Di

sease
Adi seaseisacondi t
ionoft hebodyorapar tofi ti
nwhi ch
functi
onsar edi st
urbedorar ranged.Diseasesmayal sobe
defi
nedasmor phological,physiol
ogical,psychological
dist
urbancei nthebodyorbodypar tscausedbysomeext er
nal
agencieswhi chmaybenon- parasi
ti
ce. g.def
iciencyofnut ri
ent
s
ormaybepar asit
iccausedbycauses, bacter
ia, fungietc.The
term diseasemeansDI S-
EASEordi scomf ort
.Inshor titcanbe
defi
nedas‘ di
seasesi sdisorderofbody ’.

SOURCESOFDI
SEASES
Ther
eser
voi
rofhumandi
seasesar
e:

a) Air:
Iti
sreser
voi
rofpathogensofmanydi
seasesl
i
ke,
measl
es,mumps,t
ubercul
osis,
dipht
her
iaet
c.

b) FoodandWater:
Thesearereservoi
rofpat
hogensofmany
di
seasesl
i
ke,
chol
era,
pol
io,t
yphoid,r
oundworm,tapewor
m et
c.

c) Soi
l
:Iti
sar
eser
voi
rofpat
hogenoft
etanusdi
seases.

d) Ani mal
s:Thesear ethosel
ivi
ngorgani
smswhi chspreadthe
pathogensfrom aninfect
edpersonofhealt
hyperson.Thesedo
notsufferf
rom thediseasessoareal
socalledr
eservoirhost
.

TYPESOFDI
SEASES
Di
seasesar
ebr
oadl
ycl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wocat
egor
ies:
A. CONGENI
TALDI
SEASES
Diseasespresentsincebir
thandar ecausedduetodefect
ive
developmentofinherit
ancee.g.congenit
alhear
tdi
seases,
hemophili
a,colourbli
ndnessetc.

B. Acqui
reddi
seases
Di
seasesdev
elopedaf
terbi
rt
h.Theyar
efur
thercl
assi
fi
edas-

a) Communi
cabl
edi
seases

b) Non-
Communicabl
ediseasesDiff
erencesbetween
Communi
cabl
eandNon-Communi cabl
eDi seases

Communi
cabl
edi
seases
1.

Thedi
seaseswhi
chspr
eadf
rom oneper
sont
oanot
her
.

2.

Theyar
ecausedbypat
hogens,
e.g.mal
ari
a,smal
l
poxet
c.

Non-
communi
cabl
edi
seases
1.

Thediseaseswhi
char
enott
ransmi
tt
edf
rom oneper
sont
o
anot
her.

2.
9
Theyar
ecausedbydefi
ciencyofnut
rient
s,al
ler
gy,abnor
mal
prol
i
fer
ati
onofcel
l
setc.e.g.kwashi
orkor
,canceretc.

VI
RALDI
SEASES
I
NFLUENZA
Iti
scommonl
yknownas“Flu”andishi
ghlyi
nfect
ious.Iti
s
commonl
ycausedbyi
nfl
uenzav i
rus(
My xov
irusi
nfluenzae)
.

Modeoftr
ansmission:thr
oughdi
rectcont
act
,sneezi
ng,
coughi
ng
et
c.(
air
–bornediseases).

Sy
mpt
oms.
:
Itaf
fect
supperr
espi
rat
oryt
ract
.

I
tstar
tswi
thfev
er,headache,sor
ethr
oat
,coughi
ngandpai
nal
l
overt
hebodywit
hrestl
essness.

Cont
rol
:
Ø Ant i
biot
icsshoul
dbegivent
oprev
entsecondar
y
compl
i
cati
onslikepneumoni
aandeari
nfect
ions.

Ø Nov accinei
savail
abl
ewhi
chcangi
vepr
otect
ionagai
nstal
l
t
ypesofi
nfl
uenzavi
ruses.

Pr
event
ion:
Ø Thepat
ientshoul
dav
oidj
oini
ngpar
ti
esorgat
her
ingsof
peopl
e.

Ø Handker
chi
efshoul
dbeusedwhi
l
esneezi
ngandcoughi
ng.

JAUNDI
CE
Jaundiceisy el
lownessofscl
eraofeyes(Whit
epar
tofeyes)and
ski
n.Yellownessi sduetoexcessi
vedeposi
ti
onofbi
lepi
gment s
i
nt hesestructures

Jaundi
ceiscausedbyhepati
ti
svi
rus.Li
veri
sthemostimportant
organi
nthebodycauseditsi
nfl
ammat i
onduetojaundi
ceaff
ects
di
gesti
onadversel
y.Thet
ypesofhepati
ti
sarehepati
ti
s-A,
B,C,D,
EorG.

Modesoft
ransmi
ssi
on:
v Hepat
it
isAi
sspr
eadmost
lybycont
ami
nat
edf
oodandwat
er.

v Hepatit
isBistransmi
tt
edbycont
actwi
thi
nfect
edbody
secr
eti
onsandblood.

Sy
mpt
oms:
v Fev
erandl
ossofappet
it
e.

v Nauseaandv
omi
ti
ng.

v Yel
l
ownessofski
n.

v Darkyel
l
owcol
our
edur
ineandl
i
ght
-col
our
edst
ool
aft
er3t
o
10day
s.
Cont
rol
:
v Adequat
ebedr
est
.

v Car
bohy
drat
eri
chdi
etshoul
dbegi
vent
othepat
ient
.

v Consumpt
ionofpr
otei
nandf
atshoul
dbel
i
mit
ed.

v Int
erfer
oni
nject
ionshoul
dbeadmi
nist
eredont
headv
iceof
t
hedoctor.

Pr
event
ion:
v Eat
inghy
gieni
cfoodanddr
inki
ngdi
sinf
ect
edwat
er.

v Hepatit
isBandHepat
it
isAv
acci
neshoul
dbet
akent
o
pr
eventt
hediseases.

v Useofdisposabl
esy
ringesandbl
oodshoul
dbet
est
edbef
ore
t
ransf
usi
on.

v Pr oper
lycl
eanhandsaf
terhandl
i
ngbedandut
ensi
l
soft
he
pat
ient.

BACTERI
ALDI
SEASES
CHOLERA
CHOLERA:Iti
shighl
ycommunicabl
ediseasescausedbyvi
bri
o-
chol
erai
tiscommondur i
ngf
airsandaft
erfloods.Somet
imesit
mayoccurinepi
demicfor
m.
Modesoft
ransmissi
on:I
tistransmi
ttedt
hroughcontaminat
ed
f
oodandwaterfl
i
esitisspreadrapi
dlywhensani
tat
ionispoor.

Sy
mpt
oms:
I
tischar
act
eri
zedby
-

v Ri
cewat
eryst
ool
,whi
chi
sgener
all
ypai
nless.

v Rapidlossoflar
geamountofwat
erfr
om t
hebody
,whi
ch
causesdehy
drat
esmuscul
arcrampsandwei
ghtl
oss.

v Repeat
edef
for
tl
essv
omi
ti
ngwi
thoutnausea.

v Duetoexcessi
vel
ossofwat
er,
eyebecomessunken,
cheeks
hol
l
owsubnettemper
atur
eet
c.
Pr
event
ion:
v Useofboi
ledwaterandpropercooki
ngoffood.Thedr
inki
ng
wat
ermustdi
sinf
ectwit
hstr
ongchl or
inesol
uti
on.

v Under
grounddi
sposal
ofhumanf
aces.

v Cholerav
acci
neshouldbegi
vendur
ingepi
demi
csandf
air
s.
Vacci
neimmuni
tyforabout6mont
hs.

Cont
rol
:
v Or alRehy drat
ionTherapy(ORT)-i
nwhi chfl
uidand
el
ectroly
tes(NaCL-3. 5g,Sodi
um bicarbonat
e-2.5g,
KCL-1.5g,
Glucose-20.0g,Sucrose-
40ginonel i
terofwater
)aregiv
ent o
pati
entorall
y( t
hroughmout h)
.Thi
ssol ut
ionhel
psinpreventi
ng
dehydrati
on.

v Sal
i
nedr
ipmaybegi
veni
ntr
avenousl
y.

v Useantchol
eradr
ugs.

v Doct
orshoul
dbeconsul
tedi
mmedi
atel
y.

TYPHOI
D
Ty phoi
discausedbySalmonell
atyphoidbact
eri
a,commonl y
foundininter
term ofman.I
tismostcommoncommuni cable
diseases.Thi
siscommoni sagegroupof1-15years.Ever
yyear
about2.5mi l
li
onpeoplesuf
ferf
rom typhoi
d.

Modesoft
ransmi
ssi
on:
Cont
ami
nat
edf
oodandwat
erandhouse
f
li
es.
Sy
mpt
oms:
I
tischar
act
eri
zedby
-

v Headacheandr
isei
nbodyt
emper
atur
e.

v Lesi
onsofi
ntest
inal
mucosa.

v Di
arr
heawhi
chbecomeshemor
rhagi
c.

v Rosecol
our
edr
ashont
heupperabdomen.

Cont
rol
Ant
ibi
oti
cscant
reatt
hedi
seases.

Pr
event
ion:
v Under
grounddi
sposal
ofhumanf
aces.

v Di
sinf
ect
ionofwat
erandpr
opercooki
ngoff
ood.

v Ty
phor
alor
alv
acci
nesal
sopr
eventt
yphoi
d.

v TAB-Vacci
nepr
ovi
desi
mmuni
tyf
or3y
ear
s.

v Ty
phoi
disdi
agnosedbywi
dal
test

PROTOZOANDI
SEASES
MALARI
A
MALARIA:Mal
ari
aismorecommonintr
opical
andsubt
ropi
cal
count
ri
es,
especi
all
yinAf
ri
caandAsi
a.I
tisesti
mat
edthatabout
300mil
li
onpeopl
earei
nfect
edwit
hmalar
iaev
eryy earandmor
e
then2mil
li
onpeopl
edi
eannual
l
yduetothi
sdiseases.

Causes:Malar
iaiscausedbythetox i
nsproducedinthehuman
bodybythemal ar
ial
parasi
tePlasmodi um.Presenceofmal
ari
al
parasi
tecanbecheckedbybloodt est.

Modesoft ransmissi
on:Plasmodi
um oft
ransmitt
edbyfemal e
Anophelesmosqui t
o.Whent hi
smosquit
obitesmant osuck
blood,i
tint
roducesitssal
i
v acont
aini
ngt
hemal ar
ial
parasit
einto
thebloodstream oftheman.

Sy
mpt
oms:
Mal
ari
aat
tacki
spr
ecededbyheadache,
nauseaandmuscul
ar
pai
n.Tot
alper
iodofmalar
ial
att
acki
sof6-
10hourandcanbe
di
vi
dedint
o3st ages:

v Col
dst
age-Char
act
eri
zedbychi
l
li
ngandshi
ver
ing.

v Hotstage-Charact
eri
zedbyhi
ghf
ever
,fast
err
ateof
br
eat
hingandheartbeat,
etc.

v Sweati
ngst
age-I
tischar
act
eri
zedbyl
ower
ingdownof
t
emper
atur
etonormal
.

Aft
erthemalar
iaattack,
thepat
ientf
eelsweak,exhaust
edand
anemic.Themalar
iamaysecondaril
ycauseengagementoflev
er
andspleen.

Pr
event
ion:
v Useofi
nsectr
epel
l
ant
stopr
eventmosqui
tobi
te.

v Wi r
e-gauzi
ngofdoor
s,wi
ndows,
etc.t
ocheckt
heent
ryof
mosqui
toes.

v Kil
li
ngofadul
tmosqui
toesbyspr
ayi
ngi
nsect
ici
desl
i
keD.
D.T
andB.
H.C.

v Al lt
hemosqui t
obreedi
ngpl
acesshoul
dbedestroy
edor
cover
ed.Keroseneoil
shoul
dbesprayedonpondsanddit
chest
o
ki
ll
thelarv
a.

v Sl
eepi
ngundermosqui
tonet
s.

v Dest
roy
ingbr
eedi
ngpl
acesofmosqui
toes.

Cont
rol
:
 Anumberofanti
-mal
ari
aldrugsareavail
able.Thecommonest
ant
i-mal
ari
aldr
ugisqui
nine.Effor
tsarebeingmedici
nefort
he
devel
opmentofananti
-malari
alvacci
ne.

Hel
mint
hicDi
seases
Ascar
iasi
s
Causat
iveagentofascar
iasi
sisahel
mint
h,Ascar
isl
umbricoi
des,
whichi
sani nt
esti
nalpar
asit
ecommonlyknownasroundworm

Sy
mpt
oms
I
ncludei
nter
nalbl
eedi
ngmuscularpai
n,f
everanaemi
aand
bl
ockageofint
est
inal
passage.

Fungal
Diseases
Ri
ngwor
m
Ringwor mi sacommoni nfecti
onoft heskinandnailsthat
i
scausedbyf ungus.Theinfecti
oni scal
led“ri
ngworm”
becausei tcancauseanitchy,red,cir
cul
arrash.Ringworm
i
sal socalled“t
inea”or“
dermat ophytosi
s.”Thedif
ferent
typesofringworm areusuall
ynamedf orthelocat
ionof
theinfect
ionont hebody.

SOMEI
MPORTANTDATESABOUTDI
SEASES:

·
Wor
ldTBDay
-24Mar
ch.

·Nat
ional
TBcont
rol
progr
am wasst
art
edi
n1962.

·Thei
nci
denceoft
etanusi
nIndi
aisabout30-
50per
sonsperone
l
akh.

·Buboni
cPl
aguei
scommonestt
ypeofpl
ague.

·I
ncidenceofDi
arr
headi
seasesi
shi
ghesti
nAndhr
aandOr
issa
st
ates.

·Hepat
it
isi
smor
edanger
oust
henAI
DS.

.Maccul
och(
1827)pr
oposedt
henamemal
ari
a.

.Laveran(1880)di
scov
eredmal
ari
alpar
asi
tesi
nthebl
oodofa
malar
ialpati
ent.

·Ronal
dRoss(1897)pr
ovedt
hatmalar
ial
parasi
tei
sspreadby
f
emaleAnophel
esmosquit
o.August20iscall
edMalar
iaDay.