UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA - SEDE MANIZALES

SISTEMAS ELECTRICOS DE POTENCIA LISTA 1 – FLUJO DE POTENCIA

1) Using the Newton-Raphson method with [𝑥 0 , 𝑦 0 ]𝑇 = [1,0 1,0]𝑇 as the seed, solve the following systems:

a.

b.

2) The following nonlinear equations contain terms that are often found in the power flow equations:

Solve using the Newton–Raphson method starting with an initial guess of x1(0)= 1 and x2(0)= 0 radians, and a
stopping criteria (tolerance) of = 1*10-4.
3) For the Newton–Raphson method the region of attraction (or basin of attraction) for a particular solution is the
set of all initial guesses that converge to that solution. Usually initial guesses close to a particular solution will
converge to that solution. However, for all but the simplest of multi-dimensional, nonlinear problems the region
of attraction boundary is often fractal. This makes it impossible to quantify the region of attraction, and hence to
guarantee convergence. Problem 2 has two solutions when x2 is restricted to being between - and . With the
x2 initial guess fixed at 0 radians, numerically determine the values of the x1 initial guesses that converge to the
Problem 2 solution. Restrict your search to values of x1 between 0 and 1.
4) Consider the simplified electric power system shown in figure for which the power flow solution can be obtained
without resorting to iterative techniques.
a. Compute the elements of the bus admittance matrix Ybus.
b. Calculate the phase angle 2 by using the real power equation at bus 2 (voltage-controlled bus).
c. Determine |V3| and 3 by using both the real and reactive power equations at bus 3 (load bus).
d. Find the real power generated at bus 1 (swing bus).
e. Evaluate the total real power losses in the system.

5) A two-bus ac power circuit is connected by a line whose reactance is j0,04 per unit as shown in figure. The complex
power inputs and outputs, in per unit, at the two buses are shown in the figure. If the voltage magnitudes at the
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two buses are maintained at 1,02, determine (i) the power angle, (ii) the reactive power flow in the line, (iii) load
and power factor at buses 1 and 2. Assume real power input at the buses equal to 15 pu.

6) For a three-bus power system, assume bus 1 is the slack with a per unit voltage of 1,00°, bus 2 is a PQ bus with
a per unit load of 2,0 + j0,5, and bus 3 is a PV bus with 1,0 per unit generation and a 1,0 voltage setpoint. The per
unit line impedances are j0,1 between buses 1 and 2, j0,4 between buses 1 and 3, and j0,2 between buses 2 and
3. Using a flat start, use the Newton-Raphson approach to determine the first iteration phasor voltages at buses
2 and 3.
7) In the figure, all the transmissions links are the same and each is modeled by the  equivalent circuit shown; the
element values are pu impedances.
a. Find the system Ybus.
b. Write the mismatch equations corresponding to the system (assume that the Bus 1 is the system slack
bus).

8) For the system in figure, the Ybus matrix is given:

a. Find the convergence of the Newton-Raphson method starting with a flat start and a tolerance of 0,01.
b. Find the convergence of the fast-decoupled power flow starting with a flat start and a tolerance of 0,01.
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c. Determine the line flows and the slack bus real and reactive power generation. Also, construct a power
flow diagram and show the direction of the line flows.