ANTENNA THEORY&PROPAGATION

7. Write short notes on the following:

a) Loop antenna
WBUT 2013, 2018]
b) Microstrip antenna WBUT 2013, 2015, 2017]
c) Yagi-Uda antenna WBUT 2013, 2016]
d) Quarter wave Monopole antenna
WBUT 2015, 2018]
e) Log periodic dipole array antenna WBUT 2016]
Feeding method of microstrip patch antenna
WBUT 2016]
g) Hertz dipole
WBUT 2018]
Answer:
a) Loop antenna:
A loop antenna is a typical example of a wire antenna. It consists of a radiating coil of
any crosS-section and shape (rectangular, square, triangular, hexagonal, rhombic or
circular) as shown in Figure I and made of one
or more turns carrying RF current.
radiating coil is wound on a ferrite or air core. A loop with more than a single turmThe
is
referred to as a frame. Loop antennas find extensive use in radio receivers, UHF
transmitters, aircraft receivers and direction finding. Electrically small loop antennas
have radius, which is small compared to wavelength. These antennas referred to as
infinitesimal magnetic dipoles have low radiation resistance and are generally used as
receivers. In this antenna the current is of the same magnitude and phase throughout the
loop. In many occasions, the number of turns is increased to enhance the radiation
efficiency.

L
a) Square b) Triangular c) Rectangular

d) Rhombic e) Circular

Fig: 1. Different shapes of loop antenna

The Small Loop Antenna

radius a) is one of the simplest form of loop antenna
The single-turn circular loop (with
a square loop (with side length d)
whose field pattern may be determined by considering
as shown in Figure 2. Here it is assumed that the loop
of the same area, i.e., d* a
=

dimensions are small compared to the wavelength.

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(a) (b)
Fig: 2. Circular loop (a) and square loop (b) of equal area
Consider the loop to be oriented
depicted in Figure 2 with its far electric field having
as
only
E, component. Considering only two of the four small linear dipoles (2 and 4) the
far field pattern in the
yz-plane can be calculated. A cross-section through the loop in the
yz-plane is shown in Figure 3.

To
distant
point

Square
loop y Dipole 4

y
Dipole 2

As the
Fig:3
individual small dipoles 2 and 4 are non-directional
in the yz-plane, the field
pattern of the loop in this plane is the same as that for two
isotropic point sources.
E,-EyoeI +Eew
where E,s0 =
electric field from individual
dipole
s i n 0 = d, sin &

. Total field
E,= -2jE,o sinsin (1)
The factorj indicates that E, and Eo are in phase quadrature.
If d , then E, -jE,%d, sin 0
< =

. (2)
For the far field, Egp
of the individual dipole is

EEpo j60r[|L
(3)

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where is the retarded
current on the dipole and is the distance from the
r
dipole.
: Substituting cquation (3) in (2) we get
E, = 607|7|Ld, sin0
rA 4)
Now, length L of the short dipole= d, 2nd
area A of the loop= d and d, =

For small loop, the E, component of far field is

E,E, 1207[sin A
r (5)

and. the H, component of far field is

H, =EEz[/sin0
1207 (6)
The peak value of the fields are obtained by replacing || by I; where , is the peak
current (in time) on the loop.
b) Microstrip/Patch Antennas:
Microstrip or Patch Antennas find extensive applications in domains where size,
cost, performance, ease of installation and weight,
aero. dynamic profile are
fields of spacecrafts, high speed big constraints viz., in
vehicles, missiles, tanks, radars, satellites and other
strategic defense equipments. The microstrip antenna depicts several
conventional microwave advantages, over
antennas, such as light weight, low cost, low volume,
planar
configuration and compatibility with integrated circuits. These antennas can be flush
mounted to metal or other existing surfaces and
only requires space or feed line which is
normally placed behind the ground plane. However, the major disadvantages such
of
antennas are their inefficiency and very narrow frequency bandwidth. These antennas are
extremely popular for low profile applications above 100 MHz. They exhibit linear and
circular polarization and arrays of microstrip elements with simple or
multiple feed
provides greater directivity.

Advantages of Microstrip Patch Antennas

1. Low volume or small size
2. Light weight
3. Low fabrication cost
4. MMIC technology
Compatibility with
5. Integrability with feeding network and devices

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6.
Compact planer structure
7. Low
scattering cross section
. Multiple polarization property with simple changes in feed positiOn.

Disadvantages of Microstrip Patch Antennas

1. Low
gain owin to high losses
Very narrow bandwidth
3. Poor end fire
radiation
4. Radiation in halt space only
5. Low
power handling capability
Applications of Microstrip Pateh Antennas
1. Satellite and space communication
2. Spacecrafts and aircrafts
3. Radar and Actimeters
4. High speed vehicles
5. Tanks and Missiles
telemetry
6. Biomedical applications
7. Remote
sensing
and navigation
8. Feed element for
complex antennas
c) Yagi-Uda antenna: Refer to Question No. I of Long Answer Type Questions.
d) Quarter wave Monopole antenna:
One-half of a dipole (usually a short vertical) antenna mounted above the earth or a
ground/reflecting plane is generally referred to as
a Monopole antenna as shown in figure 1. It is
normally 214 long. The quarter wave monopole
antenna or Marconi antenna utilizes the
ground/earth as part of its resonant circuit. Here
the ground operates as the missing quarter
wavelength. Most of the low and medium
Frequency antennas are of Marconi types.
Actually the vertical monopole antenna is used
extensively in commercial broadcasting in the
frequency range of 500 - 1500 KHz owing to the Fig: 1. Monopole antenna
reason that vertical polarization suffers less
propagation loss than horizontal polarization at these frequencies.

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Same ficld is produced
by the monopole antenna as that produced by an antenna of length
2h fed with the same current.
The radiation is only in the
plane. hemispherc above the rcflecting
Total power radiated by
monopole
P10.7
and radiation resistance,
R, =107| 2
Thus for a
quarter wave
monopole, the radiation resistance is 40 ohms.
e) Log periodic dipole array antenna:
The log periodic antenna
resulted from the research activities
Raymond Duttamel, Paul Mayes, V. H. Rumsey and others. of Dwight E. Isbell,
As per V. H. Rumsey, an
antenna p0ssesses
frequency independent characteristics when defined only in terms of
angles. A log-periodic antenna is basically an array antenna with characteristics viz.
freqancy-independence, broadband, unidirectional, narrow beam and
that eriodically with the logarithm function of excitation having impedance
varius

periodic antenna is basically used in VHF and UHF bands. They arefrequency. used
The log

reception of a good number of TV channels and all round primarily for

for HF communication as no monitoring. They are also used
power is wasted in terminating resistance.
da-
da

H-plane
pattern n+
T O1 0

Direction of max1imum
radiation
R

E-plane R
pattern
O0

Fig: 1. Log-periodic Dipole array and radiation pattern

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he constructional geometry of the antenna is very interesting in a sense that the structure
IS so chosen that the
clectrical properties repcat periodically with logarithm of frequency
This non-linear
array is characterized by unequal spacing and dimensions of the multi.
clements. The log-periodic dipole away (LPDA) and its radiation pattern is exhibited in
figure 1.
The LPDA
comprising of
sidc-by-side parallel lincar dipoles forms a coplanar array
where the dimensions proportionally increase with distancè from the
origin. The different
lengths and spaced dipoles are fed by balanced 2 wire transmission line which is
transposed between each adjacent pair of dipoles. Along the anteanas the
length of the
dipole increases keeping the included angle (a) constant. The scaling or periodicity
factor (r) is defined as

R R , d, d, S,
... (1)

and the spacing factor (o) is defined as

R R
. (2)
2
The value of the scale factor T is less than one. A
straight line passing through the dipole
ends from both sides meet and forms an
angle 2a; characteristics of frequency
independent structure. A plot input impedance vs. logarithm of frequency is depicted
of
in figure 2. The figure reveals that the
input impedance is periodic in nature.

nput
mpedance

wwww V
log f log f
Logarithm of frequency
Fig: 2. Plot of inpul
inpedance vs. log of frequency of a
log-periodic antenna
f) Feeding method of microstrip patch antenna:
The different feeding methods of
Microstrip Antenna are:
Inset Feed
As the current is low at the ends of a hali-wave paich nd ncreases in
magnitude 10ward
the center. the input impedance Icould be reduced il the
patclh was fed closer t0
the center. One method of
doing tis 1.y US'ng m iusc food (a distance R from the etu
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 ANTENNATHEORY&PROPAGATION
as shown in Figure l. Since the
current has a sinusoidal distribution,
R from the end will increase the moving in a distance
current and the voltage will also decreases in
by the same amount that the current increases. magnitude
Hence. the input impedance scales as
Z(R)= CO Z , (0) where Z, (0) is the input impedance if the patch was fed at

the end. Hence. by

feeding the patch antenna as shown, the input impedance can be
decreased. This method can be used to tune the input impedance to the desired value.

Micro-sturip
transmission Microstrip
line Antenna

Substrate
Fig: 1 Patch Antenna with an Inset Feed

Fed with a Quarter-Wavelength Transmission Line

The microstrip antenna can also be matched to a transmission line of characteristic
impedance Z, by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line of characteristic
impedance 2 as shown in Figure 2. The goal is to match the input impedance (Z, ) to
the transmission line (2,). If the impedance of the antenna is Z,, then the input
impedance viewed from the beginning of the quarter-wavelength line becomes

T h i s input impedance 2, can be altered by selection of the Z. so that

Z a n d the antenna is impedance matched. The parameter Z, can be altered by

changing the width of the quarter-wavelengih strip. Tlhe wider tihe strip is, the lower thhe
characteristic impedance (Z,) is for that section of line.

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Microstrip
transmission- Micro-strip
Antenna
Iine

Substrate
Fig: 2 Patch Antenna with a quarter-wavelength
matching section

Coaxial Cable or Probe Feed

as shown in Figure 3.
Microstrip antennas can also be fed from underneath via a probe
and the center
The outer conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the ground plane.
the feed can be altered as
conductor is extended up to the patch antenna. The position of
control the input impedance. The
before (in the same way as the inset feed, above) to
feed that may need to be taken into account
coaxial feed introduces an inductance into the In addition, the probe
if the height h gets large (an appreciable fraction of wavelength).
a

undesirable directions.
will also radiate, which can lead to radiation in
Patch
Antenna

Substrate

Ground Plane Coaxial Cable

Fig: 3 Coaxial cable feed of patch antenna

Coupled (Indirect) Feeds

For
altered such that they do not directly touch the antenna.
The feeds above can be
3 can be trimmed such that it does not extend
all the
instance, the probe feed in Figure
antenna. The inset fecd can also be stopped just before
the patch antennia
way up to the
as shown in Figure
4. The advantage of the coupled feed is that it adds an extra degree o
introduces a capacitance into the fecd that can cancel u
freedom to the design. The gap
the inductance added by the probe feed.
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Microstrip Microstrip
transmission W
line Antenna

Substrate

Fig: 4 Coupled (indirect) inset feed

Aperture Feeds
Another method of feeding microstrip antennas is the aperture feed. In this technique, the
feed cireuitry (transmission line) is shielded from the antenna bya conducting plane with
a hole (aperture) to transmit energy to the antenna, as shown in Figure 5. The upper
substrate can be made with a lower permittivity to produce loosely bound fringing fields,
yielding better radiation. The lower substrate can be independently made with a high
value of permittivity for tightly coupled fields that don't produce spurious radiation. The
disadvantage of this method is increased dificulty in fabrication.
Patch Antenna

Ground
Plane with
Aperture

T'ransmission line

Fig: 5 Aperture coupled feed

B) Hertz dipole:
A short dipole is also sometimes referred to as "Hertzian dipole". Actually the term
short is generally applied to length no longer then 0.12. If such a short dipole carries
non-uniform current it is referred to as elementary dipole/elemental dipole/elementarV
doublet. For infinitesimal dipole of length dl carrying current 1, the current element is

Idl.
generally referred to the tem

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i.e. l<<2
is very short as compared to wavelength,
'

In Fig. I(a), the dipole length

to its length, 1.e., d <<l. The
ofthe dipole is also small as compared
'

The diameter d
uniform current along the entire
end plates provide capacitive loading resulting in a
a balanced
transmission line as shown
dipole length. It is usually energized by connecting
a thin conductor of length
l with a
in Fig. I(a). Hence the short dipole is comprised of
uniform current I and point charges q and -q at the
ends as shown in Fig. 1(6). The

current is expressed as =
dq
dt

Transmission
line

Fig:
11 1 A short
(a)
dipole antenna and its equivalent
(6)
structure

used alon antennas, or in traditional "rabbit ears" or "bunny ears

Dipoles are as

television antennas, in SW antennas or as driven element in many other types of antennas

of the centre-fed vertical and horizontal
(e.g. Yagi-Uda antenna). The radiation pattern
dipole antennas of finite length are shown in Fig. 2 and 3 respectively.

(a) For short dipole (b) For dipole (c)L=

(Length Le< N2) (Length L =/2)

(d) L (e)L 2 .

Fig: 2 Vertical patterns of centre-fed dipoles of

finite length

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8 8
(L (b)L (c)L=.

()L- (e)L=2.
Fig: 3 Horizontal patterms of centre-fed
dipoles of
finite length

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ARRAY ANTENNAS
Multiple Choice Type 9uestions

1. Microwaves antenna aperture efficiency depends on weUT 2013

a) feed pattern b) antenna aperture
c) surface losses d) low side lobe level
Answer: (d)

2. Power and filed patterns are related as WBUT 2013

a) Poc E b) PoxE d) P1/E
c)PaE
Answer: (a)

3. Which of the following antenna array gives direction of maximum radiation in

perpendicular to the line of array axis? WBUT 2014]
a) Broad side array b) End-fire array
d) Parasitic array
c)Collinear array
Answer: (a)
4. In the broadside array the principle maximum occurs, with respect to the length

of the array WBUT 2015

c) 45 degrees d) none of these
a) along b) perpendicular
Answer: (b)
distance of half wavelength and fed
5. When two point s o u r c e s separated at the
acts as a WBUT 2015]
with uniform currents in sample phase, the array
broadside array c) collinear array d) parasitic array
a) end-fire array b)
Answer: (b)
WBUT 2017
6. In Broad side array the radiation is
a along
b) Y-direction c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these
a) X-direction

Answer: (b)

Short Answer Type guestions

WBUT 2014
1. What is pattern multiplication technique?
OR,
What is the principle of pattern multiplication? Explain its utility with examples.
WBUT 201

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Answer:

Multiplication ot pattern is stated as follovs:

The total ticld pattern of an
array of, non isotropic but similar sources IS ne
multiplication of the
individual source patterns and the pattern of an array of isotropiC
poit int sources cach located at the
phase centre of individual source and having the relative
amplitude phase, whereas the total phase pattern
and
is the addition of the
of the indivIdual sourees and that of the phase patiern
array of "isotropic point sources."
The individual source is either in the
array or an isolated one and in both cases It 1s
assumed that the pattern will remain the same. Here the
considered to be the reference point for total centre of phase the array 1

The total field pattern of an phase pattern.

array of non-isotropic but similar
as
source may be expressed
E=[E (0.0)x E, (0.6)]* [E,(0.0)+ Epa (0.)| ... (1)
where E (O.¢) =
field pattern of individual
source
E,(O.ø)= field pattern of
array isotropic point source
of
Ep,(0,0)= phase pattern of individual source
Ep (0,6) phase pattern of array of isotropic
=

The pattern muiltiplication point source

principle
is true for any number of similar sources. This
is a
speedy method for sketching the of
pattern complicated arrays simply by
and hence is an effective tool in inspection only
and the
designing of antenna arrays. The
principal lobe width
corresponding array pattern width are identical. The number of nulls are the sum
total of the number of nulls of the
individual pattern and the array
nulls also determines the pattern. The number of
secondary lobe in the resultant pattern.
To illustrate the
principle of pattern muiltiplication, let us consider a broadside linear
array of a 8-isotropic elements as
depicted in figure1. We divide the 8-isotropic elements
in groups of
4-isotropic elements; each group considered to be one unit and
apart. The radiation pattern of 8-isotropic elements is spaced 2
obtained by multiplying the unit
pattern of 4 individual elements as
depicted in figure 2 and the group pattern of 2-
ISotropic radiators spaced 22 as shown in figure 3. The resultant
figure 4. pattern is as shown in
2

(a)
/4 /2 /2 /2 /4

2.
(b)
Fig: 1. (a) Linear arrays of 8-isotropic elements spaced /2 apart
(b) Equivalent two units array spaced 2A.

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16 60
40

-2.-
Fig: 2. Resultant pattern of 4
isotropic elements Fig: 3. Resultant pattern of isotropic
radiators spaced 21..

Group pattern dåe to two Resultant pattern of 8-

Unit pattern due to 4
isotropic element space IsOtropic element
individual elements
21 apart

Fig: 4 Resultant radiation pattern of 8-isotropic elements by

pattern multiplication.
width is identical to the width of the
The resultant pattern depicts that the principal lobe
The sum of the nulls in the unit and the group
corresponding lobe of the group pattern.
number of nulls in the resultant pattern: assuming here that none o
pattern gives the total
coincident. The number of nulls in the resultant pattern helps
the nulls are
determination of the number of secondary lobes in the resultant pattern.

2. Differentiate between broadside and end-fire array. WBUT 201

Answer:
number of identica
1. Broadside Array (BSA) arrangement (Figure 1) where a
-

an

a line drawn perpendicular to their axes. T

parallel antennas are set up along
and fed with currents '
individual elements are equally spaced in a straight line
maximum radiation in the broadside directior
equal magnitude and phase and fires
(perpendicular to the line of array axis). The
radiation pattern is bidirectional a
vertical (normal to the planc of elements) as shown in Figure 2.

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 ANIENNA IIORY& PROPAGA11ON

Dieconof
N Fadaton

Antenna
r a y axis

Directuo
a x radation

Fig: 1. Broadside Away

Fig: 2. Radiation pattern of BSA

. End fire Array (EFA) an arrangement

(Figure 3) identical to that of BSA. except
-

that the individual elements are fed with

currents out of phase by 180°. Here the
identical elements are spaced equally along a line and fed with
currents of equal
magnitude, where phase varies progressively
along the line to make the
unidirectional. The principal direction of radiation coincides with the arrangement
direetion of the
array axis.

Array Direction of
axIS
max radiation
Fig: 3. End fire array

.Find the radiation pattern of an antenna

array of two point sources with same
magnitude and phase of applied current. The point sources are
spaced by half
wavelength. WBUT 2016]
Answer:
SIder the simplest situation of a two clement array separated by
distanee' d'. In order
a

a y the total field produced by the antenna array system, let tuS Consider three cas es.

a
e- o isotropic point sources with equal amplitude and equal phase
w
igure 1 depi
cpicts two isotropic point sources and situate syimmetriccally with
eieerence
ret the origin
to igin. The origin here is considered as thie reiercnce point for phese
CalculIOns.
ations. Electromaenetic ray from source i will reich tle distant point 1ite han
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that rom source 2

owing to path differences. While the field from source la
1 lags. the
from source 2 leads in phase.
To great
distant point P

CosO
2

COST70
d 2 0 0

d
Path ditfference (1'
-2') Fig: 1

os6+cos
2 2
=d cos0 (m) (1)
d
cos (wave length) (2)
. P1ase difference o=27x (path difference)
27:d
cos (radians) =
ßd cos 6 (radians) . (3)
(3)

where, p =-

Total field at P
=E,(e
=
E,oual +e ...
(4)
= E, = E,; where E, and E, are the far electric fields at the distant point P]

e v/2+eó/2
.
.E=2E
otal

2 2E, cos(p/2)

2E, cos2cos0 (5)

2

Total amplitude =2E, and phase =cos(¢/2)

Norr1alizing amplitude 2,=1, we have
pd cos 0)
EotalCOs 2

E
COS
2cos0 COsCOs (6)

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,
i s maximum, when cos|cos|= tl

cosmN=t nT; n =0, 1, 2,...

if n=0, cosa =0
= 90° or 270°
. (7)

ETa1Sinimum, when coscos=0

Ar. cosin£(21
2
+);n=0, 1,2,..
ifn=0,cos m =t
ax

mi0 or 180° 0-90

(8)
Atpoint where power is half, cos| c o s
min min
6-0

2
cos p +(2n+1):n=0,1,2,..
max
if
n=0,cos O =t Fig: 2
Gyp=60° and 120° (9)
igure 2 depicts the plot of field pattern E Vs. 0 for d=a/2. The pattern is
bidirectional (figure of eight). This simplest type of BSA is also referred to as the
broadside couplet of two isotopic radiators.

A three element array with isotropic sources at a spacing of d = i s along the

4
Mi. The excitation coefficient of each outside element is unity while that of the
center element is 2.
Find: a) the array factor.
b) angles where the nulls of pattern occur. [WBUT 2018]
Answer:
e Ikr Jkr
a) E e
+E, +E, 2E, =

r
+E +
=r-dlog6
r+dlog0
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(kd
AF(O)=[+ log(kd.log0)]= log?|log0
2
using 2 log(A)=1+log (2A)]

b) The null are at AF = 0 or cos"(2n)

n=1,-1,+3,-3
Therefore no nulls exist.

Long Answer Type Questions

is 13.46 dB down from the
1. For N-element array show that the first minor lobe
major lobe.
WBUT 2013]
Consider a multi-element linear array (Figure 1) comprising of 'n' isotropic point
and fed with currents of
sources. Let the point sources be equally spaced (at distance d)
equal amplitude and phase.

To distance point P

2
d cos
7 n-1 n = 0
2 3 4 5

Fig: 1
Here E = E, = E, =.. =E, = E,(say)

is
Total field Etotal at point P
E, e'° + E, e'° +....+ E.e(n-1)6 (1)
EToalE, e" +

where =ß d cos 6 + a ..(2)

= E,|1+ e" + e + e ° . + . . . + e'-)o

Sin no
1- 2 ... (3)
-E,
sin9
Substituting, ¥=

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EToal
= E,e"
2
E sin2 (4)
sin
)
f the reference point lor phase is shifted from source 1 to the centre of the array. P is

sliminated. thereby leaving behind

sin no
2
.. (5)
sin

where the primary pattern/individual source pattern = E,

sin 4
And the secondary patterm/Array Factor (AF) =|

Maximum field from array is produced in any direction 6 when p=0.

in case of BSA, a =0 and for maximum field d=0
From equation (2), Ad cos@ =0 cos 0 =0 or, e=90° or 270°
Hence principal maxima occurs at 90° or 270°

6max =t(2N +1)- . (6)

For minor lobe maxima, Bad cos +a
n

or, cos 6nax +(2N +1)-

pd L n

Now for BSA: a = 0

cos+(2N
(2+1+1)Ba
. (7)
cos (2N +1)
2nd
t 2N - (8)
Or minor lobe minima, Bd cos m+a =

0r,Cos min +2N-a

n

Now for BSA: a =

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'.
min s =
cos
12N coss 2
nd
(9)
Bd
FNBW
BSA
2 radian .. (10)
nd L
where L =
nd =
length of antenna array
n no. of elements
d= element-clement spåcing

In terms of 2x57.3 114.6°

degrees, FNBW= .. (11)

FNBW 57.3
HPBW IBSA radians ... (12)
2

The 2
amplitude of first minor lobe =and amplitude of principal main
37T
=
n

Ratio of amplitude of secondary lobe to the principal

= 2n/3 -0.212 -13.5dB
n 3T

2. a)
A 1.22 long dipole has 1/A
peak input current. Find the maximum peak curr
seen on the dipole. If the dipole is oriented
along the z-axis, find the radiat
electric and magnetic fields ata distance of 100m
along 60 WBUT 20
Answer:

The electric field is Eo =|E,lá, oPigc

4Tr
=
sin 6à.
and the magnetic field is H=|H, =

4Tr
sin 9à,

x sin 60°= 1.2

x0.866
4Tx100 To100
10
= n x5.196x10 =377x5.196x10 =1.96
E, =1.964
27T 1x1.22
H 4Tx 100 -Sin50°=x
60°=2
200
0.866 5.196x 10
H=5.196x10 a,

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Cind out the total Electric field and Array factor for a 2 eloment antenna array.
b)
WBUT 2015]
Answer:

Consider the simplest situation of a two element array separarated by a distance'd'. In order
efidy the total ficld produced by the antenna array system, Jet us consider three cases,
viz.
se-I:
Case Two isotropie point sources with equal amplitude and equal phase:
Refer to Question No. 3
of Short Answer Type Questions.
Case-Il: Two isotropic point sources with equal amplitude and opposite phase
Thetotal ficld Eroa at point P is E = -E, e + E,M
Here. E = E. = E,

E E,(-e+e") =2jE, sin p/2 =2jE, sin |cos)

2
The operator j reveals that the opposite phase brings a phase shift of 90° in the total
field.

When d =A/2 and 2jE, =1, then ETl =sincos6

. Eoal is maximum, when sin|cos =£

orcos max =t(2n+1)n=0,1,2,.

if
n=0,cos =+
0=0° or 180°
max

Toal is minimum, when sincos 0|=0

or, Cos 6 min

= t nt ; n= 0,1,2,..

If
n= 0,cos in=0
=90° and -90°
point where power is half; sincos04

COS O = +(2n +1)- 0,1,2,.

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f 0,cos 4
S 60°. 120°
igure 3 depicts the plot of field pattern. The maximum is shifted by 90° along the
Joining the Iwo sources and hence is of the type end fire array.
min
0

90°

max
2 0-0
d /2 f X

min

Fig: 3

Case-Ill: Two isotropic point sources with unequal amplitude and any arbitr:
phase
Let 'a be the phase difference between the two sources 1 and 2 and E,>E,(say)

. Total phase difference is o = d cos +a

To distant point P

Fig: 4

Total field at P is ETonE, e + E, e"= E1+ E(+ me

E. and 0 m l as E>E,
where m= -

E E|1+m(cos +jsinø) + cOsq/ sin

T - tan
and phase angle at P,
+ COs

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 ANTENNA THEORY& PROPAGATION
For
c) the two olement
antenna array skotch the
normalized field pattern when tne

rrents are fed 90° out of

curr phase and intorelement spacing is WBUT 2015]
Answer:

Ts normalized ticld pattern is shown in figure

90°
Phasing.o

Spacng
d

3. a) A three element
uniform array is io be designed
the
to get maximum radiation in
broadside direction. There is, however an interterence
source 1ocatea in a

direction of 45° from the array axis. The interference is to be

completely
suppressed by placing a null in the direction of the interference source. Design the
array
b) For an Uniform Linear Array derive the direction of maximum radiation and
direction of null for both End-fire and Broad-side array.
WBUT 2018]
Answer:
a) Let, A, B, C three element antenna array As this array antenna maximum radiation in

thebroadside direction. So ax
Let, Inter element spacing = d
Progressive phase shift = 6
Suppose element A is the reference element
. total phase shift of B with respect to A = Bd cos +o

and total phase shift of C with respect to A =2(d cos o+ 8)

S0, element ficld component of A, B, C are

E,- E, <0 = E, e
E Bd coso+8= E, eleosd. 0)|
/(/5/ cos
-
A)
=E2(/%d cos+8) = ,

Total electric field

+ E , + E. E =
+e /idg+o) e

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|I-¥
1-e
where = Bdcosp +ð

e sin
2
Ep e ' 2

,
sin
3
Sin-
Normalized Electric component, E =
-
2

sin
So, we will get max radiation when y =0

Bf cos mat =0
Bdcos ma =-6

Pmax 0S
Bd
AS

cos27d)
8=-Bd cosa
So Bdcos- Bdcos
COS
T max

2nd
As It is a broadside array antenna.

.Pmax

cos48 2rd

2nd
.. (1)
d

And for the Direction o f null E = 0

sin 3y
2 = 0
N sin2

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 ANTENNATHEORY & PROPAGATION

sin(=0

3 tm t

2m

pd{cos o-cosa = t 4

cosé-cosx x As, m=
c o s = t m E
ma
3d
As interference located at 45° from the array axis, So, d 4 5
ma
cos 45°=t
3d
mA
3d

d=tma
Byusing equation (1) and (2) interference is to be completely suppressed.

b) Uniform Linear Array:

If the antenna element are arranged in a uniform passion in a straight line are krnown as
Uniform Linear Arraay
Let us consider the Antenna array are linear and identical ihat means all the Antenna
array are arranged such a way that the inter element spacing of the antenna are same and
they are having progressive phase shift. They are excited with uniform current with same

amplitude.
Let,
Interelement spacing=d
Progressive phase shift = 8

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