CLASA AMPHIBIA - AMFIBIENI

AMPHIBIA CLASS - AMPHIBIANS

Triturus cristatus [a]

Pelophylax kl. esculentus [d]

CLASA REPTILIAREPTILE

REPTILIA CLASS - REPTILES

1. Body is closed in toug/i cara{!,ace red by. ceratinous elates (sheets) [a]

Natrixtessellata [h]

ORDINUL CAUDATA

ORDER CAUDA TA

Salamandra salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) Salamandra - Fire salamander

cu pete st/sau dungi galbene with yellow spots and/ or stripes

parotoide puternic exprlmate well developed parotid glands

cloaca urnflata swallow

cloaca

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pana la 25 em. Nurnar larve: 15-70. Dimensiuni la depunere: 10-30 mm, la rnetarnorfozare: 45-70 mm. Maturitate sexuala: In al 3-4-lea an. Durata vietii: 20-25 ani. Longetivita.te: 50 de ani.

Distributie

Altitudine: 100-1100 m. Zona de deal :;;i de munte. Paduri de foloase (fag, stejar), conifere ori mixte.

Activitate anuala

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Interceptare

Terestra tot anul, de obicei actlva crepuscularnocturn. Ziua este secretive, se refugiaza sub busteni, bolovanl, in veqetatie sau litiere. Dupa plol slln perioada de reproducere activa :;;i ziua, Primavera apare in apropierea paralelor; rnai tarziu se departeaza, Acuplarea are lac pe uscat dupa parada sexuala. Este ovovivipara. Femela depune larvele deobicei prlrnavara urmetoare, Depunerea are loc noaptea in paraia:;;e cu sectoare cu apa adanca:;;i calma .. Femela tnsa evita sa intre in apele adanci, preferand zonele cu a adancirne de catlva centimetrii. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate la nivelullitierei. La larve apare :;;i canibalism. Hiberneaza pe uscat, in sol. Se apara chlrnic cu secretii la nivelul pielii :;;i avertizeaza cu coloritul aposernatlc. i:;;i exprfma starea ernotlva prin sunete asemanatoare unui chitait.

Sistematidi

VaHditatea subspeciei endemice Salamandra sslsmandra carpathlca Callnescu, 1931 se afla sub semnul lntrebaril.

Salamandra salamandra salamandra Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 25 em. .. Larvae number: 15-70. Sizes at hatching: 10-30 mm, at metamorphosis: 45-70 mm .. Sexual maturity: 3rd-4th year. Ufe span: 20- 25 years. Longetivity; 50 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 100-1100 m. Hilly and mountainous landscape. Deciduous (beech, oak), coniferous or mixed forest.

Annual activity

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Approach

Terrestrial all year around, in general has a crepuscular-nocturnal activity. In daylight secretive, appear under logs, rocks, vegetation or leaves debris. After rain and in reproduction period active in daylight also. In spring present in the neighbor of water courses, later appear far from water. Mating occurs on land, after courtship. Ovoviviparous .. Larvae are laid in next spring, in streams with deep and calm water zones. Fema Ie avoids the d eepe r pa rt of water bodies, it prefers only the shallow water zones not deeper than couple centimeters. Feeds on invertebrates at debris level. Cannibalism appear in larvae. Hibernation on land in soil. Defense chemically with skin secretions which is betrayed by its aposematic coloration .. Could express its emotions with strident sounds.

Systematics

The validity of endemic subspecies Salamandra safamandra carpathica Callnescu, 1931 is questionable.

6 1. Abdomen colorat uniform nepatat .. , Ichthyosaura + Lissotriton montandoni ... 7

1. Abdomen patat.,.

Speciile Triturus + Lissotriton vulgaris ... 11

1. Abdomen coloured, uniform ...

Ichthyosaura + Lissotriton montandoni ... 7

1. Abdomen spotted ...

Triturus species + Liss,otriton vulgaris ... 11

7 1. Frunte fara santurl interoculare

2. Fara muchii tegumentare pe laturi

3. Masculi cu creasta dorsata nedrntata

4. Poate fi intalnit in tot lantul carpatic ...

Ichthyosaura alpestris

Triton de munte ... 8

1. Frunte cu 3 santur: longitudinale

2. Cu muchii tegumentare bine dezvoltate pe laturile spatelui

3. Masculi fara creasta

4. Traieste doar in Carpatil Orientali sl in partea estica a Carpatiilor Meridionali ...

Lissotriton montandoni Triton carpatic ... 9

Habitat. Ichthyosaura aipestris -j.acul BiUea, Sibiu

1. Farhead withautgroves

2. Without dermal fringes on thelaterals

3. Male with straight, shallow dorsal crest

4. It can be found in all the Carpathians ...

Ichthyosaura alpestris

Alpine Newt ... 8

1. Forhead with 3 groves, often colored

2. On the lateral part of the back dermal fringes are emphasized

3. Male without dorsal crest

4. It can be found only in the Oriental and Eastern part of Meridional Carpathians ...

Lissotriton montandoni Carpathian Newt ... 9

Ichthyosaura aipestris aipestris (Laurenti, 1768) Triton de munte - Alpine newt

creasta dorsals dreapta $i scunda straight and short crest

pete inchise pe fond albsidefiu dark spots on white-glittering ground

fara creasta without crest

colorit albastru, uniform

blueish, uniform color lateral cu muchii.

tail laterally flattened with edges

marmorate marbled

cclorit

b ru n- masl in i u olive-brown color

vedere dorsata dorsa! view

abdomen nepatat unspotted abdomen

Cantitative

Lungime femela: pana, la 12 em, mascul mai mic, Nurnar QUa: 100~200. Larvele la eclozare: 7~9 mm, la metamorfozare: 30~50 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-3~lea an. Durata vietii: peste 10 ani, Longetivitate: peste 20 de ani.

Ichthyosaura (Meso triton , Triturus) alpestris alpestris Qua ntitative

Female length: up to 12 ern, male shorter. Eggs number: 100-200. Larva sizes at hatching: 7-9 mm, at metamorphosis: 30-50 mm. Sexual maturity: 2nd-3 rd year. Life spa n: over 10 years. Longetivity: over 20 years.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 300-2200 m. Din zona deluroasa pana In golul alpin. Din zona padurilor de foioase pana la pajistile alpine.

Activitate anuala

I/J

M

F

M

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••••••• .. ' .. : . ... ..

Intercepta re

In perioada de reproducere acvattca, in restul anului terestra .. In unele populatii faza acvattca se poate prelungi. In zona alpina poate f acvatica tot anuL Prezlnta neotenie .. Prlrnsvara alege balti sau paraie cu curs lin, limpezi, partial umbroase, nu prea adancl, Masculul prezlnta un dans nuptial complex .. Femela depune ouale unul cate unul, invelindu-Ie In frunzele plantelor sau Ie depune pe fundul baltiI. 5e poate observa cand urea la suprafata apei pentru a respira .. In faza acvatica activa ziua in partea adanca a baltilor, noaptea deobicei langa mal; in faza terestra este crepuscular-nocturne .. Ziua secrettva, se refuqiaza In litiera Dupa ploi active ;;i ziua. Este fidela locului de reproducere, in faza terestra rarnane in apropiere aleqand un mediu umed. 5e hraneste cu nevertebrate. La larve aparesi canibalism. Hiberneaza pe uscat.

Sistematica

S-a propus diferentierea subspeciei nominate in cel puttn doua specH criptice. Aceste doua forme pot fi In contact in zona Carpatilor de Curbura,

DistrIbution

Altitude: 300-2200 m. From hilly to alpine landscape. From deciduous, coniferous or mixed forests to alpine pastures.

Annual actlvity

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• • • •••.• ,11_ •

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Ap.proach

In reproduction time aquatic, later terrestrial. In some populations the aquatic phase could be longer. In alpine zone could be aquatic all year. Display neoteny. In spring choose clear, partly shaded, shallow pools or slow flowing streams. The male perform a complex nuptial dance. The female lays the eggs individually and attaches them to the leaves of plants or to the bottom of water body. Could be observed when emerge to surface for breathing ... In the daytime choose deep parts, in the night appear near to the shore. On land has a crepuscular-nocturnal activity. In daylight is secretive, appear under debris. After rain is active in daylight also. Faithful to its reproduction places, in terrestrial phase present in the nelqhbors choosing a humid environment. Feeds on invertebrates. Cannibalism appear in larvae. Hibernates on land.

Systematics

The differentiation of at least two different cryptic species in nominat form is predicted. The two form could be in contact in the Carpathian Corner.

9 1. Tivitura tequrnentara scunds vertebrala 2. Dunqa alba-stravezie la marginea intertoara a cozii

3. Doarin faza acvatica: coada terminate in cuta cu filament terminal

4. Cloaca neaqra, mare, umflata ...

Mascul

1. Fara tivltura vertebrata

2. Fara dunga alba-stravezie la marginea intertoara a cozii

3. Coada fara filament terminal

4. Cu cloaca relativ mica, galbena-portocatie ...

FemeU,

J. Short dermal fringe on the back-bone

2. White-glittering stripe near to the low edge of tail

3. Only in aquatic phase: tal! ends in a pleat with terminal filament

4. With black, big, swollen cloaca ...

Male 1. Without dermal fringe on the backbone 2. Without white-glittering stripe near to the low edge of tail

3. Tail without terminal filament

4. With relative smell yellow-orange cloaca ...

Female

Lissotriton montandoni (Boulenger, 1880) Triton carpatic - Carpathian newt

Cantitative

Lungime femela: pana. la 11 em, maseul mai mic, Nurnar oua: peste 100. Larvele la eclozare: 6~7 mm, la metamorfozare: 25~35 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in aI3~4~lea an. Durata vietii: peste 8-10 ani. Lonqetivitate: peste 15 de ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 300-2000 m. Din zona de deal, dar In general in zona montana .. Deobicei In padur) de foioase ori mixte.

Activitate anuala

I/J

M

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•••••••••

'.... .. :

•• • •••

Intercepta re

Specie cu 0 pertoada acvatlca scurta, perloada ce corespunde cu perioada de reproducere. In restulanului este terestra, Prirnavara alege 0 mare varietate de tipuri de apa de obicei putin adanci, de la cele sta-tatoare, permanente sau temporare, pana la cele lin curqatoare. eele cu veqetatie sunt preferate .. Fernela depune ouale individual, lipindu-le de veqetatla sau obiectele din apEl. usor de observat cand se rldica la supratata apel pentru a respira, dar este greu de dlferentiat fata de Lissotriton vuiqerls, In faza terestra devine crepuscular-nocturna .. Ziua se refuqiazain microhabitate cu veqetatie deasa ~i litiera. Ram€me in apropierea zonelor umede din vecinatatea locu-rilor de reproducere. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, cu larve de amfibieni. Hiberneaza pe uscat, rar in apa.

Sistematica

Forma monoflletlca. Genetic aproplata de Ussotriton vulgaris, deseori hibrldlzeaza cu ea.

Lissotriton (Triturus) moniendoni Qua ntitative

Female length: up to 11 cm, male shorter. Eggs nu mber: over 100. Larva sizes at hat-ch ing: 6-7 mm, at metamorphosis: 25~3S mm. Sexual rnaturity: in 3rd-4th year. Life span: over 8-10 years. Longetivity: over 25 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 300-2000 m. From hilly zones till to mountainous landscapes. Usual in forested areas (deciduous or mixt).

Annual actlvity

.I(J

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• ••••••••••••

•• ••

. . ...

•••

. ' .

Ap,proach

Species with short aquatic phase, which corresponds with the reproduction period. In rest of the year is mostly terrestrial. In spring chooses a great variety of, usually shallow, water types, from stagnant, per-manent and temporary, to slow flowing ones. Those with vegetation are preferred. The female lays the eggs individually, which are attached to the submersed vegetation or objects. E.asiest to be detected when emerges to surface for breathing, although is hard to distinguish from Ussotriton vulqeris. In terrestrial phase became crepuscular-nocturnal, In daylight retreats in well vegetated and debris rich microhabitats. It remains in the humid zones in the neighbor of reproduction places. Feeds on invertebrates, amphibian larvae. Hibernation on land, rare.ly in water.

Systematics

Monofiletic form. Geneti.cally close to Llssotriton vulgaris, often hibrids could be encountered ..

11

1. Membrele intinse de-a lungul corpului spre centrul corpului, membrele posterioare ating articulatia carpals a membrelor anterioare (mascul) sau varful degetelor anterioare (Iernels)

2. Ventral cu pete diferentlate ...

Triturus cristatus

Triton cu creasta ... 12

1. Membrele posterioare de abia se ating sau sunt separate de 0 mica distanta (mascui) sau nu se ating (fernela)

2. Ventral cu pete contopite in dungi transversale sau intr-o dunga longitudinalEi , ..

1. When limbs are stretched, anterior limbs backward and posterior limbs forward, hind limbs reach the carpal joints of forelimbs (ma/e) or the top of anterior fingers (female)

2. Belly with differentiated spots ...

Triturus cristatus

Crested Newt ... 12

1. Limbs hardly reach to each other or are separated by a short distance (male) they do not reach each other (female)

2. Belly with spots merged in transversal stripes or a singular longitudinal ones ...

Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) Triton dunarean » Danube crested newt

Cantitative

Lungime fernela: pana la 16 cm. Numar oua: 60- 400. Larvele la eclozare: 7-10 mm, la metamorfozare: 45-80 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 3-lea an. Durata vietii: peste 8-10 ani. Longetivitate: peste 25 de ani.

Triturus dobroqlcus

Quantitative

Length: up to 16 cm. Eggs number: 60-400. Larva sizes at hatching: 7-10 mm, at metamorphosis: 45- 80 mm. Sexual maturity: 3rd year. Life span: over 8- 10 years. Longetivity: over 25 years.

Distributie

Altitudine: 0-600 m. Din zona de ses pana in zona deluroasa, in zone deschise.

Activitate anuala

Distribution

Altitude: 0-600 m. From lowland till to the hilly landscapes. Usual in open landscapes.

_---~ -A_n_nual activity

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•••• • ••

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--~~~--------~~~~~==::~--... . . ..

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Interceptare

Specie cu 0 perioada acvatica lunqa, Deseori prezlnta neotenie. Este caracteristica zonelor inunda bile din apropierea fluviilor sl raurtlor din zona de ses. Foloseste corpurile de apa rezultate din revarsarea apelor, dar ~i b~Htile ~i lacurile din zona. Alege partlle insorite cu veqetatie. Usor de observat cand se ridica la suprafata apei pentru a respira. in faza acvatica activasi ziua. Femela depune ouale individual ~i Ie lipeste de veqetatie sau de obiectele din apa. in faza terestra este crepuscular-nocturne. Ziua se refugiaza in microhabitate cu veqetatle deasa. Este strans legata de zonele umede din veclnatatea locurilor de reproducere. In perioadele de seceta rarnane inactive si noaptea. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, cu larve de amfibieni, mormologii mai ales cu alge. Hiberneeza in apa cat ~i pe uscat.

Sistematica

Recent recunoscuta ca specie. Validitatea ~i astfel dtstrlbutla subspeciilor T. d. dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) ~i T. d. macrosoma (Boulenger, 1908) este dlscutablla,

•

Approach

Species with long aquatic phase. Often display neoteny. Characteristic to the flooded areas close to the lowlands rivers and streams. Inhabitant of the water bodies resulted from flows, but also use pools and lakes from the area. Prefers the sun-exposed and vegetated parts. Easiest to be detect when emerge to surface for breathing. In the aquatic phase active also in daylight. The female lays the eggs individually and pastes them to the vegetation or to the objects. In terrestrial phase is crepuscular-nocturnal. In daylight retreats in well vegetated microhabitats. It is strongly connected to the humid zones in the neighbor of reproduction places. In the warm period of the year remain inactive all day around. Feeds on invertebrates, amphibian larvae, tadpoles mostly on algae. Hibernation in water, but also on land.

Systematics

Recently elevated to species status. The validity and thus distribution of T. d. dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) ~i T. d. macrosoma (Boulenger, 1908) is discutable.

12

1.In faza acvatica: creasta dorsala inalta, dlntata adanc, separate printr-o intrerupere de lnceoutul crestet caudale. In faza terestra: creasta scunda dintata

2.0 dunqa alba-sldefie pe coada

3. Cloaca neaqre, mare, urnflata ...

Triturus rnascul

1. Fara creasta, cu un sant media-dorsal

2. Fara dunga alb-sidefie pe coada

3. Cloaca qalbena-portccalte plata ...

Triturus femela

1. In aquatic phase: a long dorsal crest, deeply toothed, separated by a cut at the base of tail. In terrestrial phase: a short toothed crest

2. White, marbled stripe on tail

3. Black, big, swallow cloaca ...

Male Triturus

1. Without crest, just a middle groove

2. Without stripe on tail

3. Yellow-orange colored flat cloaca ...

Female Triturus

Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) Triton cu creasta - Crested Newt

creasta dintata toothed crest

creasta dorsala separate de cea caudal a dorsal crest separated from il

tail

cloaca umflata,

cloaca

Cantitative

Lungime femela: pana. la 18 em, maseul mai mic, Nurnar oua: 60-400. Larvele la eelozare: 8-10 mm, la metamorfozare: 50-80 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-3-lea an. Durata vietii: peste 10 ani, Longetivitate: peste 30 de ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 100-1900 m. Deseori din zona de ses, dar de obicei din zona deluroasa pima in zona rnuntoasa, in zone deschisesi foresti.ere.

Activitate anuala

II]

Intercepta re

in perioada de reproducere acvatlca. Durata perioadei acvatice difera intre populatiile de la diferite altitudini. Rar prezinta neotenie. Prirnavara alege corpuri de apa variate, dela b~Hti ternporare pana la laeuri, preferand partlle insortte cu veqetatie protectoare .. user de depistat cand lnoata la suprafata apel pentru a respira. Masculii pot fi reperatl in tirnpul dansului nuptial, cand i~i onduleaza coada in fata femelei. Fernelele depun ouale separat pe plantele aevatice. in faza acvatlca actlva ~i ziua, 'in faza terestraeste crepuscular-nocturne. Ziua se refugiaza in litiera, sub busteni, bolovani. Dupa ploi rar active ~i ziua, in faza terestra rarnane in apropierea locurilor de reproducere aleqand un mediu umed. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, cu larve de amfibieni. Hlberneaza pe uscat, dar ~i in apa, Se apara cu secretii, ~i avertlzeaza prin colorit,

Sistematidi

Recunoscuta ea forma rnonofllettce, fara subspecii .. Htbrtdtzeaza cu Triturus dobroglcus.

Triturus cristatus

Qua ntitative

Female length: up to 18 em, male shorter. Eggs nu mber: 60-400. Larva sizes at hat-ching: 8-10 mm, at metamorphosis: 50-80 mm. Sexual maturity: 2nd-3rd year. Life span: over 10 years. Longetivity: over 30 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 100-1900 rn, Often from lowland, but in general on hilly landscapes till to the highlands. In both open and forested landscapes.

Annual actlvity

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............ -.-.-.-.. ••••

• • •• :.. • I •••

.... . .. .. . .

....... ... : ..... ~ ..

Ap.proach

In reproduction time is aquatic. The period of aquatic phase is variable in populations from different altitudes. Rarely display neoteny. In spring choose a great variety of water bodies from pools to lakes .. It prefers the sun-exposed and vegetated parts .. Could be detected when emerge to surface for breathing. The males could be observed when waves their tails in front offemales. The females deposit their eggs individually on aquatic plants .. In aquatic phase active day and night, in terrestrial phase is only crepuscular-nocturnal. In daylight retreats under debris, logs and rocks. After rain rarely active in daylight also .. After aquatic phase remain in the neighbor of reproduction places .. Feeds on invertebrates, amphibian larvae. Hibernation on land, but also in water. Protected by its skin secretions, which Is betrayed by its belly coloration,

Systematics

Recognised as monofiletic, without subspecies. Hibridises with Triturus dobrogicus.

Without crest:

Lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Triton oblsnult - Smooth Newt

creasta dorsals porneste dintre ochi dorsal crest start between eyes

fara muchii dorso-Iaterale bine exprimate

without dorsa-lateral edges well expressed

filament caudal caudal filament

degete lobate

gU$a §i abdomen patat spotted neck and belly

cloaca urnflata swallow cloaca

Lissotriton (Triturus) vulgaris vulgaris / Lissotriton (Ttiturus) vulgaris ampelensis Qua ntitative

Ma le length: up to 11 cm, female shorter. Eggs n umber: 60-300. Larva sizes at hat-ching: 6-8 mm, at metamorphosis: 21-40 mm. Sexual maturity: in 3rd-4th year. Life span: 10 years, Longetivity: over 14 years, Lissotriton vulgaris ampelensis. Male length: up to 8-9 cm.

Cantitative

Lungime mascul: pana la 11 em, fernela mai rnlca, Nurnar oua: 60-300. l.arvele la eclozare: 6-8 mm, la metamorfozare: 21-40 mm ... Maturitate sexuata: in

al 3-4-lea an. 0 urata vietli: 10 ani. Longetivitate: peste 14 ani, Ussotriton vulgaris ampelensis. Lungime rnascul: panala 8-9 cm.

Distributie

Altitudine: 0-1500 rn .. Din zona de ses pana in regiunea montana. Ussotriton vulgaris ampelensis. Altitudine: 300-1200 m.

Activitate anuala

II]

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M

•••••••••

...... ,.,.. :

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Interceptare

Faza acvatlca poate depa~i perioada de reproducere, Prezlnta neotenie. Primavera alege 0 mare varietate de tipuri de apa in diferite tipuri de habitate. De obicei prefera ape putln adancl, bine insolate, cu veqetatie, dela cele statatoare, permanents sau ternporare, pana .. Ia cele lin curqatoare. usor de observat cand se ridica la suprafata apei pentru a respire. Perechile pot f usor reperate in tirnpul dansului nuptial. Femela lipeste ouale de plantele sau obiectele submerse. In faza acvatica activa si ziua, in faza terestra este crepuscular-nocturne. Ziua se refugiaza in litiera, sub busteni, muschi, in cdipaturile solulul. In perloadele calde ale anului ramane inactlva sl noaptea. Pretera un mediu umed in apropierealocurilor de reproducere. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, cu larve ;;i oua de amfibien i. Hi berneaza pe uscat, rar sl in apa.

Sistematidi

Apare cu doua subspe.cii: nornlnala ~i Ussotriton vulgaris empelensis, care este endernica Transilva n iel,

Distribution

Altitude: 0-1500 rn. From lowlands till to mountainous region. Ussotriton vulgaris ampelensis. Altitude: 300 -1200 m ..

Annual activity

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. .. .. ,..... . ; ....

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Approach

The aquatic phase could exceed the reproduction period. Presents neoteny. In spring chooses a great variety of water types in various habitats. Usual prefers shallow, sun-exposed and well vegetated waters, which could be stagnant, permanent or temporary, or even slow flowing ones. Easiest to be observed when emerges to surface for breathinq. The pairs are easily detected in time of their courtship activities. The female glues the eggs to the aquatic plants or objects. In aquatic phase is active all day around, later became crepuscular-nocturnal. In daylight retreats in debris. under logs, moss, in soil crevices. In the warm periods could remain inactive. Prefers the humid zones in the neighbor of reproduction places. Feeds on invertebrates, amphibian larvae and eggs. Hibernation on land, rarely in water.

SystematiCS

Appear with the nominal and the endemic transylvanian Lissotriton vulgaris ampelensis subspecies.

netestonata

Lissotriton vulgaris ampelensis Fuhn, 1951 Triton romanesc - Romanian Smooth Newt

creasta dorsala porneste din zona occlpltala dorsal crest start in occipitet region

deseori cu gu;;a nepatata often with unspotted neck

abdomen patat cu pete mici belly with small dark spots

muchii dorso-laterale bine exprimate dorsa-lateral edges well expressed

creasta dreapta

straight crest

filament caudal caudal

cloaca plata flat cloaca

ORDINUL ANURA

ORDER ANURA

Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) Izvora!j cu burta rosie - Fire-bellied Toad

pupila triunqhiulara triangular pupil

abdomen cu pete rosii :;;i portocalii vetral with red and orange spots

pete separate separated spots

lungimea capului egala cu latimea head lenght egal with its width

a rti cu lati i Ie tibia-tarsale nu se ating tibia-metatarsal joints do not reach each other

predornina pigmentullnchis predominant dark pigments

negi cu 0 singura forrnatie cornoasa, distribulti .± uniform blisters with a single cornificated spike, ±

uniformly (J

distributed

calazitati nuptiale nuptial pads

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pa.na la 4,5-5,5 cm. Nurnar oua: 10-300 .. Larvele la eclozare: 5-6 mm, la metamorfozare: 20- 40 mm. JuveniJ dupa metamorfozare: 11-17 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-4-lea an. Durata vietii: 10-15 ani. Longetivitate: peste 29 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 0-500 m. Din zona de ses pana in regiunea deluroasa .. Mai ales in zone deschise.

Activitate anuala

Bombina bombina

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 4,5-5,5 em. Eggs number: 10-300. La rva sizes at hatching: 5-6 mm, at metamorphosis: 20-40 mm. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 11-17 mm. Sexual maturity: in 2nd-4th year. Ufe span: 10-15 years. Longetivity: over 29 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 0-500 rn. From lowlands till to hilly zones. Mainly in open landscapes,

Annual activity

I/J

I/J

D

F

I/J

•

N

•••

•••••••••••••••••

•••• • ••••

• ••

•••• • ••

-~--===="'"-_~-=-.: • .!.~ •• __ • .... ..I.:IId ••• III •

I nte.rcepta re

Forma acvatica, este stransleqata de corpurile de apa folosite. Prefera apele permanente, stagnante, de diferite dimensiuni, de la balti panale lacuri, dar apare si in cele temporare sau lin curqatoare. Deobicei ocupa zonele putln adanci, insortte ~i cu veqetatie deasa, Activa in general. ziua, dar ~i noaptea, mai ales in tirnpul de reproducere. Usor de reperat dupa cantecul masculilor, ce este mal lent, cu un ton mai seazut ca in cazullui Bombina variegata. Se unesc in amplex lombar .. Femela depune ouale Izolat sau in gramezi mici, pe care deseori Ie lipeste de veqetatie sau obiectele din apa .. In cazut in care apele folosite seaca, se retrage in habitatele adiacente, ierboase sau forestiere, ~i incepe 0 viata crepuscular-nocturne. Ziua se refugiaza in crapaturlle solului, in veqetatie, dar devine activa in perioadele ploioase. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate. Hlberneaza pe uscat, rar ~i Tn apa, Se protejeaza prin secretlile plelll.

Sistematidi

Hibridizeaza cu Bombina verieqete, dar de obicei prererlntele de habitat Ie separa areaiul,

Approach

Aquatic form, strongly connected to the used water bodies. The permanent, stagnant water types are preferred, although could appear in temporary or slow-flowing water. Usual frequent in the shallow, sun-exposed and well vegetated shore parts. Nocturnal, but also active at night mainly in reproduction time . .Easy to detect after the male songs, which is slower and played in deeper tons than in case of Bombina variegata. They perform a lumbar amplexus. The female lays the eggs individually or in small clutches, which often are paste on vegetation or submersed objects, If water dry up, it retreats in the adjacent habitats, grasslands or forested areas, and it starts a crepuscular-nocturnal life style. In daylight retreats in soil crevices, in vegetation, but became active in rainy periods. Feeds on invertebrates. Hibernation on land, rarely in water, in mud. Protected by its skin secretions.

Systematics

Hybridize with Bombina verieqete, although their habitat preferences separate thei r d.istribution area.

16

1. Abdomen cu pete galbene - predornina galbenul-, fara puncte albe

2. Negi cu un spin ascutlt, inconjurat de numerosl splnlsori

3. Capul mai lat decat lung (Iungimea cap/ trunchi < 3/1)

4. Artlculatllle tibio-metatarsale ale picioarelor indoite in unghi drept fata de axa corpului se ating ...

1. Abdomen has yel/ow spots - yellow is predominant -, without white dots

2. Blisters have one spike surrounded by smaller ones

3. Head is wider than its length (head length/trunk < 3/1)

4. Tibia-metatarsal joints of limbs bent in right angle to body axis reach to each other

Bombina variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) Izvora!j cu burta galbena - Yellow-bellied Toad

cu pete albe with white spots

abdomen cu pete galbene abdomen with yellow spots

artlculetllle tibiotarsale se ating ttbio-metatarsal joints reach each other

negi cu un spin ascutit, inconjurat de splnlsorl, ± impra~tiati blisters with one spike surrounded by smaller ones,± scattered

d istri bution

predornlna pigmentul galben predominant yellow pigments

calozltat: nuptiale nuptial pads

latimea capului

mai mare decat lungimea head wider than long

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pa.na la 5 em .. Nurnar oua: 50-150. Larvele la eclozare: 6-9 mm, la metamorfozare: 45-55 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 11-16 rnrn. Maturitate sexuals: in al 2-3-lea an. Durata vietii: peste 15 ani. Longetivitate: peste 36 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 150-2000 m. In general din zona deluroasa pana in zona montana, poate ajunge In golul alpin. In zone deschise si forestiere.

Activitate anuala

Bombina variegata variegata

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 5 em .. Eggs number: 50-150. Larva sizes at hatching: 6-7 mm, at metamorphosis: 45- SO mm. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 11-16 rnrn, Sexual matu rity: in 2nd- 3rd year. Life span: 15 years. Longetivity: over 36 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 150-2000 m. Generally from hilly zones till to mountainous regions, could reach the alpine landscapes. In open and forrested areas.

__ ---'A.,....; __ n_n ual actlvity

I/J

II]

F

Intercepta re

Este strans leqata de corpurile de apa ocupate. Foloseste toate tipurile de ape stagnante, temporare sau permanente, cu sau fara veqetatle, preferand insa. pe cele putin adance, Apare §ii in cele lin curqatoare, mai ales in zona montana. In general dlurna, deseori actlvs §ii noaptea, mai ales in perioada de reproducere .. Usor de reperat dupa cantecul masculilor, care este mai alert, cu un ton mal ridicat ca in cazullui Bombins bombina. Femele depun ouale izolat sau in gramezi rnicl lipite de obiectel.e din apa. Cand apele folosite seaca, se retrage in habitatele adiacente,ierboase sau forestiere, .;;;i incepe 0 viata crepuscular-nocturna. Ziua se refuqiaza in crapaturile solului, sub diferite obiecte, dar devine activs in perioadele ploioase. In perioadele de seceta este inactiva. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, mormolocii mai ales cu alge. Hiberneaza pe uscat. Ventral, prezints colorit aposematic vizibil in pozitla defensive caracteristlca ..

Sistematica

Hibridizeaza cu Bombina bombina inzonele de ses si deal.

II]

N

D

-

-

Ap.proach

Stronqlv connected to the used water bodies. Inhabit a great variety of stagnant, temporary or permanent water types, vegetated or not, but with preference to the shallow ones ... Could appear in slow-flowing water types mostly in higher elevations. Usual diurnal, but also active at night, mainly in reproduction time .. Easy to detect after the male songs, which is faster and played in higher tons than in case of Bombina bombina. Females paste their isolated eggs or small Clutches to submersed objects. When the water bodies dry up, it retreats in the adjacent habitats, grass-lands or fares-ted areas, and it starts a crepuscular-nocturnal life. In daylight remain in soil crevices, under different objects, but became active in rainy periods. Inactive through the drought periods. Feeds on invertebrates, larvae mainly on algae .. Hibernate on land. With aposematic coloration on belly displayed in the cha racteristic defense position.

Systematics

Hybridize with Bombina bombina in lowlands till to hilly areas.

Raportul dintre petele de pe abdomen este un bun indice pentru prezenta hibrizilor dintre cele doua specii de Bomblna. In cazul care petele deschise (rosu, portocaliu sau galben) din fiecare dintre cele 10 regiuni analizate - barbie, barble/plept, piept, piept/ urnar, urnar/brat, plept/abdomen, abdomen, abdomen/bazin, bazin ~i bazln/coapsa - sunt separate intre ele prin pigment negru, caraeterul studiat este caracteristic lui 8.. bomblna, iar daca acestea sunt unite, pigmentul deschis din zona corporala respectiva aparand uniform, earacterul studiat se exprims ca la B. varfegata. Nurnerotand caracterul B. bombina cu ° ~i caracterul B. varlegata cu 1, punctajul 0-3, respeetiv 7-10, reprezinta exemplare de B. bomb!nat respectiv de B. variegata. Sumele mediane (4- 6) dovedeste prezenta unor exemplare hibrid. lntrun astfel de studiu suntcomparate datele a mai multor exemplare. Dovada de neeantestat a hibridlzarii este data insa de rezultatul unor analize genetlce.

In case of Bombina species, the degree of confluence or separation of the light ventral spots (red, orange or yellow) of different body parts - throat, throat/ chest, chest, chest/shoulder, shoulder/arm, chestabdomen, abdomen, abdomen/basin, basin and basin/thigh -is a reliable indices of presence of the hybrids In the area, thus a morphological differentiation Is possible. If the light spots are separated by black pigment or respectively united, it is the character ofB. bombina, or respectively to B .. variegata. If we give to each characteristics a mark (0 if it is a B. bombina ori If it is a B. variegata character), an individual can get a score from 0 to 10. The score 0-3 means that the individual is belong to B. bombina and the score 10 indicates a B. variegata individual. Median values (4-6) indicate the presence of hybrids. Although for this analysis data from Singular exemplar is insufficient. The uncontested prove of tiybttdisetion is showed only in genetical analyzes.

17

1. Dorsal cu pete cafenii sau brune roseate, deseori cu puncte rosil

2. Fruntea bornbata intre ochi

3. Tubercul metatarsal mlc, cenuslu sau brun deschis

4. Spatiul interpalpebral foarte convex, membranele lnotatoare ajung pima la varful degetelor

S. Dimensiuni: medie de 5 em .,'

1. Dorsal part contains dark brown, brownreddish spots, often with red points

2. Forehead is bulgedbetween eyes

3. Metatarsal tuber ts small, greyish or light brown

4. Interpalpabral area is very convex, swimming membrane reaches to the top of fingers

5. Size: on average 5 cm ...

Pe/obate.s fuscus tuscus (Laurenti, 1768) Broasca de pam.ant b,runa - Common Spadefoot

pupila vertlcala

vetical pupil

___.~,.~~

cu pete brune pe fond deschis

with brown spots on light ground

bombata intre ochi

¥ bulged

between

glanda humerala humeral gland

ventral cu pete spotted belly

tubercul cenusiu tuber greyish

cu calozitati nuptiale with nuptial pads

membranele ajung pana in v§rf membrane reaches the top

Cantitative

Lungime .:. pana la 6-8 em. Nurnar oua: pana in 1000 .. 1 cordon, latime: 2 ern, lungime: 30-100 em. t.arvele Ja eclozare: 3-4 mm, la metamorfozare: 100- 180 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 15-40 rnrn, Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-3-lea an. Durata vietii: peste 15 ani. Longetivitate: peste 36 ani.

Distributie

Altitudine: 0-650 rn. Din zona de ses pana In zona deluroasa In zone deschise. Evita padurlle.

Activitate anuata

If]

II]

F

Interceptare

Este strans Ieqata de zonele cu sol afanat sau nisipos din apropierea zonelor inundabile ale raurilor §i paraielor .. Deseori foloseste §i zone arabile, Acvattca doar In perioada de reproducere, masculii raman In apa deobicei pana la starsitul perioadei. Prezenta ei depinde §i de existenta corpurilor de apa rezultate din revarsari sau aparute dupa ploi sau ehiar artificiale. Prefera baltile adanc! pana in 100 cm cu plante submerse. Reproducerea are loc zlua cat §i noaptea. usor de reperat dupa cantecul masculilor doar In apropierea locurilor de reproducere. Femela Infa§oara cordonul cu oua in jurul veqetatiei sau a obiectelor submerse. In faza terestra devine nocturne. este activa dupa oreI.e 21-22. Ziua ste inqropata In sol, In adancirnl de 50-100 cm. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, mormolocii mai ales cu alqe, dar apare §i canlbalisrn .. Hrberneaza pe uscat .. In caz de pericol se umfl.3 cu aersl ellrnlna un miros de usturoi.

Sistematica

Apare eu singura. subspecie.

Pelobates fuscus fuscus

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 6-8 em. Eggs number: up to 1000. 1 cordon, width: 2 em, length: 30-100 em. Larva sizes at hatching: 3-4 mm, at metamorphosis: 100- 180 mm. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 15-40 mm. Sexual. maturity: in 2nd-3rd year. Ufe span: over 15 years. Longetivity: over 36 years.

Distribution

Altitude: 0-650 m. From lowlands till to the hilly zones in open landscapes. Avoids forrests.

Annual activity

II]

N

A

5

o

D

••••••••••••••••••••

'. . . .... .

•••••••••••••••••••

Approach

Strongly connected to the light sandy soils near rivers and streams even in agricultural fields. Aquatic only in the reproduction time, the mares remain in water till to the end of the period. Its presence depends from the existence of the water bodies resulted after flows or rainy periods or even artificial ones. The shallow - down to 100 em - waters are preferred, which are inhabited with submerse vegetation. Reproduction take places in day time as well as night time. Easy to detect after male songs only in the adjacent area to the reproduction places. Females attache the cordon to the vegetation or to the submersed objects. In terrestrial period became nocturnal, being active after 21-22 hours. In daylight remain burrowed in 50-100 cm deep soil layer. Feeds on invertebrates, larvae on algae, although cannibalism appears. Hibernates on land. When threatened, it fills up with air a nd spread out a garlic smell.

Systematics

Appear with a single subspecies.

17

1. Dorsal cu pete verzi inchise sau rnasltnf pe fond deschis

2. Fruntea turtita intre ochi

3. Tubercul metatarsal foarte mare, alb

4. Spatiul interpalpebral plat, membranele lnotatoare nu ajung la varful degetelor

5. Dimensiuni: medie de 9 - 10 cm. Poate fi intalnita doar ln sudul, sud-estul tarii ...

1. Dorsal part contains dark green spots or olive spots on light background

2. Forehead is flat between eyes

3. Metatarsal tuber is white and very big

4. In terpalpabral area is flat, swimming membranes do not reach the top offingers 5. Average sizes: 9-10 cm. Only in southern or south -eastern part of Romania ...

Pe/obates syriacus balcanicus (Boettqer, 1889) Broasca de pamant verde - Balcanian Spadefoot

pupila vertlcala vetical pupil

subadult subadult

cu pete verzi inchise pe fond deschis

with dark green spots on light ground

frunte plata flat forehead

glanda humerala humeral gland

cu calozitatl nuptiale with nuptial pads

tubercul alb white tuber

membranele

nu ajung pana in varf

membrane do not reaches the top

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pana la 8-9 em. Nurnar oua: pana in 1500- 3000. 1 cordon, latime: 1,5-2 em, lungime: 40-140 em. Larvele la eclozare: 3-5 rnrn, la metamorfozare: 100-150 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 12-16 rnrn. Maturitate sexua la: in al 2-3-lea an. Du rata vletil: peste 10 ani. Longetivitate: peste 20 ani.

Distributie

Altitudine: 0-250 m. In zona de ses rareori pana in zona deluroasa. In zone deschise ~i forestlere deopotriva.

Activitate anuala

II]

M

A

II]

F

Pe/obates svriecus balcanicus

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 8-9 em. Eggs number: up to 1500- 3000. 1 cordone, width: 1,5-2 em/length: 40-140 em. Larva sizes at hatching: 3-5 rnrn, at metamorphosis: 100-150 mrn. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 12-16 rnrn, Sexual maturity: in 2nd-3rd year. Life span: over 10 years. Longetivity: over 20 years.

Distribution

Altitude: 0-250 m. In lowlands rarely till to the hilly zones. In both open and forrested landscapes.

Annual activity

II]

N

A

D

5

o

........ .-. .....

........•. .-- . .._

'" .: ~, .

....... ... . .. -

-=..;;;~:::;;::::::=::::::==~ _ _.:._:~ •••••...... ._. ... IIJ!,W!.':..:::....----

Interceptare

legata de zonele cu sol afanat sau nisipos din apropierea raurilor si paralelor; dar apare ~i pe dunele de nisip din zona tarrnulut Marii Negre, dar ~i in zone cu sol tare. Este acvatica doar in perioada de reproducere. Prezenta ei depinde de existenta corpurilor de apa dulce rezultate din revarsar! sau aparute dupa ploi sau chiar artificiale, dar uneori apare ~i in ape salmastre .. Prefera baltile relativ adancl cu veqetatie putin abundenta, Reproducerea are loc ziua cat ~i noaptea, este active in apa dar ~i pe uscat, pe insule sau pe malul baltilor. Cordonul de oua este atasat de veqetatie submerse. In faza terestra devine nocturne, este activa dupa orele 22. Ziua sta inqropata in sol sau retrasa In diferite ascunzisurt disponibile. In perioade de seceta estiveaza, apare doar dupa ploi. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, mormolocii cu alqe. Hibemeaza pe uscat. In caz de pericol se umfla cu aero

Sistematica

Apare eu singura. subspeeie.

Approach

Although connected to the light sandy soils near rivers and streams, could be found on sandy dunes near to the Black Sea or even on hard soil. Aquatic only in the rep-roduction time. Its presence depends from the existence of the fresh water bodies re-sulted after flows or rainy periods or even artificial ones. Inhabits also brackish water. The relative deep and scarcely vegetated waters are preferred .. Reproduction take places all day around, they are active in water as on banks .. The egg cordon is attached to vegetation. In terrestrial period became nocturnal, being active after 22 hours. In daylight remain burrowed deep in the soil or hides in the aval I a b I e terrestri a I she lters. Aesti yates through the drought periods, appear after rain. Feeds on invertebrates, larvae on algae. Hibernates on land. When threatened, it fills up with air.

Systematics

Appear with a single subspecies.

br.un-inct.lis,

Bufo bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) Broa.sca raioasa bruna - Common Toad

pupila in forma de romb alungit elongated rhomboid

pupil

fara cuta tequmentara without dermal fringe

calozitati nuptiale nuptial pads

patat spotted

tuberculi perechi paired tubers

Cantitative

Lungime fernela: pima la 13 em, maseul: pa.na la 9 em. N u ma r oua: pana in 9000. 2 cordoa ne, lu ngime: pEma la 600 em. Larvelela eciozare: 5-10 rnrn, la metamorfozare: 25-35 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 7-14 mm.Maturitate sexuala: In al 3-4- lea an. Du rata vietli: 10 ani. Longetivitate: 36 ani.

Distributie

Altitudine: 100-1800 m, In zona de ses in zone forestiere, dar in general din zona deluroasa pana in cea montana .. Prefera padurile de foioase sau mixte.

Activitate anuala

II]

II]

F

Bufo bufo bufo

Quantitative

Female length: up to 13 em, male: up to 9 em. Egg number: up to 10000. 2 strings, length: up to 600 cm. Larva size at hatching: 5-10 mm, at metamorphosis: 25-35 rnrn. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 7-14 mm .. Sexual maturity:. in 3rd-4th year. Life span: 10 years. Longetivity: over 36 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 100-1800 m. In lowlands rarely in forested areas, mainly in the hilly zones up to mounta.inous areas. Mainly in farrested landscapes (deciduous or mixted').

Annual activity

II]

N

A

5

o

D

•

••••••••••••••

••• • • ••

• •

••• • •• ••

~---=:;=::;:::_:=:::::_~!..:.!...!...~ •••• _. • •• • • • --~---

•

Interceptare

Strans leqata de zonele forestiere, prezenta ei in zonele deschise docurnenteza extstenta de 0- dmroera a padurilor .. Acvatlca doar in timpul de reproducere. Prefera apele curate stagnante, permanente sau temporare, dar foloseste sl paralase lin curqatoare. Cantecul masculilor se poate repera doarin apropierea apelor, Cordoanele sunt infasurate pe veqetatie .. In faza terestra devine crepuscular-nocturne - exceptie in perioadele ploioase - !ji se departeaza considerabil de zonele de reproducere, Astfel prlrnavara are loc 0 miqratie de proportii spre ele. Ziua se retrage in diferite ascunzisuri disponibile. Juvenilii arata 0 activitate dlurnala, Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, rareori cu vertebrate; mormolocii mai ales cu alge. Hibemeaza pe uscat, rar In apa, In afara perioadei de reproducere pielea ei secreta substante toxiee.

Sistematica

Htbrtdtzeaza cu Epidalea vtrtdis.

Approach

Connected to the forested areas, its presence in open landscapes indicates the earlier existence of forests. Aquatic only in the reproduction time, prefers clear stagnant, permanent or temporary water types, but uses slow flowing ones also. Male songs could be detected only in the neighbor of used waters. The egg stri.ngs are twisted around the vegetation. In terrestrial period is crepuscular-nocturnal - excepting the rainy periods -., and migrates far from reproduction places. Thus every spring an explosive mlqration, in opposite direction, could be observed. In daylight retreats under shelters or vegetation. Juveniles has a diurnal activity also. Feeds on Invertebrates. rarely with other vertebrates; larvae mostly on algae. Hibernates on land, rarely in water. Excepting the reproduction time its skin secretions are poisonous.

Systematics

Rarely hybridizes with Epidalea viridls.

Dimensiuni:

Epida/ea viridis viridis (laurenti, 1768) Broasca raioasa verde - Green Toad

pupila In forma de romb alungit elongated rhomboid pupil

desen de camuflaj camouphlage pattern

sac vocal vocal sac

timpan vizibil visible

parotoidele ± paralele parotids ± straight

calozitati nuptiale nuptial pads

ventral patat spotted belly

membrane reduse short membranes

tuberculi neperechi tubers unpaired

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pima la 8~12 em. Nurnar oua: pa.na in 10000~12000. 2~4 eordoane. Larvele la eclozare: 7~ 9 mm, la metamorfozare: 30~45 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 10-16 m m. Matu ritate sexuala: in al 2-lea an. Durata vietH: 10 ani. Longetivitate.: peste 15 ani.

Distributie

Altitudine: 0-1700 m. In general in zona de ses §i cea deluroasa. Prefera locurile deschise.

Activitate anuata

II]

F

M

Epidalea (Bufo, Pseudepidalea) viridis Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 8-12 em. Eggs number: up to 10000- 12000. 2-4 cordones. Larva sizes at hatching: 7-9 mm, at metamorphosis: 30-45 mm. Juvenile after metamorphosis.: 10-16 mm. Sexual maturity: in 2nd year. Life span: 10 years. Longetivity: over 15 years.

Distribution

Altitude: 0-1700 m. In general fro m lowla nds to the hilly zones. In open landscapes.

Annual activity

II]

N

A

5

o

D

•

•••••••••••••••••

•••• • ••••

• •

••• • •••

._--=-==~~.:.!.~ .............•••••• =-~~--

•

Interceptare

Specie terrnonla, este caracteristlca stepetor ~i silvostepelor; Apare §i 'in zone agricole, ~i colonizeaza usor asezarlle ornenestl. Bine adaptata perioadelor de seceta: in cazul secetelor Indelungate esttveaza .. Acvatlca doar in perioada de reproducere, prefers apele temporare sau permanente stagnante, putin adanci. Deseori este fortata la corpuri de ape artlficlale. Rezlsts §i in ape salmastre. Se reproduce ziua cat §i neaptea. Cantecul mascului ajuta la localizarea speciei. Femela ataseaza cordoanele de ous de plantele acvatice sau de obiectele submerse .. In perioada terestre devine crepuscular-nocturna. Vaneaza cu placere sub corpurile de ilurninat - sunt la fel de fidele locurilor de vanatoare ca §i celor de reproducere. In perioade ploioase apare in nurnar mare. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, mormolocii mal ales cu alge. Hiberneaza in sol, rareori in apa. Se apara prin secretia pielii §i coloritul de camuflaj.

Sistematica

Htbrtdtzeaza cu Bufo bufo.

Approach

Terrnophileous species, characteristic to steppes and silvosteppes. Appear often in agricultural areas, and also in human localities, It is well adapted to dry conditions; in case of longer drought periods it aestivates .. Aquatic only in reproduction time, the preferred water types are the temporary and permanent stagnant shallow ones. Often forced to use artificial water bodies. It resists even in brackish water. In reproduction time is active day and night .. The male songs are a god starting point in finding the species. The female attaches the strings to the aquatic plants and submersed objects. In the terrestrial phase became crepuscular-neeturnal, It hunt with pleasure under the lighting sources, Fidel to its hunting places as to its reproduction places .. Feeds on invertebrates, tadpoles mostly with algae. Hibernates in soil, rarely in water It is protected by its skin secretions and by its camouflage colors.

Systematics

Hybridizes with Bufo bufo.

timpanului

Hy/a arborea arborea (Linnaeus,17S8) Brotacel - Common Tree Toad

cuta deasupra timpanului fringe above ear drum

pupila ortzontala horizontal pupil

dunga laterals de la gaura nasuluila baza

piclorului lateral stripe from nostril to femur

sac vocal in pozitle centrals single vocal sac, in centered position

buc!a in zona lornbara upward wave in lombar region

fara sac vocal without vocal sac

juvenil juvenile

discuri adezive adhesive discs

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pima la 5-7 em. Nurnar oua: pana in 200- 10000. Larvele la eclozare: 3-6 rnrn, la metamorfozare: 35-45 mm. Juvenll dupa metamorfozare: 10- 20 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-lea an. Durata vietH: pana la 10 ani. Longetivitate: peste 22 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 0-1000 m. De la ses p€ma In zona montana. Prefera locurile insortte,

Activitate anuala

Hy/a arborea arborea

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 5-7 cm. Eggs number: up to 200- 10000. Larva sizes at hatching: 3-6 mm, at metamorphosis: 35-45 mm. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 10-20 mm. Sexual maturity: in 2nd year. Life span: up to 10 years. Longetivity: over 22 years.

Distribution

Altitude: 0-1000 m. From lowlands to mountainous areas. In sun-exposed landscapes.

Annual activity

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I nte.rcepta re

Specializata pentru viata arborlcola. Este acvattca doar in perioada de reproducere .. Alege corpurile de apa stagnante, temporare sau permanente, putln adanci cu veqetatie. In cazul apelor mai mad prefers zonele de langa mal. Zonele de reproducere se pot repera de la 2-3 krn distanta urrnand corul crepuscular-nocturn al mascuIHor .. Dealtfel masculii vocifera tot anul, indiferent de perioada zilei. Femelele depun 0- uale in rnlci qrarnezi lipite de veqetatle sau diferite obiecte. Dupa reproducere parasesc apa de obieei pe partea cu veqetatie deasa ;?i inalta. Aceasta parte este preferata ~i de juvenili, mai ales daca este Insorita ;?i cu umiditate ridicata. Ocupa ~i culturile agricole. In faza terestra este active crepuscular-nocturn, dar se Inbaiaza deseori In locuri deschise, fiind specie terrnofila. Prefera insectele zburstoare: mormolocii consums alge, dar ataca ~i mormoloci sau ouale de amfib.ieni. Se apara prin homocromism,i~i schimba culoarea dupa culoarea fundalului.

Sistematica

Apare cu forma norninala,

Approach

Species specialized for arborical life style. Aquatic only in reproduction period. Chooses stagnant, temporary or permanent, shallow, vegetated water types. In case of bigger water bodies prefers the marginal parts of them. The reproduction places could be detected from 2-3 km far away if one follows the crepuscular-nocturnal male chorus. Otherwise males could be heard all year, unconcerned to the day period. Females deposit egg.s in small clutches which are pasted to the vegetation or to different objects. After reproduction often leaves the water on the well veqetated part of shore. These parts are preferred by juveniles also, if they are sunexposed and with high level of humidity. Occupies field with seeding also. In the terrestrial phase is crepuscular-nocturnal, although prefers to take sun baths in open places, being a thermofill species. Feeds on flying insects; tadpoles beside algae consumes also tadpoles and amphibian eg.gs .. Protected by its color.

Systematics

Appearwith nominal form.

when swollen

timpan inconjurat in totalitate eardrum surrounded in

----

totality

timpan deobicei liber eardrum usual spot free

ochi aproplatl de contur eyes close to contour

Rana temp ora ria

ochi departatl de contur eyes far from contour

Pe/ophy/ax ridibundus

Rana dalmatinaFitzingerin: Bon.aparte, 1838 Broasca rosie de padure - Agile Frog

tivitura dorsals laterals depsrtata distant dorsolateral folds

fara sad vocali without vocal sacs

brun, niclodata verde

alb-laptos deseori u pete milkwhite often spotted

calozltat: nuptials nuptial pads

tubercul oval, proeminent oval, very proeminent tuber

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pana. la 7-9 cm. Nurnar QUa: 500-2000 .. Larvelela eclozare: 8-11 mm, la metamorfozare: 50-60 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare:. 12-21 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-3-lea an. Durata vietH: 7-10 ani. Longetiv.itate: peste 13 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 0-900 m. La ses In zonele forestiere. Ajunge pana In zona montana.

Activitate anuala

I/J

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I/J

I nte.rcepta re

Este caracterlstlca zonelor forestiere, dar populeaza ~i zonele ierboase - deseori pot fi considerate relicvele zcnelor padurcase. Acvatica doar in perioada de reproducere, mai tarziu rarnane intr-un mediu umed. Astfel structura habltatului terestru este un punct important al prezentel speciei. Prefera apete stagnante, perrnanente sau temporare Insorite cu veqetatie deasa. In apele de dimensiuni largi se reproduce in partlle putin adanci. Migreaza In nurnar mare spre 10- curile de reproducere preferate. Cantecul masculilor este greu de deslusit chiar in apropierea zone lor de reproducere. Femelele deobicei ataseaza grameziJe de oua in jurul plantelor acvatlce, Gramezile apar dispersate. In faza terestra este diu rna spre crepusculara, rareori nocturna. Este actlva in protectia veqetatiei si a ascunzisurilor. 5e hraneste cu nevertebrate; rnormolocii mal ales cu alge. 5e apara prin homocrornism: sperlata S8 salveeza prin salturi de peste 2 m.

Sistematica

Forma rnonofiletica.

Rana dalmatina

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 15-17 em. Eggs number: up to 16000. Larva sizes at hatching: 4-9 mm, at metamorphosis: 40-50 mm .. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 12- 21 mm. Sexual maturity: in 2nd-3rd year. Ufe span: 7-10 years .. Longetivity: over 13 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 0-900 m. In lowlands in forrested areas; up to mountainous areas.

Annual activity

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Approach

It is the characteristic form of the forested zones, although could be encountered in open landscapes, as grasslands, also - they are often relicts of disappeared forests. Aquatic only in the reproduction time, later choose humid environments far away from reproduction places. The structure of terrestrial habitats is also a very important aspects of presence of this species. It prefers stagnant, permanent or temporary, sun-exposed, well vegetated water bodies. It migrates explosively to the preferred mating places. The male song is hard to be heard even near to the mating places. Females lays the egg clutches around the aquatic plants. The clutches are dispersed in the water bodies. In terrestrial phase is diurnal to crepuscular, rarely nocturnal. Itis active under the protection of vegetation and different kind of shelters. Feeds on invertebrates; tadpoles consume mainly algae. Protected by its homocromy, threatened escape with huge jumps over 2 m .

SystematiCS

Monofiletic form.

Rana temporaria temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 Broasca! rosle de munte - Common Frog

In perioada de reproducere cu gu;;a albastra in reproduction time with bluish neck

abdomen marmorat abdomen marbled

bruni niclodata verde

L::;it.j~i' tivitura do rso-I ate ra la aproplata dorsa-lateral folds closer

calozltatl nuptlale nuptial pads

tubercul bent,

blunt tuber

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pana la 10 em. Nurnar Qua: 1000-10000. Larvele la eclozare: 6-9 mm, la metamorfozare: 45- 60 mm. JuveniJ dupa metamorfozare: 10-18 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-3-lea an. Durata vietii: pana in 10 ani. Longetivitate: peste 15 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 300-2000 m. Din zonele deluroase pima in cele montane. Coboara in ses prin valle reci. Poate urea pima in golul alpin.

Activitate anuala

IjJ

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Rana temporaria temporaria

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 10 ern, Eggs number: up to 1000- 10000. Larva sizes at hatching: 6-9 mm, at metamorphosis: 45-60 mm. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 10-18 mm. Sexual maturity: in 2nd-3rd year. Ufe span: up tolD years. Longetivity: over 15 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 300-2000 m .. From hilly zones to the alpine pastures. In lowlands usually follows the coldervalley.

Annual actlvity

IjJ

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Intercepta re

Prefera padurile de foioase, mixte sau chiar coniferele. Evita zonele deforestate, calde ;;i uscate. Apare In nurnar mare in apropierea microhabitatelor umede de-alunqul paralelor §i a apelor permanente din zonele lmpadurite. Este acvatlce doar in perioada de reproducere .. Pentru reproducere prefera apele stagnante, permanente sau ternporare, sau lin curqatoare, Inserite. Este fldela locurilor de reproducere, migreaza 'in fiecare prirnavara spre locurile preferate .. In apele mai mari se aglomereaz.3 doar in unele puncte, astfel gramezile de oua a zed de femele sunt depuse impreuna. Cantecul masculilor se aude doar in apropierea locurilor de reproducere. In faza terestra este diurna spre crepusculara, dar deseori active ;;i noaptea. Usor de observat in perioadele ploioase. Se hraneste cu nevertebrate, rareori cu mlci vertebrate. Se apa.ra prin nornocrornlsm; spertats se salveaza prin salturi,

Sistematica

Apare cu 0 singura subspeeie.

Ap.proach

It occurs in the deciduous, mixed or even coniferous forest belt zones. Avoids the unforested, warm and dry areas. Appears in great number in humid environments in neiqhbor of streams and other water types in the forested area. Aquatic only in the reproduction time. For reproduction chooses stagnant, permanent or temporary, or slow-flowing, sun-exposed water bodies. It is fidel to its reproduction places, every spring it migrates in direction of them. In I.arge water bodies could be encountered in several paints only, thus the egg clutches of tens of females are deposited together. The male song could be heard only closely to the reproduction places. In terrestrial phase is mostly diurnal to crepuscular, although could be observed active at night also. Easy to detect in the rainy periods. Feeds on invertebrates, rarely on small vertebrates. It is protected by its homocromy; threathened escapes with jumps .

•

Systematics

Occurs with the nominal form.

Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842 Broasca de mlastlna - Moor frog

pupila ortzontala horizontal pupil

in haina nuptiala

cu nuante albastre blueish nuptial wear

nose

tubercul comprimat bilateral, mare

big, laterally compressed tuber

calozitati nuotiale nuptial pads

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pana la 6~7,5cm. Nurnar oua: 1000~ 2000. Larvele la edozare: 3-6 mm, la metamorfozare: 35-45 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 11~ 16 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 3-lea an. Durata vietH: pana in 8-10 ani. Lonqetivitate: peste 12 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 60-1000 m. Din zonele de ses pana In cele montane.

Activitate anuala

I/J

I/J

-

Rana arvalis

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 6-7,5 ern, Eggs number: up to 1000- 2000. Larva sizes at hatching: 3-6 mm, at metamorphosis: 35-45 rnrn .. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 11-16 mm. Sexual maturity: in 3rd year. Life spa n: 8-10 years. Longetivity: over 12 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 60-1000 m. From lowlands till to the mountainous areas.

Annual activity

I/J

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A

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5

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II. •

~-=--------~~:_ -=~·~· .. I ••• •••

I ntercepta re

In faza terestra este strans legata de zonele umede. In zona de ses prefera valle cu un mediu relativ rece. Apare in zone rnlastlnoase sau inundabile din preajma raurllor sau paraielor; dar este fo~ata ~i la alte tipuri de habitate .. Este acvatlca doar in perioada de reproducere. Prefera apele stagnante, temporare sau permanente, de dimesniuni mid ~i medii. Este fldela locurilor de reproducere, deseori se aglomereaza zed de exemplare pe cativa metrii patratt, Astfel gramezile de oua a zeci de femele sunt depuse impreuna, dar apar ~i qrarnezl razlete cu 3-6 ponte de oua. Cantecul masculilor se poateidentifica doar in apropierea locurilor de reproducere. In faza terestra este diurna spre crep usculara I da r deseori act iva sl noaptea.

Sistematica

Valldltatea subspeciei Rana arvalis wolterstorffi Fejervarv, 1919 a fost respinsa, deci specia poate f considerate rnonoflletlca. Insa nolle cercetarl genetice au identificat doua claduri - unul nordic ~i unul sudic, prezente ~i in tara - care sunt bine diferenttate genetic, ce pot f baza a noilor subspecii a Ie speciei.

-

Approach

In terrestrial phase is strong connected to humid environments. In lowlands it prefers valleys with a relative colder climate. Appears in swampy or floated areas in the neiqhbor of rivers and streams, but often forced to use other types of habitats also. It is aquatic only in reproduction time. Prefers stagnant, temporary or permanent, small and medium sized water bodies. It is fidel to its reproduction places, often agglomerations could be found in several square meters. Thus egg clutches of tens of females are deposited together, but also isolated clutches (3-6) could appear. Male songs could be identified only near reproduction places .. In terrestrial phase is diurnal to crepuscular, but often active in night also.

s

Systematics

The validity of Rana arvalis wolterstorffi Fejervary, 1919 was retracted, thus the species could be considered as monofiletic form. Exists the prediction that the genetically distinct northern and southern clades - both occuring in Romania - will be elevated to subspecies ranks.

Pe/ophy/ax ridibundus ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) Broasca de lac mare - Marsh frog

sad voc~~i J cenusu greyish vocal sacks

marmorat cu albgalbui marbled with

yellowish white

pupila orlzontala horizontal pupil

pozltie de autoaparare defense posture

juvenil juvenile

calozitati nuptiale nuptial pads

articulatiile tibiotarsale se suprapun tibiotarsal joints cover each ....... Giii

other

tubercul mic, cilindric smaIl, cylindric tuber

Cantitative

Lungime.:. pana la 15-17 em. Numar oua: pana In 16000. Larvele la eclozare: 4-9 rnrn, la metamorfozare: 40-50 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 15- 35 mm. Maturitate sexuals: in al 2-3-lea an. Durata vietH: 5-10 ani. Longetiv.itate: peste 12 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 0-900 m. De lases pima in zona deluroasa: apare sl in zona rnuntoasa.

Activitate anuala

Pelophylax (Rana) ridibundus

Qua ntitative

l.enqth: up to 15-17 ern. Eggs number: up to 16000. Larva sizes at hatching: 4-9 mm, at metamorphosis: 40-50 mm .. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 15- 35 mm. Sexual maturity: in 2nd-3rd year. Life span: 5-10 years .. Longetivity: over 12 years.

Distribution

Altitude: 0-900 m. From lowlands to hilly areas; appear in mountainous areas also.

Annual activity

I/J

I/J

D

F

••••••••••

•••••• •

• • •

. ... _ ....

. ----.....iI ~=;;:__

I nte.rcepta re

Acvatlca tot a nu I. 5e reprod ucesi cimta ziua cat ~i noaptea. Prefera apele de dimensiuni mari, stagnante sau lin curqatoare, cu veqetatle sau fara, dar apare ~i in ape temporare de rnici dimensiuni, pe care le intalne~te in pioneratul ei. Cantecul masculilor se poate auzi de la kilometrii distanta, insa este greu de dlferentiat fata de cantecul lul Pe/ophylax kl, esculentus. Femela depune ouale in gramezi de dimensiuni mari, care plutesc la suprafata apei .. Vaneazas: se insoreaza pe malul apelor sau pe veqetatla plutitoare, fiind 0 specie terrnofila. In perioadele calde este activa mai mult dirnlneata sl seara. 5e hraneste cu nevertebrate, mici amfibieni, reptile, mamifere chiar ~i pasar]. Hibemeaza in apa, rar pe uscat. In apele termale din nordvestul tarii este activa tot anul. 5e protejeaza prin homocromism. Speriata plonjeaza in apa ~i se ascunde in namol.

Sistematica

Este specia parentela alui Pelophylax kl .. esculentus, rezultata din hibridizarea prlrnara dintre ea sl Pelophy/ax lessonee.

I/J

N

A

Approach

Aquatic all year around. Reproduction takes places day and night. Prefers large stagnant or slow-flowing water types, but also appear in small temporary waters, which are discovered in the course of its trips. The male songs could be heard from kilometers away, although it is hard to distinguish from the Pe/ophylax kl. esculentus songs .. Females deposit its eggs in huge clutches, which emerge to the surface of water. It hunts and sun oneself on the water shores or on the floating vegetation being a warm lower frog. In the warm periods of the year is active mainly in morning and in evening ... Feeds on invertebrates, small amphibians, reptiles, mammals even birds. Hibernates in water, rarelyon land. In the thermal waters from the north-west part of the country is active all year. It is protected by its homocrorny. Threatened jumps far into the water and hides in the mud ..

Systematics

It is one of the parental species of Pelophylax kl. esculentus, which is the result of primary hybridization between it and Pelophylax lessonee.

Pe/ophy/ax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) Broascalui Lessona -Pool frog

sad vocali albi :JI white vocal sacks U

horizontal pupil

marmorat cu galben pe fond inchis

marbled with yellow on dark ground

calozitati nuptiale nuptial pads

green and brown

articulatl i!e tibia-tarsale nu se ating tibia-tarsal joints do not

cover each

other tubercul

mare, circular

big, circular tuber

Cantitative

Lungime.:. 7 ,5~9 em. Nurnar oua: 1000-2500. Larvelela eclozare: 4-8 rnrn, la metamorfozare: 45-65 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 15-30 mm. Maturitate sexuala: in al 2-3-lea an. Durata vletii: 5~8 ani. Longetivitate: peste 10 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 0-700 m. De la ses pana in zona deluroasa, prefera un mediu rnai rece.

Activitate anuala

II]

I/J

F

Pelophylax (Rana) lessonae

Quantitative

l.enqth: up to 7,5-9 cm. Eggs number: 1000-2500 .. Larva sizes at hatching: 4-8 mm, at metamorphosis: 45-65 rnrn, Juvenile after metamorphosis: 15- 30 mm. Sexual maturity: in 2nd-3rd year. Life span: 5-8 years. Longetivity: over 10 years.

Distribution

Altitude: 0-700 m .. From lowlands to hilly areas: prefers a colder environment.

Annual activity

II]

N

A

D

....... , .....

........ _- --

..... ~ . . .

.......... •.. ..+.. .

-----=---._...~ . • •• IlL. _ • ._. • • .

I ntercepta re

Acvatlca mai ales in perioada de reproducere, mai tarziu rarnane in apropierea corpurile de apa .. Prefera bazinele de ape cu dimensiuni mici ~i medii, temporare sau permanente, cu vegetatie deasa. Apare deseori in zone rnlastlnoase sau chiar inundabile. Activa ;;i zlua ;;i noaptea, este user reperata dupe cantecul caracteristic al masculilor. Femelele depun ouale in gramezi de dimensiuni mici - comparativ cu Pe/ophylax ridibundus -.f care mai tarziu se ridica la suprafata apei. In cazul secarti apelor devine terestra $i crepuscular-nocturna, Astfel in cazul ei structura si situatla habitatelor terestre este deasemenea delrnoortanta rldicata, Este specie terrnoflla, se insoreaza deseori. 5e hraneste cu nevertebrate, mormolocH cu alge. Hlberneaza in sol, dar ~i in apa. 5e apa.ra prin homocromism sau se refugiaza cu salturi mari in apa sau in ascunzisurtle terestre. Daca este in aoa, se scufunda $i se inqroapa in narnol.

Sistematidi

Este specia parentela a lui Pelbphylax kl, esculentus impreuna cu Pelophylax ridibundus.

Approach

Aquatic mostly in the reproduction period, later remain close. to the water bodies. Prefers small or medium stagnant, temporary or permanent, well vegetated water types. Frequently occurs in swampy or floated areas. Reproduction takes places day and night. The characteristic male song.s could be identified easily. Females deposit its eggs in small clutches- compared with those of Pelophylax ridibundus -, which later emerge to the surface of water. If waters desiccates, it became mostly crepuscular-nocturnal and enter in a terrestrial phase .. Thus the structure and state of terrestrial habitats are also important for this species. It is a termophileous species, often could be seen on sun-exposed spots .. Feeds on invertebrates, tadpoles mostly on algae. Hibernates on land, rarely in water. It is protected by its homocromy, threatened jumps or dive into the water or retreats in terrestrial shelters.

Systematics

The parental species of Pelophylax kl. esculentus - together with Pelophylax ridibundus.

whne-greyjsfJ

Pelophylaxklepton esculentus (Linnaeus,17S8) Broasca de lac mica - Edible frog

saci vocali albi-

cenusll -~.,,_~

whitegreyish vocal sack

pupila orlzontala horizontal pupil

.~.., marmorat cu galben pe fond negru sau brun marbled with yellow on dark ground

tubercul circular sau semicircular circular or semicircular tuber

a rticulati ile deobicei se ating

joints usually reach each other

Cantitative

Lungime.:. 7,5-12 cm. Nurnar oua: 2500-10000. l.arvelela eclozare: 5-8 rnrn, [a metamorfozare: 45-75 mm. Juvenil dupa metamorfozare: 20-30 mm .. Maturitate sexuala: in at 3-[ea an. Durata vietii: pa na la 10 ani. Longetivitate: peste 15 ani.

Distributie

Altitudine: 0-700 m. De la ses pa,na in zona deluroasa, rareori in cea montana ..

Activitate anuala

I/J

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I nte.rcepta re

Forma acvatlca, ocupa 0 mare varietate de tipuri de apa, de la cele permanente, larqi, staqnante sau lin curqatoare pana la cele mici, temporare. Cantecul masculilor este greu de diferentlat de cantecul masculilor de Pelophylax tidibundus .. In stilul de viata se asearnana cu Pelophylax tidibundus and Pelophylax lessonae. Este protejata prin coloritul homocrom.

Sistemati.ciil

Este rezultatul hybridogenezei dintre Pelophylax ridibundus §i Pe/ophy/ax lessonae. In tabelul de mai 105 apare modurile in care poate aparea acest hibrid .. In uneJe cazuri C) acuplarea nu areloc, doar rar din cauza dlferentelor de dimensiuni §i a preferlntelor masculilor pentru partenere cu dimensiuni mai marl, In cazuri mai rare e) pot edoza doar femele.

MASCUL MALE

P. le.ssonae

P.lessonae

p, lessonae (LL)

P. kl. esculentus

p, kl. esculentus (RL)

P. ridiburuiu«

P. kL esculentus (RL)

Pelophylax (Rana) klepton escuJentus Quantitative

l.enqth: up to 7,5-12 cm. Eggs number: 2500- 10000. Metamorphosis: 45-65 mm. Juvenile after metamorphosis: 15-30 mm. Sexual maturity:. in 2nd-3rd year. Life span: 5-8 years. Longetivity: over 10 years.

Distribution

Altitude: 0-700 m .. From lowlands to hilly areas: rarely in mountainous areas.

Annual activity

I/J

A

•

Approach

Aquatic form, occupies a great variety of water types, from permanent, large stagnant or slowflowing ones to the small, temporary water bodies. The male songs are hard to differentiates from the PeJophylax ridibundus. In life style is similar with Pelophylax tidibundus and Pelophylax lessonae. It is protected by its homocromy.

Systematics

It is the result of hybridogenesis between Pelophvlax ridibundus and Pelophylax lessonae. In the table below are presented the reproduction lineages, how this hybrid could appear. In some cases C) the accuplations are rare because of size differences and male preferences for larger females. In rar cases C) only female hybrids could hatch.

P. kl. esculentus P. ridibundus (RR)I P. ridibundus (RR)

P. kl. esculentus (RL)"

P. ridibundus eRR)

P. ridibundus

P. kl. esculentus (RL)I

P. ridibundus (RR/

P. ridibundus eRR)

Pelophylax (Rana) klepton esculentus

1. a. Colorit tipic. Pozltle de autoaparare I d. Typical pattern. Defense posture - Hoghiz, Bra~ov

2. Subadult - Hoghiz, Brasov

3. a. Varianta nepatata la. Unspotted variance - Nearnt

4. a. Cu linie vertebrala deschisa / d .. With light vertebral line - Nearnt

5 .• Habitat. Zona inundabila langa Olt/ Habitat. Flooded area nesr ott:- Hoqhiz, Brasov

6. Habitat. Lacuri a rt.ificia Ie langa Moldova I Habitat. Artificial lakes near Moldova - Nearnt

ORDINUL TESTUDINES

ORDER TESTUDINES

Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Testoasa europeana de apa - European pond terrapin

iris rosiatlc reddish pupil

subadultii cu

CS carapacea

rotunda subadults with rounded carapax

deschis sau inchis light or

iris alb, dark

galben whitish, yellowish pupil

cu linii sau puncte with strings or spots

juvenil cu carapace carenata juvenile with dented carapace

cu membrana interd igitala swimming membranes

<J

placa anala recurbata recurved anal plate

concav concave <J

plat cloaca

flat cloaca <J

baza pronuntata swallow base

cloaca cloaca

cu carapace te~ita flat carapax

Cantitative

Lungime femele: pana la 35 em, rnasculi: pana in 17 em. Nurnar oua: 2-20. Dimensiuni oua: 32-35/19- 20 mm. Juvenilia eclozare: 23-33 rnrn .. Maturitate sexuala: masculi: peste 6 ani; femel.e: peste 15 ani, Durata vietii: 80 ani. Longetivitate: peste 200 ani.

Dlstributie

Altitudine: 0-800 m. De la ses pana in zona delurcasa .. In zona montana in vai cu climat cald.

Activitate anuala

Emys orbicularis

Quantitative

Female length: up to 35 em, rna le: up to 17 em . Eggs number: 2-20 .. Egg dimension: 32-35/19-20 mm. Hatchling length: 23-33 mm. Sexual maturity: male: over 6th years; female: over 15th years. Life span: over 80 years. Longetivity.: over 200 years.

DistrIbution

Altitude: 0-800 m .. From lowlands to hilly areas: in mountainous areas in warmervalleys.

Annual activity

I/J

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D

I nte.rcepta re

Acvatlca tot anul, parase~te apa In scopuri de reproducere sau In cazul detenorarf habitatelor acvatice. Prefers bazinele de ape cu dimensiuni marl, permanente, stagnante sau usor curqatoare, dar deseori apare ~i in ape ternporare, Masculi deseori rnlqreaza intre bazinele de apa pentru a gasi partenere. Femelele sunt fidele 10- curilor de depunere a pontei, ce sunt zone inclinate, insorite cu un sol nlsipos, afanat. In perioada calda este activa mai ales dirntneata devreme §i seara, deseori chiar noaptea .. Alege microhabitate cu veqetatie deasa. Sunt fidele locurilor de insorlre - copaci dlzuti in apa, pietre, puncte de pe mal fara veqetatie. Omnivor, se hraneste cu nevertebrate, vertebrate (amfibieni, pesti) §i plante .. Hiberneaza in general in apa Specie timida, speriata se refuqiaza in apa,

Sistematica

Este 0 forma bine dlverslficata genetic, in tara este postbila prezenta a cladelor Emys orbicularis orbicularis I ~i E. o. orbicularis II. Ultima este 0 forma dunareana ~i in cazul ridicarii el la gradul de subspeeie va f denurnita E. o. sperss DOrigen, 1897 ..

II]

••••••••

. - ..

• • •••••••••••••

•• •••• • •••

Approach

Aquatic all year around, leaves the water in reproduction goals or in case of deterioration of aquatic habitats. Prefers large, permanent, stagnant or slow-flowing water bodies, although often appears in temporary water types also. Males often migrates between water bodies looking for partners. Females are fidel to egg-laying sites, which are in general inclined, sunexposed, sandy shore parts. In warm periods it is active mostly in morning and in evening, often is even nocturnal. It chooses well vegetated habitats. It is fidel to its basking places - logs, rocks and open places in vegetated shores. Omnivorous, feeds on invertebrates, vertebrates (amphibians, fishes) and plants ... Hibernates in general in water. Shy species, threaten ed dives in water a nd hides in mud.

SystematiCS

A genetically well diversified form. In the country the presence of two clades is expected: Emys orbicularis orbicularis I and E. o. orbicularis II. The late is a danubian form, which if its elevated to subspecies level will be named as E. o. sparsa Duriqen, 1897.

+ A. 0 dunga lata qalbena verticals dupa ochi - deseori in contact cu 0 dunga orizontala ce se continua pe gat

B. Plastron galben uniform cu pete inchise - deseori ocelate - pe scuturile anterioare ale plastronului

c. in afara dungii caracteristice cu dungi inguste pe cap, gat;;1 picioare ...

A. A broad vertical yellow blotch behind the eye - which is often in contact with a neck stripe

B. Uniform yellow plastron with dark blotch or ocellus on each of the two scutes in the anterior part of the plastron ...

C. Except the characteristic blotch with narrower stripes on head, neck and legs ...

Trachemys scripta scripta Schoepff, 1792

Testoasa de Florida cu burta galbena - Yellow-bellied terrapin

juvenil cu carapace carenata juvenile with dented carapace

Trachemys scripta scripta / Trachemys scripta elegans / Trachemys scripta troosti

Cantitative

Lungime femele: pana la 21~28 cm, masculi: pana in 15-20 cm. Nurnar oua: .2-25. Dimensiuni oua: 30~ 43/19-26 rnrn, Juvenil!a eclozare: 25-35 mm. Maturitate sexuala: peste 2-5 ani. Durata vietii: pana la 30 ani. Longetivitate: peste 50 ani.

Quantitative

Female length: up to 21-28 cm, male: up to 15-20 ern, Eggs number: . .2-25. Egg dimension: 30-43/19- 26 mrn, Hatchling length: 25-35 rnrn, Sexual maturity: over 5th-6th years. Life span: up to 30 years. Longetivity: over 50 years.

DistrIbution

Originally from eastern USA and adiacent areas of Mexico/it is an introduced species. Appears in lakes in the recreational zones of cities, but it was encountered also along of several rivers.

__ ____;.Annual activity

Distributie

Specie introdusa, oriqinara din zona estlca a SUA sl nord-estlca a Mexicul.ui. Apare in lacuriIe din zonele recreatlonale ale oraselor, dar a fost observata ~i de-a lungul unor raurl,

Activitate anuala

II]

I nterceptare

Alege acelasi tip de habitat ca Emys orbicularis. Curtarea ~i acuplarea are loc in teats perioada calda a anului. Femelele aleg aceleasi zone de depunere a pontei ca ~i Emys orbicularis; captive in mediu acvatic Ie depun in apa .. Nu sunt date cu privire la eclozarea oualor in mediu natural in tara. in habitatele urbane prezlnta 0 mortalitate ridlcate din cauza accesului limitatla zonele de insorlre, a hranei neadecvate sau alipsei eLin perioadele cal.de activa dlmineata ~i seara. Specia este mai user de observat decat specia authotona. Subadultii sunt carnivori, adultii omnivori. Hiberneaza in apa. Mortalitatea in timpul hibernarii este cauzata de lipsa oxigenului sau a nivelului de apa scazut cand sunt surprinse in gheata.

Sistematica

Testoasele abandonate apartin mai ales de Trechemys scripta elegans - de altfel a direi cornert este banata in UE - §i mal rar de T~ s .. scripta ... Prezenta lui T. s, troostilnca nu a fast dovedits.

A

5

D

--

Approach

Prefers a similar habitat type as Emys orbicularis .. Courtship and mating take place in all the warm period of year. Female chooses similar places for egg-laying as Emys orbicularis; captive in aquatic habitats lays eggs into the water, There are no dates about hatching in nature in the country. In urban habitats presents a high mortality rate due to the limited access to basking places, an inadequate food sources and even lack of them. In warm periods are active in morning and in evening .. It is easier to be observed then the native species. Juveniles are carnivorous, adults omnivorous. Hibernates in water. Mortality in winter time is caused by the low level of oxygen in water or of low water level; in the last case it perish blocked in ice.

SystematiCS

The abandoned terrapins belongs mostly to the Trachemys scripta elegans - which is the only form whit banned commerce in EU =, and rarely to the T. s. scripta. Th e prese nce of T. s. troosti is not proved.

+ A. 0 dunga lata rosie sau rar portocalie horizontala ce porneste dele ochi ~i se termina de obicei la inceputul gatului

B. Plastron galben uniform cu pete inchise - deseori ocelate pe toate scuturile

C. In afara dunqil caracteristice cu dungi inguste pe cap, gat ~i picioare ...

A. A broad horizontal red or rarely orange stripe which starts from eye and ends usually at the neck starting point

B. Uniform yellow plastron with dark blotch or ocellus on each scutes of the plastron ... C. Except the characteristic blotch with narrow stripes on head, neck and legs ...

Trachemys scripta e/egans Wied-Neuwied, 1838 Testoasa de Florida cu tample rosil - Red-eared terrapin

cu carapace te~ita flat carapax

CU 0 dunga rosie with one red

stripes cu linii

with strings

iris galben-verzui yellow-greenish pupil

juvenil fara carapace carenata juvenile without dented

carapace

cloaca cloaca

plat flat

concav concave

cu membrana i nterd igitala swimming membranes

placa anala recurbata recurved anal plate

baza pronuntats swallow base

+ A. 0 dunga lata qalbena sau rar portocalie horizontals ce porneste de Ie ochisi continua pe gat

B. Plastron galben uniform cu pete inchise - deseorI ocelate pe toate scuturile

C. Cu dungi re.lativ largi pe cap, gat ~i picioare '"

A. A broad horizontal yel/ow or rarely orange stretch which starts from eyes and continue on neck region

B. Uniform yel/ow plastron with dark blotch or ocellus on each scutes of the plastron ... C. With relatively broad stripes on head, neck and legs ...

Trachemys scripta troosti Holbrook, 1836 Testoasa de Florida lui Troosti - Troost's terrapin

Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814

Testoasa de uscat cu capac> Spur-thighed Tortoise

cu desen inchis with dark pattern

carapace bombata ~i inalta' high convex, carapax

ochi Fara pete deschise eyes without light spots

cu solzi mari with large scales

Testudo hermann; boettqert Gmelin, 1789 Testoasa lui Hermann - Hermann's Tortoise

ORDINUL SAURIA

OR'DER. SAURIA

Ablepharus kitaibelii stepeneki Fuhn, 1970 $oparU~a de frunzar - Snake-eyed Skink

cu pleoape concrescute fused, transparent eyelids

dorsal §i pe abdomen

cu solzi marl, irnbricati dorsal and ventral

with big, striped scales

Anguis fragi/is colchica Nordmann, 1840 Naparca - Slow worm

fara contrast

spots

cu linii vertebrale

with vertabrallines

cu contrast with contrast

negru black

compared with

females de obicei

cu abdomen albastru usually with bluish abdomen

fara scuturi diferentiate without

differentiated scutes

cu baza cozii pronuntata swallow tail base

27

1. Placa occipitala absents

2. Subocularul nu este in contact cu deschizatura gurii

3. Plikile ventrale nu tormeaza slruri longitudinale, sunt dispuse transversal in 14-20 de siruri

4. Cu doua supraoculare inconjurate de solzi granulari rnici ...

J. Occipital plate lacks

2. Subocular is not in contact with mouth opening

3. Ventral plates do not form longitudinal rows, they are arranged transversely in 14- 20 rows

4. With two supraocular scales surrounded by small rough scales ...

Eremias arguta deserti Gmelin,1789 ~oparla de nisip - Steppe runner

fara contact intre subocular ~i deschizature gurii :JI no contact U between subocular and mouth

benzile ~i dungile longitudinale ale juvenililor se seqrnenteaza ~i devin ocele the bands and stripes of

..:!~~ juveniles splits

and became eye-like spots

placile ventrale in slrurl transversale ventra! plates arranged transversally

ochiul parietal distinct distinct parietal eye

cap masiv comparativ cu femela

su praocu la re inconjurate de solzi granulari eyelid disc sourrended by rough

scales

absent occipital plate

coada relativ scurta relatively short tail

numar mare Mgh number of ventral plates

porii femorali ~i baza cozii pronuntati developed femoral pores and the base of tail swollen

supraocularla

Ha.bitat. Lacerta viridis viridis, Podarcis tauricus ~

m05t/~just

Habitat. Lacerta trilineata dobrogica, Lacerta viridis meridionalis - Muntii Madn, Tulc:ea

1.

3.

30

1. Cu linie vertebrata deschisa, fragmentata

2. In general cu 2 postnazale ~i un frenal, dispuse In triunghi ...

1. With a light, fragmented vertabralline

2. Usually with two postnasals and a frenal are arranged in a triangle. , .

Lacerta agilis agilis Linnaeus, 1758 $oparla de camp - Sand lizard

cu regiunea masetertca dilatata

linie vertebrata fraqrnentata fragmented light vertebral line

flancuri verzi with green sides

brune cu pete ocelare brown with eye-like spots

cu ocele

in dungi eyelike spots arranged in stripes

deobicei cu 1 rand usually with 1 row

2 postnazale sl 1 frenal

2 postnasa/s and 1 frenal

aproximativ 10 slrurl de SOl2i dorseli

inqustati

about 10 row narower dorsal

cozii ~i pori femorali

pronuntati swollen tai base and developed femoral

, in opinia unor cercetatort, arealul estic al subspeciei

• nominate, Lacerta agilis agflis, incepand dinpartea estica a Europel Centrale, este ocupatade a alta subspecie, de Lacert agilis argus Laurenti, 1768. insa momentan, validitatea lui Lacerta agi/is argus nu este dovedlta de cercetarile recente genetice .. Distributia acestei subspecii coincide.ln mare cu distributia variantei de colorit cu spatele rosu, var. etythronotus Fitzinger, 1826, daracest colorit apare mai rar ~i la altesubspecii, deci ~j la Lacerta agilis chersonensis.

In opinion of several researchers, the eastern part of distribution of the nominat form, Lacerta agilis agills, starting from the eastern part of Central Europe, is occupied by another subspecies, Lacerta agiHs argus Laurenti,176B. However, the recent genetical researches don 't co n firm the validity ot thls subspecies, The predicted distribution of Lacerta agilis argus coincide with the distribution of red-backed form, var. erythronotus Fltzinger, 1826, although this variation occurs in other subspecies also, thus in Lacerta agilis chersonensis.

Lacerta agilis var. erythronotus Fitzinger, 1826 ~oparla de camp - Sand lizard

lateralele pot aparea in diferite variante de colorit caracteristice ~i la

forma nominata flanks could

var. immeculete

Lacerta agilis chersonensis Andrzejowski, 1832 $oparla de camp chersona - Chersonese sand lizard

1 postnazal ~i 1 frenal 1 postnasal and 1 frenal

regiunea masetertca dilatata dilated maseteric region

aproximativ 10 sirurl de solzi dorsali inqustati about 10 row narower dorsa! scales

cu ocele

in dungi eyelike spots

arranged in stripes

o banda bruna patata

inchis marginita de linii continue deschise a central brown stripe bordered by light continuous tines

fara linie vertebrata without vertebral line

., Recent su bspecia Lacerta agi/is euxinice a fast retro-

• gradata la nive! de varietate, astfel denumirea ei a fast asezata In slnonlrnle cu L. a. chersonensis. Acum este constderata varletatea bruna a soparlel de ca m p cherso ne. I ntre ba re in sa ra m 2m e desch isa : este L. a. euxinice rezultatul adaptarllIa un medlu aparte - forma apare restrtctlonata la zana coastals a Marli Neg re - sa u rnertts una It statuttaxanamic?

Recently the Lacerta agiHs euxinlca subspecies were put into synonymy with the l. a. chersonensis form. Now is considered the brown variation of chersonese sand lizard. Whether this morpti is the result of phenotypic plasticity, due to special environmental conditions - it is restricted mostly to the coastal zone of the Black Sea -, or it deserves a distinct taxonomic status, needs further study .

Lacerta agilis chersonensis var. euxinica Fuhn &. Vancea 1964 !joparla de camp chersona - Che,rsonese sand lizard

1 postnazal ~i 1 frenal 1 postnasale and 1 frenal

aproxirnativ 10 siruri de solzi dorsall Ingustati about 10 rows of narower dorsal scales

o banda brune patata inchis marginita de linil continue deschise a central brown stripe bordered by light continuous lines

cu pete ocelare with ocellus ~

subadult subadult

deobicei cu 2 rand usually with 2 rows

cu pete ocelare with ocellus

eu

baza cozii pronuntata swollen tail base

31

1. 6 slruri de solzi ventrali

2. Mascul cu qusa albastra intens

3. Femelele ;;i subadultn cu 2-4 dungi longitudlnale , fara dunga vertebrata ., ..

Lacerta viridis Gu~ter ... 32

1. 8 siruri de solzi ventrali

2. Mascul cu qusa qalbena: cu pigment albastru in general intre timpan ;;j guler

3. Femelele ;;i subadultu cu 3-5 dungi longitudinale ...

1. 6 rows with ventral scales

2. Male with sharp blue throat

3. Female and subadults with 2-4 longitudinal stripes, without vertebral stripe. , .

Lacerta viridis

Green lizard ... 32

3.8 rows of ventral scales

2. Male with yellow throat; with blue pigment usual between eardrum and collar

2. Female and subadults with 3-S/ight longitudinal stripes ...

Lacerta trilineata dobrogica Fuhn & Mertens, 1959 GU!jterul vargat - Balkan green lizard

dorsal verzi-qalbui dorsum green-yellowish

pigment albastru pe laturile gatului blue pigment on the neck sides

rar albastru cs pe lateral rarely with blue on sides

pete contopite In desen reticulat

~~=I spots forming a reticulated

~~:i''''~ pattern

femele, juvenilii ~i sernladultl cu 5 dungi longitud.inale deschise juveniles and semiadults

with 5 longitudinale stripes

subadult subadult

porii femorali dezvoltati ~i baza cozii pronuntats with developed femoral pores and swollen tail base

Lacerta viridis viridis Laurenti, 1768 GU!jter - Ea.stern green lizard

fara contactintre supratemporale, maseteric, su pralabialele posterioa re no contact between supratemporale, maseteric or

gu~a albastr ,a~. ~m:s~supra'abiale blue throat A

subadult

regiunea rnaseterlca dilatata dilated maseteric region

coloritul inchis este rezultatul a mai multor solzi inchise

the darker cotor

32

1. Regiunea rnaseterica nedilatata; maseteric in contact cu primul supratemporal ;;i cu supralabialele posterioare

.2. Colorit dorsal verde uniform

3. Pileus verde uniform ...

1. Maseteric region is not dilated, maseteric plate is in contact with first supratemporal and posterior supra la biale

2. Dorsum is coloured uniformly green

3. Pileus is uniformly green ...

Lacerta viridis meridiona/is eyren, 1933 GU!jterul meridional - Meridional green lizard

in general cu contact intre supraternporale, rnaseteric, supralabialele posterioare contact between supratemporale, maseteric or supralabiale

pileus alungit nepatat

long unspotted pileus

cu 2-4 dungi/fara

with 2-4 s trip es/ without

34

1. Mascul cu gU;ia ;ii ventral rosle-portocalie, patat cu negru in general doar pe gU;ia

1. Male with reddish-orange throat and ventral, dark spotted, in general, only on throat

2. Dorsal scales between 46-56 ...

2. Nurnar solzi dorsale intre 46-56, ..

Podarcis muralis muralis Laurenti, 1768 $oparla de zid - Common wan lizards

serille transversale cu rnarqlnea placllor dreapta transversal series of plates with straight

edges

cu

abdomen rosu -portoca liu I mai rar alb with reddish-

orange abdomen, rarely white

34 1. Mascu~ cu gu;;a sl ventral alb, fiecare scut ventral patat cu negru

2. Nurnar solzi dorsale intre 52-61 ...

1. Male with white throat and ventral, each ventral scale black spotted

2.. Dorsal scales between 52-61 .. ,

Podarcis muralis var, albanica Bolkay, 1919 $oparla de zid albanica - Albanian wall lizards

pe randul extern de plac: ventrale pete albastre

with blue spots on external ventral plates

ventral ~i gu~a alb-qalbule spre rozaliu cu pete inchise

with spotted

white-yellowish or pink belly and throat

porii fernorali dezvoltati developed femoral pores

Podarcis tauricus tauricus Panas, 1814 Sopa.rla delarba - Balkan wall lizard

verzl with green dorsal stripe

cu pete albastre with :J. blue U spots

guler dintat thooted collar

pileus brun nepatat brown unspotted pileus

ventral alb-ce ram iziu white or cream abdomen

linia de tranzitie putin ondulata "-' ......... transitional line less wavy

cu porll femorali ~i baza

cozii pronuntati swollened tail base and developed femoral pores

Homocromia este 0 adaptarelrnportanta ~i la Podarcis tauricus .. In perioadele cu venetatle frageda, verde, deci pnmavara §:i la inceputul verii, ele prezinta 0 dunga verde care se term ina intr-un pileus verde in cazul ambe!or sexelor. Acest colorit insa devine brun in perioadele de seceta, deobicel la starsitu: verll .§:i inceputul toamnei, cand veqetatia se uses slla Fel devine bruna. Aceasta forma este deseori identificata. gTe~it ca apertinand de Podarcis muralis sau de Lacerta agilis.

:Habitat .. Rast, Dolj

Homocromy is an important adaptation in case of Podarcis tauricus also . In spring and in the early period of summer, when the vegetation is still fresh and qreen, the lizard present a green median line which continue in a green pileus in both sexes. This coloration tum to brown in the dry periods, which usual occur in the second part of summer and early autumn, when vegetation tum to brown also. This form is often misidentified as Podarcis mural is or Lacerta agiHs.

pileus brun, rareori patat brown pileus, rarely spotted

verde devine bruna the green dorsa! stripe became

36

1. Cu banda dorsala intre doua linii ± fragrnentata: in general cu dunga vertebrata

2. Abdomen galben-portocaliu

3. Rostralul nu atinge nara

4. Deobicei fara granule supraciliare

5. Placa preanale separata de 2 sirurl de solzi ...

1. Dorsal band limited by two ± fragmented lines; usual with vertebral line

2. Abdomen is yellow-orange

3. Rostral does not reach to nostril

4. Usual without supraci/iar granules

5. Preanal plate ;5 separated by 2 rows of scales ...

Zootoca vivipere Jacquin, 1787 $oparla de munte- Common lizard

fara granule supracUiare without supraciliar granules

nu atinge nara

no contact between rostral

and nostril

cu dunqa vertebrala with vertebral

ventral galben spre rosu, patata ventral from yellow to red, spotted

irizat In albastru rainbow-blue tail

cenusiu yellow to greyish

porii femorali ;;i baza cozil pronuntati swollened tail

2 randuri 2 rows

36

1. Cu banda vertebrata inchisa cu marginile festonate, lata de maxim 7 slruri de solzi

2. Abdomen galben verzui, uniform

3. Rostralul atinge nara

4. Cu granule supraciliare in §iir lung

5. Placa preanala separate de un sir de solzi

1. Dorsal dark vertebral stripe with wavy edges, with maximum 7 scale rows width

2. Abdomen is yellow-greenish, uniform

3. Rostral reaches to nostril

4. With supraciliar granules in a long row

5. Preanal plate separated by 1 row of scales ...

Darevskia praticoia pontica Lantz &. eyren, 1919 $oparla de padure - Meadow lizard

fara granule supraciliare

nu atinge without supraci/iar

nara granules

no contact

between

rostral

and nostril

banda vertebrata

cu margini festonate with vertebral stripe with wavy edges

regiunea maseterlca dilatata dilated maseteric region

porii femoral! ~i baza cozii pronuntati swollened tail base, large femoral pores

ORDINUL SERPE,NTES

abdomenului

ORDER SERPENTES

Eryx jaculus turcicus Olivier, 1801 ,~a,rpele de nisip-Western sand boa

40 1. Fara dunga - Coluber- sau cu, intre ochi ;;i coltul gurii - Elaphe, Zamenis - ...

2. Suboculare prezente ...

Coluber + Elaphe + Zamenis ... 41

1. 0 dunga lnchisa lncepand de la nostral

2. Suboculare absente ...

1. Without stripe - Coluber - or with, starting from eyes - Elaphe, Zamenis - ...

2. Suboculars are presesent ...

Coluber + Elaphe + Zamenis ... 41

1. A dark stripe starting from nostril

2. Suboculars lack ....

Coronella austriaca austriaca Laurenti,1768 ~arpele de alun - Smooth snake

o dunqa Inchtsa a dark stripe

fara suboculare without suboculars

nara in mijlocul unui

•..... ~ singur scut ~.iI nostril in the

0' middle of a

single ~ ......... t:d~

scale

mai putin de 200

placi cenusiu

ventrale panala negru

with from greyish to black

less than 200 ventra! plates

cu desen inchis with dark

19 siruri de solzi dorsali 19 rows of dorsal scales

brun sau rosu-

pileus negru pileus is black

ventral rosu-cararnizlu ventral brick-red

cad§miziu, ga.lben brown or brickred, yellow

baza cozii urnflata swollen tail base

Dolichophis caspius (GmeIin, 1.789) ~arpelerau - Caspian whipe snake

fara dunga inchlse without stripe

coada lungal subtire long, thin

tail

ventral galben uniform ventral uniformly yel/ow

mal putin de 200 de ventrale less than 200 ventrals

desenului juvenil ~l'~j1Ii;... la subadult

the continuity of juvenil head draw in subadult

baza

cazii umflata swollen tail

Elaphe sauromates Pallas, 1814 Balaur- Blotched snake

o dunga dela ochi la coltul gurii __ ... a stripe from eyes to the mouth corner

pileus cu pete inchlse

dark spotted pileus

pete mari lnchise large dark

spots

In

general cu 25 solzi dorsali in general with 2S dorsal scale rows

solzi striatl inchis dark striped scales

position

CU solzl carenati with keeled scales

abdomen uniform uniform abdomen

placa anala divlzata divided anal plates

.

- .. , .. ,

• '\ beza cozil .~: umflata

.. I swollen tail

~- ....... / base

,/

42 1. Fara pete mari inchise dorsal 2. 1 preocular

3.23 solzi dorsali ...

J. Without big dark dorsal spots

2. 1 preocular

3. 23 dorsal scales ...

Zamenis longissimus longissimus (Laurenti,1768) $arpele lui Esculap- Aesculapian snake

dirnensiunl pana la 2 metri up to 2 meters

pete occipitale accentuate emphasized occipital spots

cu pete dorsale brune lnchtse with dark-brown dorsal spots

43

1. Pata sernllunara deschisa

2. 1 preocular, 7supralabiale

3. Ochi atins de doua supralabiale

4. Internazalul - privit de sus - mai Iat decat jurnatatea prefrontalului ...

J. Ught semilunar spots on both neck sides

2. 1 preocufar, 7 suprafabiafs

3. Eyes are reached by two suprafabiafs

4. Internasafs - sight from above - widther than haffofthe prefrontal

Natrix natrix natrix Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpele de casa - Grass snake

internazalul mailat decat jumatatea prefrontalui internesele larger than half of the

prefrontal

1 preocular 7 supralabiale 1 preocular 7 supralabials

pata qalbena yellow stripe

contact intre ochi ~i 2 supralabiale eye in contact with 2 supra la bials

pozitia de "mort" death stance

~~IIJ~~ ventrale cu negru ~i alb ventrals with white and black

baza cozii urnflata swollen tail

identic cu adultii similar with adults

43

Validitatea subspeciei Netrix natrix persa este pusa de unii cercetatorl sub semnul intrebarll. Subspecia difera de forma nominata numai prin prezenta a doua dungi deschise longitudinale, insa forma este locallzata geografic.

The validity of the subspecies Natrix natrix persa is questioned by several researchers. The subspecies differs from the nominat form with the presence of two fongitudinallight stripes, although the forms is geographically localized.

Natrix natrix persa (Pallas, 1814)

~a.rpele de casapersana - Persian grass snake

internazalul mai lat decat jurnatatea prefrontalui internasale larger than half of the

1 preacular 1 preocular

7 supralabiale 7 supretebiels

pats galbena solzi yellow stripe

prefrontal contact intre ochi ~i 2 supralabiale eye in contact with 2 supralabials

coada lunga, subtlre lonq, thin tail

cap latit in

pozltie de atac

flat head in attack position

juvenil juvenile

identic cu adultil similar with adults

ventrale cu negru ~j alb ventrals with white and black

baza cozii urnflata swollen tail base

Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) ~arpele de apa - Dice snake

internazalul mal lat decal jurnatatea prefrontalui internasafe larger than half of the prefrontal

2 preoculari 8 supralabiale 2 preoculars 8 suprelebiets

ochi in contact cu 1 supralabial eye in contact with 1 supra/abiate

coada lunga, subtire fong, thin

-23 dorsa/scales in

45

1. Zig-zag cu colturi rotunjite

2. Preocularu I su perter in contact cu naza lui

3. Un singur scut apical

4. Deseori intre supraoculari sl frontal 0 placa intreaga ...

Vipera ursinii

Vipera de stepa ... 46

1. Zig-zag cu colturi ascutlte

2. Preocularul superior despartit de nazal

3. Doua scuturi aplcale

4. Intre supraoculari sl frontal mal multe placi ...

Vipera berus + Vipera nikolskii .... 47

praeocu [aria

nasale

apicale

su praocu laria

3,4.

1. Zig-zag drawing has rounded corners

2. Superiorpreocular in contact with nasal

3. A single scale on apex

3. Frequently a plate between supra ocular and frontal ...

Vipera ursinii

Steppe viper ... 46

1. Zig-zag drawing has its corners sharp

2. Superior preocular separated from nasal

3. At apex there are two scales

4. Between supraocular and frontal plate there there are more plates

Vipera berus + Vipera nikolskii ... 47

Vipera ursinii rakosiensisMehely, 1893

Vipera de stepa dunareana - Danube steppe viper

preocularul superior In contact cu nazalul superior preocular in contact with nasal

stripes

a placa 1 plate

1 apical 5 loreale 1 apical 5 loreals

frontal §i parietale marl large frontal and parietals

81abiale 8 la bia Is

placa anata Intreaqa undivided

Vipera ursinii moldavica Nilson, Andren & loger, 1893 Vipera de stepa moldoveana - Moldavian steppe viper

Vipera berus berus Linnaeus, 1758 Vipera oblsnulta - Adder

2 apicale frontal 2 apicals ~i parietale dezvoltate

large frontal and parietals

loreale relativ mari, putine

few, large toreetes

fara contact intre preocular superior ~i nazal no contact between nasa! and superior preocular

zig-zag cu colturi ascutite sharp cornered zig-

zag pattern

single scate row

fond cenusiu, deschis light grey ground

19-21 de solzl dorsali 19-21 dorsal scale

pupila vertlcala vertical pupil

fond maroniu, roscat brown, reddish ground

144-149 ventrale 144-149 ventreis

subcaudale intre 37-39

cu nuante inchise with dark colors

subcaudale intre 30-31 subcaudals between 30-31

150-155 ventrals

Vipera nikolski; Vedmederya, Grubandt& Rudayeva1986 Vi,pera lui Nikolsky- Nikolsky's adder

mat multe plik.i

more plates 2 apicale

frontal 2 apicals ~i parietale dezvoltate

large frontal and parietals

pupila verticals vertical pupil

fond rnaronlu, roscat brown, reddish ground

fara contact intre preocular superior ~i nazal no contact between nasal and superior preocular

loreale relativ mici, numeroase many, small loreeles doua '!.....-..oiI .... ii

randurl de solzi two scale ro ws

zig-zag cu colturi ascutite sharp cornered zig-

zag pattern

19-21 de solzl dorsali 19-21 dorsal scale rows

fond cenusiu, deschis light grey ground

solzi careneti keeled scales

coada scurta short tail

150-155 ventrale 150-155 ventrals

subcaudale intre 40-42 subcaudals between 40-42

cu nuante deschise with sharp colors

subcaudale intre 32-33 subcaudals between 32-33

Vipera ammodytes ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758 Vipera cu corn - European nose-horned viper

rostral wider than hight

2 placi mari 2 large

plates

superioara a

rostralului _:jI.

naso-rostral U

extends higher than superior edge of rostral

fara contact intre preocularul superior $i nazal no contact between nasal and superior preocular

nazo-rostralul ating.e canthusul rostral neso-rostrel reaches the rostral canthus

naso-rostralul se

intinde mai sus

de marginea

pupila verticala vertical pupil

zig-zag cu colturi ascutite sharp cornered zig-zag

solzi dorsali 21-23 dorsal scale rows

cozii rosie tail peak red

cozii urnflata swollen tail base

Vipera ammodytes montandoni Boulenger, 1904

Vipera cu corn a lui Montandon-Montandon's nose-horned viper