Spring 2020 Math 155 Professor Shneerson

Chapter 8. Selected exercises.

Section 8.3 The Integral and Comparison Tests

P
1
1
np : p series which is convergent , p > 1
n=1
P
1
2
1. Determine whether the series n0:15 is convergent or divergent.
n=1
P
1
2
P
1
1
Hint: n0:15 =2 n0:15 .
n=1 n=1
Since
P
1 1
(1)
n=1 n0:15
is the p- series with p = 0:15 < 1, then our series is divergent.
X1 p
n+4
2. Determine whether the series n2 is convergent or divergent
n=1
p p 1
X p
n+4 n 4 1 4 n+4
Solution. Since n2 = n2 + n2 = n3=2
+ n2 ; we get that n2 =
n=1
1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X
1
( n3=2 + n42 ): Since both series 1
n3=2
and 4
n2 =4 1
n2 are convergent,
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1
1
X p
n+4
then their sum n2 is convergent.
n=1
II The Comparison Test
Let
P
1
an ( ) (2)
n=1

and
P
1
bn ( ) (3)
n=1

be two series with non negative terms satisfying the condition

an bn (for n = 1; 2; :::): (4)

If the series ( ) is convergent, then the series ( ) is convergent. In

particular, if the series ( ) is divergent, and an bn (for n = 1; 2; :::); then
the series ( ) must be divergent.
3. Determine whether the series
X1
( n210+1 )3
n=1

1
 is convergent or divergent.
Solution: It is clear that
10 3 10 1000
( ) < ( 2 )3 = 6 . (5)
n2 + 1 n n
P
1
1
Since the series n6 is the convergent p-series with p = 6 > 1 and
n=1
X1 X1
1000 1
6
= 1000 6
; (6)
n=1
n n=1
n

then our series is convergent by the Comparison Test (with an = ( n210+1 )3 and
bn = 1000
n6 ).
2. The Limit Comparison Test (p.457).
P
1 P1
Let an and bn be two number series with positive terms.
n=1 n=1
P
1 P
1
Theorem ( LImit Comparison Test). Let an and bn be two number
n=1 n=1
series with positive terms.
If the limit lim abnn = K is a …nite positive number, then both series
n!1
converge or both diverge.
X1 p
n+2
4. Determine whether the series 2n2 +n+1 is convergent or divergent
p n=1 p
We will use the facts that n + 2 qn and 2n2 + nq+ 1 2n2 (as n ! 1):
p
n+2 n+2 x+2 2n2 +n+1
[More precisely, lim p n
= lim n = lim x = 1 and lim 2n2 =
n!1 n!1 x!1 n!1
2x2 +x+1
lim 2x2 = 1:] This yields that
x!1

p p p 2
lim ( 2n2 n+2
+n+1 ) ( 2nn2 ) = lim ( ( n+2)
( 2n22n
p
( n) +n+1 ) =
n!1 n!1 q
p 2
2x2
lim ( ( x+2)
p
( x)
) lim ( (2x22x+x+1) ) = lim ( x+2x ) lim ( (2x2 +x+1) ) = 1
2
2 = 1:
x!1 x!1 x!1 x!1
X1 p X1 X1
n 1 n1=2 1 1
Since the series 2n2 = 2 n2 = 2 n3=2
is convergent, by the
n=1 n=1 n=1
Limit Comparison Test with
p
n+2 1 1
an = ; bn = (7)
2n2 + n + 1 2 n3=2
we obtain that the series
1 p
X n+2
( )
n=1
2n2 +n+1
is convergent.
Another Solution

2
 p p p p
n+2 n+2 4n 2 n n1=2 1
an = < < = = 2 = 3=2 : (8)
2n2 + n + 1 2n 2 2n 2 2n 2 n n
1
So an < n3=2
. Since the series

X1
1
3=2
(9)
n=1
n

converges (as p- series with p = 3=2 > 1), the series ( ) also is convergent.
Absolute and Conditional Convergence (Section 8.4)

5: Determine whether the given series is absolutely convergent, or condition-

ally convergent or divergent.
1
X
(a) ( 1)n+1 n12 = 1 212 + 312 1
42 + ::::
n=1
1
X
Solution: Here an = ( 1)n+1 n12 : Then j an j= 1
n2 : Since the series 1
n2 is
n=1
convergent (as the p- series with p = 2), then the original series is absolutely
convergent.
(b)
1
X 1
( 1)n ; (10)
n=1
2n
1
X
1
Hint: Here an = ( 1)n 2n . The series an is convergent by the Alternat-
n=1
X1 1
X 1
X
1 1
ing Series Test. At the same time, the series j an j= j ( 1)n 2n j= 2n
n=1 n=1 n=1
1
X
= 21 is 1
2
1
n : divergent harmonic series: Thus, in contrast with the previ-
n=1
1
X 1
X
ous example (a), the series j an jis divergent. Since the series an =
n=1 n=1
1
X
1
( 1)n 2n is convergent, we conclude that the given series is conditionally
n=1
convergent. R
6. Section 8.6. (Student’s question). Evaluate the inde…nite integral 1 tt11 dt as
the power series. What is the radius of convergence, R?
Solution:
1 1 11
1 t11 = 1 r (a = 1; r = t )
1 2
1 r = 1 + r + r + ::: ( if j r j< 1) the sum geometric series which is
convergent for all r from the interval (-1,1).
j r j=j t11 j=j t j11 < 1 ()j t j< 1:
Thus 1 1t11 = 1 + t11 + (t11 )2 + (t11 )3 + ::: = 1 + t11 + t22 + t33 + ::::

3
 P
1
= t11n on ( 1; 1).
n=0
Then 1 tt11 = t(1 + t11 + t22 + t33 + ::::) = t + t12 + t23 + t34 + ::::
P
1
= t11n+1 on ( 1; 1) and
n=0
R t 2 13 24 35 P
1
1 t11 dt = ( t2 + t13 + t24 + t35 + ::::) + C = 1
( 11n+2 )t11n+2 + C (on -1,1).
n=0
Hence, R = 1:
7. Student’s question (HW -Section 8.6)
P
1
xn+1
P
1
xn
Why (n+1) 3n = n 3n 1 ?
n=0 n=1
Hint :
xn+1 x
n=0) (n+1) 3n = 1 30 =x
xn x
n=1) =
(n) 3n 1 1 = x
1 31
Let
n
xn+1
f (n) = (n)x3n 1 : Then f (n + 1) = (n+1) 3n :
Let us show that for any function f (n),
P1 P
1
f (n + 1) = f (n).
n=0 n=1
Indeed, we have
P
1
f (n + 1) = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + ::: and
n=0
P
1
f (n) = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + :::.
n=1
Section 8.7. Taylor and Maclaurin Series.
Example 1. Consider the function f (x) = ex : Since f (n) (0) = (f (n) )(x) jx=0 =
x
e jx=0 = 1; then the Maclaurin series

f 0 (0) f (2) (0) 2 P1 f (n) (0)xn

f (0) + x+ x + ::: = (11)
1! 2! n=0 n!

for f (x) = ex has the form

P1 xn x x2 xn
=1+ + + ::: + + :::: (12)
n=0 n! 1! 2! n!

As we know (Section 8.7), this series is convergent for all x and its sum is
equal to ex , i.e.
x 2 n P
1
xn
ex = 1 + 1! + x2! + ::: + xn! + :::: = n! ( )
n=0
Let f (x) be a function which is in…nitely di¤erentiable at x = 0:
0 00 (n)
De nition.The sum Tn (x) = f (0) + f 1!(0) x + f 2!(0) x2 + ::: + f n!(0) xn will
be called the n-th Maclaurin polynomial for f (x).
8. Find the second Maclaurin polynomial for the function f (x) = e x .
2
x)n
Solution: e x = 1 + 1!x + ( 2!x) + ::: + ( n! + ::::

4
 x x2 x3 x4
=1 + 3! + 4! :::: ( 1; 1):
| 1!
{z 2!
}
0 00
x2 x2
Then T2 (x) = f (0) + f 1!(0) x + f 2!(0) x2 = 1 x
1! + 2! =1 x+ 2
Remark:
T0 (x) = 1
x
T1 (x) = 1 1! =1 x
2 2
T2 (x) = 1 + 1!x + ( 2!x) = 1 x + x2
2
x3 2
x3
T3 (x) = 1 x + x2 3! = 1 x + x2 6
9. Student’s question regarding Sections 8.7-8.8: Show the applications of
Taylor series.
Illustration: Find p1e with j error j< 0:05.
Solution:
1
I: p1e = e 2 = ex jx= 21
II. We know that Maclaurin series for the natural exponential function
f (x) = ex has the form
2 3 4
x
ex = 1 + 1! + x2! + x3! + x4! + :::::( 1; 1)
1
Changing x to 2 we obtain
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
e 2 =1+ 2
1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + :::::;
i.e.

1 1 1 1 1
e 2 = 1 + + :::: (13)
1!2 2! 4 3! 8 4! 16
1 1 1 1
= 1 + + :::: (14)
2 8 48 384
P
1 P
1
III. We have the alternating series ( 1)n+1 bn = ( 1)n+1 n!12n satisfying
n=1 n=1
the conditions of the Alternating Series Test because
1 1
bn+1 = n+1
< = bn (15)
(n + 1)!2 n! 2n

and
1
lim bn = lim
= 0: (16)
n!1 n! 2n n!1

How to …nd the approximation S ' Sn with jerrorj< 0:05?

We need to …nd n such that bn+1 < 0:05:
We observe that b1 ; b2 ; b3 > 0:05 but
1
b4 = 48 < 0:05
Hence, n = 3(!):
1
e 2 1 12 + 18 = 0:625:
1
Remark: e 2 = 0:606530::::