 

• Eigen vector of matrix A: A X   X

• In other words, once matrix A is multiplied by vector X,

the direction of X is preserved.
• Eigen function of a system:
Ф(n) αФ(n)
System

2
cosn  j sin n x(n) y(n)
LTI System
e jn H ( )e jn
 
y ( n)   x ( k ) h( n  k )   h( k ) x ( n  k )
k   k   
H ( )   h(k )e jk
k  

 
j ( n  k )
y ( n)   h ( k )e (  h(k )e jk )e jn Frequency
k   k  
response
y(n)  H ()e jn
jn
H ( ) magnifies the input e based on freq ω.
Clarification: Some textbooks use j instead of H (e ) H(w ).

3
 
H ( )   h(k )e jk 1
k  

 
H (  2 )   h(k )e j (  2 ) k   h(k )e  jk e  j 2k  H ( )
k   k  

• Frequency response is periodic with the period of 2π. Implication?

4
cos0 n :

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 5

  
 jk
H ( )   h(k )e 
  h(k ) e jk   h(k )
k   k   k  

H ( )   h( k ) The same condition as the
k  
stability condition

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 6

   Same mathematical representation
 jn
DTFT{x(n)}  X ( )   x(n)e as the freq. response
n  

• Existence of DTFT:

 x ( n)   x(n) is absolutely summable.
n  


j n
• Inverse DTFT: x ( n)   X ( )e d
1
2

 Fourier analysis considers signals to be constructed from a sum of complex
exponentials with appropriate frequencies, amplitudes and phase.
 Frequency components are the complex exponentials which, when added
together, make up the signal.

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 7

 IDTFT of the ideal low-pass filter:


1   c
X ( )  
0 c    


 c
x(n)  1  X ( )e jn d  1  e jn d
2 2
 c
1 jn c e jc n  e jc n sinc n
x ( n)  [e ]c  x ( n) 
j 2n j 2n n

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 8

sin⁡(𝜔𝑐 𝑛) 1, ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ |𝜔| ≤ 𝜔𝑐
⟺𝑋 𝜔 =
𝑛 0, 𝜔𝑐 < 𝜔 ≤ 𝜋

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 9

x(n)  a nu (n) DTFT? a 1

 
X ( )   a en  jn
  (ae j ) n  1
What happens if a>1?
n 0 n0 1  ae j
1  a cos a sin 
X ( )   j
1  a 2  2a cos 1  a 2  2a cos

X R ()
X I ()

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 10

 1
x(n)  a nu (n) X ( ) 
1  ae j

X ( )  X ( ) e jX ( )
2
X ()  X () X * () a sin 
X ( )  arctan( )
1  a cos
1

1  a 2  2a cos

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 11

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 12
Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 13
x1(n)  X1() x2 (n)  X 2 ()
• Linearity: a1x1(n)  a2 x2 (n)  a1X1()  a2 X 2 ()

• Time-shifting: x(n  k )  e jk X ( )

• Time-reversal: x(n)  X ( )

• Convolution :

x(n) LTI System y(n)

h(n)
y ( n )  x ( n) * h ( n ) Y ( )  X ( ) H ( )

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 14

• Cross-correlation:

y(n)  x1(n) * x2 (n) Y ()  X1() X 2 ()

•Frequency Shifting:
e j0 n x(n) X (  0 )

•Parseval’s Theorem:

*  1  * ( )d
 x ( n ) y ( n )
2 
X ( )Y
 2  2
y ( n)  x ( n)  x(n)  21  X ( )


Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 15

• Modulation:
x(n) cos0n 1
2
X (  0 )  12 X (  0 )

• Multiplication:

x1(n) x2 (n)  X 1 ( )X 2 (   )d
1
2


• Differentiation in the freq. domain:

nx (n ) dX ( )
j
d
• Conjugation:

x* (n) X * ( )

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 16

• Conjugate Symmetric: x(n)  x* (n)

• Conjugate Anti-Symmetric: x(n)   x* (n)

• Why are these properties important? Conjugate Symmetric

xe (n)  12 [ x(n)  x* (n)]

Conjugate Anti-symmetric
x(n)  xe (n)  xo (n)
xo (n)  12 [ x(n)  x* (n)]

X e ( )  12 [ X ()  X * ( )]
X ()  X e ()  X o ()
X o ()  12 [ X ()  X * ()]

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 17

 x(n) X ( )

x* (n) X * ( )

x* (n) X * ( )
Re{ x(n)} X e ()

j Im{ x(n)} X o ()

xe (n) X R ()  Re{X ()}

xo (n) jX I ()  j Im{ X ()}

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 18

x(n) : real x(n)  Re{ x(n)} X ()  X e ()

X ( )  12 [ X ( )  X * ( )] X ( )  X * ( )

• If a sequence is real, then its DTFT is conjugate

symmetric.

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 19

 x(n) X ( )

x(n) : real X ( )  X * ( )

x(n) : real X R ()  X R ()

x(n) : real X I ()   X I ()

x(n) : real X ( )  X ( )

x(n) : real X ( )  X ( )

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 20

 Proakis, et.al

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 21

Determining an inverse fourier transform

j 1
X (e )
(1  ae  j  )(1  be  j  )

j a /(a  b ) b /(a  b )
X (e )  j

1  ae 1  be  j 

 a b 
x [n ]  ( )a  (
n
)b n  u [n ]
 a b a b 

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 22

Determining the Impulse response from the frequency
response

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 23

Determining the Impulse response for a Difference
Equation 1 1
y [n ]  y [n  1]  x [n ]  x [n  1]
2 4

To find the impulse response h[n], we set x [n ]   [n ]

1 1
h [n ]  h [n  1]   [n ]   [n  1]
2 4

Applying the DTFT to both sides of equation. We obtain

1 1
H (e j  )  e  j  H (e j  )  1  e  j 
2 4
1
1 e  j
H (e j  )  4
1
1 e  j
2
Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 24
Example:

x[n]  a nu[n  5]
1
 a u[n] 
n

1  ae  j
 j 5
e
 a n5u[n  5] 
1  ae  j
a 5e  j 5
 a u[n  5] 
n

1  ae  j

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 25

 Reviewed Discrete-time Fourier Transform, some of its
properties and FT pairs
 Next: the Z-transform

Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 26