PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS PERMUTATIONS * Permutation is the number of ways to arrange things. Eg : My safe code is 492. (order matters) ; =F = nd n+ the number of things to choose from Where O bs PASCAL'S TRIANGLE Assuming n = 4, We have (at+b)* and pascal's triangle would look like bee iit cy (a + b)* = a* + 4a°b + 6a"b? + 4ab? + b* UU ata 5y°-3 Ree Helps us expand binomials to any given power without direct multiplication. (x + y)” = PCoxry? + City + Car? y? + oe tC XM™*YE + watt Max =D) OC xMY! r=0 Formula for the coefficient from pascal's Triangle. It is commonly called "n choose k".(1) IMPORTANT TERMS IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION) PO" |! IN THE EXPANSION OF (x+y)" © GENERAL TERM : Tres = "Cr x", yt © MIDDLE TERM: T(ne22 = "Cay2. x"/?. y"/?_ ; when n is even Tintay2 & Trin+1y/2}+1 ; when n is odd © NUMERICALLY GREATEST TERM : Tri >; its Tone | piss OH) (34) O TERM INDEPENDENT OF x : Term independent of x contains no x; Hence find the value of r for which the exponent of x is zero, (2) SOME RESULTS ON BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS O Cot Cr + Crt wrrcceee + Ca = 2" O Cot Cr+ Cate. = Cit Ca+ Cot... = 20% (2n)! (2n)! O CoP+ Ci? +... + Co? = Cn = © Co. Cr+ Cr. Croat «.. + Car Cy = ———— nint (n4r]!(n=1)! (3) Ta ANNE ASIN EXPONENTIAL SERIES x 2 Oo e=1t+ ay + 7 + i +.s4.00 ; Where x may be any real or complex number. y21+ nat © intat © rat co where a > 0. oO a= a eS Sr ina 00 where a > 0. ee See ae © In(itx)=x-+2-=-+......00 where-1 Sum of 'n' terms => No direct way but can be found with the help of A.P. > iar, a2... Qn in Arithmatic Progression the Harmonic mean Hm is > RMS>AM>GM>HM >» GM?=AMx HM => AM, GM, and HM are in Geometric Progression. GE SUT sss (i) Sequences which sometimes follow a particular pattern and sometimes not. POWER SERIESES > Sum of the first'n’ natural number 1+2+3+....n=5on= tel) 2 “> Sum of Squares of the first 'n' natural numbers 1? + 2? + 32+... =Dne= n (n+1) (2n+1) 6 ‘nt P > Sum of cubes of the first 'n’ natural numbers 13 + 23 +...+ n? san ROrUr =(1+24..nP a35% ue STATISTICS Peay URE UO Ce > Divide the total by the number of values you added together. 24+24+3+54+5+7+8 There are @ Values x= Divide the total by @ > i=1 ) 3|h MEDIAN IS THE MIDDLE VALUE eT RU ROR Ua oe URC R OURO RU Where Pee PSUS Ud aU a eR UCR CC ey Pe ea MODE MODE IS THE MOST FREQUENT VALUE Dee ECCS CUR Ue ee Rae ee Pee CU REO os UU CRD 3, GHD 7, 8 HE Moves are ©) ann FI F RANGE RANGE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LOWEST AND HIGHEST VALUE Pe RUG Oe Cm CUCU @35510 bt 13 § THE RANGE IS MEDIAN eer Median = L +INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS UU ee a eh al ee re SiR eo MR Ba eke Re leg The inverse function 'f“'’ tum the dolior back to the rupee.If lim fox) & lim g(x) exist ar Multiple lim [b.f(x)] = b.lim fix) lim Lie) + g(x) = fim fox) + fim g(x) fim Lie) . 260) fim fix) « lim gt) tim £2 — lim LO /tim gx) fim fix) =L iff =a _—_ = fim fs) = Lio, ffs) tim fox") =[fim P69)" for all meN a 5 Lim Sax X__ Limxcosecx= Lim abctooouiag "x =a rae Functions Lim anx Gag ~ bimxcorx= Ls eee) nnd t-|| Lav Tata to) any Let Lim fo) =1 8) _ gli o9 in[ fe) If f, g and h are three functions such that. for all x in some interval containing the point x = c and if Lim Se) = 1 im h(x) = L then Lim BOO=L Lim f(x) = Lim f (ea) =© xd a0 ma Lim 4, = xoo xtEl TTT) UL VS ea CER de OL Le TL F | TTT | @ Low Matrix = { @ Column tatrix Matix baving Awe = [123] ‘only one row. Matrix having 6 Square Matrix only one column, Matrix having same number of rows and columns. Zero/Null Matrix * 000 Matrixhavingall As; = 0=|000 elements equal 000 fo zero. All entries below the main diagonal are zero. All entries above the main diagonal are zero. Identity/Unit Matrix Diagonal matrices and below the in which all diagonal principal diagonal elements are unity/one. — il OPERATIONS ON MATRICES (ee Addition Matrix Subtraction Matrix Matrices must have same order. Matrices must have same order, 12 (62}-89)-B 3 Equality Matrix Matrices having same order with all the comesponding elements being equal. ; 10d 100 : Asa =|05 0}; Bs =|050/:A=8 009 009 QO Diagonal Matrix All entries above AB= Transpose of a Matrix A matrix formed by turning all the rows into columms and vice-versa. Symbol — Al. a) cap =DMultiplication of Matrix with a Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix with another Matrix Ifa matrix A and another matrix B then A x B Each element of the Matrix is multiplied Possible if by the scalar How to Multiply a Matrix by Another Matrix ? 9 0+0«6+0« @ 0e@o 6] = | 0xO+ © 6+ O~@ | = |@ Reciprocal of a Matrix. 7a + Fora matrix A inverse of this. Le. + Fora matrix A (matrix) x (Inverse of matrix) =1 Le. AXA =LorA?XA=I But Ax AT # Ax A How to find Inverse of a Matrix ? Step - III ay 1 * fA= diag (011, d22,.....don) Then, A! = diag( ma) @ (A) =A, if Ais non-singular.| ————— [IRE T) Nilpotent Matrix ifB’=Owhere'P'isthe least +ve integer. Then, ‘B'is a Nilpotent matrix. Involutory Matrix If B? = 1 Ther Involutory matrix Skew Symmetric Matrix 1B Principal diagonal elements are zero. Then ‘Bis a skew symmetric matrix. Orthogonal Matrix Asquare matrix 'B' if 8°B =I =B 8" or BY = B"'. Then, 'B' is an Orthogonal matrix. Ina skew-symmetric matrix ail the Tas Idempotent Matrix if 8? =B, Then, '8'isan idempotent matrix. Symmetric Matrix W8"=B. Then, Bisa Symmetric matrix. Unitary Matrix if B' (B')"= 1 where Biis the complex conjugate of B. Then, Bisa unitary matrix. ———_ |_| For any square matrix A, A + AT is symmetric & A - ATis skew-symmetric. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of two square matrices of which one is symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric For any matrix A let be a scalar 2 A be a matrix. Then (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) = [0] manis the A(A +B) =AA +28 a a ee A=B+C, where B= (A+A)& C= (A-A})DETERMINANT ~— @© awaris a verermnane 2 Every square matrix can be associated to a number which is known as a Determinant. ifA —> square matrix 1Aj or det A or A —> denotes the determinant of A * Columns: Cr C2 Cs * All entries ty ci ments _ (ated eens Rows: Ro Ro —> is a determinant of order '3'. @ sopnarenx A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns is said to be a submatrix. abd abe pqs xyz par are all submatrices of A. o aNn oO MINORS & COFACTORS (CIEE «re defined as the determinant of the sub matrix obtained by deleting i row and j* column of the determinant (let determinant be A) denoted by C, and is defined by [RENE TEN © iiow 10 Fro THe oeTERMMWANT 2 Matrix should be square matrix of order greater then 1, let A= [a@jJmn Determinant of A is defined as sum of products of elements of any one row (or one column) with corresponding cofactors. . . . => IAL = ans Crs + arzcr2t ays C13 (using 1 row) Ay =| aa az 223 as ax 233 aa _ [azz ars or JA] = an = zal