or hardener, or coatings that are chemically cured, are usually packaged in two or more containers, each container holding a carefully premeasured amount of material. These proportions are very critical and, for this reason, only complete units of any coating should be used. Do not attempt to proportion the different components of a multicomponent coating. Unless a chemically cured coating is mixed in the proper proportions and unless all the components are used, it is highly unlikely that the coating will cure properly. Once these components are mixed together, the coating has a pot life, which refers to the length of time the coating material can be used. Material should not be used after its pot life has expired. - Heat Cure These coatings require heat curing to obtain maximum stability and durability. 1.2.7 What Are Some of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Each of the Generic Types of Coatings that Are Most Commonly Used? An inspector is not expected to be a chemist; however, some basic knowledge of the different types of coating materials and their chemical and physical properties can be advantageous. The most commonly encountered generic types of coating materials are: = Acrylics - Alkyds ~ Bituminous - Chlorinated rubber - Epoxy amine - Epoxy polyamide - Epoxy coal tar - Epoxy phenolic *Courtesy of National Shipbuilding Research Program, in cooperation with Avondale Shipyards, Inc. COATING AND LINING] pate: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN M&QS/RAE Revision: o | 1-8- Epoxy ester = Inorganic and organic zincs - Silicones ~ Urethanes ~ Vinyls The more significant features of the different generic types of coating materials are as follows: - Acrylics Acrylics have excellent color and gloss retention for outdoor applications and are often combined with other resins because of these properties. They are ideal for use in areas of mild chemical fumes but are not recommended for tank linings. They are somewhat inferior to vinyls or chlorinated rubbers in chemical resistance. They cure by solvent evaporation. They are often used as a topcoat over other chemical resistant coatings because of their color and gloss retention. ~ Alkyds Alkyds are usually natural oils which have been chemically modified to improve the rate of cure, chemical resistance and hardness. They are general purpose coatings designed for application to a wide range of substrates. They are easily applied and can be used as primers or topcoats. They provide good color retention and gloss but exhibit poor chemical resistance. Since they are subject to saponification, which is the chemical interaction of fat with an alkali that forms a soap, they are not suitable for application to alkaline surfaces. They cure by air oxidation. - Bituminous Bituminous coatings are low-cost, heavy-bodied materials, applied either hot or as a cut back with solvent. They provide good moisture barriers, have good-to-fair resistance to chemical fumes and spillage, and exhibit good acid resistance and poor solvent resistance. They form very heavy films but have no corrosion inhibiting qualities. When they are damaged, undercutting can be a serious problem, They are available in black only. Materials such as clay, slate, mica, asbestos COATING AND LINING] pate: 11/83 WNSPECTION MANUAL, PAGE ORIGIN maas/Rae REVISION: 0and other powders are sometimes added to increase film thickness and toughness. They cure by solvent evaporation. - Chlorinated Rubber Chlorinated rubber coatings are similar to vinyls in that they form fairly tough, thin films that have good abrasion resistance. They have excellent weathering properties and provide excellent resistance to most mineral acids and alkalies, salt and fresh water, and fungus growth. They are frequently modified with alkyd resins to lower their cost and improve their application characteristics. Curing is by solvent evaporation. - Epoxy Amine Epoxy amine coatings are catalyzed or hardened by an amine curing agent. These materials form hard, abrasion resistant coatings with good-to-excellent alkali, acid, and solvent resistance. They must be applied to a thoroughly cleaned surface and are moisture- sensitive during application. They have a tendency to fade and chalk in direct sunlight and to embrittle on aging. ~ Epoxy Polyamide Epoxy polyamide coatings are not as resistant to acids, alkalies, or solvents as the amines. Polyamides have greater flexibility and provide superior water and salt solution resistance. They have a tendency to fade and chalk in direct sunlight but do not embrittle as much as the amine epoxies do on aging. - Epoxy Coal Tar Amine or polyamide epoxy resins are often modified with coal tar pitch to produce relatively high film buildup for good chemical and moisture resistance. Resistance to hydrogen sulfide and acids in general is dramatically improved over a straight epoxy. They have a tendency to embrittle on aging, and delamination between coate or beneath touch-up patches is common unlese special precautions are taken during application. They are normally black in color. oniaIN maas/Rae- Epoxy Phenolic Epoxy phenolic coatings combine a portion of phenolic resin with the epoxy resin. They are usually employed as tank lininge but have been used extensively in nuclear plants as interior coatings for containment vessels. They have good resistance to the effecte of radiation. Epoxy ester coatings are a combination of an epoxy resin and a drying oil. These coatings cure by a combination of solvent evaporation and oxidation. They do not require the use of a catalyst or hardener. Chemical resistance is better than alkyds but still rather poor. However, they can be applied by relatively inexperienced painters on surfaces having only marginal surface preparation. They do not lift most old, sound paints. Their weather resistance is fairly good, but they will chalk and yellow after extended exposure to the sun. They do not saponify over alkaline surfaces to the same degree as an alkyd. ~ Inorg: and Organic Zinc: Metallic zinc is used as the pigmentation with a variety of vehicles for inorganic and organic zinc coatings. They may be one-, two- or three-package materials, post-cured, moisture cured, solvent based or water based. The end product in all cases is metallic zinc suspended in an extremely hard, tough, licate matrix. Acid or alkali resistance is poor, but solvent, moisture and salt resistance is excellent. They weather extremely well and are often used as a single- coat system for structural steel or tanks. Abrasive blasting is required, and the dry film thickness of the applied film is critical. ~ Silicones Silicone coatings are semi-inorganic polymers which, when formulated into coatings, have outstanding heat resistance and excellent water repellency. Properties depend on the amount of silicone resin and the type of modifying agent used (i.e., alkyd, acrylics, etc.) In high-heat applications, such as a ORIGIN | COATING AND LINING) pate; 11/83 | PAGE INSPECTION TanGal” REVISION: 0 | 1-11 MaQs/RaE— stacks, they are used to temperatures as high as 1200F. - Urethanes Sometimes called polyurethanes or isocyanates, these coatings are a fairly new development but may be obtained in a wide range of formulations. Normally, two-package, catalyzed materials, the aliphatic urethanes are hard, tough and abrasion resistant, with excellent weathering properties and gloss retention. They exhibit excellent solvent resistance, only slightly inferior to that of an epoxy, and withstand mild acids and alkalies. Their adhesion properties are excellent; however, they are usually applied over an epoxy primer. Urethanes can be applied at lower temperatures than most other chemically cured coatings. During application, urethanes are moisture sensitive, but after they have cured, they exhibit outstanding resistance to high humidity. - Vinyls Vinyls are thermoplastic materials and cure solely by solvent evaporation. As such, they can be applied at much lower temperatures than any catalyzed coating. Acid and alkali resistance is excellent, but solvent resistance is poor. Because they are soluble in their own solvents, repairs are easily made, Water and weather resistance is outstanding, and they have been used for years on the steelwork of many of the country's largest dams. They are the basie of the Bureau of Reclamation VR-3 and VR-6 Systems. The designation VR~6 means "vinyl resin, six (6) coat A clean, preferably abrasive blasted surface, ie required for proper adhesion. They usually employ special primere COATING AND LINING! Date: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN mags/nae Revision: o | 1-122.0 21 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 243 SECTION 2 Page THE COATING INSPECTOR'S ROLE Responsibilitites What Is the Role of the Coating Inspector? ssseereee Renee een zol Who Is Responsible for the Coating or Lining Specifications? ... Who Is Responsible for Applying the Coating or Lining Materials? ... Procedures What Advance Preparation Is Necessary Before Going Out to Inspect Coating or Lining Work? . What Type of Documents Should Be Assembled and Studied? ...ssssseeseeseeeee 22 What Equipment Is Required to Perform an Inspection? .. What Is the Importance of Organizing an Inspection Plan? ... What Type of Information Should Be Included in an Inspection Plan? ... What Inspection (Hold) Points Should Be Included in the Inspection Plan? wees 203 What Should the Inspection Activities at These Inspection Points Include? What Codes and Standards Should Be Included in the Inspection Plan? .. What Inspection Activities Should Be Included in the Inspection Plan? .. Problems How Can the Coating Inspector Avoid Problems with Engineering? ... How Can the Coating Inspector Avoid Problems with the Supplier? ....scsseeeees 2-16 2-15 Concerns Who Performs the Inspection for the Supplier? ........ If the Inspector Does Not Have the Necessary Equipment, Is the Supplier Required to Furnish the Equipment? ... What Should Be Done if the Supplier Is Not Following the Specification? Serena za16) 2-16 2-16 COATING AND LINING! pate; 11/83 WNSPECTION MANUAL MaQs/RaE REVISION: 02.4 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.5 2.5.1 SECTION 2 Concerns (continued) What Should be Done if Readings Are Different from the Readings Taken by the Supplier's Inspector? .... What About Handling Disagreements with the Supplier over Coating or Lining Inspection? .. pene eeecseen ol) 2-16 Inspection Criteria What Are the Accept/Reject Criteria for Coating and Lining Work? .....seseseeeees 2-17 COATING AND LINING! pate: 11783 INSPECTION MANUAL, ORIGIN maas/Rae PAGE | 2-0 REVISION: 02.0 21 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 THE COATING INSPECTOR'S ROLE Responsibilities What Is the Role of the Coating Inspector? The coating inspector is responsible for verifying that the coating or lining work performed by the supplier is in accordance with the specifications and supplier procedures when procedures are required. The inspector must not only be familiar with the specifications and procedures, but he must have a working knowledge of the points of inspection and the various instruments that he must use to verify these points. Who Is Responsible for the Coating or Lining Specifications? Coating or lining specifications are the responsibility of engineering. They have to determine what conditions the coating or lining will be exposed to and what materials and systems are capable of providing adequate protection under those conditions. They are responsible for writing the specifications and including all the necessary requirements to assure that the coating work, if done satisfactorily, will provide the necessary protection. Who Is Responsible for Applying the Coating or Lining Materials? Usually the supplier is responsible for buying the coating and lining materials, preparing the surface, and mixing and applying the materials in accordance with the specification. The supplier generally has his own inspectors to assure that the coating or lining work is done to specification requirements and that all procedures are being followed. Procedures What Advance Preparation Is Neces! Going Out to Inspect Coating or Lining Work? The inspection of the painting of some equipment in a fabrication shop may not be as complex an activity as the inspection of the lining of the containment vessel in a nuclear power facility; however, the same basic principles will apply. COATING AND LINING] pate, 41/63 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN MaQs/RaE REVISION: 02.2.2 2.2.3 aa] The inspection of any coating or lining system should be a planned function. Before the inspector goes out to inspect coating or lining work, the following preparation ie necessary: - Assemble and study all pertinent documents - Verify that all required instruments are available = Organize an inspection plan What Type of Documents Should Be Assembled and Studied? The inspector should familiarize himself with the surface preparation and coating or lining application requirements, inspection and test requirements, and the characteristics of the material being applied. The following documents should be assembled and thoroughly studied: ~ Specifications (including all amendments and pertinent appendices) ~ Applicable codes and standards - Manufacturer's published instructions - Supplier's coating or lining procedure What Equipment Is Required to Perform an Inspection? The specification will define the required inspection tests and the acceptable instruments for performing the inspection. Depending upon the materials being applied, the specification requirements and the instrument requirements may vary from one coatings inspection to another. The following is a list of the most frequently required inspection instrument: - Pictorial surface preparation standards (SSPC-Vis 1 or accepted equal) - Surface profile gage or comparators - Paychrometer with psychrometric charts or tables - Thermometers - air and surface temperature ~ Gages ~ dry film thickness with calibration standards or shims; wet film thickness ~ Tooke gage - Flashlight and pocket magnifier - Holiday detector Adhesion tester ORIGIN: maas/Rae ‘2.264 2.2.5 2.2.6 What Is the Importance of Organizing an Inspection Plan? An inspection plan allows the inspector to organize, in a chronological sequence, the inspection activities he is required to perform. On some projects, inspection plans are mandatory and are already a planned function for the inspector. However, if an inspection plan is not mandatory and has not been furnished, the inspector should prepare his own inspection plan. An organized inspection plan, even for the smallest job, will make one a more efficient inspector. What Type of Information Should Be Included in an Inspection Plan? The information that should be included in an inspection plan will vary depending on the material being applied and the nature of the work. The following is information that should be included in every inspection plan: = Inspection (hold) point: - Codes, standards, specifications and procedures - Surface preparation inspection - Material application inspection - Final applied coating inspection What Inspection (Hold) Points Should Be Included in the Inspection Plan? As discussed above, the inspection (hold) points will be dependent upon the coating and lining material being applied and the type and nature of the work. The inspection points listed below should be considered as basic for most work; however, additional inspection points may be added if necessary. - Prior to the start of the work - Immediately following the surface preparation ~ Immediately prior to the coating or lining application = Following the application of each coat ~ Following the curing of the coating or lining ~ Final inspection and sign-off, in accordance with the project requirements ORIGIN | COATING AND LINING] pate: 11/83 | PAGE INSPECTION : 2-3 maas/Rae MANUAL REVISION: ©2.2.7 What Should the Inspection Activities at These Inspection Points Include? - The first inspection (hold) point should follow the pre-surface preparation inspection, during which the supplier will have identified grease or oil deposits, metal imperfections (such as scabs, delaminations, and metal damage), inaccessible areas and so forth. Dew point and surface temperature readings should be taken just prior to allowing surface preparation to proceed. - An inspection (hold) point following the completion of surface preparation is mandatory. This will verify that the degree of cleanliness specified has been achieved according to the definition of the SsPC standard specified and that the required profile has been created. ~ The inspection (hold) point prior to the coating or lining application would seem to be a repetition of the previous inspection point; however, this inspection point is established to make certain that the metal has been thoroughly cleaned of blast residue and has not been recontaminated by oil, contaminants such as flash rusting, sweat marks, inspection markings and so forth. The inspector may wish to include dew point and relative humidity checks at this point, as well as checks for the metal temperature required for coating or lining application. - During application, ambient conditions and wet film thickness readings should be monitored. This may not be a required inspection (hold) point for the inspector, but the applicator should be monitoring these conditions. - An inspection (hold) point following the application of each coat is required to check the dry film thickness against that specified and to determine if each individual coat is suitable to receive the next coat. Such imperfections as overspray, pinholes, lack of adhesion, insufficient film thickness, etc., should be corrected at this point. Drying/curing time versus temperature and humidity should be confirmed. ~ An inspection (hold) point following curing of the completed coating or lining system will COATING AND LINING] bate: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN maos/Ase PAGE 2-4 REVISION: 0verify the final dry film thickness and will include a visual inspection of the coating or lining for defects. Where the coating is used as a tank lining, a holiday check should be made and any imperfections noted for repair. The degree of cure can be determined either from the retained records of curing temperatures, from hardness tests using the acceptable methods and instruments or even in some cases, by indentation with the thumbnail. = The final inspection (hold) point will verify any touch-up or repair work that was found to be necessary and will be a final check for full compliance with the specifications. 2.2.8 What Codes and Standards Should be Included in the Inspection Plan? The specification will usually list the codes or standards that will apply to a particular material and its application. These standards may be ASTM standards or procedures for various test methods, SSPC standards for cleanliness, the SSPC procedures for measuring dry film thickne: (SSPC-PA 2), or others. These standards or procedures are listed in the inspection plan for the inspector's reference. 2.2.9 What Inspection Activities Should Be Included in the Inspection Plan? The following inspection plan example covers the application of an epoxy phenolic amine or amine adduct cured coating. This particular coating system may be used as a protective coating or as a lining. All specifications the inspector might encounter may not require all the points of inspection shown on this particular inspection plan. The information shown can serve as a guide for the inspector in writing an inspection plan for the specification he is working to. The inspection plan lists a chronological sequence of inspection activities to be accomplished during the coating or lining application. It begins with the activities the inspector should consider prior to the start of the actual coating work and continues through surface preparation and coating application. Each page lists the activity to be performed, the standard or procedure to be followed, where ORIGIN &QS/RRE INSPECTION MANUAL,appropriate, the inspection criteria, and a reference to the paragraph in the specification that applies to that activity. When performing the required inspection activities, each phase of the work is inspected before proceeding with the next phase. In this way, any defects disclosed by the inspection are corrected to specification, and reinspected, before proceeding with the next phase. For example, after the surface has been prepared, it is inspected. If any deficiencies are noted, they are corrected and the surface is reinspected before proceeding with the application of the first coat. The same procedure is followed for each phase of the work. 2.2.9.1 Prior to the Start of Work FIGURE 2.1 The first page of the inspection plan (Figure 2.1) deals with the materials to be used for the work. This includes the coating or lining itself, any touch-up or repair materials, thinners and cleaners, and the abrasives to be used to prepare the surface. The inspector must verify that the correct coating or lining materials have been supplied. Material mix-ups are very infrequent on field work; however, in Origin | COATING AND LINING! pate: 11/83 waas/Rae REVISION: 0 ao——— shop applications where a shop may warehouse many different coating or lining materials, it is a distinct possiblity. The shelf life of a coating or lining material is the length of time it ie normally considered to be usable from the time of its manufacture. The inspector must verify that the material is within its shelf life and will remain within its shelf life during the course of the application. Often times, the specification will have a shelf life differing from that shown by the manufacturer. The shorter of the two should be used, This is not usually a problem on small jobs; but on a job that may extend over long periods of time, the material can run beyond ite shelf life prior to completion of the work. Coating and lining materials must be properly labelled. Containers with missing or illegible labels should be set ide and discarded. All coating and lining materials should have legible batch numbers printed on the label. These batch numbers are extremely important in identifying a material in the event of trouble. The batch number is usually a several-digit number, occasionally consisting of letters and numbers. The inspector should record all batch numbers in his reports, before the containers are opened and before paint has run down and obliterated the numbers, Dented containers do not have to be rejected unless the dents are so severe that the containers have leaked or the contents have been exposed to the atmosphere. If leakage or exposure has occurred, the material must be rejected. Such materials must be segregated and removed from the jobsite. The storage temperature of most coating and lining materials will usually be specified either in the specifications or by the . manufacturer, himself. Usually, a maximum and minimum allowable storage temperature will be indicated. Touch-up or repair of coating or Lining materials may not always be identical to the coating or lining materials being applied. The inspector should check the abrasive to be used for surface preparation, if abrasive blasting is specified. The specifications will not normally specify a particular abrasive by oniain [COATING AND LINING) Date: 11/83 MaQS/RE REVISION: 0name, but only the required degree of cleanliness and the profile; however, the supplier's procedures will often identify a specific product. The abrasive should be clean and dry and of a proper size to produce the required profile. Steel shot or grit must be free of oil, and sand must be free of clay or other contaminants. The grit size on flapper wheels and sanding discs should also be checked where they are specified for use in power tool cleaning and will not be followed by abrasive blasting. | S wget | i i | “ l L FIGURE 2.2 This page (Figure 2.2) begins a check on the equipment the applicator or inspector will use, or which should be on hand. The environmental control equipment, if required, should be capable of maintaining the specified relative humidity, temperature and dew point. The spray application equipment and brushes or rollers being furnished by the applicator should be as recommended by the manufacturer or as stated in the accepted supplier procedures. One very frequent cause of poor coating or lining application is the use of incorrect or worn out spray equipment. Also, the use of brushes with the incorrect bristles or the use of rollers with the wrong nap and core material are frequent causes. The blotter test used to check COATING AND LINING! Date: 14/83 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN maas/Rae REVISION: 0the air supply for oil contamination is mentioned, together with the required frequency of testing. a aE FIGURE 2.3 The inspector should have the required inspection equipment available on hand and properly calibrated (Figure 2.3). The final item on this page of the inspection plan references the pre-inspection of the surface prior to the start of abrasive blasting. The inspector may and should t in the pre- inspection; however, it is the applicator's responsibility to either accept or reject the surface as being suitable for surface preparation and coating or lining application. COATING AND LINING] Date: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN maas/nse2.2.9.2 Surface Preparation FIGURE 2.4 Surface preparation (Figure 2.4) includes the removal of grease or oil deposits, in accordance with the requirements of SSPC-SP-1, "Solvent Cleaning," prior to the start of abrasive blasting. The blasted surface must conform to the specified degree of cleanliness of the SSPC standard required by the specifications, and must have the specified profile. ‘The inspection plan not only indicates what is required but what publications and instruments are to be used to verify both the degree of cleanliness and the profile. The frequency of the flotation test used to determine if steel shot or grit is oil- free is stated. oRiGin |COATING AND LINING) pate: 11/83 maas/Rae REVISION: 0— rae . rata FIGURE 2.5 The protection of surfaces and equipment not to be blasted or coated is listed at the end of the second page (Figure 2.5) covering surface preparation. In actual practice all necessary masking or protection should have been accomplished and inspected. prior to the start of any abrasive blasting. The final step of surface preparation, prior to the application of the coating or lining, is to thoroughly clean the surface of all dust or other contaminants. The inspector must verify that the surface is free, not only of dust and unacceptable embedments, but of sweat marks and oil contamination from air tools and from the operating mechanism of spiders or sky climber He should be alert for imperfections in the b: material that have been revealed by the surface preparation. ORIGIN | COATING AND LINING) Date: 11/63 maas/nae REVISION: 02.2.9.3 Coating Application and Inspection © ere py | | | | | En. a ject FIGURE 2.6 When the surface has been accepted for the application of coatings or linings, the materials to be applied should be brought from storage to the work area in unopened containers (Figure 2.6). The containers should remain closed until just prior to mixing. Under no circumstances should the applicator attempt to measure or mix partial containers. Only complete, premeasured units should be mixed. Some applicators may attempt to proportion a small quantity of coating material for touch-up rather than use a full 5-gallon container, to save on material. Most coating or lining manufacturers will supply materials in 1-gallon, or smaller, containers for this purpose, along with the appropriate amount of catalyst or hardener. Components of a two- or three- component material should be mixed separately and in the proper order, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Ingestion time is the period of time during which the mixed material is allowed to begin the reaction, prior to being applied. If ingestion time is required, this will be noted in the coating or lining manufacturer's literature. This materially aids in coating or lining vertical surfaces, since after ingestion, a material will tend to hang and not run. ORIGIN |COATING AND LINING! Dare: 11/83 maas/Rae REVISION: 0Temperatures of the individual components of a coating or lining and the temperature of the mixed material should be verified during mixing if this ie required by the specifications or procedure: PE aereemnen Ve Foes Too FIGURE 2.7 The specified number of coats, the timing of these coats, time and temperature of any force curing that may be required, and touch-up are covered in the inapection plan, as shown above in Figure 2.7. Wet film thickness readings may be required as the coating or lining work proceeds; however, with most coatings or linings, it is necessary to check the dry film thickness of each coat as soon as it has dried sufficiently. Coatings and linings applied too heavily are susceptible to inadequate curing and to the trapping of solvents, and may later blister or peel. Coatings and lininge are also applied in multiple coats to minimize the possibility of pinholes penetrating to the substrate. Where ever possible, multiple-coat systems should utilize coats of contrasting colors to minimize the possibility of skips or thin areas. The drying time between coate is of utmost importance. If a coating or lining is applied too soon over the previous coat, solvents may be Oniain |COATING AND LINING) Date: 11/83 maas/nae REVISION: 0trapped in the underlying coating or the underlying coat may be lifted or otherwise adversely affected. In the case of some coatings, such as epoxies, the succeeding coats must be applied before the underlying coat has cured to a point where intercoat adhesion will be adversely affected. Where force curing of a coating or lining is required, the final curing temperature must be carefully monitored and the temperatures recorded. Remember, the temperature specified is usually the substrate temperature and this can vary greatly from surface to surface, depending on the configuration of the object being cured and on the method and equipment being used to effect the cure. Tank bottoms setting on concrete slabs or on sand beds, tank saddle supports, and reinforced sections around openings or brackets are all notorious heat sinks. When force curing a lining, the temperature is normally raised in measured increments (for example, a 40-degree rise in temperature every 30 minutes) until the desired temperature is reached and maintained for the required period of time. FIGURE 2.8 The final page of the inspection plan (Figure 2.8) covers the determination of the dry film thickness of the applied coating or lining COATING AND LINING! par; WSPECTION MANUAL ORIGIN: MaQs/RaE é xin accordance with the requirements of SSPC- PA 2, in this instance 12 to 18 mils, and states the acceptable thickness of runs or sags. The inspector is required to make an inspection of the coated surface for coating or lining imperfections, such as overspray, major runs or sags, drips, blistering, pinholes, any loss of adhesion, inadequate cure, etc. Any such imperfections must be corrected. Where the coating application is to be used as a tank lining or in severe chemical service, a holiday test for pinholes or other film discontinuities will normally be required. The method of inspection is covered in specific procedures that are available for using holiday detectors, Any holidays, pinholes or other imperfections revealed by this test must be marked with grease-free chalk or other suitable meane and must be repaired and reinspected. The inspector should train himself to look for the inaccessible areas that are difficult to blast or coat euch as brackets, or behind pipes, inside channels, etc. The coating of structural steel in a fabricator's yard may be pretty straight forward, but the lining of a tank interior can be much more complicated. Look for imperfections in the difficult areas firet, and then continue with the inspection of the large, flat surface: Be. curious Don't accept the premise that, "Since the coating on the walls of a tank looks good, the inaccessible or difficult areas are also good." Rust running down a tank wall after six months in service will be a testament to an incomplete inspection. Problems How Can the Coating Inspector Avoid Problems with Engineering? Do not deviate from the specification requiremente by telling the supplier he can or should do something different from the specification. If the specification is wrong, or it will not work, report the problem to engineering for resolution before continuing with the work. Do not try to resolve an engineering problem yourself. COATING AND LINING! pate: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL, ORIGIN maas/nae REVISION: 02.3.2 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 264.4 1 How the Coating Inspector Avoi with the Supplier? Do not attempt to demonstrate your expertise by showing the supplier painter how he should prepare a surface or how to adjust a spray gun. If the painter does not know what he is doing, report the matter to the paint supervisor and let the supplier handle it. Problems Concerns Who Performs the Inspection for the Supplier? The inspection should be done by someone other than the person who performed the work. It could be a supervisor or someone from the supplier's engineering or quality control department. If the Inspector Does Not Have the Necessar, Inspection Equipment, Is the Supplier Required to Furnish the Equipment? Since some inspectors are not provided with equipment, the specification usually requires that the supplier furnish the necessary testing and inspection instruments, properly calibrated and maintained. What Should Be Done if the Supplier Is not Following the Specification? The first step would be to make an inquiry and find out why the specification is not being followed. It's possible that the supplier has received written approval from engineering to follow his own or other written procedures instead of the specification. In cases of disagreement, the problem must be submitted to engineering for resolution. What Should Be Done if Readings Are Different from the Readings Taken by the Supplier's Inspector? There could be a number of reasonable explanations for this, and it would be best to investigate these possiblities before jumping to any conclusions. If you are using different instruments, it may be that one of the instruments is out of calibration or otherwise malfunctioning. If you are both using the isn | me Same instrument, are you both following the ORIGIN | COATING AND LINING! Date: 11/83 | PAGE maasvrac| —MARcTION REVISION: 0 | 2 16 |} ot2.4.5 2.5 2.5.1 procedure for using the instrument? Are you both taking your readings at the same location? After you have eliminated all the possibilities, and you and the supplier still cannot explain the difference, report your results as you recorded them to engineering for resolution, and include a written explanation of what happened in your report. What About Handling Disagreements with the Supplier over the Coating or Lining Inspection? Your job is to determine whether or not the coating work meets the engineering specifications, not to set the supplier straight. So, go about your work, avoid arguments and confrontations whenever possible, and leave it to others to settle these other issues. Inspection Criteria What Are the Accept/Reject Criteria for Coating and Lining Work? After you have completed your inspection, you must decide whether or not the coating or lining work meets the requirements of the engineering specification. Basically, this means, "Does the applied coating or lining comply with the specification, or does it not?” If you cannot confidently make that decision, it would be advisable to do some further testing to support your contention. If the coating work performed does not meet the requirements of the specification, the nonconformance must be bmitted immediately to engineering for disposition. oRigin | COATING AND LINING) parte: 11/83 INSPECTION MANUAL maas/nae REVISION: 03.0 3.1 3.1.1 3.2 3.261 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 SECTION 3 SPECIFICATIONS What Is a Specification? ... Responsibilities Who Is Responsible for Specifying Coatings or Linings? . Format How Are Coating or Lining Specifications Written? .esseseeeeeeeee What Information Should Be Included in a eee 393 Coating or Lining Specification? .. Concerns What Takes Precedence if There Is a Conflict Between the Specification and the Supplier's Coating or Lining Procedure or the Manufacturer's Product Data? .. How Should One Handle Differences of Opinion over the Interpretation of Specification Requirements? When Can the Supplier Substitute Other Materials for the Specified Coating or Lining Systems? ... When Can Changes to the Specification Be Enforced After the Work Has Started? ..... 3-5 How Are Necessary Changes to the Specification Made? .. ORIGIN MaQS/RAE MANUAL REVISION: 0 INSPECTION3.0 3 3.11 3.2 3.261 3.3 3.361 SPECIFICATIONS Definition What Is a Specification? The specification is the governing document for the coating work. It will define WHAT the supplier or subcontractor is required to do. It is essential that the specification be read and understood by the inspector if he is to perform his job properly. He should also read and understand other documents that modify or expand on specification requirements, such as approved Supplier Deviation Disposition Requests (SDDR's). Responsibilities Who Is Responsible for Specifying Coatings or Linings? The engineer who is responsible for the specification for the equipment, material or installation being contracted may also be responsible for specifying the necessary coatings or linings. Format How Are Coating or Lining Specifications Written? Coating or lining specifications, vhere possible, should follow a standard format. Some specifications may not provide precise deta: on the coating or lining systems or procedures and may consist only of a sentence or two. For example, when the electrical, mechanical, or control systems equipment is to be furnished with the manufacturer's standard shop finish, the specification may read as follow: Switchgear shall be cleaned, primed and finish-painted in accordance with the manufacturer's standard shop painting procedures .... Some specifications of this eame type will provide a little more detail, which may include the surface preparation and the coating requirements, such as: ORIGIN |COATING AND LINING! Dare: 11/83 macs/RaE REVISION: 0