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#+-
% > $ -
* * ". D#> # -
* $ (0 ± Z#/2).
2.3.1.

,
A "+ %# # -
# # (2.1), # -
" >@
' fG(t) # " -
f
j k Z # t
>@ # ;+ f G ( t ) ¦ Ck e .
k f
f
j k Z # t
x # (t ) x(t) ¦ Ck e (2.4)
k f
E
' & #
24
n T# T# / 2
1 jk Z # t 1 e jk Z # n T# 1
Ck ³ G( t n T# ) e
T# T# T#
n T# T# / 2
# % #+, > #
( *) E* # *
' . !*
% &+ % & & " ;+ -
@+> * # " >@*
'
f
FG ( j Z) 1
T# ¦ G(Z k Z # ) .
k f
=" ;+ (2.4) Ak =1/!# # &% >
f f
jk Z # t
X # ( j Z) 1
¦ ³ x(t) e e jZ t dt
T#
k f f
f
1
T# ¦ X [ j (Z k Z# )]
k f
(2.5)
J % "+ # -
* # " >@*
' , >@ " # >
(2.1) * :
f
X ( j Z) 1
2S
³ X a ( j - ) FG ( j (Z - )) d-
f
f f f
1
T
¦ ³ X a ( j - ) G (Z k Z - ) d-
k f f
1
T
¦X
k f
[ j (Z k Z )]
" (2.5) #, # +> #

%
F(jZ), @&$ kZ#. = F(jZ) -
& kZ# &" % % -
jk Z t
# , >@ $ # " -
&$ E e
>@*
' fG(t) (. (2.4) . 2.4). D
" G
# "' # "' .
&% (2.5) % &+ > # " &$
# "' &$ & (
-
&) & , & *
> > > # + .
= &* *
&
, & +* * Zm, >@* -
25
>: Zm<Z#/2. = E ( . 2.5) #
* ±Z#/2 ( |Z|dZ#/2) # (# -
% !#) : !#F#(jZ)=F(jZ).
"' %# "#+ % . Zm<Z#/2
+ . E
$ ' '"
@+> #+ ;?H +* * $ *
=(j Z), * !# |Z|dZ#/2 * > |Z|>Z#/2 ( . 2.5).
T#|X#(jZ)|
|=(jZ)|
|X(jZ)|
Z
–Z# –Zm 0 Zm Z#
D
–Z#/2 Z#/2
. 2.5. %

!
! !
" ˶ ุ 2˶ m
A &$# ;?H " >
;+ # # " # =(jZ)F#(jZ)
Z# / 2
T#
x(t ) ³ 3 ( j Z) X # ( j Z) e jZ t dZ
2S
Z# / 2
(2.6)
f sin[Z # ( t n T# ) / 2]
¦ x (n T# )
Z # ( t n T# ) / 2
n f
&% (2.6) "% x(t)
# " & >@
' sinx/x & E
-
' x(nT#) ( %), &

@ .
% &+ #
% * # $#(t) +* $ -
26
* #+ ;?H h(t), "* & " ;+
* $ *:
Z# / 2
T# sin[Z # t / 2]
h(t) ³ 3 ( j Z) e jZ t dZ (2.7)
2S Z# t / 2
Z# / 2
f
=# (2.7) x ( t ) ³ x # (W) h ( t W) dW
f
& # ' # (2.6).
H, # q#=2qm, " "%*
" ' E*.
+, #
& # -
" * q#<2qm ( . 2.6) # -
* |q|uq#/2 -
: T#F#(jq) v F(jq). = # "' F(jq) "#+ #
& > > # @&
F[j(q–kq#)] ( . 2.6 k=±1). < '? -
$ $ . A "& <-
# "' % "& > <
. = % -
# & &.
T#|X#(jZ)|
|=(jZ)| |X(jZ)|
Z
–Z# –Zm -Z1 -Zc1 0 Zc1 Z1 Zm Z#
D
–Z#/2 Z#/2
. 2.6. %

!
! !
" ˶ <2˶ m
;* +* x(t) * # +
T & , "$>@ .
27
!* % # + " # >@-
* # + xw(t) +* -
*
' =!(t) * # & T: x(t)=xw(t)=!(t) ( "& -
&* *
+). * E
Xaw(jq) xw(t) * $ *
=!(jq)=sin(qT/2)/(qT/2) *
' Xa(jq)=Xaw(jq)=!(jq),
# "& > -
* # + . J , , -
>, * # -
&. ?% #
( . 2.7) > " & # -
"' , @&$ , & >@
* , +<> & # "' .
T#|X#(jZ)|
|=(jZ)|
|X(jZ)|
Z
–Z# –Zm 0 Zm Z#
D
–Z#/2 Z#/2
. 2.7. %

!
! ! %
&* @+> #+ ;?H ' -
N 1 sin[Z( t n T# ) / 2]
# + x ( t ) *
¦ x (n T# )
Z( t n T# ) / 2
n 0

x(t) > # ++.
H # "' * # + f#=2fm
& N=f#Tc=2fmTc, "& "* x(t), -
"& > # * * fm,
* " +>. D * *
-
>@ x*(t), #>@
# $(nT#) * ±f#/2.
28
A % # "' +&$ -
" % #& , "+ -
&* # *
±f#/2 % + * %
. J , && >-
@ , % < <& $ q > q#/2
# "'
> "> >
# , "# $ % -
$ Zc Z k Z# d Z# / 2 .
@ & >@ >
$# , #& > @ >@ , %
$#&* . ? , F1 . 2.6 " -
Fc1=FGF1. , # Fc1 -
# Fc1, * $# &+.

" fA # -
fA " . 2.8.
fA
f#/2
fc1
fA
0 f#/2 f# f1 3f#/2 2f#
. 2.8. <

!
D + + $ % %, +
# " , # *
# "' . E "> + ;?H1
$# & DA, " – $'*.
2.4. +*(-((&( %%:9/ -%*()&'4 %%)(

* # > "& , @ >@
# &$ . & > E
& -
# "' , +"> # '
-
* & '
* "#+>
+> .
, , +> #
$, >@ "+ %# &-
$#& $#& # + :
29
y(n)=;[x(n)]. (2.8)
D &, "&* & &
# , "& > &.
= # # & &
' > -
*& *&, & & .
\ *& # & & & ( E
-
' ) # > ' " ' :

y(n)=;[a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)]=a1;[x1(n)]+a2;[x2(n)] (2.9)
( & "#* * %#
"#* ) # , . . " -
% "#* :
y(nzm)=;[x(nzm)], (2.10)
# x(nzm), y(nzm) z # + , "#%& ( # &
) + x(n) y(n) m # # -
"' !#.
2.5. ()-' )()(%0 +%&/ &(6&'4 -%*()&'4 %%)(

*((&&6 %) 0*)' 9:*6 :8)*9
& 4 %&(
& *& & *
& > #
' +& :

M ª d k y( t ) º N ª d l x(t) º
¦ k « dt k »
a ¦ l « dt l »
b (2.11)
k 0 ¬ ¼ l 0 ¬ ¼
f f
y (t ) ³ h(W ) x(t W ) dW
f
³ h(t W ) x(W ) dW , ,
f
(2.12)
# h(t) – + $ , >@ ' * *

& #+- +: h(t)=;[~(t)].
# &$ $ #
' +

(2.11) +:
M N
¦ a k y( n k ) ¦ b i x (n i) (2.13)
k 0 i 0
, #
' + (2.11), M "

# (M N), ak, bi – & E
' &; x(n z i),

y(n z k) z $#* &$#* & &, "#%& i k
# # "' .
30
C" % &+ , , # -
"' * #
' + @+>

" #:
dxx(n)zx(nz1) – "+ . #.
= a0 = 1 " (2.13) # #:
N M
y( n ) ¦ b i x ( n i ) ¦ a k y( n k ) (2.14)
i 0 k 1
* , ">@ "
(2.14) (. . &>@ "&
), "& > # & ' % (;).
A &$# '

+ @ -
$# x(n) #&#@ $ (N M) $#
&$# x(nzi), y(nzk), " <&$ ( "&$) &-
E
' ak, bi z ( . 2.9). "+ '-

"
&, , # +, -
@* * % .
= " $ E
' akv0 ; "& +-

' (C;). C "
+ "* ,
. . " &$# y(n) #&#@ $
y(nzk) ( . 2.9).
x(n)
bN … b2 b1 b0 n
0 1 n-N n-2 n-1 n
y(n)
aM … a2 a1 a0 n
0 1 n-M n-2 n-1 n
. 2.9. < + !

"

C" > (2.14) E
' ak=0 -

+'* * % (?C;):
31
N
y( n ) ¦ b i x (n i) (2.15)
i 0
J
+ " * " , &$#* #
" <* bi * @ N #&#@ $
$# ( . 2.9, $ *
). (2.15) "& >
% %@ + ( >-
@ " >@ % # " &).
(2.2) # &$ $
(A). &% > -
@+> ": t n!#, m!#, d 1, , . . # "' * (2.12):
f f
y( n ) ¦ h (m) x ( n m) ¦ h ( n m) x ( m) (2.16)
m f m f
$#@ (2.16) #
' h(m) ( h(n)) "&
$+%* ,* * '. D #-
# * & '* $+%
u0(m)=1, m=0 u0(m)=0 m>0: h(m)=;[u0(m)].
" -
"* & h(m)=0 m<0 ( % %+ "#*-
); E A & # > #:
f
y( n ) ¦ h ( m) x ( n m ) (2.17)
m 0
"%& # # +&$ $ ;: "*
* % ( . 2.10).
u0(m) h(m) h(m)
m m m
0 1 2 0 1 2 … 0 1 2 … N-1
) )
)
. 2.10. > "% () "%

%
?@A- () @A- (
)
> +> $ > +'
%', E $ "& > % H-%. = -
+* $ % # + * C;. * -
32
C; "$>@ + $ ,
f
&% ¦ h ( m) f .
m 0
E+' ' %' H-
%, . .
+ * +* $ *. &-
% A (2.17) # ?; & #& ,
#& # * +* $ N:
N 1 N 1
y( n ) ¦ h ( m) x ( n m) ¦ h ( n m) x ( m) (2.18)
m 0 m 0
J ", BC % # +" +
"' ?; , "% #
C; # $ +* $ -
" E +< G & *.
" (2.15) (2.18) #, " +*
$ &% A (2.18) %# & E
'
bl " ?C; (2.15): h(m)=bl|m=l >,
", E
' ?C;. =E, & +< "

+ # &$ -
, +, ?C; "> *
% BC (2.18), C; – "-
@*
(2.14).
2.6. ()-' )()(%0 +%&/ %0& -%*()&'4

%%)( & +(%&6 +%%) ( %))&6 %))
? @ # &$ $'*
$ * :
f
st
X a (s) ³ x(t) e dt , (2.19)
0
# s = +jq z &* \ .
=" > \ * jq ( )
" ;+ , #>@ :
f
jZ t
X a ( j Z) X a (s) s jZ ³ x(t) e dt . (2.20)
0
# &$ " \ "
(2.19) @+> ": t nT#, , dt 1, . . # "' *
(2.19) :
33
f
s n T#
X(s) ¦ x (n ) e . (2.21)
n 0
D# &$ "
(2.19) # ' +&
' -
# &$ * S- .
J %*< > Z-$" ',
, # <
f
Z{x (n )} X(z) ¦ x (n ) z n . (2.22)
n 0
Z (2.22) " * S (-
s T V T jZT
\): z e # a j b e # e #
.
J "+ > % " * S-
> Z-+ ( . 2.11). D+ E $
% * "> $ ' * q, -
jZT#
* # +> * E& e # q#:
VT# j[Z k Z# ]T#
z e e k=0; r1; r2 . #.
S-+ Z-+

jZ jb
3Z#/2
Z#/2 V T
1 #
Z1 +Z
e
Z1 Z#/2
-V1 V -1 Z1T# 1 a
0 -Z#/2 0
-Z#/2
–Z
-3Z#/2
. 2.11. S- Z- %
34
!, * jF S- (=0) ' -
%+ # # Z- ; %#*
< * q# E # $# E* % .
D#" % *
±q#/2. \ S-+ ( < 0) & +
# # Z- , S-+ ( > 0) -
% " #&.
Z-" , & # * % , -
# $"? +% (2.2), #>-
@ :
f
jZ n T#
X(z) z e jZT# X( j Z) ¦ x (n ) e . (2.23)
n 0
A# +, Z-" , " \-
, % &+ – # # +* x(n) = 0
n < 0, +, x(n) v 0 n < 0; E
#& n zf # +f.
A * Z-" :
*%:
Z{a1 x1 (n ) a 2 x 2 (n )} a1 X1 (z) a 2 X 2 (z) (2.24)
(Z-" & Z-" *);
:
f
Z{x (n m)} ¦ x ( n m) z ( n m ) z m X(z) z m (2.25)
n 0
(Z-" "#% m #
x (n m) " # > Z-" X(z) "#% $(n)
% + "#% z m . J G +" z m
# " E "#% &$ $$ DA:
x(n) x(n-m) , E "#% # -
–m
z , . . # # "' , "-
z X(z) z 1 : Z{x (n 1)} X(z) z 1
-m
X(z)
c:
f
y( n ) x1 (n ) * x 2 (n ) ¦ x1 ( m ) x 2 ( n m ) .
m 0
f f
Y(z) ¦ ¦ x1 ( m ) x 2 ( n m ) z ( n m ) z m ) X1 (z) X 2 (z) (2.26)
n 0m 0
35
(Z-" # $ # +* " #-
> Z-" * E $ # +*);
$:
1 X (-) X (-) d-
y(n ) x1 (n ) x 2 (n ); Y(z) ³ 1 2 (2.27)
2 S j -
C
(Z-" " # # $ # +* -
* Z-" E $ # +*, # - – -
, A – , $ & >@ *
& #&+*
' ).
? * (2.27) Z-" " # # -
&$ # +* #"& % #
&, >@ % &, # &$ :
f Z# / 2
2 1 X ( z) X (z 1 ) z 1 dz T# 2
¦ x (n T# ) 2 S j ³ S
³ X( j Z) dZ . (2.28)
n 0 C 0
D " % * *
K .
& * # " ;+ # -
.
D& Z ;+ " #> &% :
Z# / 2 S
T# jZ n T# 1 jO n
x(n) ³ X( j Z) e dZ ³ X( j O) e dO (2.29)
2S 2S
Z# / 2 S
1 X ( z) z n 1 dz
x (n )
2 S j ³ ¦ resi [X(z) z n 1 ] z z pi
. (2.30)
C i
U#+ "&: =q#=2f/f# – + , "&-
% '
* *; res – && #&+*
-
' F(z)=X(z)zn–1 &$ $, $ & &$ A, -
# . #-' +&$
' *
X(z)=P(z)/Q(z) & > Q(z),
"& & > zpi
' X(z). =>& &+ @-
& , -%& , & & . &&
>$ $# @+> &% *:
# >
resi >F(z)@z z lim z o z pi (z z pi ) F(z) ,
pi
>
(2.31) @
# > +> r
resi >F(z)@z z
pi
1 lim
( r 1)! z o z pi r 1
dz
pi>
d r 1 ( z z ) r F( z) . @ (2.32)
36
= n=0 (2.30) # # +&* &
res 0 >X(z) / z @z 0 lim z o 0 >X(z)@ > zp0=0, &* # % -
+ 1 / z z n 1 .
n 0
A@ > ' +& '& &$ Z-" *
# < # &$
' *.
P(z) #-' +*
' , & >@*
X(z) (P(z)=0), "& > . D% # -
* > * Z- +" -
* ' Z-" # &$ .
2.7. (%)'( +%(-)(8&%) -%*()&'4 %%)(

= # & # & # + +">
$ DA, $ &+&$ .
1, n 0
1. '* $+%: u 0 (n ) ®
¯0, n z 0
Z-" U0(z)=1 &* &* U0(jq)=1.
# &$ % " , #+- +
# &$. D $+% ,-
# * &.
2. '* $+%, '* m :
1, n m;
u 0 ( n m) ®
¯0, n z m.
A * "#% Z F (;+)-"&
- jZ m T
Z{u 0 (n m)} z m ; F{u 0 (n m)} e #
.
A @+> u0(n – m) > # # ++ %
&+ # # # * :
f
x (n ) ¦ x ( m) u 0 ( n m) .
m f
1, n t 0;
3. '* : u1 (n ) ® (
' > ).
¯0, n 0,
f
Z-" U1 (z) ¦ zn 1
1 z 1
-
n 0
* . A # -
> zp=1 + z0=1 # ( . 2.12, ).
37
&% # # $# #>@
":
U1 ( j Z) U1 (z) z e jZT# 1 1
jZT# jZT# / 2 jZT# / 2 jZT# / 2
1 e e [e e ]
j( ZT S ) / 2
#
e
2sin(ZT# / 2)
( & # +"

J*: e r jD cos(D) r j sin(D)

# U1 ( j Z) 1 "
2 sin(ZT# / 2)
. 2.13,. D u1(n) $, ,-
# * &.
4. &+%'* $+% * %:
1, 0 d n d N 1;
u N (n ) ®
¯0, n 0, n t N.
N 1
zn 1 z N
Z-" U N (z) ¦ 1 z 1
n 0
* . E % "+ %
* , # uN(n) # uN(n)=u1(n) – u1(n – N),
Z- ":
N
U N (z) U1 (z) z N U1 (z) 1 z 1 .
1 z
A # > zp=1 N *:
N j2Si / N
(1 z ) 0, z 0i n 1 e , i=0, 1,…N–1, "@&$
# * % ( . 2.12,).
A + # &%
j Z N T# j Z N T# / 2 j Z N T# / 2 j Z N T# / 2
1 e e [e e ]
U N ( jZ) j Z T# j Z T# / 2 j Z T# / 2 j Z T# / 2
1 e e [e e ]
jZ( N 1)T# / 2 sin(ZNT# / 2)
e
sin(ZT# / 2)
sin(Z N T# / 2)

# U N ( j Z) "
sin(ZT# / 2)
. 2.13,. D # *
' sinc -
#>@ " $&$ $:
N, Z 0;
U N ( j Z) ®
¯0, Z 2 S i / N T# i Z# / N, i 1,2,...N - 1
38
jb jb
Z02
Z01
2S/N
Z0 Zp a Z00 a
-1 0 1 -1 0 Zp 1
Z0(N-1)
) )
jb jb
Zp Zp1
Z Z
ZT# ZT#
Z0 a Z01 a
-1 0 1 -1 0 Z02 1
Zp2

) !)
. 2.12. " +
!

(), "% % (),
(
)

(!)
4 # " $#&$ ' -
# $ # &$ $.
5. $'* * " qc:
jZc n T#
x (n ) e cos(Zc n T# ) j sin(Zc n T# ), n t 0 .
Z-" , @ , # * -
* :
f
jZc n T#
X(z) ¦e zn jZ T
1 .
n 0 1 e c # z 1
A # + z0=0 # &* >
jZc T#
zp e qc ( . 2.12, ). A &
&%
j[( ZZc )T# S ] / 2
X( j Z) X(z) z e jZT#
1 e .
jZc T# jZT# ( ZZc )T#
1 e e 2sin( 2
)
39
|U1(jZ)| |UN(jZ)|
1/2
Z
Z
-Z#/2 0 Z#/2 Z#
-Z#/2 -2Z#/N -Z#/N 0 Z#/N 2Z#/N Z#/2
) )
|X(jZ)| |X(jZ)|
1/2
Z 1/2 Z
-Z#/2 -Zc 0 Zc Z#/2 Z#-Zc Z# -Z#/2 -Zc 0 Zc Z#/2 Z#

) !)
. 2.13. < "
!

(), "% % (),
(
)

(!)
K#+ X( j Z) 1 # qc= q#/4 "
( ZZc )T#
2 sin( 2
)
. 2.13, .
6. @'* * " qc:
jZc nT# jZc nT#
x (n ) cos(Zc n T# ) e e , nt0
2
Z-"
1/ 2 1/ 2 1 cos(Zc T# ) z 1
X(z) jZc T#
jZc T#
1 e 1 2cos(Zc T# ) z 1 z 2
z 1 1 e z 1
r jZc T#
-%&$ > z p1,2 e
* z 01 0 z 02 cos(Zc T# ) ( . 2.12, ).
A X( j Z) X(z) z e jZT# , "&* #>, "
. 2.13, # qc= q#/4.
40
' 5,6 +"> # " $#&$ '
" + &$ # &$ .
7. $'* $+% * # + NT#:
jZ0 n T#
x (n ) e cos(Z0 n T# ) j sin(Z0 n T# ), 0 d n d N - 1.
Z-"
f jZ NT
jZ0 n T#
zn 1 e 0 # z N
X(z) ¦e jZ T
n 0 1 e 0 # z 1
;+-"
0 0
j (@ @0 ) N T # j (N 1 )T sin ( N T )
X ( j Z) 1 e
j (@ @0 ) T # e 2
2
0 .
1 e sin ( T )
2
A # +

>
# + 4, @ q0 (
" " & q0).
8. @'* $+% * # + NT#:
x (n ) cos(Z0 n T# ), 0 d n d N - 1 .
Z-" ;+-" &+ # & -
jZ0 n T# jZ0 n T#
* Z-" # + e e
N 1 jZ nT jZ 0 nT# ª 1 e jZ 0 NT# z N 1 e jZ0 NT# z N º
[e 0 # e ] n
X(z) ¦ 2
z « jZ T 1
jZ T 1 »
n 0 ¬ 2[1 e 0 # z ] 2[1 e 0 # z ] ¼
Z Z0 Z Z0 Z Z0 Z Z0
j ( N 1) T# sin( NT# ) j ( N 1) T# sin( NT# )
e 2 e 2
X( j Z) 2
Z Z0
2
Z Z0
.
2 2
sin( T# ) sin( T# )
2 2

# % + @ -
# + + q0 – q0 @&$
.
2.8. (*(-)&/ :&9/

%))&/ 4*)(*%) -%*()&6 %%)('
=#
' * & # <
" * \ &$# $# : H(s)=Y(s)/X(s).
D # & >@ & #
-
' + (2.11) (2.12) # @
&% # #&$
' * &$ -
# #-' +*
' * * S
41
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42
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48
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49
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2 2
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52
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53
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( 1)
A Z–1 $ " E "#% " -
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54
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55
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56
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W2(J)=W1(J); W1(J)=W;
J=J+1
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. 2.21. <- ! ! ,D

(% )
= $# *
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X=M(J)X;
57
Y=B0(J)X+B1(J)X1(J)+B2(J)X2(J)zA1(J)Y1(J)zA2(J)Y2(J);
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58
x(n)
z-1 z-1 z-1 … z-1
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59

-$ * "' ?C; #
. 2.24. # «< &$» &$
Yy(n), H(k)h(m), X(I)x(nzm). ; + " " > ' >
Y=Y+H(k)X(I). =& X(I) #%& &+ & $ .
!&* G & * * "' -
(N z 1) ' * % N ' * % %-
#&* &$# .
2.13. (*(-)&/ :&9/ %))&/ 4*)(*%)

&(*(*%&0 :8)*
=#
' ?(z) $ ?(jq)
?C; #> Z-" " ;+
+* $ :
N 1 N 1
jZn T#
H(z) ¦ h (n ) z n , H( j Z) ¦ h (n ) e (2.54)
n 0 n 0
= +<* " " HF &
+& >
# # & +& $ , >@ +<
G & *.
% * & > * + "-
%+ ** ;HF -
""#& (U).
* ;HF +* $-

+: h(n)=h(Nz1zn). D >@ # > ?C;
> ;HF: M(q)=zqT#(Nz1)/2 ""#& t"=z[(Nz1)/2]T#.
2.14. (*(*%&'( :8)*' % &(6&6 :A%))&6

4*)(*%)6
=#>
' > > $ ?C;
(2.54) +* $ *, >@* >
h(n)=h(Nz1zn) ( . 2.25), N % #
N 3
½
( N 1 ) ° 2
ª ( n N21 ) ( n N21 ) º °
H(z) z 2 h ( N 1)
® ¦ h (n ) «z z »¼ ¾ (2.55)
°̄
2
n 0 ¬ °¿
N 3 ½
H( jZ) e
jZT# ( N 1) °
2 N 1
®h ( 2 ) ¦
2
> °
2 h (n ) cos ZT# (n N 1) ¾
2
@ (2.56)
° n 0 °
¯ ¿
60
h(n)
n
0 1 2 … (N-1)/2 … N-1
. 2.25. # "% G,D

= N h((Nz1)/2) $ &% $ -
, $ * # " (N/2)z1.
" &% # HF #, ;HF
+
M(q)=–qT#(Nz1)/2 z *, ""#&
t"=z[(Nz1)/2]T# – " &.
=#*
' (2.55) % +
?C;, >@> # +< ' *
% ( . 2.26).
x(n) x(n-1) x(n-2) x(n-(N-1)/2)
z-1 z-1 … z-1 z-1
z-1 z-1 … z-1 z-1
h(0) h(1) h((N-3)/2) h((N-1)/2)
y(n)
. 2.26. " " G,D
"%
! "
N 3
2
y(n ) h ( N 1) x (n N 1)
2 2 ¦ h (m) >x (n m) x (n ( N 1) m)@
m 0
> % + # N.
A# +, N |H(j q#/2)|=0 M(q#/2)=0.
61
?C;, C;, % @ > #+ @-
( . 2.27) < &.
x(n)
…
h(N-1) h(N-2) h(N-3) h(1) h(0)
y(n)
z-1 z-1 … z-1 z-1
w(N-1) w(N-2) w(1) w(0)
. 2.27. E"% " " G,D

E$
D @* @
" * ' *:
Y=H(0)X+W(0); W(k)=H(k)X+W(k+1), k=0, 1…Nz1.
=& W(k), k= 0, 1…N, #%& &+ & $ .
2.15. *(*' *(D(&/ A- + )(* 9:*'4 %0&

> 1.
& '
* & y(n ) x (n ) b1 x (n 1) , b1=2.
D# + ' > & +&* #
1, n 0, 1;
x (n ) ®
¯0, n ! 1.
U4
= &$ +&$ $ x(–1)=0 & #-
> # &.
y(0) x (0) b1 x (1) 1 2 0 1, y(1) x (1) b1 x (0) 1 2 1 3 ,
y ( 2) x (2) b1 x (1) 0 2 1 2 , y(3) x (3) b1 x (2) 0 20 0.
#, &$#& & y(n ) 0 nt3 & >.
> 2.
& '
* & y(n ) x (n 2) .
D# + ' > & # x (n ) a n , a 1 .
D# + Z-" $# &$# .
U4
1. = &$ +&$ $ x (1) 0 , x (2) 0 &-
# > # .
62
0 , n 0, 1;
!# &$#* # y(n ) ® n 2
¯a , n ! 1.
2. Z-" $# -
* * (& >@* a 1 ).
¦ a z 1
f f f k
X(z) ¦ x (k ) z k ¦ a k zk 1

1 a z 1
k 0 k 0 k 0
3. Z-" &$# #, +"
* Z^x (n m)` z m Z^x (n )`:
Y(z) z 2 X(z) z2 1 .

1 (a z 1 )
> 3.

* Z-" X(z) 1 .
1 5 z 6 z 2
1
D# + # # + x(n).

U4
1. D Z-" % &+ & &
' X(z) z n 1 :
x (n ) ¦ Re s>X(z) z n 1 @ ¦ >
lim (z z k ) X(z) z
n 1
@
zoz k ,
zk – >
' X(z).

' # X(z) 1 & # > z=a.
1 a z 1
x (n )
z oa
> z
lim (z a ) z a z
n 1
@ lim z
z oa
> @
n
an .
& * * Z-" , -

Z-" #
N N
Ek
X(z) ¦ 1 D 1
, x (n ) ¦ Ek D k n .
k 1 k z k 1
2. = # * #
' X(z) 1 ,
1 5 z 6 z 2
1
# + "% > (zp1=2, zp2=3) &.

X(z) 1 3 3 , x (n ) (3) (2) n (3) (3) n .
1 5z 6z 2
1
1 2z 1
1 3 z 1
63
> 4.
" & $#* &$#* '
* &:
x (n ) ^1, 0, 1, 2`, y(n ) ^0, 1, 2, 1`.
D# + Z-" $# &$# ,
% #>
' > &.
U4
f
1. Z-" # &% X(z) ¦ x (k ) z k .
k 0
D# # " & + & 4
# +* (+& & >). A# +,
X(z) 1 z 0 0 z 1 1 z 2 2 z 3 , Y(z) 1 z 1 2 z 2 1 z 3 .
2. =#
' & # <
H(z)
Y(z) 1z 1 2z 2 1z 3 1
z 1 1 2z2 1z 3 .
2
X(z) 11z 2 2z 3 11z 2 z
> 5.
& '
* & y(n ) a y(n 1) x (n ) .
D# + #>
' > &.
U4
&
+> # y(n ) o Y(z) , x (n ) o X(z) ,
& * y(n 1) o z 1 Y(z) .
Y(z) a z 1 Y(z) X(z) .
= # #& &
>
Y(z) 1 a z 1 X(z) @
=#
' & # <
Y(z) 1
H(z) .
X(z) 1 a z 1
> 6.
& '
* & y(n ) a y(n 1) b x (n ) .
D# + +> $ &.
U4
+ $ & # ' > -
1, n 0
& # &* + u 0 (n ) ® .
¯0 , n ! 0
64
= &$ +&$ $ y(1) 0 & #-
> # &.
h (0) y(0) a y(1) b x (0) a 0 b 1 b ,
h (1) y(1) a y(0) b x (1) a b b 0 a b ,
h ( 2) y(2) a y(1) b x (2) a a b b 0 a 2 b ,
…
h (n ) a n b .
> 7.
=#
' '
* &
H(z) b 0 b1 z 1 b 2 z 2 b 3 z 3 .
D# + +> $ &, % -
+* $ (F F).
U4
+ $ & # ' > -
1, n 0
& # &* + x (n ) u 0 (n ) ® .
¯0 , n ! 0
& # > # &, -
&* #
y(n ) b 0 x (n ) b1 x (n 1) b 2 x (n 2) b 3 x (n 3) .
h (0) y(0) b 0 x (0) b 0 ,
h (1) y(1) b 0 x (1) b1 x (0) b 0 0 b1 1 b1 ,
h (2) y(2) b 0 x (2) b1 x (1) b 2 x (0) b 0 0 b1 0 b 2 1 b 2 ,
h (3) y(3) b 0 x (3) b1 x (2) b 2 x (1) b 3 x (0) b 3 ,
h (4) y(4) 0 .
#, n>3 & +* $ & -
>, # +,
+ F- .
" # # %, & +*
$
+ & E
' .
> 8.
5
=#
' '
* & H(z) 1 z 1 .
1 z
D# + +* $ & (F F).
U4
+" "% #*
' &
H(z) 1 z 5 1 z 5 .
1 z 1 1 z 1 1 z 1
65
D Z-"
' 1 # -
1 z 1
1, n t 0
u1 (n ) ® .
¯0, n 0
+ $ # Z-"
#*
' &. A * "#%
h (n ) u1 (n ) u1 (n 5) .
& # > # &
h (0) u1 (0) u1 (5) 1, h (1) u1 (1) u1 (4) 1 ,
h (2) u1 (2) u1 (3) 1 , h (3) u1 (3) u1 (2) 1,
h (4) u1 (4) u1 (1) 1 , h (5) u1 (5) u1 (0) 1 1 0 .
& +* $ n>4 & >, -
# +,
+ F- .
> 9.
=#
' '
* & H(z) 1 .
1 a z 1
D# + +* $ & (F F).
U4
+ $ # Z-"
#*
' &. # + $-
h (n ) a n . =+ "+
'
> + nof (|a|<1),
+ F- .
> 10.
U# #
' '
* &.
1. H(z) 1 z 1 ; 2. H ( z) 1 z 3 ; 3. H(z) 1 .
1 0.2 z 1 1 0.6 z 1 0.25z 2 11.2z 1
D# + * + &.
U4
'
&$ % &+ +" #>@ * -
* +*: > #*
' #%& $# +
* Z- # # z p 1 .
? &
+& # * &, + $ > $-
# #* z p f .
1. ;' # > z p 0.2 . =+ z p 0.2 1
* .
66
2. ;' # > z p1,2 0.3 r j 0.4 . =+
z p1,2 0.5 1 * .
3. ;' # > z p 1.2 . =+ z p 1. 2 ! 1
* .
2.16. &)*8&'( +*%'

1. K '
&$ # +*, -
+ $ &, * .
2. C"& , "' '

+
*< $ E .
3. A "+ %# & # " -
, % .
4. Z-" # '
&$ . D# Z--
" . D Z-" .
5. = Z-" '
&$ .
A& $& '
&$
+ .
6. "% "' &$
+
# * * ?
7. # + $ '

+,
'
&
+& "& >
+ F F?
8. @ -
& '
&
+?
9. * & > E
' & &$ '

&$
+ ?
10. # Z-" # &$ # +-
*, & & * > + -
'
&$
+ ?
11. # #
'
+
" >?
12. * # +->
#*
' -

+ " ?
13. %> > '

+ -
* Z- >
' >
+ % +
* > ?
14. * -
*
"' &$ " + #?
15.

+ A?
16. * G & +&$ ' * &

+$ # ?
67
3. E

= # "# +" & #>@ : [1].
3.1. ))%)(%( 4*)(*%) +0*(D&%) &)&/

i
x (n)
xmax
N/2
e(n)
'x k
4
3
2
1 nT#
0
1 1T# 2T# 3T#
2
3
4
-N/2
xmin
. 3.1.

!
"
+

= " <+ # "-
, "& <+> . K -
% # # E* < # " + "
# , * N, "
',.
C $ < -
* " # (,) ( . 3.2)
',, " ,, >@ #
#* , ,.
K % # < -
' %# "* * '
x k 0.5
M ('x k ) ³ (x x k ) p( x ) dx . (3.1)
x k 0.5
68
p(x)
'xk
x
xk-0.5 xk xk+0.5 xm
. 3.2. + !H

"! ! ()

x k 0.5
D('x k ) ³ ( x x k ) 2 p( x ) dx . (3.2)
x k 0.5
= +< * % #% +,
" * #* -
(xk) – " > ,=,.
!#
> @
x k 0.5
M ('x k ) p( x k ) ³ ( x x k ) dx
1 p( x ) ( x
k k 0.5 x k ) 2 ( x k 0.5 x k ) 2
2
x k 0.5
, # , V('xk)=0.

<
x k 0.5
D('x k ) p( x k ) ³ ( x x k ) 2 dx
x k 0.5
1 p( x ) ( x
3 k >k 0 . 5 x k ) 3 ( x k 0 .5 x k ) 3 . @
= , ,k #
D('x k ) 1 p( x ) 'x 3 .
12 k k
+ , " # (,k) 'xk -
$%# * # 'xk,
D('x k ) 1 >p( x ) 'x @ 'x 2 .
12 k k k
69
< " -
* # " " * 0 ,m
N
D('x k ) 1
12 ¦ p(x k ) 'x 3k .
k 1
& 'xk ='xi = const (izk)
N
'x 2k
D('x k )
12
¦ p ( x k ) 'x k .
k 1
N
'x 2k
=+ ¦ p( x k ) 'x k 1, D('x k )
12
.
k 1
! ", &% # # <
# +<
* # > " (,).
A# # <

'x k xm
V('x k ) D('x k ) .
12 N 12
# # < "#,
% # + $# -
+ * :
xm xm
N .
'x k V( 'x k ) 12
A# +, $# +< < -

# & -
>@ + * .
3.2. 0*(D&%)8 *&(*&0 &)&/

+* *A&'4 A&4 (( *%+*(-((&/
" & , % + -
% " * " , # -
& " *, & &$ <&
# ' &$ '
* .
= E # " , # # " %*< $ -
&$ " * n x 'x k n x r 1 'x k . "+ "-" -
" $ " +
" ## <+ .
70
D# " < # &$ "-
# < (',):
x #$ ±'xk;
x ;
x #$ ±0.5'xk;
x + " A .
p('x) p('x)
'x 'x
–'xk 0 +'xk 0 +'xk
) )
p('x) p('x)
'x 'T
–0.5'xk 0 +0.5'xk –'Tk–T0 0 +'Tk+T0

) !)
. 3.3. + !H

# &$ " # < ('$)
U'* '* # #$
±'xk ( . 3.3,) &$ '
&$ " +&$
$ $, .
K + " <
'x max r 'x k .
= # <+
'x k
Jk r .
xm
71
A# " <
M ('x ) 0 .
A# # < < >
"+ " n x 'x k , . . < > -
# ( . 3.3,)
'x k
'x k
V('x ) 2 ³ p('x ) 'x 2 d'x .
3
0
U'* '* # ( . 3.3,)
'
&$ " +&$ $ '?@
+4, &$ #$# @
#* &, + &$ " * # "
n x 'x k # nx 1 'xk # "+ " n x 'x k .
E + <+
'x max r 'x k .
= # <+
'x k
Jk r .
xm
A# " <
'x k
M ('x ) .
2
A# # < < >
"+ " n x 'x k , . . < > -
# ( . 3.3,)
'x k
'x k
V('x ) ³ p('x ) 'x 2 d'x .
3
0
U'* '* # ('x) -
#$ ±0.5'xk ( . 3.3, ) '
&$ $ '-
?@ +4 # #$# -
$ $+?@+? + $*
$$, * 0.5'xk. + &$ " *
, " # " (n x 0.5) 'x k # n x 0.5 'x k #
72
"+ " n x 'x k . J % " #
$ + +% " . E -
+ <+
'x k
'x max r .
2
= # <+
'x k
Jk r .
2 x m
A# " <
M ('x ) 0 .
A# # < < >
"+ " n x 'x k , . . < > -
# ( . 3.2, )
0.5'x k
'x k
V('x ) 2 ³ p('x ) 'x 2 d'x .
12
0
;+%'* '* # ( . 3.2,)
$ +?@ $+%
# ;0. !+&* " # "
# $ &$ &$ " # –
T0 0 0 +T0. E + <+
'T max rT0 .
= # <+
T0
Jk r .
Tm
A# " <
M ('T) 0 .
A# # < < >
"+ " n x T0 , . . < > -
# ( . 3.3,)
T0 T0
2 1 (1 'T ) 'T 2 d'T T0
V('T ) 2 ³ p('T) 'T d'T 2 ³ T0 T0 6
.
0 0
73
3.3. 0*(D&%)8 ) &)&/ +* A(*(&
%*(-&(-*)&0 %*(-&(0 A&(&6 (&'
# " # > -
& " "* &, # # #-
& " " #&* % . J & #,
# $# ' > & " &, #-
# # & " "#&* % . ? -
, < $& E # & " -
#+&$ &$ , # # &
" " #&* % . E
* "#* < " -
&$ " * "* & #+ '".
U# # * " > "-
# # " & " %
# * '
&$ , ">-
@ $, , #* >@ " # $ , ">-
@ $
"* *. $ $ " # -
"+ " &$ " *. D#
#* >@ # " * "&$
" $
$ # " # + @+> '
&$ .
D# * "#* <
" # # # " * -
"+ " &$ " *. A , '
-
* &# ' ' '
> # # " . =# +$-
+? $$? "+& & .
& < # #-
# " *# # # & " ,(t) -
% ;=ti+1 – ti (%# &# # $ # &$
/
" *) $ x x . ; – # ++
– " "& ,(t) # .
A# # " & ,(t) # $-
# "+ "
&$ " *:
T# / 2
³ >N 'x k @ dt
1 2
x N 'x k ,
T#
T# / 2
# N – '
;.
A# # " ,(t) # :
74
T# / 2 2
/ ª 'x º
>N 'x k @ 2 'x 2k
x 1
T# ³ «¬ N 'x k t T#k »¼ dt
12
.
T / 2
#
=<+ # # # -

" # ;:
'x 2
/
x x N 'x k >N 'x k @ 2
k
1 .
J " 12
|
/
x N 'x k 24 N 2
H < N " # # &$
" * , ,(t)
+ $ +< $ #$ " ,,
N| 1 .
24 J "
"# J " 0.1% , N=7.
?*# $# < , ,(t)
4 $ 0 , $ + +%.
/
!# # # " x
T 2
/ ª 'x k º N 'x k
³ «¬ N T »¼ dt
x 1 ,
T 3
0
# ! – # ++ '.
A# # " x $
T
2
N
(k )
N ª ( k 1) T ( k ) T º 2
« » ª N 'x º N 'x k
x 1
T ¦ ³ «
N
2
N
» «¬ T »¼
k
dt
3
(1 1 2 ) .
8 N
k 1 T
¬ ¼
( k 1)
N
!# <+ # # #-
" ,(t) &$ $
N'x k N'x k
/
x x (1 1 2 )
3 8N 3
J " / N'x k
12.
x 8 N
3
H < N " # # &$
" * , x(t) * $-
0 x
N 1 .
8 J "
75
"# J " 0.1% , N=12.
x(t) " $ + +', <+
" # # &$ " *
/
x x 0.4 .
J " /
x N3
= J " 1% $# , & N=10, J " 0.1% $-
# , & N=50.
A# +, &$ J " *
" # # &$ " * & # "&$ "-
" ,(t) .
D# "# " +& # " "-
, $# +, <+ J " +< ,
+ &. =E $# + *
# "# " < %-
" # " , # +
* " ,.
% "+, <+
" ' " ,(t) "
+
/
x x 0.01 ,
J /
x N2
" ,(t) #+ "
J 0.084
1.43
.
N
= J " 1% $# , & N=5, J " 0.1% $-
# , & N=23.
3.4. +*(-((&( +0*(D&%) ) &)&/ % ()

%*&/ % --)&6 +0*(D&%)8F +*(*A&/
& & " " +&$
" *, &$ " > < . H -
&$ " +$ " ## <+ 'X ## , #
". = # E $
$ * < "%& # #$#.
& $ $, >, * -
'x k < 'X ## . !# " x #
", x 'X ## & %# *,
# # (AD) * <
76
'X 2 'x 2k
##
V6 .
12
'x k
#+ 'X ## =0 V 6 , #
12
* # < @

#$# # > < . D# #%
&+ 'x k < 'X ## =0, # +, V 6 0 .
& $, #>, &$ &< "$
# x 'X ## <+ " + ,
x + 'X ## $# " #& #* 'x k .
!#, 'x k < 'X ## < 2 'x k , AD <
'X 'x k
##
V6 .
2
'X 2## 2'x 2k
= 'x k 2 < 'X ## AD < V 6 .
12
$% + 'x k =0, . . Nof, &% #
AD * < #$#$ #>
'X ##
V6 .
12
$% + 'X ## =0 #$#
V 6 0 , #$# V 6 = 0, > #$-
# 'X ## =0 $# # * , , " , <+
" + .
3.5. &)*8&'( +*%'

1. D# , < "# #-
&$, #& .
2. =<+ " &$ "$
# < .
3. =<+ " # " -
#+ .
4. =<+ " #* >@ "
#+ .
5. =<+ ## * $ .
77
4. E #G

= # "# +" & #>@ : [1,
9, 10, 11, 12].
4.1. &)(%( +*(-%)(&( -%*()A*&&0 %0&,

*&(*&/ &(*&(*&/ -%*()A9/ %0&
"' & x(t) -
** ' * %
' x(t)
' > # "'
'* ( t ) : x # ( t ) x ( t ) '* ( t ) .
;' '* ( t ) # ++> # &$ +-
# !#, # ++>, * 0, @#+>,
* # ', . .
' * :
f
*
' (t ) ¦ G( t k T# ) .
k f
" &* x # ( t k ) # +-
+> + , @#+ &$ x (k T# )
# x ( t ) & k T# , % &+
# #
N
x # (k T# ) ¦ x ( t k ) G( t k T# ) . (4.1)
k 0
"' % " # + , . . -
& < T#=const , . . & <. A -
& & > -# " & -
# " & .
-' , , >
# + + % + E –
# # " , -
+ ' " # ++ + . #-
" - &$ -# " -
* " < +" >
78
" &$ ' , &$
' +
" + %# "* *, >@* # ,
* * # + + . ? , E*
'+> +" ", +
" ' + * #' .
x# (t)
x(t)
t t
) )
. 4.1. E !
:
)
!; )
!
* # # " -
# " * & " %-
& ( -# " > +" "+
@+> + "-" # &#*-
), '" > " + & >
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(s s k )
k 1
# s k e
>
j S 12
( 2k 1)
2n
@
, A – .
? #
+ # "#-
> " * :".
lg(A 2" 1)
n . (5.10)
2lg(: " )
% ^"'4 1.
' ;=?H H&< 1 #
+ n #
H(s) C , (5.11)
n
(s s k )
k 1
# s k Vk j \ k , Vk sh (M) sin( 2k 1 S) ,

2 n
99
J J 1 J J 1
\k ch (M) cos( 2k 1 S) sh (M) ch (M)
2 n , 2 , 2 ,
1/ n
ª 2 º
J «1 1 H » , H – +'
+.
H
¬ ¼
? #
+ H&< 1 # "#-
> " * :" +' -

lg(g g 2 1) A 2" 1
n ,g . (5.12)
lg(: " : 2" 1) H2
% ^"'4 2 ('*).

' ;=?H H&< 2 ( ) #
n
(s sn k )
H(s) C kn 1 , (5.13)
(s sp k )
k 1
:" : " D k : " E k
# sp k V k j \ k , sn k j , Vk , \k ,
cos( 2 k 1 S) D 2k E 2k D 2k E 2k
2 n
J J 1
Dk sh (M) sin( 2k 1 S) E k ch (M) cos( 2k 1 S) sh (M)
2 n , 2 n , 2 ,
1/ n
ª A A 2 1º
J J 1 J
ch (M) «¬ " " »¼ .
2 ,
? #
+ H&< 2 % #
"# > " * :" +' -
, &% (5.12).
5.3.5. $%
#$!"

&*
+- " $ (;=?H) "-

+- (;=) @+>
#>@ $ &$ " *:
s
D&E^-DE^: s o (
+ " $ );
:u
:
D&E^-D ^: s o u (
+ & $ );
s
s 2 :u :l
D&E^-D&: s o ( *
+);
s(: u : l )
100
s(: u : l )
D&E^-DU: s o (%&*
+).
s2 :u :l
:u – $ ", :l – % ".
=&* ;= " &* ; @+> -
* " (5.6).
;=?H % &+ " ;=?H *
" (5.6). &> & "
# ;:
>Zc Zu @
1 z 1 D sin(
2
T)
]&E^-]E^: z o ,D ;
1- D z 1 >Zc Z u @
sin( T)
2
1
>Zc Zu @
z D cos( T)
]&E^-] ^: z 1 o ,D 2 ;
1 D z 1
>Zc Zu @
cos( T)
2
]&E^-]&: z o 1 k 1
> @
z 2 2D k z 1 k 1
k 1 ,
> @
k 1 z 2 2D k z 1 1
k 1 k 1
>Z Z @
cos( u l T ) >Z Z @ Z
D 2 , k ctg( u l T ) tg ( c T) ;
>Z Z @ 2 2
cos( u l T)
2
1
]&E^-]U: z o k 1
> @
z 2 2D z 1 1k
1 k , D
>Z Z @
cos( u l T )
2
> @
,
1 k z 2 2D z 1 1 >Zu Zl @
1 k k 1 cos( T)
2
>Z Z @ Z
k tg ( u l T) tg ( 0 T ) .
2 2
Zu – $ ", Zl – % ", Z0 – '+
=; C;, Z – " ;=?H, T – # # "' .
5.3.6. $ &

C + '
*
+:
+ – =; ( *); -
' – ; & " – 50 ', 150 '; # -
300 ' – 20 #; # "' – 1 '.
U4
1. C
+ & # n
+-
" $ (;=?H) ' .
101
lg(A 2" 1)
n , # :" – + "#% , " – E
'
2 lg(: " )
"#% .
= "# > $ " F2=150 ', "#% F"=300 '.
F
A# +, + "#% :"= F " 300
150
2.
2
E
' "#% "# # '$ # (20 #).

&" +&$ # '$ ("=10).
= " # #
+
lg(10 2 1)
n
2lg(2)
= 3.31.
D +<> # n=4.
2. ;=?H 4 # &# #>@ "
H(s) 1 ,
n
(s s k )
k 1
>
j S 1
# s k e 2 2n
( 2k 1)
@
V k j \ k – >
+.
n
+ % " + 2 #
H(s) 1 1 1 1 .
s 2 2V1 s V12 \12 s 2 2V 2 s V 22 \ 22 s 2 2V1 s 1 s 2 2V 2 s 1
( 2 k 1) º
Vk cos(S ª 1 ).
«¬ 2 2 n »¼
( 211) º ( 2 2 1) º
V1 cos(S ª 1 ) 0.383 , V 2 cos(S ª 1 ) 0.924 .
«¬ 2 2 4 »¼ «¬ 2 2 4 »¼
3. = " # " ;=?H &*

+-
(;=) "# ( # *
+).
=" # * #>
' > H(s)
s 2 :u :l
so , # :u – $ ", :l – % -
s(: u : l )
". ( : u 2 S Fc 2 , : l 2 S Fc1 , ': : u : l ).
' % * " -
& :l $# # + Z12
:l S Fc1 S 50
Zc12 2 F# tg ( ) 2 F# tg ( ) 2 103 tg ( ) =50.41.
2 F# F# 103
2
H(s) 2 2V 2Zc12:
1
2V Zc12: >Zc12:u @2 1
.
k 1 s 2 ':k s (1 ': u ) k ': u 1s 2
': ': 2 s
102
4. & * " ;= "#&*
'
*
+.
s o (2F#)[(1–z–1)/(1+z–1)].
2 B B z 1 B z 2 B z 3 B z 4
H(z) A 0,k A1,k z 1 A 2,k z 2 A 3,k z 3 A 4,k z 4 .
0,k 1,k 2,k 3,k 4,k
k 1
1
ª 2 F# 2 2 Vk 2 F# § 2 Zc12 Zc2 · ª 2 Vk Zc12 Zc2 º ª« Zc12 Zc2 º» »º
2
C0 « §¨ · ¸ «¬
»
k « © dB ¸ ¨ 1
¬ ¹ dB
© dB
2
¹
2 F# dB ¼ «¬ ( 2 F#) 2 dB2 »¼ »¼
B C0 B 0 B 2 C0 B 0 B C0 A 1
0 k k 1 k 2 k k 3 k 4 k k 0 k
ª ª 2 ºº
« 4 § 2 F# · 2 §¨ 2 Vk 2 F# ¸· 2 ª« 2 Vk Zc12 Zc2»º 4 « Zc12 Zc2 » » C0
2

« ¨© dB ¸¹
A
1 k © dB ¹ ¬ 2 F# dB ¼ « 2 2 »» k
¬ ¬ ( 2 F#) dB ¼ ¼
ª 2 F# 2 ª 2 ºº
« 6 § · 2 ª 1 2 Zc12 Zc2 º 6 « Zc12 Zc2 » » C0
« ¨© dB ¸¹ « »
A
2 k 2 « 2 2 »» k
¬ ¬ dB ¼ ¬ ( 2 F#) dB ¼ ¼
ª 2
§ 2 Vk 2 F# · ª 2 Vk Zc12 Zc2º ª Zc12 Zc2 2 º º
« 4 § 2 F# · 2 ¨ ¸ « » « » » C0
« ¨© dB ¸¹
A 2 4
3 k © dB ¹ ¬ 2 F# dB ¼ « 2 2 »» k
¬ ¬ ( 2 F#) dB ¼ ¼
ª 2 F# 2 § 2 Vk 2 F# · ª 2 Zc12 Zc2 º ª 2 Vk Zc12 Zc2º ª« Zc12 Zc2 º» »º
2
«§ · ¨ ¸ «
A
4 k

« ¨© dB ¸¹ © dB ¹
1
2 » «¬

2 F# dB
»
¼

« 2 2 »»
C0
k
¬ ¬ dB ¼ ¬ ( 2 F#) dB ¼ ¼
#
¢ 1
B 0.06527802 B 0 B 0.13055603 B 0 B 0.06527802
0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
A 1 A 2.92520672 A 3.66251757 A 2.33655434 A 0.65819494

0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
¢ 2
B 0.0525718 B 0 B 0.1051436 B 0 B 0.0525718
0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2
A 1 A 2.69104173 A 2.94961679 A 1.54652942 A 0.33543104

0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2
5. & %# &# #>@ "

§ 4 4 ·
¨ ¸
y
j k

¨ ¦
B y
t k j t k1
A y ¦
t k jt k ¸
©t 0 t 1 ¹,
# yj,k – &$#* k-, yj,k–1 – $#* k-.
$#&* $#*
+ " yj,0.
103
5.4. &)*8&'( +*%'
1.
'
+ . D & $
+ .
2. = F-
+ # * "-
: # # ".
3. A& ' #
' * -
" .
4. #& ' ;=?H. &
+- .
U + #*
' > (@ * #$#).
5. & & " " # -
* " .
104
6. !$ -!
I$
= # "# +" & #>@ : [2,
3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 18].
6.1. &)(A &(*(*%&'4 :8)* ()- (%'4 :&96

6.1.1.

A " ?C; (F-
+ ) & "#* # -
" * * $
+ Hd(jq) & ""-
#& # & < ' ( . 6.1). D
"> +* $
+ h(n)N -
* # & N, >@* E
' #*

'
N 1
H(z) ¦ h (m) z m . (6.1)
m 0
& , $ + $
"& * " * ;+, @+> " -
;+ % &+ *# + $ hd(n),
"#* # " * * $ :
Z# / 2
T# jZn T#
h d (n ) ³ H d ( j Z) e dZ . (6.2)
2 S
Z# / 2
D# + $ (6.2) #+
+
> # >
" * " :
n < 0 hd(n) v 0 –
+ % $# "#* .
=E % &+ # +" -
+* $ ?C;.
? , # '
;?H * ± q#/2
1, Zc d Z d Zc ;
H d ( j Z) ®
¯0, # # $ Z ;
Z
T# jZ m T# Z T# sin(Z mT# ) O sin(O m )
h d ( m)
2 S ³ H d ( jZ)e dZ
S Z m T# S Om
.
Z
105
. 6.1. @"% %! DGC
+&$ $ # $
; #& . 6.1.4.
= + +* $ (6.2)
"
"&* F-
+ * $ *, "* "-
#*, % # hd(n) (N – 1)/2 -
" # n < 0 n N. = E $
+ & # ;+ E
'
hd[n – (N –1)/2]:
N 1
jZ m T#
H( j Z) ¦ h d [m ( N 1) / 2] e (6.3)
m 0
" , # ;+ %# "-
["", " >@ ' "& &$
' *.
< ' # &$
-
' * +> $ ?C; >
# & +* $ hd[n – (N – 1)/2] @+> ' -
+&$ &$
' * w(n) * # & N:
h (n ) h d [n ( N 1) / 2] w (n ) . (6.4)
= E % > $+%+?
+? +? wR(n) = 1, n = 0,..N – 1.
=* " +* $ -
$
+
N 1
jZm T#
H( j Z) ¦ h[m] e ,
m 0
# * * "#* * $-
Hd(jq) * $ * (;+z") -
*
' W(jq):
106
Z# / 2
T#
H( j Z) W ( j Z) * H d ( j Z) ³ W( j T) H d [ j (Z T)] dT , (6.5)
2 S
Z# / 2
# * – , £ – ,
N 1
jZm T#
W ( j Z) ¦ w[m] e – $ *
m 0
' .
& " * * >-
>
. 6.2, # # %>@
' "#* -
* $ & # ;+.
H $ *
' . 6.2 -
&* < * ¤q & , + &$ $-
" +& #> " ~.max @#+> #
& . A * @ -
@ #$ ± q#/2 "+ -

%* * $ *
' & -
@# & "#* * $ * Hd(jq).
. 6.2. < + G,D

"
107
" #, $# * $ -

+ H(jq) # < * -
* $ *
' : 'Z | 'Z , <
' (+' ) "#% ~1, ~2
"& &$ . J #
*
' , #% +:
x +> < ¤q;
x +&* + &$ ~.max +>
@#+ # & ;
x +> # N.
! E # &. !, # -
&
' > +< * + &$ , +-
<> < , +<>@> # &
*
' N. J G " +"&$
&$
' *. C & -
&$ " $.
6.1.2. '% &*
. 6.1 #& +"& " ; &
&$
' *: +*, +*, F, FE
E.
" * < & ¤q=Dq#/N, # D z
"& &* D-
, + &$
~.max >> % '& " < -
' * $ "#% ( -
+& +' * $ ) |~2max|, #, &
# '
;?H * " = /4 [14]. ! % <-
> " ;H.
; # " (==;, =U;, K=;) "-
&$ #&$ <+ ' %
&+ +< ' " , 6 #.
! ' 6.1
#

"
! ¤q ~.max, # ~2max, #
=+ 2q#/N z13,6 z21
!+ 4q#/N z27 z26
F 4q#/N z31 z44
FE 4q#/N z41 z53
E 6q#/N z57 z74
108
C # + #& . 6.1, % "$-
> * $ "#% " #+ &
*
' .
&*4 + – $+% z +-
> < +&* + &$ .
wR(n) = 1, n = 0,..N – 1. (6.6)
H $ ( . 6.3,) # &%
jZ N21 T# sin( Z N2 T# )
WR ( j Z) e . (6.7)
sin( Z 12 T# )
& *
' > < ¤q = q#/N
¤ = 2 /N. = = 0 |WR(j )| = N.
;+% + * # $ -
+&$ &$
' * # * N/2:
2 n ,
° 0 d n d N 1
w T (n ) w R (n ) * w R (n ) ® N 21n 2
N 1 n d N 1
(6.8)
°̄2 N 1 , 2
# +< < #
+< &$ .
H $ +* *
'
# * $ +* *
'
* # &:
sin 2 (Z N4 T# )
WT ( j Z) . (6.9)
sin 2 (Z 12 T# )
& > < ¤q=2q#/N ¤=4/N.

!""@ + HK & &%
w H (n ) D (1 D) cos( 2Sn ) . (6.10)
N 1
= =0.5 * + H, =0.54 –
* + HK ( . 6.3,).
+ &$ *
' FE "& -
& # $ % * ?C;.
H> $ *
' FE ( . 6.3, )
% # + * $ &$ $ +-
&$ &$
' * '+& q0 = 0 q0 = ±q#/N:
> @
WH ( jZ) DWR ( jZ) 1D WR j(ZT# 2S ) 1D WR j(ZT# 2S ) . (6.11)
2 ! 2 !
> @
109
) )
)
. 6.3. C "!%

" (),

" AJ! () (
)
& * $ > <
¤q=q#/N ¤=2/N. =@#+ # &
0.04 % @# # * $ *
' .
+ K #
w B (n ) 0.42 0.5 cos( 2Sn ) 0.08 cos( 4Sn ) . (6.12)
N 1 N 1
= > *
' * FE < *
&* ( 1.5 ") + &$ .
H $ *
' E -
> *
' * FE #% # # +&$ -
&$ 0.04WR[j(q±2q#/N)]. ¥ &$ E* *
' ¤q=q#/N ¤=2/N.

= " ?C; +"> % E
& &

-
' \'<, +
-H&< , , #. [17, 18], # -
&$ " &$
' * *".
6.1.3. +' &* ,
# $ &$
' *, $ ">@ $ -
& " &$ ~.max <
'f 'f
D N N (D-
), &$
' * *" E -
f# f#
& < + + @+> K _,
$#@ &% E*
' :
> @
2
w A (n ) I 0 (E 1 2 n / I 0 (E) ,
N 1
(6.13)
# I0(x) z
' #.
110
# E < # # #
" ' "#* * $
+< * #
+ "# ' .
*"
' (. 6.2) & E
&, & " -
> # "# "$ > "=|~2max| (#) *
$ H(jq), >@* #+&* ;?H, &+
+ " D-
E
' & ¦ [2]:

A " 7.95
D| , A " ! 21 #; D 0.9222, A " 21 #;
14.36
0, A " d 21 #
°
E ®0.5842 (A " 21) 0.4 0.07886 (A " 21), 21 A " 50 #
°0.1102 (A 8.7), A " t 50 #
¯ "
! ' 6.2
$ D- J L
" "+
A", # ¦ D ", # ¦ D
25 1.333 1.187 65 6.204 3.973
30 2.117 1.536 70 6.755 4.321
35 2.783 1.884 75 7.306 4.669
40 3.395 2.232 80 7.857 5.017
45 3.975 2.580 85 8.408 5.366
50 4.551 2.928 90 8.959 5.714
55 5.102 3.261 95 9.501 6.062
60 5.653 3.625 100 10.061 6.410
! ' 6.3
"
"%

" ,

"+
"

[2]
A", # 1 ±~1max, # A", # 1 ±~1max, #
30 ±0.27 70 ±0.0027
40 ±0.086 80 ±0.00086
50 ±0.027 90 ±0.00027
60 ±0.0086 100 ±0.000086
= & " " '& " > D #-
$# &* #
+ N§Df#/¤f, &* "-
# %*< +< .
111
# # $ &$
' *, ' #-
+&$
+ ==;, =U;, K=; "$ * $-
"#% % &+ +<
" , 6 #.
6.1.4. - ' %
'%
/
+&$ $ ; "
> @ & "-
;+ $ # " &$ &$ $ HF Hd(jq).
% E^, " &<, +
$ # &%
Oc O c sin(O c n )
h d ( 0) ; h d (n ) , n=r1, r2, … (6.14)
S S O c n
% $$+?@ % (=;)
&$# # $#:
y(n)=x(n); hd(0)=1; hd(n)=0 nz0; H d ( j Z) 1 Z d Z# / 2 . (6.15)
+& $ ; ^, & ( ),
U (%) V& () &+ &%&
" +& $ '
E^ &:
H d ( j Z) ;H H d ( j Z) =; H d ( j Z) ;?H , (6.16)
H d ( j Z) =; H d ( j Z) ;?H 2 H d ( j Z) ;?H1 , (6.17)
H d ( j Z) C; H d ( j Z) =; H d ( j Z) ;?H 2 H d ( j Z) ;?H1 , (6.18)
# Hd(jq);?H, Hd(jq);?H1 Hd(jq);?H2 – & $
#+&$ ;?H " c, c1, c2, (c2> c1), >-
@ " ;H, =; C;.
! % "+ # # +&$ $ ,
" # " + >@ -
&% :
Oc O c sin(O c n )
h d (0) ;H 1 , h d (n ) ;H , n=r1, r2, … (6.19)
S S O c n
O c 2 O c1 sin(O c 2 n ) sin(O c1 n )
h d (0) =; , h d (n ) =; , (6.20)
S S S n S n
O c 2 O c1 sin(O c1 n ) sin(O c 2 n )
h d (0) C; 1 , h d (n ) C; . (6.21)
S S S n S n
& " $# < # K=;.
112
6.1.5.
!
'% &*
` 1. = "# " > "$ * $ -
"#% " @+> . 6.1 &
*
' , >@* > |~2max| ", #, +-
" < & , . . D.
= +" *
' *" . 6.2 $#-
>@ "# "$ > " & #* -
*
' ¦ D.
= E % & +, " "$ "-
# HF "
+, &$
# & *
' N % "+ +<, +<
' " ~2max. H % HF
+ (=;, C;, K=;),
+< "$ # #* * % *
' . J % -
HF .
` 2. &* *
' "#* $#*
& * $
+ 'f f " f min -
%& < ¤f=¤f=Df#/N $#
$# # *
' # > # -
+* $
+: N t D f # / 'f , # D – E
' -
, " @ * *
' (D-
), . . 6.1, 6.2.
U N %*< ' , &
.
` 3. A @+> " ;+
Z# / 2
T# jZ m T#
h d ( m)
2 S
³ H d ( j Z) e dZ
Z# / 2
#&$ &< $ &% * & -

@ + $
hd(m z (N z 1)/2), m=0…Nz1,
>@ "#* * $ Hd(jq).
= E " "#* * $ -
+"> $ & " f, @& "-
#% $#* &
+ ¤f
J " * & # # "& ' -
$# &
+ "#%
( . 6.3). ? , # =;
f 1 | f 1 'f / 2 ; f 2 | f 2 'f / 2 .
113
` 4. ?$# + $
+ -
@* (Nz1)/2 +* $-
hd(m):
h (m) h d [m ( N 1) / 2] w (m), m 0,1,..., N - 1 .
` 5. C & HF
+
N 1
jZm T#
H( j Z) ¦ h[m] e
m 0
$#& #&
* $ A "$ > -
"#% A".
` 6. ! #&* # -
$#&$ &$ #&$ ( '), -
$# > " &$ " f1, f2
# &
+ N & >.
` 7. ?$# + $# "#+ " *
+* $ h(m) (E
'
+, "-
A), * HF @ #
"#& .
` 8. & "' ?C; ( A
=;) <> >@ "# "' .
A# +, # &$
' * -
> *+ ;HF ""#&
+ # * * * E -

# +* $ h(m)=h(Nz1zm) (. . 2.13, 2.14).
6.2. &)(A &(*(*%&'4 :8)* ()- %))&6 '*

6.2.1.

# * & + $
+
h(n)N $# # "' "#* *
$ Hd(jq) & # -
" ;+ (D=;).
"' * $ Hd(jq) @-
0 … q# $# & &$ " * -
& q # &: qk =¤qk, # k=0, 1, …, N z 1; ¤q=q#/N z < # -
"' ; k z * & ; N z
# "' . C% & %
jZ T
e k # * Z- # " * N
" . 6.4.
114
. 6.4. CA
` ¤q & "
¤qu¤q/(L+1), # L z '& , L = 0, 1, 2, …; ¤q z $#

+.
"+ # " $ -

+ (HF) H d ( j Zk ) H d ( j Z) Z Z ( . 6.5). ! "#-
k
$
" "
+ & ""#& , # ; "&

HF # " $ %# #-
$ # " * HF.
"' * $ . 6.5 &
< ¤q=¤q/2 (L=1).
. 6.5. E

CA
! %
HF " , & 1 (Hd(jqk)=1),
"#% z > (Hd(jqk)=0) $#* – -
115
& %& + & ( " &) "
Hd(jqk)=H1=var, &$ " ' "#*
* $ .
HF Hd(jqk) % + > +>
$ hp(m), #> @+> #
" ;+ (D=;), # "' -
@ &% # +* $ hd(m), -
>@* "#* (& *) * $ Hd(jq):
Z#
T# jZ m T#
h d ( m) ³ H d ( j Z) e dZ .
2 S
0
N -1
& "&: Z o Zk ; dZ o 'Z Z# / N; ³ o ¦ ,
k 0
+> $ hp(m):
N 1 N 1
jZ k m T# jZ k ( m i N )T#
h p ( m) 1
N ¦ H d ( jZ k ) e 1
N ¦ H d ( jZ k ) e
k 0 k 0
# i = 0, ±1, ±2, ±… .
# «p» ", E + $
# * # Np = N, . . # "' * -
# "' * ( . 6.6).
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"+ ECA
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h (m) h p (m N 1), m 0,1,...N - 1
2
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+ H(jq), >@ "#>:
116
N 1 N 1 N 1 jZ m N 1 T
jZ m T# # jZ m T#
H( jZ) ¦ h ( m) e 1
N ¦ H d ( jZ k ) ¦e k 2 e
m 0 m 0 m 0
N 1 N 1
jZ k ( N21 )T# j(Z Z k ) m T#
1
N ¦ H d ( jZ k ) e ¦e
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2
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117
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` 5. C & +> $ ?C;
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KB
H d ( 0) 1
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N N
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.
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Signal & MatLAB #.
120
" F F-
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F-
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1. = '
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+ & # :
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2. A
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(AD).
3. A
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121
8. "$ "G !I
= # "# +" & #>@ : [2,
3, 5, 7, 19, 20, 21].
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& $' $" +% (
) X( j Z) # * # + x(n) * # & N1,
& & # &$ @ $ $ qk= k ¤q:
N1 1
jZ k n T#
=; N >x (n )@ X( j Z) Z Z ¦ x (n ) e , (8.1)
k
n 0
# ¤q=q#/N – < # "' ; N – & &$
&$ & =; {0 z q#}, @
N1; k = 0, 1… N–1 – * & .
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& < # "' # "%+>
x(n) & X( j Z) =;.
# " -
@ @+> " & (D=;).
=; (8.1), D=; % &+ # "' -
& " ;+:
122
Z#
T# jZn T#
x (n )
2 S
³ X( j Z) e dZ .
0
+" "& dq q#/N; ; q q, $#
N 1
jZ k n T#
D=; N >X( j Zk )@ x p (n ) 1
¦ X ( j Zk ) e . (8.2)
N
k 0
A xp(n) # # N: x p (n ) x p (n i N) , i = 0,
±1, .. " x(n) < x p (n ) ¦ x (n i N) .
i
& N u N1 xp(n) = x(n), n = 0, 1.. N – 1, . . xp(n) -
0…N–1 # $#& x(n), #&
(N – N1) & # #%-
" # E ( . 8.2). D=;, &
0…N–1, # -
x(n) =;.
. 8.2. !,

"+ E#D N M N1
& N < N1 (¤q = q#/N > q# /N1) & # -
" &$ # N # +* x(n) ( %-
* ), xp(n) v x(n) n = 0.. N1z1
( . 8.3). J > "%+
# " .
A< N N1 # & < # "-
' ¤q u q#/N1, % %-
* ":
$ * % "'% -
$ ' '", ' '4+'
4 $ wF.
123
& =; N, &<>@ # -
# + N1 (#> E (N–N1) & -
), E ' , # " -
+& # & < ¤q=q#/N1.
x(n) & +" # &< "-
< =;.
. 8.3. !,

"+ E#D N<N1
! ", N- =; # -
" * # N $#* # + x(n) *
# & N1 u N.
=; # % " ;+ # * -
# + xp(n) #, & N, >@* *&*
.
=" =; z D=; (8.1), (8.2) # > #
' # * & qk, * & k:

N 1
j 2NS k n
=; N >x (n )@ X(k ) ¦ x (n ) e , k = 0, 1… N – 1. (8.3)
n 0
N 1
j 2NS k n
D=; N >X(k )@ x (n ) 1
¦ X(k ) e , n = 0, 1… N – 1. (8.4)
N
k 0
& D=; =; N2 ' * %
N(Nz1) ' * % &$ .
D " +"> # &* & +&* -
, &* $ # * " " :
D=; N >X(k )@
N
^
1 =; X* ( k ) * ,
N > @` (8.5)
# * z ' % .
124
* &
=; # % * , & "-
;+ ( *+, # # + ), -
# +> *.
? %* # '
*
+' "+ =;
# &$ # +*. # &$ # -
+* " > > ($+?) *+? .
+ # # # $ # -
+* x1(n), x2(n) # N:
N 1 N 1
y(n ) x1 (n ) * x 2 (n ) ¦ x1 (m)x 2 (n m) ¦ x1 (n m) x 2 (n ) . (8.6)
m 0 m 0
" , # +* * -
% $ *, . . & " ;+
# $ # +* " # > " * ;-
+ E $ # +*: Y(k) X1 (k) X 2 (k) ( ).
& D=;, % @+> =; & + >
# $ # +*:
y(n ) D=; N ^=; N [ x1 (k )] =; N [ x 2 (k )]` . (8.7)
C* # # &$ # +-
* x1(n) # * N1 x2(n) # * N2:
N 1 1 N 2 1
y(n ) x1 (n ) * x 2 (n ) ¦ x1 (m) x 2 (n m) ¦ x1 (n m) x 2 (n ) . (8.8)
m 0 m 0
A ** y(n) # N=N1+N2–1. H&
+ # , =; # +-
* x1(n) x2(n) $# & + # N,
>@ # # + y(n), # & <-
# "' ¤q=q#/N.
= E # + x1(n) x2(n) #> N01, N02
& : N01=NzN1, N02=NzN2, -
* ' > $ # " .
A y(n) #& * % % &+
# @+> D=; " # N-&$ =; -
& &$ # +* x1(n), x2(n):
y(n ) D=; N ^=; N [ x1 (k )] =; N [ x 2 (k )]` . (8.9)
&% (8.9) # & **
&$ # +* * . = -
125
+" &$ # & "-
;+ "& > % &* . D #-
, =; ** # +* * # &
x1(n), x2(n) E =; * # +*,
&$ # "' $ # N=N1+N2z1.
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A * =; &$ # +* +">
# "' F-
+ * * .
A &$#
+ # # * *
* (A) $#* # + x(n) ( # -
* # & N1) * +* $ * h(n) # * N2:
N 2 1
y( n ) ¦ h (m) x (n m) , n=0,1, …N–1; N=N1+N2. (8.10)
m 0
= & A * "> -
& '
&
+& (?C; A).
= * A % &+ &
(8.11):
y(n ) D=; N >H(k ) X(k )@, n=0,1, …N–1; N=N1+N2. (8.11)
# "& > * %-
# +* * # & &. D #-
* $* . 8.4.
E =; +* $ h(n)
N 2 1
jZ k m T# Y ( jZ k )
H ( j Zk ) ¦ h (m) e
X ( jZ k )
m 0
# " * * $
+
(HF), X( j Zk ) , Y( j Zk ) – # " & $#-
* &$#* # +*.
x(n)N1 x(n)N X(jZk) Y(jZk)
=;N D=;N y(n)N
+N01
[x(n)] [Y(jZk)]
h(n)N2 h(n)N H(jZk)

+N02 =;N
[h(n)]
. 8.4. " " G,D

E#D
126
> #>@ ' :
x " N1 $#* # + x(n);
x & N-&$ =; # +* x(n) h(n);
x % N &$ & =; $#* # +-
HF
+ " N-* # +-
Y( j Zk ) H( j Zk ) X( j Zk ) ;
x & N- D=; # + Y( j Zk ) ,
"+ > N &$#* # +-
y(n).
! ", # & &$# -
$# & & $# , " <& "#*
* $ *
+. ; +' @
# + $# " * >, -
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K % & + "'% -
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* * , H( j Zk ) .
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E # " +, ""#& *
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&* $.
"'
+ $# + # " &$
# +* x(n), X( j Zk ) , Y( j Zk ) , y(n) E
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= G & *
+ =; ?C;
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D# E
+ @ " +"-

# & =; D=; & "-
;+ (=;). !, & =; > 2 >
K 2 N log 2 ( N) ' * % + % ' *
% @ &$ . D@ # #
' * # ?C; =; E
127
K 4 N >log 2 ( N) 1@, K % 4 N log 2 ( N) ,
K (1) 4 >log 2 ( N) 1@, K % (1) 4 log 2 ( N) .

= N = 1024 K (1) 44 , K % (1) 40 .
?C; A ' * " # & -
+* $ N2 N2 = N/2
K (1) K % (1) 512 .
! ", "' ?C; =;
+< G ' *. = * ' +"
# $ " &$ =; E
+ #* "'

"& @ &<. = G & * '
&
+&
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A+&* " "> "%
& +& >@ ' " $
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x "< ' ;
x % #&$;
x &#
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# $ $ );
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*&$ @+> + " <-
@ "# & &&$ # * -
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A+&* " # &$ # $ (-
&$) * # + "& > %
" [19].
D & # + " > %-
' (#& "), "%' ( &
=;), ( $ #* *-
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", # + +, #+ -
+, + + ( " ).
128
"
x ";
x ># " (< ) T N T# -
>@ # N & * -
"' ;
x " 'f , &<>@ # # &$
* & ±f#/2;
x "< , ' + -
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"<&$ ("#&$) &$ >@ $ .
A+&* " < # $ %-
&$ > $.
D + " =;
"& '* "' * # &,
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# E > # -
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-
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, # . 8.5. D " " & ' -
" – " < & =;. &$#
=; $#* @ * # #-
+ x(n), * *
' * w(n) * # & N:
N 1 N 1 2 S
~ jZ k n T# j k n
=; N >~
x (n )@ X(k ) ¦ x ( n ) w ( n )e ¦ ~x (n )e N ,(8.12)
n 0 n 0
k=0,1, …N–1.
U#+ ~x (n ) x (n ) w (n ) – " $# # +-
+ =;; qk=kq#/N fk=kf#/N – & ", "& &
% " &: 1 < # "' -
* f#/N. " N "&$ 1
(f#/N) " '+& qk (fk), E "-
k=0,1,…N–1 > , -
~ ~
* & =; X( j Zk ) X(k ) .
' #-
, " ># $#* , # *
# " T=NT# ># .
129
~ ~
x ( 0) X ( j 0)
~ ~
x (1) X ( j 1)
~
x (n )
x(n) =;N
[x(n)]
…
~ ~
x ( N 1) X ( j ( N 1))
w(n)N
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E#D
% > " < > *
*, E & =;

# " * * "
X(jq) * $ * () *
' W(jq):
~
X(j Zk ) X(j Z) * W ( j Z) Z Z , # * – , . . -
k
#% > (# >) $4% . D
# # + , %>-
@ "+& + ".
= ' +&$ &$
' * "
# + + &"& &
E
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+*< &$#&$ #&$ =; @
"&$ ' &$ @+> =; +&$
$ , " @ $ # " &$ .
$, xp(n) # NT# ' >
#& A m (Zk )
"& M(Zk ) * kf#/N $
# " # @ >A m (Zk )@2 / 2 .
', * % x(n)
( # $) ' >:
x +> + X(j Z) "+> [/'], #>
# | X(j Z) | M(Z) , . . #&
" &
& > $ " q=qk $ =;;
x E * +> + E Sx(q)
2
( X(j Z) ) "+> [2/'], "& >@> #
E % & > # &$
$ qk.
+*', x(n) ' > +> +
@ Px(q) "+> [2/'], >@>
< +* E *&
130
&, . . & * E * % & >
# &$ $ qk.
, ', *&$ x(n), y(n)
@+> =; "> $ " > +> + @-
Pxy(q).
= "' &$ + "
" &$ % " + < -
"+ " $ " [20].
=; # &%
N 1
jZ k n T#
X ( j Zk ) ¦ x (n ) e .
n 0
@ $ xp(n) #
NT# kf#/N, #>@ =;,
#& #> A m (Zk ) 2 X( j Zk ) ,
N
"& – M(Zk ) arctg[X Im ( j Zk ) / X Re ( j Zk )] ,

2
# @ 2 1 X( j Zk ) .
N
* # + NT#
& " $# #&,
"& @ k-* -
* & , + +
$ qk # T#X(jqk). +& $-
"& =; < :
Sx(k)=|T#X(jqk)|2 z + + E qk;
Px(k) =(T#/N)|X(j qk)|2 z + + @ qk;
N 1
Sx 1
N T# ¦ Sx (k ) – E ;
k 0
N 1
Px 1
N T# ¦ Px (k ) – # @+ .
k 0
K% +, + < &
E @ " * "-
& % T# # =; 1/T# # D=;, "&
# - & # ;+ (C;) [20].
8.5. +*(-((&( %%:9/ 0*) " !

& & " ;+ (=;) – E &
& & =;, >@ * > =; & -
+> "&+. D & & #%& 1965 #
131
' !+> " & DA
* . & & > *, $-
j 2NS k n kn
* K$' e WN :
kn ( N k )n ( N n )k
x WN WN WN ;
kn ( k l N )( n m N )
x $ WN WN #, & # -
& * "' N ( =;).
pkn kn
A # * E WN WN / p -
# N/p, # p – '& , & # N.
+" #&$ * $ =; >
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D@ * ' =; "> " =; $#* -
# + =; ## +* +<* # &,
+ # + "%* ( * > =;), " -
& & =; $#* # + .
C" " % # +* -
* * . " E " > & $-
$ & $ $ .
=;, =; % & + + #-
N, >@ '* m:
N=mL, # L – E E % : L=logmN.
+"& =; m= 2, 4,
8, @ > =; $ ? 2.
" [7], . 8.8, @+> =; & %
=; (D=;).
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=+ "# # ++ x(n) * # & N,
n=0,1,…N–1. ?% * =;:
N 1 N 1
j 2NS k n
X(k ) ¦ x (n ) e ¦ x(n ) WNk n , (8.13)
n 0 n 0
# k = 0, 1,…N–1 ( =;) +& G &-
*. C< E* "# # =; $#
#>@ ".
$#> # ++ x(n)N # * N "+ 2 #-
# + # * N/2 – > ( >>@> & x(n)
& # n: x1(n)=x(2n) >: x2(n)=x(2n+1),
132
n = 0,1,…(N/2)–1. J % >
( . 8.6).
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!

D" $ =; X1(k)N/2 X2(k)N/2. &" =; $#* -
# + x(n)N " =; ## +* x1(n)N/2, x2(n)N/2:
N / 2 1 j 2 S k n N / 2 1 j 2 S k n j 2 S k
X(k ) ¦ x1 (n )e N/2 ¦ x 2 ( n )e N/2 e N
(8.14)
n 0 n 0
k
X1 (k ) X 2 (k ) WN ,
k = 0, 1,…(N/2)–1.
J & N/2 &$ & =;.
> &$ & X(k) # k=(N/2), …(N–1)
*# * # :
kN / 2 k
X(k N ) X1 (k ) X 2 (k ) WN X1 (k ) X 2 (k ) WN , (8.15)
2
k = 0, 1…(N/2 – 1).
&% (8.14), (8.15) #> "+? $? &
(' > G# ):
k
X(k ) X1 (k ) X 2 (k ) WN ,
k
X(k N ) X1 (k ) X 2 (k ) WN . (8.16)
2
k
$#@ * (8.16) % + WN , &* #> # ',
"& > $?@. & (8.16)
>> # % % – & .
" > ' > # >
@+> +-

( =;), . 8.7.
? " ' > % ( $ * &$#)
& ( % * &$#), % >
k
>@ * % + WN .
133
X1(jk) X(jk)
k
WN
X2(jk) X(j(k+N/2))
. 8.7. !% ! ?#D

A +&*
=; #

" &$ ' *. E % "
. 8.8 # N=8.
. 8.8. !% ! ?#D

! J

D' &* G & * #&

' * % :
# =; K.=;=N2;
# =; K.=;=2(N/2)2+N/2=N2/2+N/2.
# , "+ # % G & -
* +< 2 ".
+< %#> " # +* x1(n) x2(n) % "-
+ @ # ## + # +<* # &: x11(n),
x12(n) x21(n), x22(n) (> >) + &< #-
& ' G# $ =; @+> " &$ ' *. !-
% & L " # N/2 # $&$ -
# +* xl(0), xl(1), =; &$ & +:
X L ( 0) x L (0) x L (1) W20 ,
X L (1) x L (0) x L (1) W20 .

"+ &*
=;, "&* . 8.9
# N=8.
134
xp(0)=x(0) X(j0)
xp(1)=x(4) 0 X(j1)
W2 0
xp(2)=x(2) W4 X(j2)
xp(3)=x(6) X(j3)
0 1 0
W2 W4 W8
xp(4)=x(1) X(j4)
1
xp(5)=x(5) W8
0 2
X(j5)
W2 0 W8
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%# " L E & –
G# =; &> N/2 " &$ ' *, @ * G
& * # &$ ' * % % –
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2 2 2
,
K %.=; NL N log 2 N . (8.17)
H ' * @' 4 " +< #
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+ =; ' * %
K .=; / K .=; 2 N / log 2 N .
!, N =210 = 1024 K .=; 5120 , K .=; | 10 6 & -
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135
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136
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+ 2
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k ( n N / 2)
X(k ) ¦ kn
x (n ) WN ¦ x (n N / 2) WN (8.18)
n 0 n 0
k = 0, 1,…N–1.
138
kN / 2 j 2NS k N2
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X(k )
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n 0 n 0
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X(2k 1) ¦ >x (n ) x (n N / 2)@WNn WNkn/ 2 ¦ >x1 (n )@WNkn/ 2 .
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x 0 (n ) >x (n ) x (n N / 2)@,
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n = 0, 1, …(N/2)–1.
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1
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X*(k)=Xre(k)–jXim(k), " " # * >@*, & -
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2
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1 X (k ) X* ( N k ) , X ( k )
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1 X ( k ) X* ( N k ) ,
2 j
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280
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8.2. ; +' =; ................................................ 126
8.3. A+&* " : "# , #&, & .......... 128
8.4. A+&* " =; ................................ 129
8.5. D#
' =; .............................. 131
8.6. =; > 2 % ....... 132
8.7. =; > 2 % ......... 138
8.8. & D=; =; ............................... 141
8.9. +& & .......................................................................... 142
9. A!CD³A! ;CDD³ DCD! A?\D ........................ 143
9.1. A& "' DA ............................................... 143
9.2. D DA, >@ E> " ..... 145
9.3. D & * =DA ................................................................... 148
9.4. D@ ' & $ =DA ........................ 150
9.4.1. = $ ' ......................................... 150
9.4.2. $
?* # $ .......... 151
9.4.3. A ' =DA .................................................... 152
9.4.4. D & ' =DA ............................ 155
9.5. D & & =DA ......................................................................... 159
9.5.1.
' ' =DA ......................................... 159
9.5.2. A#& '& =DA (Conventional DSP) ............. 159
9.5.3. <& #& '& =DA
(Enhanced-conventional DSP) ...................................................... 162
9.5.4. ='& =DA $ * VLIW ............................... 163
9.5.5. A& '& ..................................................... 163
9.5.6. #& '& .............................................................. 164
305
9.6. $ & "% ' .......................... 165
9.7. +& & .......................................................................... 165
U\°H? .................................................................................................. 166
\DC;HA³ A=AD ............................................................... 167
=C\D ? .................................................................................................. 169

\ ¢ 1
K# *&$ Mathcad ................ 171
\ ¢ 2
A+&* " Mathcad .................................... 180
\ ¢ 3
K# *&$ MatLab ................. 193
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A+&* " MATLAB .................................. 207
\ ¢ 5
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* " Mathcad ....................... 226
\ ¢ 6
= '
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+ #
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Cifrovaya Obrabotka Signalov Zac

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

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