PROCEDURES AND DESIGN EXAMPLES TO EBCS3 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES } (Ethiopian Building Code Standard) Negussie TebedgeLoeb Oo her he bob oo tO Eee ee \ FOREWORD | a ‘The Proclamation to define the powers and duties of the Federal and Regional Executive Organs of the Fesderal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia No. 41/1993 empowers the Ministry ‘of Works and Urban Development to prepare the Country's Building Code, issue Standards mn of the for design and construction works, and follow up and supervise the implement its duties, the Ministry has ised & It shall inthe Future issue a Examples to EBCS-3: Design of of these powers and in di Code Standards of gener ‘Stel Structures is the second, ‘The purpose of this document is to deseribe and ign of Steel Strsctutes (EBCS-3) pc ical design and analysis of steel structures. The ma use of certain clauses ofthe Ethiopian Building Code Standard - Design ‘of Steel Structures (EBCS-3), ‘This document shal be reviewed from time to time as and when the Building Code Standard is revised and also when technol | ‘such action. In order to keep abreast of structures, the Ministry of Works and suggestions for Further improvements | tate aseptic Minty af Werks and an Development ooPREFACE “Taking cognizance of the significant development in the design concepts of sve snd the tecinologial developments of steel construction, the philosophy off design has been adopted 28 basis for design by the Ethiopian Building Code ‘Design of Steel Structures (EBCS-3). This document focuses on making major emphasis on applying correctly the design provision ater than preparation of design rticlar cate of design of tec structre, ngncsrs in interpreting and applying design calculation Stepwise manner to cover all relevant Teavirements sipulated ia the Code to aply the Code Standad corcetly requirements of the Code ‘Standard are so interwoven fora design engineer who This document ‘design examples making reference to provisions stated in the Code Standa materials have been added as Appendices whenever important materials have inad bbeen omitted in the Code Standard, reparation ofthe manuscript Finally, acknowledgments are due to the Ministry of Works and Urban Development forthe continued interest and positive support ofthe works, Negussie Tebedse September, 1998 ‘Addis Ababa oCONTENTS METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 11 Global Analysis 2 1.4 Frame Imperfections ‘CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES of Cross-Section: 2.2 Thin-Walled Cross-Section 1. TENSION MEMBERS 3.1 Axial! Loaded Tension Members 3.2 Tension Members with Moments COMPRESSION MEMBERS 4.1 Buckling Lengths 42 Axially Loaded Compression Members 4.3. Compression Members with Moments BEAM MEMBERS S.1 Resistance to Bending 52 Resist Bending and Axial Force 53 Resistance to Shear 5.4 Resistance to Bending and Shear 5.5 Resistance to Bending, Shear and Axial Force 56 Resistance of Webs to Transverse Forces - CONNECTIONS, 6.1 Bolted and Riveted Connections 6.4 Welded Connections 6.5 Bearnto Colur:n Connections 66 Colum Basés ov1A Bs A BC A, i ea APPENDIX A: BUCKLING LENGTH OF A COMPRESSION MEMBER 99 Al Bass ” ARPENDIX B: BEAM-TO.COLUMN CONNECTIONS es Bul Scope 10s Bz Welded Beamto -Column Connections 106 3 Bolted Beam-to-Colurn Connections ng APPENDIX C: DESIGN OF COLUMN BASES 10 C1 Base Pte 163 2 Holding Down Boks 16 APPENDIX D: TAULES OF DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES we i e witty)ra ae ee oe ee . i yer se ee et a ee CHAPTER 1 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1.1 Global Analysis, ermination of intemal forees and ly determinate (Section 4.2). For statically he intemal forces and moments are determined using Elastic global analysis (Section 42.1.3), or tion 4.2.1.4) 3) ») Plastic global Distinction is made on effects of in the first-order analysisea TT TT cm oe ror or or “a uy 2s EE Buse ede tres bed Maes as ) Member Analysis: In member andl ak direct 1.2 Structural Systems [EBCS 3 classifies structures into three catagoris (Section 4.2.3) These are: a cructurat Elements: These include single-span beams, in fension or compression members 2) Ce ‘Beams ond Non-Sway Frames: These beams and structures for which the effects of sway are ne they are very stiff or because they are braced adequat way. ) Sway Frames: ‘These include all structures which are supported and which ae not considered to be laterally stiff 13 Imperfections Section 4.2.4.1(3) requires that effets of imperfections shall be considered for following cases: @) Global Analysis; On imperfections need to be included, except for subjected to compression, for which alue Section4 2.4.2(4)).¢ system analysis imperfections of the bacing system fections of members must be included. This is deat with in Chapter 6 of 1.4. Frame fenperfections EDCS 3 requires an equivalent geometric impert jobal analysis and in the analysis ofthe bracing syste Eipertection ¢ (in radian) caleulted as faltows (Section 4.2.43) fr hte with fe = 1/200 hem (05+ Une)? bot ke $1.0 A= OS+h 10 ine number of columns per plane which carry not less than 50% of the mean value of the vertical load per column 1m, * number of storys connected tothe columns included in Me ‘The sway impertactions calculated above apply to all directions but One Jy, Sway imperfections can be i laor or roof level (Section ad 00 1 ity ¢ caleulated above (See ea EBCS 3), However, the horizontal reactions at each support should be cen as the >‘A three-story steel framed b shown below. Determine the sway impert horizontal forces. jons at exch level and the equivalent 4 __375 KN nn 119 KH 650_KN rot z Bu XN 2.06 KN SOLUTION Number of columns per plane, me = 4 Number of storys (ose)? = 0.8660 Hence, =0.7303, substituting, #kaig, = 0.8660 x 0,7303/200 = 3.1622 x 10° radian ‘The imperfection displacements, 6, and the equivalent horizontal loads, Hat each level are 8) At roof level, y= 9.5 m, My = 378 kN = gh, = 3.1623 x 10” x9 500 = 30.04 mm Ha $= 3.1623 x 10? x 375 = 1.I9KN : b) At second flor evel =6.5 m, a= 650 KN = diy = 3.1623 x 10? x6 500=20.56 mm Hy = Ma 3.1625 x 10? x 650 = 206 KN 3.5 m, N= 650 kN 1623 x 10° x3 500 = 11.07 mm He = $i = 3.1623 x 10° x 650 2.06 &N ©) Atfirsta floor lev ht. gees - Oo FI PO Poe described sbove, the displacements caused by the equivalent horizontal forees are calculated by elastic analysis as 2) at roof evel 4; = 5.00 mm 41= 3.20 mm fe) at Get oor level “8 = 1.23 mm ‘Determine forthe given load caze whether the Frame is a sway of a non-sway frame at each level SOLUTION Since the toadiog equivalent horizontal losding at eat Jh= 119k Hi=1194206=3.25kN H,= 325+ 2.06 =5.31 kN 2) At second floor level, 1) At first oor level 1) At ground floor level ©) At ground floor level ¥,= 1 025 + 650= 1 675 KN ‘The net displacements at each floor level are: 5, =5.00-3.20= 1.80 mm 6 =3.20- 1.235197 mm = 1.23 8) Roof'to second floor level, +) Second floor fo first floor level, ©) First floor to ground flor lev 425.264) toot ee (= /133° [At ground floor level ground floor level San ‘value of 01 throughout,Tome ee AYB.9 = 5.73 <10e = 10x 092" 9.2 ge classification the cross section is clasifed as Class ii) Web where whole section is subject to compression (Table 4.1) Ade = 44 x 0,92 = 40.48 for Class 2 The whole ross section explicit allowances for the effects of local buckling, compression resistance. ‘The classification of compression elements include every element of a cross-section either totally oF ce, bending moment, and under ied by quoting the highest (least EXAMPLE 21 sine the clasification of 305 x 102 x 28UB of grade 1mm under axial compression load, and (b) Flexural me xpresions given in Section EXAMPLE 2.2 Determine the effective area of 406 x 140 « 39 UB of Fe430 grade ifthe section is used as 2 centrally loaded column. 4-89 0m 26.1 mmee ty oy ‘ ge ralereangiarats . * >. — ed 22 RL SOLUTION sua tatoo of pre 10 soon Relevant cross properties ofthe cross-section (refer to Appendix D): foaded column, and, () a bending member joaded column, and, (b) » bending me i he =3973 oom ry =10.2mm boidtsmn 4 = 4940mmt 163 mm yas y=8s 1 For Fe 410 steel grade = 215 Nina, Ths, 2% (S77, = VESTS = 0.92 smn afb 2 19 Ourstand element of compression flange [st ne | SOLUTION t 1 ofyn (UL AnayR.6 = 82 < 10082 =92 2355 Wimen? for < 40 mm, Thus, € (877, ~ For FeS10 steel fy ‘Hence, the fangeis Class | andi fll effective ii) Web, where whole section is subject to compression ection used as an be= 359.05 3 = STAO> Sle= $1 x 0.924692 ypression flange = 100-3 x2" 94 mm Hence, the web is considered as Class. loaded, the stress distribution is uniform: ie. 1e corresponding value of ke = 4.0 According to Secon 43.40 . : peat Z,-Gayassely B= 4=359.7 mm eno A284 KOSI X V4) = 1.022 > 0.673 Subsiceuting, 0.221.022" = 0.168 1.2mm ignored from the two, flanges is 6.92 x V4) = 1.09 > 0.673 0.22y1,09" = 0.732 263.4 mm = 91.2 mat hhould be ignored at the center of the web is i eee BA ~(B - Bag io = (859.7 - 263.3) x 63 = 607 mn? ‘The effective area becomes Aap= A= 8A = 4940-601 = 4333 mm?eee aa yee ee BR ee eae ee eer er Ree A —_ q 2 “According to Section 4.3.3 (2), since dit. = 194/2 97 > 636~ 63 x 0.81 = Si: ithe section is required to carry shear, the capacity of the cross-section ‘p= Gy -022y To 2.108 -0.22)2.108"~ 0.422 ¥ Sould be ealeulated fiom a more rigorous method of analysis: digm pl= 0425 x 194 = 12.5 mm “Thetota ares that should be ignored from the two webs is 14.2084 425) 22° 4460 oe? “Thetotal arc to be dedveted from the eos-secton is A= Ady + Ade D+ 44 ) Section used as a bending me 1p Interv! element of compression flange For the seme reason given in part (a) above, the area from the lange in compression is Asp= 91,202= 46.5 me? 1) Webs of the cross-section d= h-3¢= 200-3 x2 194 mm re bending, 6.01 = -or be BS Sirese distribution: Since the st From Table 4.3 for y= o3/01= ‘According to Section 4.3.4(4) 3, = (anise di Hew, fi p= (Rp 0.22Y 210.863 - 0.2290. dig = pit -y) = 0863 x 1940 ‘Thetotal area that should be ignored fro =83.7)x26441.2 mt ould be deducted fom the cross-section is MA = Ady + Ad, = 45,54 441.2 = 486.8 min? Note: : 1. In determining the moment of cross-section, the new neut ‘consideration the deducted areassoLuTION | “The net area ofthe section is ! CHAPTER 3- Ame “1920-2 165% 10 1 590 mm? TENSION MEMBERS is, f= 430 Nim? section (Section 4.1.1(2)) is yu 1.25 3.1 Axially Loaded Tension Members of a tension membe the yield strength, or 0.9 x1 $90 x 430/1.25 "= 492 264 N= 492 KN > 480 KN (see Example 3 ‘Therefore, the design siength of 2) The design plastic resitance of the gross section strength ofthe full section, Thus Nyane= 480 KN. Mune = Abin 3.2-Tension Members with Moment ) The design ultimate resitance ofthe net section atthe bolt hole Ness = 0.94ug fala ced with a simple example. ; EXAMPLE31 “To design members subjected to 1¢ and moment the following steps should Determine the design strength of an angle 100 x 100% 10in grade Fe430 used as a welded be followed: bracing member. 1. Determine the tensile axial forces and bending moments applied to the SOLUTION member ‘The gross area of the section is 2 Selecta trial section Am 19.2em?= 1920 mm? 13. Check the section for local buckling under roment alone The yield strength for Fe430 stec grade is, f, ~ 275 Nl , “ se of the gross section or the design | ret section “The partial safety factor forthe section (Section 4. k 5. 1e moment about one or both axes as required “The design plastic resistance is: 1 Nyana ~ Afy/rus = 1920 x 275/1.1 = 480.000 N~ 480 KN 6 mn expression given by Eq, 4.25 of EBCS ihe efoss-rection is adequate forthe appli EXAMPLE3.2 the moments. Determine the design strength of an angle 100 x 100 x 10 in grade Fe30 used as a bol bracing member with single row of 16,5 mmm holes at each leg of he angle.Si eee EXAMPLE 33 ‘A 406 x 178 x 6TUB grade Fe430 beain laterally restrained agsinst lateral buckling ‘subjected to a factored bending moment of 120 kN-m at 3f axis and 20 KN. ‘bout the minor axis, Determine the maximurn axial tensile force the bear can carry. SOLUTION ‘The relevant cross-section properties of the UB section are: ‘Step 3: Cneck for focal For Fe430 f,~ 275 Nien? . Thus, e= (23577, =. 1) Outstand element of compression flange clty= (78. 8DY14.3 = 6.25 < 10e © 10 x0.92 = 9.2 = Class | cross section rminor axis) can take fi resistance (Section ckling wil take place. Noise =f Aug 215 x8 550x107 =2 tas Step 5: Calculalte the resistance moments about both axes Masa = Wea 1b) Minor exis bending for Cl Mass Weg h/ tra = (237% 1 x275 x 104 YL = 59.3 Nem ‘step 6: Check combined axial force: and bending moments According 10 4.4.25, Ny, Mose, Muse Tih Mypa” Bane <10 ‘Substituting the appropriate values 0. Nat 403556403373 393 "2351 N, Me 40692910 Mer 4 069295 Solving, Na 722.0CHAPTER coummon Distribution factors: [According to Eqs. 4.26 and 4.27 of EBCS 3, the distribution fictors m and ty KAR + Kut Ke) 4.1 Bucing Lengths ~ Keethoe + Ke oc) mm = KAKe + Kit Ke) ~ Kyte + Kog + Ke) structure. EBCS 3 provides charts to determine the buckling length of compres a : ‘Kya = 32,400/600 = 54.00 Roc ~ 32 400/800 = 40,50 Kae.» 22 200/400 = 55.50, Koc = 28 6001600 = 47.67 « Ke = 28 600/800 =35.75 EXAMPLE 4.1 ‘Substin Determine the buckling length ¢ of the column BE in the subframe shown below if the su frame is assumed to have, (a) Non-sway mode, and (b) Sway mode 55.50/(55.50 + 47.67 +35.75)= 0.40 m y= 58.50M(55.50 + $4,00 + 40.50)= 0.37 2) Non-sway mode Entering the chart in Appendix A for non-sway mode alucs of r= 0.4 and m= 2/ Non-say mode 0.37 the buckling coefficient ie obtained as 0.63, Therefore, the bucking length becomes: 07063 x40=252m ) Sway mode ‘Emering the chart in Appendix 2 for sway mode for the values of my = 0.4 and 7m = 0.37, the buckling coefficient fs obtained as 1.30. Therefore, the buckling length becomes: 10x 40=5.20m Memebre 42 Axially Loaded Compees ‘According to EBCS 3, the design buckling resistance of a compression member denoted by Naas given by Eg. 4.34 as follows: Member DER: 4 Nenber ABC: #57. 152. 74UB : MenberBE. Jos305-e97 UG: tang Mit BAL fis 0 for Class 1,2 and 3 rossetons Bia = Aug /A for Class 4 cross-sections 17 = reduction factor for the relevant buckling modeee order to avoid any modification to the full eross sectional area due to local buckling. the Biting width to thickness ratio for Class 3 section are (Table 4.1): ‘Outstand element of compression flange: c/y < 15e Web subject to compression only: ty # Ste rade f, ~ 275Nimun?. Thus, ¢= JTSTF, = \(BS7275 = 092 This gives the following limiting values etp= Se 150.92 = 13.8 092= 469 ‘Outstand element of compression Web subject to compression only! For the 203 x 203 x 86 UC profile, the actual values are: T= wa, ea 1 clement of compresion fl ay0s=sh<13.8 OK y= 93.9 85 Cvtstand element of compression lange: =s4% ee Nea Web subject to compression only: di, = 160.9/13.0 = 12.4 <469 ox fu= 1.0 for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections is (ote: d = h-2y-2r=2223-2x205-2% 10.2% 1609) B= hag iA 6. Using Table 4.11 determin the appropiate buckling curve 7. Using Table 4.9 find the ve of. Iterpoltion must be used to determine more exact valves 8. Caloulate the design buckling resistance Mia of the member (Eq, 4.34) Nana 2rd a (Note: buckling about Both principal axes must be checked) 9. Check the computed bucWling resistance agaist the applied load. I'the calculated value is inadequate or is too high, select another section and back to Step 4 ‘Therefore, the section belongs to at least Class 3. Thus, = 1.0 Step $: Determine the non-dimensional slendemess ratio 2 EXAMPLE 2 4205 x 203 x 26 UC weed a8 «gi Wi, ~ 3.164) YB 0.50 7, = (75.2/86.4) 10 = 0.87 grades Fes30, Determine the design buckling column, The column is 4.0 m long. SOLUTION Relevant eross section properties f= 222.3 mm 1/208,8 1.06 < 1.2 b= 208.8 mm mm <40 mm Use Curve b for buckling about y-axis and Curve ¢ for buckling about =-axis. ~ Step 72 Determine vale of ‘Step 2: Determine the buckling length ¢= 4 000 mat Using Table 4.9 and itefpolating: yn O50 => %m 0882 087 > zor06i8s comes eral | ‘Step 4: Determine the class of the er is subjected to uniform compression,cur ‘Step: Calculate the design buckling resistance a (06034 x 0983 x(6650~ $814) x235 Myu= a x10? = 714 kN EXAMPLE 44 Find an economical UB profile of Fe30 steel grade (o cary an axial compressive force Ma = 450 kN The column has an effective length ¢ = 3.50 m, An. additional binge ‘support is provided at mid-height 10 prevent buckling about the finor axis, SOLUTION i ‘Step2: Determine the buckling fength ‘Step 3: Select ‘Tey 254 x 102 x 22 UB section. The relevant cross section pro = 2540 mm B= 101.6 mm = 68 mm = 5.8mm An 665 en ‘Step 4s Determine the class ofthe eros-section and check for local buckling. For Fes30 steel grade, = 275 Ninn! This, € = 23577, = (CBSII}= 0.92 For the 254 x 102. 22 UB profil, the actual values are ‘Outstind element of compressién flange: ely, = (101.6268 = 7.5 <15¢ =15 e092 13.8 ‘Web subject to compression only: da h-2y~ 354.0 -2x68x-2x76~ 225.2 mm BBS Sic = S1x052= 469 oK “Therefore, the cross: 5 3 and has no problem of loca! buckling. Thus, f= 1.0. For Fet30, 2:— Step 5: Determine the now-dinensonldendemess ato about the et = 93,96 93.9x0.92= 964 ‘Slendemess ratio about the paxis: 2, Slendemess ratio about the z-axis: ‘Hence the non-dimensional slendemess T= 0m) Be T= 0A) We 6: Determine the appropriate column curves (Table 4.11) Ws =254.0101.6=2.5> 12 68mm < 40mm Use Curve a for buckling about the y-axis and Curve b for buckling aboyt Step 7: Determine value of x 051 => x,*0.9928 09884 = x. 0.6555 ‘Step 8 Calculate the design buckling resistance *ggssseox2ddix275 Nine 10"? = 458.9 KN > 450 KN oK 43 Compression Members with Moments F moment about both axes, with ether buckling under ng due to bending4) Faure due to the section being inadequate tthe ends ofthe section such as'dse ‘resistance to shear with no buckling taking place To asgn etmes mje o bath vl force an bening moment the ds ep below must be folowed: 1. For the given statical system and applied loads determine the axial forces moments other than those caused by eccentricities 2, Determine the effecive length ofthe column 3, Select awa section, 4. Check the classification of the cross section ie; check the section fo local buckling. necessary determine the effective cross section and its properties (Section 4.3) 5. Check theresstance ofthe cross section 5.1 Compression resistance (Section 454.1) Mase™ Nn ham for Chis 1,2.0¢3 eros tions A Ag for Cs 4 ss sens Secon 434) 52 Resistance to pure beading (Seton 46.1.1) cA Los Mas Yue Mane” Maa where Wm Wy for Class 1 0¢ 2 cross sections = Wao Class 3 cross sections W = Wegfor Class 4 cross sections actual shear force ex 6.1.3), For the reduct 50% ofthe design plastic: refer to Section 53 of this 53 Resistanceto shear Refer tothe design procedure “Resistance to Shear" in Section 5.3 ofthis text (Dheck aso the combined action of MLV to satisfy the requicements given in Section 4.62. (6. Check the stability ofthe member against axial force and moment separately icing sistance of the axially loaded compression member (Section .) Nondimensional slendemess ratio whet te ‘Determine the non-dimensional lendemess ratio 7 (Section 4.5.4.3): 2 -OAB,) where, Ao tl 4-939 57H, fi 1.0 for Clas 1,2 2nd 3 ess sections am Aag/A foe Cass ersesecions 8) Buckling curve Using Table 4.1 determine the appropriate buckling curve Value of Using Table 4.9 find the value of z- Interpolation must be used to determine more exact values f) Buckling resistance (Calculate the design bucking resistance Naas ofthe member (Eq. 4.34) None = Balin, (note; buckling about both principal axes must be checked) 6.2 Lateral torsional buckling of the bending member: “This form of failure may be prevented by tying the top ange against lateral moverments by use of a bracing or by insta or precast Loor construction. If the compression fange is unrestrained the resistance to lateral torsional buckling ust be checked as follows 4) Lateral torsional buckling resistance (Section 4.6.3.1(0): Mane = PM fila 2 Myse where "zur = function of (Me) 8) For beams with doubly symmetrical cross sections (Section 4.6.3.2): refers to end warping, Ci. Ce are values given in Ts various load cases1 ystem length ofthe member between points of lateral restraint sete 22 is the co-ondinate ofthe pointof load application 3 Clase 4 eros sections i: Mg clastic critical moment fo lateral-torsional buckling i Ter < 04 1 allowance foc lateral torsional buckling is necessary. Ths, Mayu = Mena If Mins < Myss provide intermediate lateral support for the compression fs cor choose a larger profile 7. Check interaction of compression force and bending moment on the member 7.1 Bucking resistance of compression members with moments a) When lateral torsional buckling isnot a potential fare mode (Section 45520) Nu, _keMoze feMaa + «10 FAL, Tin eS, / Tan Wot yan foe Cass 3 sections: Why = Wey for Cass 4 sections: Way = Wagy 2904 = Age of z and 2 he reduction factors fom Step 6.1 Hons ZAS, Nee aa Hts a5 z4f, 1,78, (2g 4)* wae Hee s 090 ram 5 me ns rae 9 Sa a Oona Stew 9B ate tm 7 KB, - 4) + Hae Bee 5 090 Bene 0 for Case 3 and 4 sections (hop 20d fou are equivalent uriform moment factors to be obtained from Fig. 4.13, according to the shape of the beading moment diagram berween the relevant braced points as follows: Factor ‘Moment about axis Pots braced in direction by wy ne Bo Br yy Ba ry yy 1) Wen lateral torsional buckling i @ potential flture mode (Section 45.5.2) (This check need no t be carted out if Zar $04) “These members shall also satisty: pf Mae eM 219 AL tan Kah rod Yan Worl Yon Refer tothe design procedure "Resistan of this text). (00 kN permanent load and "15 amm fromthe face of the ste! rofl, *SOLUTION Cross section properties of column: A= 5860 men? Wy = = We = 20a = Way = 449m" = = iste 7 Lo = 1s40em* . ip = SAS em : a = 789en A= 1 $40(2032 -1.1)1A= 142222 emt 2719 9822.3 em ‘Step 1: Applied sil forces and moments pantal safer fictor factored losd ~ Permanentioad —100KN 130 10kN Inposed oud 150K 160 2408N “Total axa load tM =37008N e Moment (beam is connected to the Bange ofthe clare) Mgs= 370 (0.203272 + 0,075 )=65.34 kN ‘Step 2: Effective length of column: ‘Since both column ends are hinged, the effective fength is 1=400m ‘Step 4: Classification of Cross Section (Section 4:32 and Table 4.1): 2) Flanges ‘ofy= (QO1.22Y11.0"924 < e BETIS (0.92 10.2 (Limit for Class 2) b) Web (assuming = 1.0). t= 160.9714 22.0< 652 ~ 66. 3 > 660.92 = 60.7 (Limit for Class 1) ‘Terfrg, the sections consdaed as Class 2 forthe anges an Css | for hee > The whole cross section is Class 2 ‘Step 5: Resistance of eros-tection 5.1 Resistance o compression (Section 4.5.4.1) Nusa =Af/in™ 5 880 2751.1 = 1 470 000 N= | 470KN>370 KN 5:2 Resistance o bending (Section 4 Maa Waly a™ GOT ZI 10° = 1243 kNm> 6534 kN f= step 6 Stability of the coluna against axial force and moment separately Effective length: = 4.00 m for both axes 6.141 Buckling about yy axis (Section 45.4.5, Table 4.11 and Table 49)) ‘Thus, buckling Curve b has to be used z,= 0.8763 6.12. Buckling about -- 4.000 lendemess: - = 783 Slendé a- Relative slendemess: Je ~ 4 /2y=78.30(93.9 x 0.92) = 0.906 A 4 toc 12 3 ‘Ths, bucking Curve chs to be used = 03962 (ia crea vale fr is case) Buckling edistance ofthe colar:s a ed Rag A BLT 622 Design lsteraltorsional buckling moment (Section 4:63) ‘Step 7: Combined axial forces and moments ‘Desiga buckling resistance moment 7.1. Assuming Ciass 2 cross section for which atral-torsional buckling isnot a Man= 2B nS, potential falure mode (Section 45. Yan B. = 1 (Class 2erose section ) Determination of fy: about the longitudinal axis 70; the corresponding value is, Cy 1.88 ‘Substituting the above values ‘Ths, the section is adequate to cary the combined compression and bending.Hee ee ee ee Tilers 17.2. Assuming Class 2 cross section foc which lateral-trsional bucking it = potential filure mode (Section 4.5 pa teMyes Mass} % a Pian BasWads a Wasa toa ‘A-column which is a part of a gable fame carries an axial force and moment as shown in the| fSgure below. The column is made of 356x 171 x 51 UB ands of grade FeS10, Determine the| adequacy of the column to camry the load SOLUTION Geometry, Materials, Crost Section Properties 54 =2865 x10" mat 368. 10 rant Fore S10 f~355 Nima? Considering the real tress distribu fNB as 100k Using buckling Curve b the conesponding slot =2543> 130%Nm “ Naan 122 05879 9 88ae ee ae ee cece Cee teed ‘ 36 2 ‘A Salona: The sport kh of omreson Bangs = 150 (Check for iteration (Section $55) 2) Bending-axal compression (without Iateralorsional buckling) Refering to Section 4.5.5.2 and Fig. 4 For y=0 the corresponding: ‘Non-dimensionalslendemess 2, = 1 =088<19 arpa rdrl_ro_vo_rglsal ad Bending-xil compression (with lateral-torsional buckling (Section 45:5.2(2)) ~o081s Ne Waane T2257 For y= 0 the corresponding values are y= 55 the corresponding value of Aer 1.8 -0.7 x 0.665 1,334 sur 015K ar 0.45 e<09 4 = 1002z1.0=k,, 10200 Sao = 0798 <10 0054+oe et eee ei pee eal be aaah et eee eee ta te LU ion fee ieee a ee ee Ti Mine 69. check the shear buckling resistance according to Section (463) Fora stiffened web 2) When 306 Jf check the plastic shear resistance acording 0) When > 308 J check te ser bucking esianceacarding to Sesion 463 fF To =the elastic critical shear strengthCae is te gD te BL LL eo 53 slfeners are aranged at suppertsonly—- - (4 iftransversesitfeners are arranged at and between support 1 SA Resistance to Bending and Shear Jen Yas exc 50% of Pte design resistance ofthe cross secon shoul be reduced Mayet reed design Has resistance moment slowing forthe eat forceeaeaed oa teed suenth (=A, forthe shear are, but ok mo ta Bn ete p= (Papa | et of shee forces on he resistance moment (Secon 46.1.3) When PH >05 the desionrestance moment of the coe sein shel tf ate reduced tong, Check of self weight of beam where p= QV ae/V ane Many tefer to Section 46.1.1(5), W=O45 Kin” EXAMPLES. ign a simply supported beam of Fe430 tel grade. The span ofthe beam is 5.0 m. The op ange is embedded in a reinforced concrete Door providing sufficient restraint against later torsional bucking, The beam carries a uriformly distributed load of 20 kNim permanent to and 20 kN/m imposed load. : SOLUTION ‘The factored loads are (Section 28 3.1) Step I: Maximum bending iromert Ma = wi A= 58x58 = 1813 kNdi “Therefore no reduction of design resistance moment required ‘Step & Check for deflection Section 5.2.2) Crippling resistance += length of stifbearing, im < 0.240, ‘Step &. Check for resistance of webs to transverse forces (steps as described in Section 56 of ‘tis tex) yw EIEIO $6900 ‘Check for web enuching Section 4.6.6.3) 1 Runs 4 SNohel isaeae cee uae rele ea o Lent nparet - Lony me : _. a A ‘Step 4: Resistant moment Megas ~Mt Le BP ETAT” 05553049 (Check of self weight of bear, wn 052 Nin factored weight: 13 x052 1208 Total dein i" 359 804 1.68 mo addiéonal moment: (120x7Y8—=735 KN toulmomeat: 5008+735 = 517 KNm'<592.5 Nm ‘Step S: Check for shear (Section 4.6.1.2) Maximum shear force, Vis 2188+ (1.20% 7)2 = 223 kN 14 = 1 600 142 em? Deterination of My Later supporto theta ia povided ainsi at he i pois) Tere for beame with doubly symmetic cross-section and when k = (oo end Sey) the ‘Therefore, no reduction of design resistance moments required effective buckling lengt Step 6: Check for deflection (Seton 522) (= pas =7 000832333 mn tee ae For uixmlyditrbuted oad: & “The ec! moment for tera-orional bucking is (Setion4.63.2(13)) or uibued oad: 8 = For concentrated load: Be El, = 210 000 x 55 400 x 10" = Imposed load deflection: but G)s.2.70 “The corresponding valves, C= 1.88os ‘Substituting the above values Mb 333,1208.7=2.55 > 12 and 4 15.6 mms 40mm, For roled sections, Curve a is used (Section ‘The corresponding value is zur = 0.9754 (4a). Thus, with buckling Curve a: 104 ox ‘Therefore, resistance of the member is adequate in bending. ‘Step 8. Check for web crushing (Section 4.6.6.3(3)) MeL! tan ‘where 5,- isthe lengih over which the applied force is effectively distributed az) | | hould be halved since the bearing is atthe end ofthe beam) (x suppor) —-- a ce a | i eres tt aa eae tt rl ‘od ‘Step 9 Check for web crippling (Section 46.6.4) Ceipping resistance: ‘S= length ofstiT bearing, but 02 SU $= TS mum <0.2d=02x $53.1 = 106.6 mm Rue = 056. al fe 210 WORT fo = 660,6 KN > 233 KN (o.syi02y’ J +3 (102/156X7: Ruse oK Interaction at midspan (Section 4.6.64 (2)) ‘Wnere the member is also subject to bending moment, the fllowing criteria shoulg be stisted 1p and botiom, its effective fength is 0.74. Assuming the web to ths (2074-07cecal LACE AL aL Ly £ 47651102 » 46:7 5 034210 000 = 294 mm inte ate A” Vind Jz” Jie ‘Tranaverse forces on web (Section 4.66 1011) a member subject toa transverse force in the plane of In the absence of shear force the web of the web shall also satisfy the following: mm $40 mm, section, the coresponding factor is Me = 10/2 #92 = 1Voa5, “Therefore, the flange = 03' 1 1 une San seat Design plastic resistance moment (Section 4.6.1.1) Mane Wubfiso ixeresitesieners eaves a atoredusfor load of 467 LN. The Aide piers of Fed ed gaie ands dinensone ae show inthe Sgure bow. Detemine Ihe adequcy opie germ ems of he shear buckling reinance 120mm ‘mm $40 x 10? x 275 ny 135 x 10 Neen = 135 kN Resstoce to shear (Section 461.2) oK Resistance to bending and sheer (Section 4.6.1.3) y _ 230 fe 2 gens Feng 007? 090 “Therefore the design resistance moment ofthe cross section should be reduced to Many | =@x067-)8=0.117 Substnting, ‘Therefore the design resistance should be reduced to Mcay = 134.5 km instead Myna= 135 kN : i : “Therefore the fang i Class 3 Web: dt, = 1 200/16 75 > 72e* 66.24 fi cue ed rea a a 12 fei i ie ne ‘Therefore the shear buckling resistance must be vend Limits for Cass? di. $ie= 76.4 >75 Therefore the web is Cas 3 (Checicfor Bending Bending Sress ‘Assumption: the whole moments taken by the fanges only Flange fre: 3286/1225 »2.681 KN Average fang stress: (2681 x 10°Y{500 x 25) = 214.5 Nin? Maximum fange sss: SO2)YCI 2252) = 218.9 Niner? Allowable szess:f/ye" 275/11 = 250 Nira? > 218.9 Ninn? oK Stability of Flanges (Section dit, =X UTA, x6 (2eee F2O%E oye 5 500% 23 161, no comfression Hange buckling wil take place. termined from, 10° =4673.5 ENm> 3 2864Nn = My Checking for ser force dt, = 15 > Te= 66.2: therefore shear buckling resistance must be checked, Average thea stress: (1751 1O"Y{E 200 x 16)=91.2 Nira? A SS et atOO Ad 3.6.Nimmnt $1487,1kN< 1 751 1 ‘Therefore. intermediate sifners are required to stengiben the web ‘Sear bucking resistance for the strengthened web ‘Arranging sitfeners are arranged at every 1.50 mie;@ = 1.50m. Vane = we 12001241356 ‘5S Resistance (o Bending, Shear and Axial Force 1034- 08)] (275/ V3) ~1356 10? = 1 77SKN> 1 751 kN ‘Cross sectional resistance to bending, shear and axial force (Section 46.2) ) Uniaxial bending: For uniaxial bending use the following eiteion: Mune 19 Basil erg: df Nan For tiaxal bending use the folowing criterion (ax Tt Monae Muse Hoare J sto [st ox Nes Nuns forland H sections: @ = 2 f= Sn zk m= Mans S Myes 6) Influence of shear force ‘A reduction must be made in the resistance moment, Mar, when Vad Vy > 0.5 in accordance o Section 4.1.30). For flanged sections with small axial forces (Section 4.6.2.1(3)): For bending about the y-axis allowances shall be made forthe effect of ani! force on the plastic resistance moment when the axial force exceeds half the plastic tension resisance Of the web, or a quarter of the plastic resistance of the cross section, whichever is smaller. For beng about the z-axis allowance stall be made forthe effect of the wal force when it exceeds te plastic tension resistance ofthe we. Allowances to be made for cross sections without bolt heles (rolled and welded I and H. sections) Manoa ~ Minune -0)/(1 -059) © Magne seve: aanm waa [224] where = NufMans and ax (A -2by)IA $0.5» ‘56 Resistance of Webs to Transverse Forces 56.1 ‘The resistance of an unaifened web at points where concentrared loads act shall be checked against 7 a) Web crushing ces in the plane of the web ‘The following points must be noted are applied through one flange and rested by shear forces inthe web, ing of web crushing dnd web crippling are required. en forces ae applied through one fange and transferred diectly through the web 1 the other flange, checking of web crushing and web buckling are required.3 Se ee 205060 ii) When te loading i such that there is doubt on which mode governs, checking ‘web crushing, web crippling and web buckling ae required 2) Check for web crushing: (Section 4.6.6.3) '@) Check for web buckling: Section 46.6.5) Determine big (Fig, 429). For an | prof CCusngesisance of he web Bane Eile yy length over wich the apple forces efecively iste Note: The calculated effective breadth by shall ever exceed the actual dimension measured at mid-depth 2). Check for web crippling: (Section 4.6.6.4) Design crippling resistance ofthe webs where, 45.=the length of stiff bearing, but $02.4= ‘Check for interaction: (Section 4.6.6.4 (2)), where the member is also subject to bes eden four moments, the folowing onteria should be satisfied Determine the buckling resistance(Seetion 4 $42) = heBe where, ues the design valve of the local loginudinal stress dve tl roment and axial force a the poi 1 te design ae ofthe srs tte same poi de to ; Eee aeeee area eee meatal ett Sayan: 5.62 Check the resistance of intermediate stiffeners Assumption: stiffeners are double sided and symmetrical about the center Kine ofthe web ) Check for satisfactory sifess (Section 46-4403) -d.= the overall depth of thesiffener Note: For welded profes, shouldbe taken asthe fill depth ofthe web, ie welds ‘ot be taken nto consideration 8). Check for buckling resistance (perpersticular tothe plane of the web, Section 4.6.4.4) ‘The compression force Nin an intermediate tfener i) Extemal forces ae applied tothe stiffener: “The stiffeners shouldbe designed for these externally applied forces j {i Siitfeners are not subjected to external forces but to shear stresses (Section 4.6.4.4) “The lower vals ofr for the two panels ajacent ro the stfener shoul be used. For X referto Section 5.3 of this tex. () Check for ercsssection of sifeners (Section £6.60) Xin the stiffener to clear the web-to-fanne Weld need not ing the effective cross-section properties fener should be taken asincading« width ofthe web plate equal to 304, aranged with Sa exch ie ofthe wel eee the web mist not be greater than the actualy svilable one (etl of member o opeaing). If the width ofthe siffener at one side of the web exceeds 14€ (built-up by welding) or ISe (red poe) an eetve mea as tg be termined 2s described inthe folkrong fmt oe Meee EXAMPLES Determine the effective area: Aen ptt 3002 where w, = the with ofthe silfener 4, = the thickness ofthe silfener eserine other rsssecton opie n wet Soe atl, fis dag haat Daten becking gh Seon 46.503 ‘bucking length €2.0:75d depending onthe condition of restraint (recomencndition: ifthe grade of retraint is not exactly known use &= df) (Check for fleural buckling resistance (Secion 45.4), reer to Section 4.2 ofthis tex. Check fo ross section resistence of sifened web a siffener (Setions 46.666) end 4669) Assumptions: ~ This check has to be hane only ifthe stlfene ie subjected to an external load ~ Allowance should be made for any openings cut in the stfenes to clear the web-to-Bange welds ~The with of we plat inched inthe fv cos section shouldbe ited tos (Check for eross section resistance for web crushing (refer to Section 56.1 (a) ofthis tex, 6) Check for flange induced buckling (Section 4.6.6.7) Cece der eos aia. dte Efe fork [a : IN Ag where dy = 3204 ofthe web Aamatea ofthe compresionfnge 4g the yield strength ofthe compression Bange 2H = factor taken as = 03 for Cass 1 Barges 20 for Chas fags 0.55 for Class 3 and 4 fanges ‘A254 x 102 x28 UB (Gites A) supports « 152 x 89x 16 UB Girder B) as shown in the Sgure below. Both girders ae of Fe360 sted grade. Check the adequacy of the girders for the {ellowing load conditions: Girder A: Man Girder B: Max 16 kmeee i ee teas de a FT hl ed cl a ees eee a a a Determination of capacity ‘Web crippling (Section (4.5.6.4 (1)) Crashing resistance (Section 4.6.6.3) 7 LEE! fe ste] 4 aunt Tan ety Ginder A.(254x 10228 UB) a a Length of si bearing (Section (4.6.62 (3))eagle ence an eq om = f ae ee |) ‘aaa Z Ld eed bed j 4-2 coxai0000/09 fusgrry ~ i 2 : EXAMPLES cde Ltaped i sibapen and se of Fst0 ste grade as flee te suposed ian and Ce ae ted leds as chown me Sire bln Te comgreson SH cnn ned, Detomie negro probe ran ee 15247 ox Flange induced buckling (Section 4.6.6.7) Gindes 8 : Therefore the Nange' amma TT ara 17 Ty 2577 Me = 10 SBTBTIS =| for Cass ange by web: teel2eum <40-mun therfore /, = 355 Nien?ea o Pet tee x10 ma? snes seria of EE ‘Thecefore, no compression lange buckling wil ake place oK 46.62) ‘This chock has to be done ony ifthe sifener is subject 2 a load, Rlowance shuld be made for ay operingseuinthe 5 net eat the etoTAAL ed aa’ kt er - CHAPTER CONNECTIONS 6.1 Bolted and Riveted Connections a Design Resistances for Bolts and Rivets 1) Design shear rapture resistance (Section 6.232): wo fgutes separated by port 25 given in Section 33. 2.60% Aang ‘iim ulimte srength ia Nine and the seco Yagn* 5. eld sreagh the minum ultimate stengh Yue of the yield strength f, and ‘calculations are given below: 1) Design bearing resistance (Section 62.4.3) ex | as | 109 aso | 640 | 900 1) Design tension resistance (Sectior 600_| 300 | 1000 Farhad 1) Combined shear exnd tension (Section 6.2.4.7) 4 and the minimum snd roaximum end Tensile Sress Areas for Boltsae LL Spacing ofholes: py = 80 mm > 3,64 d, Geometry, Material and Land Angle: 2170, 90 f,=275 Nimm', cross section area, 4,~2 94) 1880 mal usa plate: 100 mm x 1S mmm, Fe 430 J, #275 Nn? bolt: M20; Grde8t f= 640.Nimm?, f,= 800 Nima? ‘Area athe bottom of tie thread : 4,~ 245 min? SOLUTION Diameter of holes: Refering to Section 62.1 and Table 6.1 an Table 6.2 ‘The hale diameter shall body d-+2~ 22 mm’ + Miriomam edge di Maximum edge distance, ¢ ‘Maximum hole disance, p, 2X 06 x 800 x 245 x10? x 10"? _ segs 240 _ 120.0 = 2206 x 900 x 245 5107 x 10°? “ ‘Capacity of connected members ‘The gross sectional area resistance capacity ofthe angle according to Section 4.4.1 is Petes a 4 x 107 x 275 x 10°? Nag he PARES I 09s 2490 ox 227 = 14mm. According ‘ofthe gusset plate according to Seetion 4.4.1 is: 375.0 > 240.0 EN. oK = Fis leg. may be treated a8 concentrically loaded i letermined according to Section 6.2.3. ‘Thus, the eccentricities ae implicitly considered in applying Eq. (63 t0 6.58). - oesL a 20X15 x 0.4(430 + 275) x 10°? 135 2 “The Bearing capacity for one angle: _ dls +50) 5 Figna Yaa 20 x 7.x 0.8(430 + 275) x 10°? 7 5 (430 + 275) x 10"? gyn, 240 125 de 2 135 “The bearing capacity of the bolt is Fane * digg « LOL “fa Yo 125 240 2) A 50. 15 x 08(630 + 275) ¥ 10°? _ 1697 > 1354 EN 5 =e = : ci : = 20x x 09(800 ~ 640) x 10"? . 950.3 > 240 EN 5b thas 3h = 60.0 ww 50x 7 x 08430 + 275) 10°? M430 = 275) 10°? «290 > 63.2 IN “Therefore the connection is adequate to resist the design tensile load, EXAMPLE 62 (Check that the secondary girder to primary gicder connection by means of angles shown in the ata required are provided inthe Figure. Bgure below is adequat au eae 1354 > 22 = 1200 BY oK OK oK oK Fu SaaS aA Fee in: Grade 8.8" fan AO Nin? fa 800 Nien? Bol area at the bottom of thread 74,303 mm? Allon: hear force V= #50 4 (athe centeine ofthe web ofthe main Bett) SOLUTION Diameter ofaler « ‘Accorting SeehS62.1 and Table 6.1 and ble 62, dnd+2e2242= 24 mm According to Section 6: Fine = bay shear plane shear capacity ofa bolt is: 06h, . OBA, Yu Yao 7 06x 800 x 3,03 x 1 HOS 1 06 x00 «3.03 210° 10"? gg > 2 a arain HE 087 x 640 53.03 2 10 TO? | 195 > 116.4 WN Capacity of Connection Btain Gieder and 125 Bxs o« 125 Bearing capacity of bolts Since the web thickness of the beara, = 18.5 mim is greater than the arg Ye eg thickness 1, = 9.0 tr, the angle isthe ertigal member. ‘According o Section 62.4.3 the bearing capacity is:Bearing expacity of angle ‘According to Section 6.2.43, the bearing eapacty is = MON Sad, F a nae . Bins = 249.2 04030 + 275) 10°? 180 = BA9x 08000 0 279) 210? 99. 550 gg ay 1 22 ay 4 1 AO x9 x 0.8630 + 275) 10°? ; rey = E12 < 89.3 KN but > 49.4 KN oK Y Capacity of Connection Secondary Girder and Connccton Angle Design moment Apped load ¥= 850 kN zee, = 50+ 18.572 ~ 59.25 mm. ‘The moment caused bythe eceanticy ofthe group of bot i: M= 190 x 5925 « 109~ 52.7 81m Forces in the boli” The intemal forces ae distributed tothe bolts according to the othe bolts according othe dtance from the centre of srrity of gov of tots, Thus, the polar moment ofineta ofthe arangrent ofthe exinvctooir pe ofthe arangemert of the bolts hes aEsgeEe ~ 2608+ 1202+ 190° + 2409) =2:16 10 me? Horizons force: Mast I= 52.7 x 104 24012,16 x 10? = 586x10'N = 58.5EN faa Vertical force: Vig" 1909 = 9BOEN © Resultant force: Fay = (CEG = HEF = 115.0 4. Shear capacity of bolts Assumption: - two shear areas per bolt threads arc in the shear plane ‘Accosdng to Section 6.242, the sear capaiy ofa bolt is: 05544, 5, O8TSaA, Fane Jah, 2 2 Ste 5 ay Tae 4 962200 3.03 x10" X10"? a2 75 1150 eN ae 125 4g 087 x 4023.03 10° 10°? 7993 2527 NOK 15 a Beoring capacity of bots thickness of secondary sider is real, e According to Sections 62.43 and 62.4.8, the bearing capacity of the bot is AOU * fa 0) Yan Fran = Wins * = 22x 15,x 091800 + 640) «10°? _ 5491 5 1150 EN oe 128 © Bearing capacity ofthe secondary girder ‘According to Sections 6243 and 62.48, he bearing capacity ofthe secondary girder isT | a as aa Ft hl ee Oe = BEX1S x 08420 + 275) x 10°? = Mn9> 1150 EN Vi = BS4<1489INbA> 11508 Ox ~« Shear Capacity of Angles Two angles are used to connect main girder and jrdes. The shear capaci angle is now calculated. Fen Paes to check for shear vesaton: *9 = 310 10? mm? L ae <4, = $059.6 275000 «302 1 wet ‘Therefore, an effective shear area may be assumed. Thus, x 28 x 207.17 3, the resistance to bending is: According o Sect a, = Baath. M0177 ig eT ie 12 ° sa7.8 ki > 146.2 bm2.024 x 106.8 4x15 5163 Nm > 146.2 Nm oK ‘Shear rupture resistance ‘According to Section 6.2.3.2, the design shear rupture resistance is: Vane = 2S Yow oK 62 Pin Connections “The minimum thickness of unstffened element containing a pi hole and its area beyond the pin bole paralle! to, or within 45° of the axis ofthe member ae given is Section 6.3.2 (Fig.6.8) ements fo pin conection pled in the Cod Snare very spe and ‘The requirements for the design of splices in compression members, tension members and in bending members ae given in Sections 6.4.2, 6.4.3 and 6.4.4, respectively. 6.4 Welded Connections Design Resisiance of Fillet Welds 168 ‘Yield sirength: for Fe430 steel grade, the yield strength is 275 Nima? a Design strength: f, ye" 2791 = 250 Nim? 7 Check of tearing out Weld thickness 15mm ; Weld area 15 x 120 = 1800 rat = 250 x 1800 x 10? = 450 &N Acconding to Sections 46.1.2 and 4.4, the design tension resizace capaci i Bester Btw ' uw My #24, is i resistance Myy shall the design ofa beam-to-column connection is that the moment bn ot be less than the design moment Af,,.. The moment-rotation characteristics of « beam-to- ‘| Sotumn-connection shall 6 consistent with the assumptions made inthe plobal analysis of the 235 1 = @x55x 10x + 50x 10 x 25) x 107 ~ 2425 WY > 168 YOK ine EL Structure and with the assumptions made in the design of the members Aerntively, the acting area may be determined assuming a i Bees tangle of Gee reste seein ting fond sion oder Bex slin cnet re cied mame sites which te : further classified in accordance with Sections 6 7.2 and Mago 4 “The principles forthe design of beam-to-column connections given in Section 6.7 ean be in Yue satisfied by following the detailed application rules given in Appendix B. = x55 x tan 30 » 5010 x 25 x 107 = 20254N> 16 RN OK a EXAMPLE 6S Therefo net ‘An IE 200 beam is welded to an HE 300 columa ae shown inthe figure below, Check that the fore, the connection is adequate to resist the design tensile load, connection is adequate. All data required are provided in the figure. Design Resistance of Butt Welds ‘Section 6.5.6 sates thatthe design resistance of «full enctration but weld shall be taken as egal to the design resistance ofthe weaker parts, provided thatthe weld i made with electrodes i (of mitable yield and tensile strengths, Geometry, Materials and Lo EXAMPLE 6.4 Beam: 1PBE 200, 4=28Sem', i= 1940em', Wyy= 194 em? Determine the design resistance of two 15 mm thick 120 mm wide bars of Fe430 steel grade, Fe360 | ,=235 Nom ‘which are butt weldedwanes Column; 1PE300, A= 112 em?, 1. 18260em", W,4= 1260 en? Fe360 f= 235 Nim. 7, = 27 mm welding seams 7 tension Range: a= 6mm re a=3 mm Loading Bending moment bear Bending moment column: Compression force: SOLUTION Tension Zone 2) According to Section B.2. the desiga resistance for unatiffened column Mange is: Fane * pl = QBS 85085 + 2x27) le 2D + Tle Vo + 70235 14%) x 10°71. = 406.6 kN 5 bet Fae § I lle o> MV Ye = BS x BBS + 2x27 + 7x 14) x 10711 #2015 KN < 4066KN OK x85 x 100% AN <39.5KN OK Therefore, stiffeners are not required (©) According to Section B.23.1(3), the welding seams that connect the bears the same strength asthe beam Mange, ‘The fll design resistance of the beam above isnot sufficient, thus requiring | couecnaws Pe eet See aLUCTURES. x10? 2 1816 KN 5 = ISLAKN>IBLGRN OK an unsifened cola eb subject 9 In a welded connection, the effective width ofthe column web is bag 4 hg ty + 240, o 85 -2fix6- 14 + 27) = 2305 mn Substituting, = 418.6 kN > 291,5EN oK Figg = DS x85 x BOS x he capacity ofthe tension zone is, Fiyy=291.5 ENwee eee f | | Where, ues isthe maximum compressive normal strext inthe web of the column due to axial force and bending. Thus, ase Needle * Moog 8 ll, “The distance ffom the neutral axis 1 point of maximum sires is £8 12-21) = 12 0290 - 2x 14) = 131 mm Scbstnuing the espetve ve, the maximum compressive normal sess inthe web of the rey = NOX ‘According to Section B.2.4.1(2). 1 bye tg 2x Bayt wase2x fix ‘A part ofthe formula given in Eq 125 = 05 Yup %ueule = 125-05 x 11x 35/235 = 17> 10 Therefore, Fagg & Stebig! Fo ROVERS = UBS x BS x 222 x 107/11 = 403.1 KN a a Thus, Bay 7 A 290 mm and the buckling length, J ofthe viral compression member is ‘conservatively taken as its system length L = h, ad oes eee “The corresponding eross section properties ofthe web a: 1= 290x897 12 1.484 x 10" mnt A= 290 x85 = 24.65 x 10 mm? ja [E - [ERE e245 om 47 \ 2465 x10 tions 4.5.4.2 and 4.5.4.3, the non-dimensional slenderness ratio is determined Using buckling Curve e, x= 0.431 Using Eg. 4.34. Mas = BAAS Ya = 04311 x 24.65 x 10? x 12227048 “The capacity of compression zone is: Fx," 227.0 KN Resistance of shear Zone ‘8 \etifed for unstitfened 3) According to ied fe seb whee “Therefore there is no need to verify the shear buckling resistance. 2rcs ae er, a al ld i ' Ee t EE gL eae gE eee a ews wad Pao cere canner ©) The design asic hear since of nun ; is Gen by Eq 1 of Secon Bas a en! COUN WE pel jet 10 shea fo Bix 10 igs ty the ft = 30.4 wx ‘Therefor, the capacity of shear zone is, Fig, 303.4 KN ‘Moment copacityof he connection ‘The moment capacity ofthe connection is determined as: Where Fis taken athe lowest capacity from the eapacy of difezen zones: Taking F_=227.0 KN, the moment capa Mus” 227.0 (200 - 8.5) 10 = 43.5 kNm > 40.0 kNe ox ‘Moment capacity ofthe beam cross section 2) The iting desian plastic shear resistance is (Section 4.6.1 2()) hy bh Bro = MO 56A250 10" sae ay Vix it Acorn 46130) th ending shearer eto eee hen exceeds 05 Vy For the pre fand, Ya 30KN<0.5 ¥%,= 69,1 KN ‘Therefore no verification of bending-shea ©) According to Section 4.6, Mam Walp! vo ALLS files in flexure about the strong. axis (x2), 7, ranges from about For hot rolled profles W;,may, therefore, be assumed as 1.14 Ws the weak axis W, can be taken as LS W,, Thus, Wy= Wha x 194 = 221 om? Substituting, BS ¢ tote 472 kNm > 40 kNm = OK 4. x Mg Wye = 2 x 10° x BS Resistance of welding seam connecting column - beam web 3x 1502 x 107 = 168.5KN > 110 KN ox ‘The rules given in Eurocode 3 ~ base plates which are given in Ap plate spreads the load from Article CG) gives the followingTAL SL let cya eevee aaa hove the strength of searing strengih concrete compressive strength (see Section 3.5.4 of EBCS-2) factor given is Section C.1(7) 240 UC column carrying an axial force of 4000 KN. The concrete grade is ete base is 4m square and 1000 mun deep. SOLUTION Cross sect tion 3.5.4 of EBCS-2 is: “ #170 Niovn? }4.0.Nimm? * Used asa first tral since it gives suicient a ‘The value of the concentration factor is now evalu 5 “A base plate made of 500 mm anche bots (se the Figure the formula in Section C.1¢ = }0 mm, the spread from the face ofthe eolumn cis givense Prete eee 1 Me eer LL runs paceliereNTIONALLY LEFF BLANK)LLL Ld APPENDIX A BUCKLING LENGTH OF A COMPRESSION MEMBER buckling may conservatively be adopted ©) Anequivalent buckling length may be used to relate the buckling resistance of a member subject to non-uniform loading ta that ofan otherwise similar merber subject to wniform loading. (4) Ancquivalent buckling length may also be used to uniform member to that of 2 uniform member under festraint. ing resistance of a non ns of loading and A2 Columns in building frames ‘The buckling length of 2 column in a non-sway mode may be obtained from Fig. A.2.1 mode may be obtined from Fig, A2.2. ‘The buckling leigth “ofa column e) eoretical models showm in Fig. A.2.3 the distribution factors 9, and 7, are ap 2 umn, by assuming that (4) These models may be adapted t Tin the genera case: cach length of column is toaded ‘where (WN,) varies, this leads toa conservative Value of IL forthe most citcal length of column,ie et Ce Pe ee aLFigurd 4.2.3 Distribution factors for columns Figure A.2.4 Distribution factors for continuous columns SULA (5) For each length of continuous column the assumption made in bby using the model shown in Fig, A2-4 and obtaining the distrib fom: Kok o introduced nanny aay eR Ry Kad (provided that beam remains elastic) hove. Pinned afar end O75 ve Rotation as at near end (double curvature) | 1.5 VL osuL (1050/0, )Vl.ee de A rere er cnirnrn (0) Non-sway mode (Fig. A.2.1) Table A.2 Etective silfness coefficient for a beam in a building frame With concrete looe slabs =0540.14 (1,4 95) 0055 (4 1)? as Loading conditions fr the beam | Non-sway mode Sway mode ‘Beams drecly supporting low. Lou sabe ro) 75 UL Lowe Beams with end moments ony | 05U2 1s (8) Wher forthe sme load ase. the design moment in any of the beams exceeds Waf,/ Yu. 1,21) = 1120/M54, a the beam should be assumed to be pinned atthe point or points concersed, - Beer pert erect eb teed ae te os 0.87, + 94) > 0: (9) Where beam has nominaly pinned connections it should be assumed to be pinned atthe point or points concered, Effective beam stiffness coefficient K a (provided that beam remains elastic) Rou cus Rot 0.5 UL (1-1.0 NAN) that is Table Ne ~ =” EL? PETE EE eS ae Eee may be used as conservative approximations instead 12 bed ind A. 2.2:fo a I Es canes) ‘et Ta hn hh Here rhe lel APPENDIX B | BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS tion rules for the design of beart0-column connections, following the principles given in Section 67 of EBCS - 3, @) Both ibe beam and the column are assumed tobe For H sections ©) Thebeamis assumed to be connected to the Mange of the column, Welded comections. Bolted connections with extended end plates. Bolted connections with flsh end plates. (4) The types of connections covered are shovm in Fig. B.1.1 as follows: th both Manges of the beam. ‘Stffener inline with one lange of the beam, No stiffenersin ine withthe beam flanges, ©) Inaédiion, the cok say be reinforced by ‘web pl “th ume fa forced by the use of backing plates, column connection: i ‘Moment resistance Rational siffess Rotation capacity lowing characteristics of a beamié- 1 BA2 a @ ro) « Bt pat o B22 a aaa eal Other types of connection ‘Annex can also be applied to beam-to-beam connections. “The methods given in Parts of the methods can also be applied to the relevant parts of other types of “These applation rules do not cover connections in which the beam isto be connected to the web of the column “These application rules should not be applied to members with setions other than / oF H sections. Welded the resistance ofthe shear zone (see Section B.2.5) ‘Supplementary web plates ‘A supplementary web plate, see Fig, B'2.1 shay be used to increase the resistance of column web in nB23.2 Section B2.4.1 B.2.5.1 ‘welds connecting the supplementary web s.seeFig B2t”eee ee lhe Cte lat ad i) o ate ees ‘The thickness, (, should be not less than the columa web thickness, bbe welded all round (see Fig. B21). The welds ‘The supplementary web pl s +85 follows should have a throat tic (©) Where the sspplementary web plate is required to increase the resistance of the ‘web to shear or compression os WWE ©) Where the supplementary web plat ie required 10 increase the web to tension, see Section B.23.24). longitedinal butt welds: ary 2 transverse welds and longitedina fillet a2 LAE @ Whet the breath, of suplemenry web plate excets 409,410 of pag welds oF bolts should be usd to ensue. proper cocaperonbetwees i plenary wet paca cam whe Fig B27. The long tesenena sone prior dearieard soar ear sear hood ' facet een oir rtauecr0 cots concn ‘PAOCENURES AMD ExAuMbLES i” FRCS 2 DESICNOES for arolled Lor H Section coker: Fae? slp lat 24 te! Yoo ea tt Bre + Med! Yao es tor: Fae" Unilin # 222,) oo) en ut Fane Sate [i #220, + (2) ithe design cesistance Fig obtained from (1) above does not satisfy the following ‘condition the joint should be stiffened Fras? OT hag by co) oA Where by is the width ofthe beam Mange. @) The welds connecting the beam flange tothe column should be designed to develop the fall design resistance ofthe beam flange fata Be /Yuxo B.23.2 Unstffened column wed (1) The design esstance ofan unstifened columa web subject to a transverse tensile force is giventy: Fas" Snob baa Bs (2) Inawelded connection, the effective width ofthe column web, see Fig. B.23, is given (8.10) ay (3) Anunstifened column web may be strengthened by adding a supplementary web plate, see Fig, B22Ipsec eet pe Versions bens b oss on Ve ~~ Fla Ed TA TB CBee ened Cd Ee Chel ernie nero core connezoes (The design conforming 1 supplementary web plate: St B12) ‘With supplementary web plates both sides: fog 2.01, 13) ‘When the longitudinal welds are fillet welds with a throat thickness @ 2 /,/T| then for either one or two supplementary web plates: hag MA 14) B.23.3 Stiftened Column ‘The design resistance of a stifened columa subject to at least equal to the design resistance ofthe beam flange, provi the following requirements a 9) The thicknest ofthe sitfeners should not be smaller than the lange thickness ofthe beam. b) "Whe stel grade of he stiffeners is tower than that of the bear, the adequacy Of the stiffeners to resist the transverse forces applied by the beam flanges should also be vested, ©) The welds beeen the siffeners andthe columa flanges should be designed to + resist the transverse forces applied by the beam flanges, - he column web should be designed to_ tothe column web from the beam Manges ‘compression force is given by Fs” Sua 25 - 05 Yay Ss Soe Org! 0 Bas) 7 wy Fis Ved Pied Ded Page Del pg pod pd py elt he hed lt ld eh ere, ‘maximum compressive normal sss in the web ofthe column due al force and bending (2) Ina welded connection, the effective width of the column web, see Fig, B 2, is given by: (B19) fed using Section 4.6.6.6 of EBCS 3. “The sway mode shown ia Fig, B.2.4(0) should normally be prevented by constructional ‘An unsitfened column web may be strengthened by adding a supplementary web plate Conforming with Section B 2.2‘where, is the shear area ofthe column a given in Section 4.6.1 2(2) © Ia tiition the seas bucking esstance sould be checked, itoccesary, see Secon 46.120). f ©) An unstitfened column web canbe strengthencd by a ‘conforming with Section B22 CO Me Sreting the design shear reiance of « web pact with supplementary web plate, is shear area A, may be increased by bj. Na further increas ined held ee ‘ade if supplementary web plates are added bath sdes ofthe wes 8 supplementary web plate B.252 Stiffened ealsimn web prac! (1) hen diagonal web stiffeners (sce Fig. B.2.6) are wed to increase the shear resistance Of xcolumn web, they should be designed to ress the tensile and compecssive forces ftansmitted tothe column by the flanges ofthe beams, @) The welds between the sitfeners andthe colume Ganges should be designed to cess the forces in the stiffeners, tween the stiffeners andthe column web should be treated as nominal than Fig TS Fang is the design resistance of component fof the connection 3) Forany siffened component, the relevant stiffness factor &; should be taken as infiiy. iffened in both the tension zone and (8) A.welded connection in which the columa the compression zone may be assumed to be # rigid connection (sce Section 6.1.4) rotation capacity for pl G) A welded beamto-columa conection in which the moment: the resistance of the shear zone may be assumed to have adequate: plastic analysis, A welded beam-to-column conneeti ai Es = 0025H, 2,@ ® B32 o @ @ rocedureB.3.1 Moment resistance, forces a : @ “| Ia Sesion. the folowing lniations apply: = Aloo deamon comets ae ase fav only 2 bot each balt-row ara ing portion ofan extended end plate i assumed to have only one ‘The projecting portion ofan extended end plate is assumed to be untifened, Parts ofthe methods given in Section B.3 can also be applied to the relevant parts of ‘other types of connections. te is reasonably accurate, te islow in some cazes, ‘The predicted fotational ste atthe service ‘but the predicted rotational stifness atthe ul Moment resistance [The moment resistance of a bolted beam-to-column connection depends on: The résistance ofthe tension zone, see Section B3.4 The resistance of the compression zone, se Section B.3.5 ‘The resistance of the shear zone, see Section B.3.6 ‘Except as specitied in (3), the moment resistance of a bolted beam-to-column conection should be obtained using Procedure B.3.1 ‘The moment resixance ofa bolted beam-to-column connection which i requced to be fal strength, may aso be determined by using Procedure B.3.1 or atematively by using | Procedure B.3.2 Determine the potential resistance of the beam end plate in the tension zone, sce Bisa @ G9) ay «2 03) as) as) Using the values obtained in Steps (1) and (2), obtain the effective resistance for each individual row of bolts in the tension 2o0e, 1¢ B3.4.5, in the case of full-strength connection, if the design value of the effective omitted (or reduced below 1,88.) in Step (10). From Step (3), determine the total effective resistance of athe bolt-fows in the Determine the resistance ofthe columa web in the tension zone, see Sections B.3.4.6 toB347, Determine th ‘of the colum web in the shear zone, see Section B.3.6 Determine theres ‘Adopt the smallest ofthe design values obtained in Steps (5) the weakest zone,{416) Determine the design value ofthe moment cesistance ofthe connection Mj, based on ‘the bot-rows in the reduced temason none, Bom Mas = ElFais hd 20) where Fags isthe design value ofthe effective resistance ofan individual row of bots” and 4,” iethe distance from thet bolt-row to the centre of resistance of the compression zone 87) Ensure thatthe resistance ofthe welds between thi beam flange and the ead plate e © o o o @ ) sates B.4.4(6) ‘Adopt distribution of bot forces in which th resistance of each individual bolt-row in the tension zone of the compression zone and the maximum bolticow force's 2.0B 4 whece Bua, is 2s given in Section B.3 Usingthe values from effective resistance ofall he bolt ‘owsin the tension zone. Determine the resistance of the column web i the tension zone, sce Sections B.3.4.6 10B347. Determine the resistance of the coluran web ia the shear zone, see Section B.3.$ Determine the resistance of the column web i F 0ne, See Section B3.6 ‘Adopt dhe smallest ofthe design values obtained the weakest zone. Hnecesary o satisfy Step (8), reduce the force in each individual bolt-row pro rata, 10(S) 25 the resistance of | For the column flange, ensure thatthe maximum bolt-cow force from Step (9) in any boltsrow not adjacent to a Column stiffener does not exceed Zeya /mt for an effective Iength of column flange equal to the lesser of dm + 1.25e o¢ 2mm, where ¢ is as defined in Section B.3.30). ao ‘euce the force in each individual bolt-row pro rata (11) I nccessary fo satisfy Step (10), 12) Foc the beam end plate, ensure tha the sum ofthe boltstow forces from Step (th oup of bol tons does at coc By forthe relevant eftecve tend plate fom B.3.44, using the relevant values of Mg and m for the end plat