Unit V

SUMMATION NOTATION

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

1. Expand summation notations
2. Evaluate summation notations

The symbol for summation notation is

𝒏

𝑿𝒊
𝒊 𝟏

The notation is read as “the sum of X sub i, i ranges from 1 to n

The symbols above and below the summation define the limits of summation.
The subscript i means that we start with the first value of x and the superscript n means
that we end with nth value of x and calculate the sum of all values from xi to x n.
This notation means that the values of x from 1 to n will be added.

Example 1 If X1 = 5 X2= 8 X3= 2 X4= 5 X5=7 then

𝑋 = 𝑋 +𝑋 +𝑋 +𝑋 +𝑋

= 5+ 8 + 2 + 5 + 7

= 27

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Example 2:

𝑋 = 𝑋 +𝑋 +𝑋

= 8+2+5
= 15

How to expand summation Notation

Examples:

A. Expand the following:

𝒏

𝟏. 𝑭 𝒊 𝒀𝒊 𝟑 = 𝐹 𝑌 + 𝐹 𝑌 + 𝐹 𝑌 + ⋯ + 𝐹 𝑌
𝒊 𝟏

𝟓𝟎

𝟐. (𝒂𝒊 + 𝒃𝒊 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + ⋯ + (𝑎 +𝑏 )
𝒊 𝟏

𝟑. 𝒉𝒊 (𝒂𝒊 + 𝒃𝒊 ) = ℎ (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + ℎ (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + ⋯ + ℎ (𝑎 + 𝑏 )
𝒊 𝟏

B. Write the following expression using summation notation:

𝟕𝟎

1. X Y + X Y + … + X Y = 𝑿𝒊 𝒀𝒊
𝒊 𝟏

2. (X Y + 5) + (X Y + 5) … + (X Y + 5) = 𝑿𝒊 𝒀𝒊 + 𝟓
𝒊 𝟏

3. a (b + c ) + a (b + c ) … + a (b + c ) = 𝐚𝒊 (𝐛𝒊 + 𝐜𝒊 )

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 Formulas of Summation

1. The summation of product of a variable and a constant is equal to

the product of the constant and the summation of the variable.

𝐶𝑋 = 𝐶 𝑋

= cx1 + cx2 + cx3 + …+cxn

= c( x1 + x2 + x3 +… + xn )

Example: If x1 = 4 x2= 6 x3= -5 c=3

𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐶𝑋

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐶𝑋 = 𝐶 𝑋

= c (x1 + x2 + x3)
= 3[ 4 + 6 + (-5) ]
= 3(5)
= 15

2. The summation of a constant from 1 to n is equal to the product of

the constant and n.

𝑐 = 𝑛𝑐 for any constant 𝑐

Example 1

Evaluate: 10

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Solution
This implies that we add 10 by itself eight times

10 = 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10

= 8 ( 10 )
= 80

Example 2

5 = 6(5) = 30

3. The summation of the sum of two or more variables is equal to the sum
of their summations.
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏

(𝑿𝒊 + 𝒀𝒊 + 𝒁𝒊 ) = 𝑿𝒊 + 𝒀𝒊 + 𝒁𝒊
𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏

Example 1 Let X1 = 3 X2= 5 X3= 6 ; Y1 = 2 Y2= 7 Y3= -3

𝒏

Find the value of ∶ (𝑿𝒊 + 𝒀𝒊 )

𝒊 𝟏

Solution:
𝒏 𝟑 𝟑

(𝑿𝒊 + 𝒀𝒊 ) = 𝑿𝒊 + 𝒀𝒊
𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏

= (X1 + X2 + X3) + (Y1 + Y2 + Y3)

= (3 + 5 + 6) + [ 2 + 7 + (-3) ]
= 20

Example 2 :

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑋 = 55 𝑌 = 65 𝑍 = 165

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𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 1. 𝑋 +𝑌 +𝑍 2. (3𝑋 +4𝑋 − 7)

Solution:

1. 𝑋 +𝑌 +𝑍 = 𝑋 +𝑌 +𝑍

= 55 + 65 + 165
= 285

2. (3𝑋 +4𝑋 − 7) = (3𝑋 +4𝑋 − 7)

= 3 (55) + 4 ( 65 ) – 10( 7 )
= 165 + 260 - 70
= 355

4. The summation of variable and a constant is equal to the sum of the

variables and the product of the constant and n.

𝑋 ±c = 𝑋 ±c + 𝑋 ±c + 𝑋 ± c + ⋯+ 𝑋 ±c

Example1

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑋 = 55 𝑌 = 65 𝑍 = 165 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑋 +𝑌 −7

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: (𝑋 +𝑌 − 7) = 𝑋 + 𝑌− 7

= (55) + ( 65 ) – 10( 7 )
= 120 – 70
= 50

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Example 2
Let X 1 = 8 X 2 = 9 X 3 = 12 X4 = 15 X5 =6

𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑋 + 12

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑋 + 12 = 𝑋 + 12

= ( X1 +12 ) + ( X2 + 12 ) + ( X3 + 12 ) + X 4 + 12 ) + ( X5 + 12)
= ( 8 + 12 ) + ( 9 + 12 ) + ( 12 + 12 ) + (15 + 12 ) + ( 6 + 12 )
= 20 + 21 + 24 + 27 + 18
= 110

OR :

𝑋 + 12 = 𝑋 + 𝑛𝑐

= ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 )+ nc
= 8 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 6 + 5 (12 )
= 50 + 60
= 110

5. The summation of the squares of the variable is equal to the sum of

their squares.
𝒏

𝑿𝒊 𝟐 = 𝑿𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟑 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏 𝟐
𝒊 𝟏

Example : Let X 1 = 8 X 2 = 9 X 3 = 12 X4 = 15 X5 =6
𝟓

𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑿𝒊 𝟐
𝒊 𝟏

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 𝟓

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑿𝒊 𝟐 = 𝑿𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟑 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟒 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟓 𝟐
𝒊 𝟏

= 82 + 92 + 12 2 + 15 2 + 62
= 64 + 81 + 144 + 225 + 36
= 550
Other Examples :
Given the pairs of values of x & y in the table:
X 3 5 -4

Y -2 6 1

Compute: Ʃx, Ʃy, Ʃx2 , Ʃy2 , Ʃxy, ƩxƩy

Solution:
1. Ʃx = 3+ 5 + (-4)
=4

2. Ʃy = -2 + 6 + 1
=5

3. Ʃx2 = 9 + 25 + 16
= 50
2
4. Ʃy = 4 + 36 + 1=41
5. Ʃx y = 3(-2 ) + 5(6) +4(1 )
= -6 + 30 + (-4)
= 20
6. xƩy = (4)(5)
= 20

EXERCISES:

Write the summation notation:

1. (a1b1)3 + (a2b2)3 + (a3b3)3

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2. (a1 + b1 + c1) + (a2 + b2 + c2) + (a3 + b3 + c3) +…+ (a15 + b15 + c15)
3. X1 + X2 + X3 +…+ X10
4. F1Y1 + F2Y2 +…+ FnYn
5. (X1 – Y1) + (X2 – Y2) + (X3 – Y3) + (X4 – Y4) + (X5 – Y5)

G .Expand the following:

1. (𝑋 𝑌 𝑍 )

2. 𝐴 𝐵 (𝐵 + 3)

3. 𝐹𝑋

4. 𝐹 (𝑋 − 10)

5. (𝐴 + 4𝐵 )

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