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Bearing Selection
In many cases involving bearing selection during the initial design of a machine, obtaining a satisfactory rating life
is the prime consideration. The shaft size is usually decided first, based on allowable working stress and deflection.
This establishes the bearing bores. Fortunately for the equipment designer, standard bearings can be found with
different O.D.s and widths for a given bore size. As the bearing envelope volume increases with O.D. and width,
dynamic capacity increases accordingly, yielding increased rating life.
Once the loads and speeds have been determined, the question now becomes, “How many hours of rating life are
needed for a well-designed machine?” Sometimes, this is spelled out either by specific industry standards or
company policy based on the industry and customer expectations. It may be perfectly acceptable in one industry
for the end-user to overhaul their equipment, replacing bearings, seals, etc. once every year. In another industry, it
may be expected that the bearings last ten years minimum. Also to be taken into consideration when determining
the value of the minimum desired rating life is how often the equipment is in use. Does it run intermittently or full
time during a work shift? How many shifts per day and how many days per week?
Bearings We Offer
American Roller Bearing primarily makes heavy duty bearings that are used in various industries in the US and
around the world. Not only must our industrial class bearings provide long in-service life from a rolling fatigue
criterion, but they must also hold together structurally from impacts, overloads, and occasional high-speed
excursions. The design of every heavy-duty bearing has been optimized to this end, including our large bore
bearings.
Ball Bearings
Cylindrical Roller Bearings
Tapered Roller Bearings
Spherical Roller Bearings
Thrust Bearings
Custom Bearings
Table I
Table I below shows the suggested minimum bearing rating lives for various operating and reliability conditions.
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Continuous 2 shift operation 40,000
Continuous 24 hour operation 60,000
Continuous 24 hour operation reliability important 100,000
Static Capacity - Co
The Bearing Static Capacity, Co, is the maximum load that can safely be applied to a non-rotating bearing that will
not cause subsequent bearing operation to be impaired. It is based on calculated contact stress at the center of the
most heavily loaded rolling element where it contacts the Inner Race. These stress levels for three types of
bearings are:
where:
Radial cylindrical roller bearings that have opposing flanges on their inner and outer races have a limited
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capability of taking a thrust load though the length of the rollers. It is so limited that we do not recommend users
intentionally do this. Acceptable thrust loading is using roller ends and flanges for intermittent thrust and locating
purposes. Since any thrust load would be perpendicular to the radial load and would use different bearing contact
surfaces, it is not a factor in the bearing’s life calculation.
T1 + T2 + … Tn = 1
Lp1, Lp2, Lpn = Life in hours for each period of constant load and speed
Oscillating Loads
When a bearing does not make a complete rotation but oscillates back and forth in operation, a lower equivalent
radial load can be calculated using the formula below:
Pe = Po x (β/90)1/e
where:
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Lna = a1 x a2 x a3 x L10
where:
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Reliability - % Ln a1 factor
90 L10 1.00
95 L5 0.64
96L4 0.55
97 L6 0.47
98 L2 0.37
99 L1 0.25
System Life
Most machines employ two or more bearings on a shaft, and often there are two or more shafts. All of the bearings
in a machine are then considered to be a bearing system. For business purposes, it is important for the
manufacturer to know the reliability or system life of their machine. This evaluation process considers the
importance of combining the L10 lives of all the bearings in the system to answer the question, “How long will the
machine perform with 90 percent reliability?” In simpler terms, the system L10 reliability will be less than the
lowest individual L10 rating life. The following formula is used to calculate the System Rating Life:
where
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Pmin = 0.02 x C
where:
Pmin = required minimum equivalent load on the bearing, radial load for radial bearings and thrust load for thrust
bearings.
In most applications, the existing weight of the shaft, gears, couplings, etc. is sufficient to exceed the Minimum
Bearing Load. However, during startup, the angular acceleration of the shaft should be monitored and limited to
insure that the bearings immediately start rolling as the shaft starts to rotate.
For temperature factors between the values shown, linear interpolation may be applied.
Misalignment
Misalignment of a bearing typically happens for two reasons:
Generally, misalignment is not a good thing for rolling element bearings that are not specifically designed to
accommodate misalignment. Ball, tapered and cylindrical roller bearing capacity is based on the assumption that
the misalignment will not exceed 0.0005 radians (0.03°). Misalignment greater than this will lead to L10 lives less
than that calculated.
Spherical roller bearings and self-aligning thrust bearings are specifically designed to accommodate
misalignment. Self-aligning cylindrical roller bearings can also accommodate some misalignment these
bearings. This type of bearing is found in the "Custom" bearings section. These special bearing types can
accommodate misalignments from 1.0° to 1.5°.
Distortions
A review of the standard bearing tables will reveal that for any given bore diameter, several bearings are available
with increasing O.D.s and widths. Section heights and capacities increase accordingly. Section height is simply the
radial dimension between a bearing’s bore and its outside diameter, into which must be fitted an inner race, balls or
rollers, and an outer race. A properly designed bearing balances the thicknesses of the two races with the rolling
element diameter in order to optimize Dynamic Capacity without significantly reducing the structural strength of
the races. Bearings with thinner races are more subject to distortion than those with thicker cross-sections and
thicker races.
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In general, for a bearing to properly operate, the inner and outer races must be properly supported by the shaft and
housing. However, the nature of the design of some types of equipment does not always allow this. As discussed in
the misalignment section, sometimes significant shaft deflection can occur causing misalignment. Housings can
distort under relatively heavy loads and allow the bearing’s outer race to distort in the same manner. All of these
effects tend to reduce the theoretical life of the bearing, but with proper analysis and special internal design, this
reduction can be minimized.
Employing Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the shaft and housing under load can predict the amount of distortion
that will occur. A computer analysis of the internal workings of the bearing can show the stress distribution. Next,
optimized roller crowning can be applied to minimize the reduction in bearing life. Consult American’s sales
department if the effect of distortion needs to be included in the calculation of bearing life.
Axial Displacement
Most bearing systems employ two or three bearings in order to support a shaft under radial and thrust loads. The
number of bearings depends on whether one bearing is also capable of taking a thrust load. In cases where the
thrust load is negligible, one bearing should be a considered a “locating” bearing that positively positions the shaft.
When there is a significant distance between two support bearings, differences in thermal growth between the shaft
and the housing require that one bearing be the locating or thrust bearing and the other be a “float” bearing. Also, a
stack-up of axial tolerances between the two bearing locations needs to have one bearing “float” axially so that a
parasitic thrust load is not created.
The best bearing for a float location is a cylindrical roller bearing with one straight race. Axial float is easily
accommodated by the lubricated rollers sliding on the straight roller path. If another type of bearing is used, such
as a deep groove ball bearing, double row angular contact bearing, TDO tapered roller bearing or spherical roller
bearing, the typical practice is to allow the outer races of these bearings to slide in the housing bore.
Phone: 828-624-1460
Fax: 828-624-1462
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