._ PAGE Educational Trust PACE JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE Andheri | Borivali | Chembur | Cadar | Girgaon | Kalyan | Kharohar | Nerul | Powai | Thane INSTRUCTIONS FOR EM-II JOURNAL WRITING > — Students must purchase one side plain and another side ruled (176 pages) from their local stationary shop or book stall with index and certificate. > Alltypes of diagrams, observation table an d calculation should be drawn on left hand side page (blank page) of journals. > — Onleft hand side page (blank page) of journals students should be use only pencil. » — Diagram should be neat, clean and labelled diagram > — For drawing diagrams students must use stationary (scale, rounder, pro circle etc) No free hand drawings allowed. > — Onright hand side page (ruled side) of journals needs to write (Aim, Apparatus, Tools, Theory, Procedure, result and conclusion) as per given in EM-II pdf journal > — Onright hand side page (ruled side ) of journals students has to use blue or black pen only Students need to remember Individual Experiment diagrams should be in front of their writing contents.INDEX Experiment Page No. /TO FIND CURRENT RATIO OF A GIVEN TRANSFORMER 03-05 TO FIND THE IRON LOSSES OF A SINGLE PHASE 06-08 ‘TRANSFORMER BY OPEN CIRCUIT TEST [0.C.T.] TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A GIVEN 09-11 ‘TRANSFORMER. TO MEASURE SPEED OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR | 12-14 AND TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGE SLIP. TO MEASURE STARTING CURRENT AND RUNNING 15-17 CURRENT OF SINGLE PHASE MOTOR. TO MEASURE SPEED AND TO CHANGE D.O.R. OF SINGLE 18-20 PHASE LM. CALIBRATION OF D.C, VOLTMETER. 21-23 CALIBRATION OF D.C. AMMETER. 24-26DIAGRAM OF EXPERI CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (0-8)Amp (Co-10)Amp ‘7 ® | , | ‘ ‘ 1168 Ls fs Ff Lng | L sph sone 1 © of Deer (0-200) k| Ae = D icop f 5 | Awotransformer ; het a Coramys on A ay BOI WEY OBSERVATION TABL! Sr.No. Pri imary Current | Secondary Current Ratio (hi) Current (Ib) (K) 1 2 3 4 CALCULATIONS: K= 1) Ki= 2) Ky = 3) = 4) Ka= Average value of K= Ky + Kz +K3 +Ky 4AIM: TO FIND CURRENT RATIO OF A GIVEN TRANSFORMER. TOOLS: NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY Tester S00V I ‘Combination plier T5em T Wire stripper T2em T MATERIAL REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUINTITY Transformer 230/115V,IKVA I Single phase Auto—Transformer | 0-270V,5A Single 1 phase AC Ammeter 0-5.A 1 ‘AC Ammeter 0-104 I ‘Connecting Wires Isqmm ,PVC Insulated | As per requirement copper wire THEORY: A Transformer is a static machine which transforms the power from one circuit to another without changing the frequency. During this transfer the total power on both sides is equal; however the voltage is either increased or decreased consequently the current changes proportionately. According to the EMF equation of the transformer primary induced EMF E, and secondary induced EMF Es, E\=4.4410q Ny E:=4.44f0,No Taking the ratio of EMF equations,In the above equation “K” is called the transformation ratio Neglecting voltage drop Vi= Ey and V\=E; Input volt ampere = output volt ampere ie. ViL= If the value of K is >1, the transformer is step up and for step down “K”<1. PROCEDURI Connect the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Take four sets of readings for primary and secondary voltages. SAFETY PRECAUTION: 1)Always be careful 2)Do not leave any joints open. 3)Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets. 4)Always use tester to check live wire. RESULT: Average value of current ratio is observed as CONCLUSION: The value of current ratio is ; hence the transformer is transformer_ (Amp ADL @ : ctw , (1250) vag ae ©) aww N iepr ‘Antatranstrmer Ih AKVA, 18290 ¥ worm t04 Trearmer OBSERVATIONS Voc = Volt. Toc = ____ Amp. Woe = Watt.‘O FIND THE IRON LOSSES OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER BY OPEN CIRCUIT TEST [0.C.T.] TOOLS: NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY Tester S00V 1 ‘Combination plier 15em 1 Wire stripper 12cm 1 MATERIAL REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUINTITY Transformer 230/115V,1KVA Single |1 phase Auto —Transformer 0-270V,5A Single phase | 1 AC Ammeter O-1A 1 AC Voltmeter 0-150V 1 Connecting Wires Tsqmm ,PVC Insulated | As per requirement, copper wire THEORY: There are two types of losses in a transformer i.e. iron losses and copper losses. (1) Iron loss:- These losses are of two types namely eddy current and hysteresis losses. Eddy current losses occur in the core, currents circulate in it due to induction. This acts asa secondary and draws the current from the primary. The current drawn depends on the resistance of the core, it cannot be made zero, but can be drawn minimized by the following ways. We know that the core has to have sufficient area to support the windings, therefore instead of making the core in the form of a solid block it is laminated and each laminated on either side. These laminates are thenstacked together to form a core. Hence, the eddy currents are limited to one laminate only, by doing so the effective resistance of the core is increased.(1) Hysteresis Loss:- We know that in a hysteresis loop the area covered in the loop denotes the hysteresis loss. Since, this phenomenon is experienced when any magnetic material is subjected to A.C. we cannot avoid it, but can minimize it by selecting a material whose hysteresis loop is as narrow as possible. This is found in high silicon steel. Hence, by having a core of laminated high silicon steel stampings, the hysteresis losses can be minimized. oP! CIRCUIT TE! Since, the flux in the core is constant whether loaded or not, the iron losses are determined by the open circuit test. In this test high voltage side is kept open and the rated voltage is applied to the low voltage side with the necessary instruments. The wattmeter denoted the iron losses, the ammeter gives the no load current and the voltmeter gives voltage. It should be noted that iron losses in the H.V. side. Since, the current at no load is negligible the copper losses are negligible. PROCEDURE: Do the connection as per circuit diagram. Note down the readings of the ammeter and wattmeter. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: 1)Always be careful. 2)Do not leave any joints open. 3)Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets. 4)Always use tester to check live wire. RESULT: Iron loss = Watts. CONCLUSION: In this way we have calculated the constant loss i.e. iron loss which occurs in the iron core of transformer.DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT NO. 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: a | fo — | teh || ROSE Bi ami Y) os Kee = sony ws Fa | |__| I Autotransformer prt RVA, NS Jasov (0-270)V, 1OA “Transformer OBSERVATONS: 1) Voltage at secondary side at no load (Vx) Volt 2) Voltage at secondary side at full load (Vp.) Volt 3) Full load current= Amp CALCULATIONS: %V, =Vui-Ve. x 100 Vet.AL ‘0 FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A GIVEN. TRANSFORMER. TOOLS: NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY Tester 500V 1 Combination plier T5em T Wire stripper Tem T MATERIAL REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUINTITY Transformer 230/115V,1KVA Single | 1 phase ‘Auto —Transformer 0-270V,5A Single phase | 1 AC Voltmeter 0-300V, 0-IS0V AC [2 AC Ammeter 0-5 A 1 Connecting Wires Isqmm, PVC Insulated | As per requirement copper wire [Load Lamp load 1 THEORY: Voltage Regulation is defined change in secondary voltage from no load to full load expressed as a percentage of secondary no load voltage. Regulation should be as small as possible. It plays an important role because as the transformer gets loaded with a constant primary voltage, the secondary voltage decreases because of its internal resistance and leakage reactance. This drop affects the performance of all electrical appliances hence this drop is compensated by increasing the voltage in the primary proportionately. PROCEDURI Connect all the instruments as shown in the figure. At first load is switched off. The voltmeter indicates the no load voltage. Gradually load the transformer so that full load current flow through the windings. Take readings 10on voltmeter and ammeter. The ammeter gives full load current and voltmeter gives the terminal voltage on no load and full load. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: 1)Always be careful. 2)Do not leave any joints open. 3)Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets. 4)Always use tester to check live wire. RESULT: The percentage regulation of given transformer is equal to___%. CONCLUSION: Thus we have performed the experiment and found the regulation of transformer. uwDIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT NO. 4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: D oO L Ss a A R T € R - ‘3ph squirrel cage 4 Irduchop motor OBSERVATIONS: 1) Synchronous speed (N,)=__ RPM 2) Rotor speed (NJ=__ RPM CALCULATIONS: Ns-N_ 100 % slip s= slip. s= = % 2EXPERIMI 4 ‘O MEASURE SPEED OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AND TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGE SLIP. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY Tester 300V 1 Combination plier 15cm 1 Wire stripper 12cm 1 NAME SPECIFICATION Three phase induction | 415V, 3 PHASE, squirrel | 1 motor cage induction motor. D.OLL. Starter 440 Volt 1 Connecting Wires Isqmm ,PVC Insulated _ | As per requirement copper wire Digital Tachometer - 1 THEORY: SYNCHRONOUS SPEED (N. When three phase supply is given to three phase stator windings of induction motor which are 120° apart from each other, the rotating magnetic field [R M.F.] is produced. The speed of R.M.F. in stator is called synchronous speed [N,] SLIP SPEED AND SLIP: Rotor runs in the direction of stator magnetic field. Speed of rotor [N] is always less than synchronous speed. Difference between rotating magnetic field of stator and actual speed of rotor or motor is called slip speed. SLIP: Slip speed expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed is called percentage slip. BPROCEDURI Switch ON the motor by pressing on button of the D.O.L. starter. Measure the speed of motor with the help of digital tachometer. Calculate synchronous speed. Stop the motor by pressing the Stop button of the starter. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: I)Always be careful. 2)Do not leave any joints open. 3)Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets. 4)Always use tester to check live wire. RESUL Speed of motor is__RPM. Percentage slip is__%. CONCLUSION: ‘Thus we have performed the experiment and found ___% slip of motor. ryDIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT NO. 5, P Iph, S012, 230V, AC Supply Nt ICP. OBSERVATIONS: 1) Starting current 2) Running current CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Running Winding (0-10)Amp 1sAIM: TO MEASURE STARTING CURRENT AND RUNNING CURRENT OF SINGLE PHASE MOTOR. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY Tester 300V 1 Combination plier 15cm 1 Wire stripper 12cm 1 NAME SPECIFICATION QUINTITY Single phase induction | 230V, squirrel cage T motor induction motor. Connecting Wires Isqmm ,P.V.C. Insulated | As per required copper wire ‘Ammeter 0-10A 1 THEORY: A single phase motor is not self starting because the field produced bya single phase supply is not rotating. It is made self starting by splitting the phase in two parts. The current in the running winding lags the voltage by an angle less than 90° while the current in the starting winding leads the voltage due to the condenser, thus providing a phase difference between the two. This makes the field rotating hence the rotor starts rotating. The starting winding is disconnected after picking up 80% speed by a centrifugal switch works on the centrifugal action. The direction of rotation of the motor can be changed by interchanging the starting winding or the running winding. PROCEDURI Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram, The starting current and running current at no load are noted down. SAFETY PRECAUTION: 1)Always be careful 162)Do not leave any joints open. 3)Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets. 4)Always use tester to check live wire. RESULT: 1) Starting current = Ij, = Amp. 2) Running current = I, = Amp. CONCLUSION: 1) A single phase motor for the same H.P. draws more current than a three phase motor. The starting current of a motor is more than running current. uvDIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT NO. 6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Running Winding (0-10)Amp Iph, S012, 230V, AC Supply 1ph,230 V, squirrel cage induction motor For changing Direction of Rotation : (0-10)Amp A WON. Starting Winding Runnin P Winding ph, S082, 230V, AC Supply N ior. Capacitor Centrifugal ‘Switch OBSERVATIONS: Motor speed (N) = pm. 18AIM ‘O MEASURE SPEED AND TO CHANGE D.O.R. OF SINGLE PHASE LM. TOOLS REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY Tester 500V. 1 Combination plier 15em 1 Wire stripper 12cm 1 Digital Tachometer : 1 TERIAL REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUINTITY Single phase induction | 230V, squirrel cage 1 motor induction motor. Connecting Wires Isqmm ,P.V.C. Insulated | As per required copper wire Ammeter O-10A 1 THEORY: A single phase motor is not self starting because the field produced by a single phase supply is not rotating. It is made self starting by splitting the phase in two parts. The current in the running winding lags the voltage by an angle less than 90° while the current in the starting winding leads the voltage due to the condenser, thus providing a phase difference between the two. This makes the field rotating hence the rotor starts rotating. The starting winding is disconnected after picking up 80% speed by a centrifugal switch works on the centrifugal action. The direction of rotation of motor can be changed by interchanging the terminals of the starting winding or the running winding. PROCEDURE: Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. Note down the speed of the motor with the help of tachometer. 19SAFETY PRECAUTION: 1) Always be careful. 2) Do not leave any joints open. 3) Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets 4) Always use tester to check live wire. RESULT: Speed of the motor=__R.P.M CONCLUSION: Direction of motor changes by interchanging the starting winding and running winding but not both 20too he t Fose _aupely | | | Teepe. | DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT NO. 7 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: De requated Power Supply OBSERVATION TABL! Sr.No. Standard Faulty Error % Error Voltmeter (Vs) | Voltmeter (Ve) Vs- Vp Ws= VE sg Vs 1 2 3 4 CALCULATIONS: % Emor = “—“" x 100 DE. = 2)B2 = 3)E3= A)Es= aEXPERIMEN} Z AIM: CALIBRATION OF D.C. VOLTMETER. TOOLS REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY Combination plier 15em I Wire stripper 12cm 1 MATERIAL REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUINTITY D.C. Supply 0-30 V, 2A, D.C. 1 Regulated power suppl Connecting Wires Isqmm ,PVC Insulated _ [As per required copper wire Voltmeter D.C. Voltmeter (0 -10V) [2 AD.C. voltmeter is a P.M.M.C. instrument; hence it works on the principal that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The magnitude and direction of the force depends on the magnitude and direction of the current in the coil. The calibration is carried by comparison method, that of a faulty instrument with a standard one. PROCEDURE: The circuit is connected as shown in the diagram. In this both the voltmeters are connected in parallel with variable rheostat which varies the voltage to desired value. At different positions the standard and faulty values are noted. A graph is plotted of standard values on x- axis and faulty values on y— axis. A second graph is plotted of standard values on x-axis and % error on y- axis, The nature of the both the graphs denotes the error and its type. If the graph is straight line, the error is constant i.e, mechanical. If the graphs intersect, the x-axis, the pointer of the faulty is below zero. If the graph intercepts y-axis 2thee pointer of the faulty is above zero. In this way, by plotting graph calibration is carried out. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: 1) Always be careful. 2) Do not leave any joints open. 3) Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets. 4) Always use tester to check live wire. RESULT: The error of the given instrument is (+or-). CONCLUSION: Hence the faulty meter is (slow or fast). 23DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT NO. 8 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: - © — mare It +t —.] t 0 Bev 3 Fuse Hl Soper | icDP r¢—_—__—_—_! 7 ‘De regulated im Power Supply OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr.No. Standard Faulty Error % Error Ammeter (As) | Ammeter(Ar) | Ase Ar | AST AF_ 9g 1 2 3 4 CALCULATIONS: % Error = 4“ x 100 As DEi= 2)E. = DE DE 24AIM: CALIBRATION OF D.C. AMMETER. TOOLS REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY ‘Combination plier T5em T Wire striper 12cm 1 MATERIAL REQUIRED: NAME SPECIFICATION QUINTITY D.C. Supply 0-30 V, 2A, D.C. I Regulated power suppl Connecting Wires Isqmm ,PVC Insulated | As per required copper wire Ammeter D.C. Ammeter (0— 5A) [2 Load 20 ohm (app.) 1 THEORY: AD.C. ammeter is a P.M.M.C. instrument; hence it works on the principal that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The magnitude and direction of the force depends on the magnitude and direction of the current in the coil. The calibration is carried by comparison method, that of a faulty instrument with a standard one. PROCEDUR' The circuit is connected as shown in the diagram. In this both the ammeters are connected in series with a variable rheostat which varies the current to the desired value. At different positions the standard and faulty values are noted. A graph is plotted of standard on the X-axis verses faulty on the Y- axis. A seconds graph is plotted of standard on the X-axis verses % E on the Y- axis. The nature of both the graphs denotes the error and its type. If the graph is a straight line, the error is constant ie, mechanical. If the graph intersects the Y- axis, the pointer of the faulty meter is zero. If the graph intersects the Y-axis, 25the pointer of the faulty meter is above zero. In this way by plotting graphs, calibration is carried out. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: 1)Always be careful. 2)Do not leave any joints open. 3)Do not keep sharp tools in your pockets. 4)Always use tester to check live wire. RESULT: The error of the given ammeter is__(+ or -). CONCLUSION: Hence the faulty meter is (slow or fast). 26