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    Jose Casanova - Public Religions in The Modern World-University of Chicago Press

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    cristisonea

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    José Casanova Public Religions in the Modern World For Ika and Olea “Teatro no Pon hen 0657 “heen of ps resend Stor inet Ces ‘ghee Pned 95 min Uae Se sn ENOAIEOIRSS ur) bey fae Colon bein De Cone tion se mode wail oC Ind igre era nite hese Te bara sa 7 inti cen me he mine Seca band ty Mw Contents ‘Acknowiedgmems ix Pare 1: Introduction 1 2 Secularization, Ealightenment, and Modern Religion 1 Pirate and Publ Religions 40 Part 2: Five Case Studies: Analytical Introduction a 4 s ‘ 7 Spin: From State Church wo Dsesabishment 75 Poland: From Church ofthe Navon co Civil Socey 92 Brasil: From Olarchie Church so Feople's Church In Evangelical Protestant: From Civil Religion so Fundamental Seto New Chistian Right 135 (Catholic in the United States: From Private to ible Denomination "167 Part 3: Conclusion 5 “The Derivatization of Modern Religion 211 Notes 235 Index 303 Acknowledgments ‘Astady onthe relevance of rations to the tly ofthe modern public sphere can hardly skit the radon of acknowledging its many det ‘en though [el for thi tion the sme ambialence | fe Go al ‘eliious trons. My deepest debt are private, and here woul Hee to respec sare those Boundaries between the private ad the public spheres which ares crucial to susaining nd protein both of than “Torogh the years ve lared from many teachers, Two parila foxes my thinking 0 rigion. A theologian at he University of lan buck, Franz Scho, one ofthe ft vitins ofthe post-it ‘urges taught me that nal ory can be for feign practice 4 comparative historical socilogst, Benjamin Nelon, taught me the Tits which “the soologial realty prince” aes to cea theory. “Two others Arthur Vidich and Stanford Lyme, side in my solo cclicatin so ofeted supports ereal ncn, “The projet fo this book fist originated inthe “public spe” of “els My nellecualdevopmenc owes much tothe expetenee part lary tothe fiendShip of tad conversation with Pal avon, Jean Corradi, and, above al, Andrew Arto, Syl Berl, Jan Chen and Joci Whittook, who took seriously Fabermas’s cian that da ‘oure ethics were rzran Boh for cal theory and fr the pubic ‘here. Tnthe sameway a churches nd religions isitons ca concentrate ‘on their primary ask of ering fore wellae of india ous sive ‘ses and academic iastiaton can concert on thee primacy ask of sitinng aed ans Knowledge. When they ngs thee Utes pbc insttotions, however, the eesuting void ales the Ide of the ii the quay ofthe knowlege they impart ard the way of the public sphere. Twas foresnate to nd tala tater and an academic home the New School for Soil Research, which ha eid he tend of acer privatization, ‘Many fends and coleagues have read drafts of the manus, “Those whoe eral reading, comment, and ongoing comeration %Aednouldpments halpe improve he text were my brother Jin Casnor,Jlirey Alex nde, Sud Ajman, Tall Asta, Jweso Beri, Richard Bernstein, elpt Del Cova, Mstala Eiebaye, Robert Fshman, Carlos Foren Vion Hts, en Katzehon, Minor Kis Jan Lin, O80 ‘Mato, Joet Mara Mardones, Marin Mary, Babeta Maya tin Riesebrot, Catalina Romero, Roman Ser, Jadwia Sansa, Frank Syye, Cais Tilly, Louie Til Edward Teyakian, Aur Vid ich Franco Well, Jel Wemtaub and Alan Wolle lam partly Indebed to Andrew Ast forbs teat is seppst and his evils ‘Brough the yeas. The encouragement and sepport of efey Goldfarb albo deserve special mention Pat ofthe book were it pesatd at various conferenes lectures, sand seriary a Columbia Univesity, the Center fr European Seades {Harvard University, UCLA, the University of Michigan, andthe New ‘Sito or Soci Restarch, hank those who invited me. Above all my rurent was developed in conversation with namsous students fom the Geaduste Facey and Eugene Lang College. Petry Chang, Har Dahms, Randal Hepner, Suian Pesce, and Ary Siskind have bern the longest and mort elective conversant Alay ny dslogue with Carmen Expt war interred wail al 9 so0n- nal, I mor acknowledge thatthe task of publishing tis book was made much ise, even enoyble, thanks tthe cae gidanc, and ‘tral expec of Doug Mitchel an Jenne Lphiner atthe University OF Chicago Pres Introduction retest: Religion in the 19808 Religion inthe 1980s wet publi” in a dl eset emtered the “pub li sphere” and gained thereby, “publcy.” Various "publice™ahe ‘nas medi, socal sents, professions! poticians and te "publica Targe"—suddenly began to pay atenton vo scion, The unexpected public ineestcrived fom the fact that religion, levity is espned lace inthe private spre, had thst lice the publ arene of ‘moral and poiealcoestation, Above ally fou scingl uarclated ye alos simiitaneouly unfolding developments ave religion the Kind of ‘bal public which forced azesssesment of place ad sl inthe ‘modem world. These fur developments were the lami teroltion In leas the ie ofthe Solidarity movement in Poland the rol of Cth. ‘hm nthe Sandia revolaon and othr polis onic throug ‘ut Latin America and the ble seemergence of Potxan fonda Talsm as fore n American polis, ‘During the enize decade ofthe 1980s it wat hard to find any serious poll conic anyweei the world that did ot show Behind tthe ‘otsorhiddes hand of tlio. ln the Mile Eat all the rclons and fundamentals ofthe reson Jewish, Crisian, and Mosin—fed by old power stg, were mecting ech oer a land uni war (Oa inds beeen the various world religions abd between branches ofthe sme regions were flaring up agin from Noster land fo ‘Yugosvi, fom India wo dhe Soviet Union, Simshancnly, elipous tvs and churches wete Becoming dcpy involv in stage for liberation, justice, and democracy throughout the word Liberation the logis were spreading beyond Lain Arberic, aquting new forms ad ames, Altcan and Asan, Protestant and Jew, blac and feist ‘Wi the collapse of sociale, iberaion theslogy vem the aly he veratona” tha ws lef “The decade, which began in 1979 with the Iasian and Nicaraguan revolutions, the iit ofthe Posh pope to Poland, andthe establishment oft "Mora Majority,” ended as desmatially and a ambiguous itd begun, with the Salman Rese “affai”the death of Ayarlsh 3 Korn th nal ramp of Solidarity eerbexating throughout Eas fen Europe, and Govbcher's act the pope. ews sybils that ver the Romanian Revoition war aparke by a Hungarian Re- Fovmed paste, No les eling wa the fat hatin El Salvador the decade tvich had opened with the ssnsnation of Archbishop Romer closed Irth the mutder of yet ix more Jets by sae ero “Toushour the decade eon showed is Jans fac, as the carsier ot ony of exclasine parteslart sd primordial identies but aso of| ince, univer, and transcending ones. The elon revival sig led simultaneous these of fandamertalim and of roe in the estas ofthe oppressed ad there o the "powerless Ali Shariah the inellctual father of the Lami revolcon, in tvalting Franz Fanow's Les Damnés de la Ter, chose the resonant Karate term osteo he dnd), The tern "he dsberted ofthe ext” trast ociny + cent place nthe rherorc of the blame revoaton” Grnavo Gunite, dhe father of liberation theology, etd a sae tranvaluaton from secular back co religious ctegores when he ted the prolerarat ito the bial os pobre. "The erpton ofthe poor in sory" Bese ne ofthe cet extegoris of Gutee's xchatlog ‘il thology A similar em, "tbe pomer of the powers.” ns coined iy acl Havel the ihe ofthe “velvet revlon. Ital looked ike ‘modernization sn reves, rm ration ellctve ston back opr fhe rebelios Tes uly shat these ate mete historia oinciencs, They canbe seon tater a examples bla! prghete plc linking the Mile ast Latin Aine, andl Eaten Europe. The anealuton of vals wiih, according 0 Nitasche, biblical slave moray had introduced Ino the dynamics of Cassel sinocac lization was apparent a in work. The archeypal dca ofa ibersting Exo from eraaveent bd nor ye st its utopian, eschatological free? have stv le out of my account of elon the 19805 many ‘her eligions phenomena which ao gained wide public throughout the decade and cen had pai and poll siieanc, but whieh tveve notin themselves vate of what tall “plc” elgion. have ‘mind sich phenomena ae "New Age” spay; the owt of cls fd the esting controversies srrundng ters tevanaim thal ie peal the elective suid of the residents ofthe Peoples Tem ple im jonentown: the spread of evanglial rorstanm in Latin FRneia she api growth of lami he United Sate the seriousness fen which s0'many people in modern secular roti inca Nancy Reagan whl te White Howse-—tok atoiogy the fact hat Imodaction 5 ‘Manuel Noriega may have practiced voodoo the face that most peo- ple crerywhee continued to parce, orn to pect, relipon i the 1980s nthe same way they Had inthe 1970s “Those weer signin eligous phenomena, nd any comprehensive history of rlpon inthe 1980s would have to ince them, Hkely that quence sarveys woud select peecaly thore phenomena a be ing the ypcl, noal, nd relevant one. Nevers, ene cold sil gue tha they were nt partclarly ryan either fr the soa $e fncs ofr the seltanderstanding of moder at leat noe a hey ‘donot present major problems of terrain They fi within expecta tions atd canbe inerpreced witha the framework of etablahed eos of claritin. As bizare aa eas they maybe they ea oe theless be taken for grated peal or nasal phenomena in the ‘modern wor. The ean be casted st intances of “pat” ot of ‘what Thomas Lukin ald “inesible elon. Sochrelpos phe ‘omens per se donot challenge ether the dmiaun suas ofthe oman! paradigms. ‘What ws new ad uneapeted in the 1980s war not the emergence of new religions movements,” “religion experimentation” and "sew ‘ligiousconscosness"—all phenomena which caught he imagination ‘fsa siesta dhe public inthe 1960s and 19701 rate the eviction and te assumption of public oes by prey those ‘ligious adtons which both theories of seculariatlon and cyclical thes of lipo vial hd assed were coming ett mote ma ‘inal ad ieleant athe modem word ladedsm Mery Dovglas ss fishy pointed out, "No one rated the tradivond thgions with ‘enough Waly to inspite area poll rere “The central thes ofthe present study i thar we are witesing the “deprivatzaton” of eli in the moder world By depevataton 1 mean the face that religious wadtions throgphoa the word a cling ‘0 acep the marginal and pevazed role which theories of modernity 2 wells thane of sealarization had eserved fr them, Soil move: ‘ens have speared which eter te relous ia ature or are chal ing in the nam of religion the legitimacy and atoncny ofthe primary szclar spheres, the state ard the market econ. Simary religous instations and ogaieaon elae ore themselves tothe pastoral ‘eof individual souls and contin wo rns questions abou the ner ‘connections of pivate and puble morality and to challenge the cas ofthe subsystems patealaly states and markets, to be exempt frm ‘exrancous normative considerations. One ofthe res ofthis gong sonentation is dl, ntertelated pros ofreplieiaztion of the pt 6 awl ‘ate religion and moral apres and rnomatvzaton ofthe public ‘Scone and pital spheres, This x what Fal for lack of «better term, the “Sepvatantion” of lion. Toor mean to imply thatthe dprvazaton of clon i some thing ltopther nee. Most lig tadions have ested allen the proses of eulszation se wel athe privatization and marginalization Sch tend vo accompany tis proces I atthe end hey accepted the frosts and scommodted temas to the diferntated structures of {he modern work they often ido nly gradgnly. What was new Std becime ew in the 198De was the wiespread and simulaneoas ‘harctr of the eal tobe restricted tothe pate sper of religous {tations a ferent Judaism ad las, Catholic and rota fem, Hindus and Hadas, nll “thee worl of development "The nelegan eos “deprivation has dual purpose, pole ical and despues meant, stelle question those theories tf secalaruation wich have tended not oly to seume but also preserbe the pevaciaatin of eligon nthe moder word. Ye, whe | gee with many of the cic tit have een eased aly agaist the dominant theories of secretion, Ido not sare the view that ‘ceulatiztion wr, risa myth. The core ofthe theory of seulavzatin, the thesis ofthe differentiation and emancipation af the secular spheres from religous insituton and norms, emai valid But he em ep ‘atiation’ alo meant ogy the emergence f Dew stncal devel ‘Spent which a Tee gual, amount to 3 crtain reveal of Shae appsted t be sear tend: Religion throughout he werld are Tein the pubic sphere and the sens of polrzal contsation not nly o defend cher eadional tur as they have done inthe past, bot tls to participate in the very sles co define ands the modern oundader betwen the privat sd pe spheres, erween system and ‘Me-woed, between legality and morality, between individual and so fy becwesn family, ci soley, and ate, between nations, sae, Tzaions and the world system, ‘Bascly one can daw fo lesons om eligi in the 1980s. The fist ar hereto say, Sus puting to rst one ofthe ‘hershed dreamt ofthe Elphenmest- The cond and more important leon i that religions are iy to soatnue paying imporant public roles in the ongoing constuction of the moder wold, Tas second leson in pate compels sto rethink tematal the lations of eligion snd modernity and, more imports, tbe posible roles re tins may ply inthe plc sphere of modern soci. In his respect, {he sory of selon nthe 19BDs serve Irlly only a8 2 freee for the book Invoducion 7 ‘The Text: The Structure ofthe Book. ‘The bok fal s+ sid, both theoreicaland empl of public ‘cio inthe modern world Th fatto cop nde thi ask thetecaly, tying to snewer# gosion which let impli, would seem to bes onan in term tenis of euro 2 wll a for mont tors of ederim, wha ae the conde tons of pombe for ndeen pi rego? ‘Chapter In "Secretion, Enlightenment, aod Moder Reign, ‘lets eri ove ofthe conse athe they ef sealiain, ‘bedded ns hovel scout othe decopment of Wea mode” SH aa ae data gon fore 0 ek td efomulte, bu no ecesly to abandon sociale theory af easton. ‘The sna shows tat ws pes fr 8 Sle thoy of selaraton i acelymade apo the dient [Poposton: eeuarzaton a eigou decison a ile {ton nd seclaranon ts ptaaton i ete oad i ‘eet analy and ocala irae thee main premises lhe cats pradign: The sus a on endo dnp eat progenie moderato, satin hho proven ptr [seas general empneal prope tse! gerclopaly ack the nlighteanen equ ofregon. The analy stn tte ess fle diternaaon ofthe repr and ect phere ee Stlcor ofthe tery of eatton Ba kldsteeed prope ton tht aden aifecentin nce sna the serplinton 2d patton of lion orf log coumerpre at pa fot meceseriyenangr he lected rw of meer 0 Ben longer denne ‘What ned re eter hearer of he nemo fps and private pete putea, we need to retin theo of he an tng boundaries bewen fen phere ante possible seucrel ‘een may hve with those dread ope aswell a foe wma hae in challenging the bounces themes Chapter 3, "rate and Babe Religions” bist aces some of hse ses, Ie doesnot 10 deep ster 2 general theory ora compen and exhaustive plogy of plc figon Ie 2 spriy here, ps pologal exeete which awe on tw dite ado the Smparnive socogy fron and thease othe publ pre and ‘Solace in ordre tow form of moder pb rcigon ‘ehich my be both Sperve. By swbl” I men hone fas of ‘octal neompae with Ger a) desirable,” Y mean tote forms of public ein which may aculy Contato cagtbenng te poi sphere of modem cesses, “he cove of he book, Supe 3 tro 7, oes emp suds cf what oul beclled varices of public gon nthe moder wodd Ir present ve cscs wasormaton of contemporey region, chosen fam two relipow tadiiom Catlin snd Protestantism out ‘ern cout: Spa Poland, Bran the United Stat Ech of Shes ste tle ddr and inpendent sto 9 ansoration. in the case of Spanish Cabin he problem at hand i the change from aa taahthed suhoanan sate chur to the debe Chore ofa pr i soy Inthe eae of Poland the anlss tracts the mores change fom a Sblshed cre hat rote the non agra forign ale to 2 national Gurch that promos the merge ofc soc gaint «Pl utortarin, fer on Bran Catholia anayacs he aa aa Brsllan church fom a sated lirica eit tan ‘oc sodey-orentd populist one. Moving onthe United Sates, ‘Gapter 6 analyzes the rasormaton of Evargelea!Proteansm in ‘America rom te public hogemonie sats atc religion daring the tinetenth enor eo sectarian witrowa i a fondant 0 {ature ine ve 120s tot pb emergence and mobliaation the 1980s, Tels case tay nays the tarstormaton of American Coli rm an aur set toa env pete denomination tom ara obi on Since the citer for chosing ches pric ce seis may not te levine ers onl forthe hse rom hermes {coin of ch tory inns emiabe Moreover, cach of ‘hefie src ot only interesting nel bao serves wo sce ‘pial itanes of ratios pes of pblic eign, Therefor, have {al sinh pono et he lee torr pak for themsles ‘hot fring sn external small fameork op he Ping al them together however inacomparstve stra ramewock within 1 single silos aly brings our ome asymmetries. Fs the comparizon involves one Proeant and fot Catholic cae. Sach an snymnery coal be problematic if one were seting ovr Compare Catbolcis and Poexantsn spear” religions of indii- Salarason Viewed a slvaton clon Spanish, Pols, Braila, Shd Amercan Catolcim are dep Some stiking ferences, nd ‘Stolk ee of sigs Blas ad pacer, the ern Sonal ilesenes win taneatonsl Chom probably sre not tener than hore which may oe ewer te aris secs he Erte popelason within ech coumry nay cs, he four Cathe Churches Shave the same be doctie, aay and clea sue Irocton 9 tur As "ple ligons, howe, the various national Cabo hice hve ete hstxealy car ad fundancal dence Indeed se eomparion of pen Plu, Bratian snd Ames Ce ssn ne hie nes ms fen sae he pu characte of ny elgon pray dermind pl in her eee nd fy Theroe,nsying pose asso aeons era ate group made wp of for Catolsa otPotsa pos ny ie tie al intone png to develop ancy commen poly of pic elon Fartemere, he oncom on Catokci can abo be is Sed on theo pounds Colum seeds he eel sf the Enlightenment equa elon oe for cents fe most ‘piel, rnp, andanetalsnd appar ft eo toler procter fata nd dean nll phere {ogi cpt, elo, the modem wear ste, he denoese Teoliony, sain the snl fvlaton I et as ben the perdigntc frm of stimoder pale pon i he ml 96, ever the Calc rch napuate ous proceso cel {gloat 0 sear nodes ace the eps of he itor ape Yet eis bce sprit eg kwon Be ‘th modem ad publ Inder, sic be Seo Unie Counc ‘Wacan I thas Leg fagly publ patie heupou he wo” ‘cond obit smiely resis fom the han be oup under comiaton appa ob comport othe eel niet {ics of mic ager ni hat bytes naa hres ‘ih qasrmonopati contol ove tees atin tee sheen el yl nin wai {ing fe, and hy pra ellos mater Ayan the pase inalnce may scaly ethereal hapa Se edom of gon td plain may be asco be cal eons of oder, the ino of oiler cenonnation, US. Catholics and Pe ‘un fndanenaim, ch ante Sent acl eestor sels lene pc li tse fend grr {clon sytem, ay tr oto be an riage int cpa ‘sody whch cout examine te condone of posh fo pee ‘lipo ine modem wo Tul eer em be renpora-derdopmetal presi of mod ovation tery orm eat developmental pec world Sem they, ucston nl acd aout sy hh ices {Santina ch erent ap of moderation hey sears Str which ocopy sot herrchcaly same postions ‘ihn he weed yt, Bu te nclso om theo one) 10 met nee wot” of dovlopmens, o fom the tne wordysemic oe, emiperihey abd piper fars ute ‘Svacage ifthe sey able show ta pele lignes or ave feomerped cn nll wed of dno levee sport {Ee oerign tthe depotstion feign idl x bal he “The al chaps, “The Depart of Modem Religion," ecapit- sate si theoetcal anument decoy ne et wo chop, Sow sbstntined byte hizoncl dence prc i he Bre ce $i, dows cutee omparons sd eel concn rom ose Sadie and rons more nremabely th thes of dept: ions eco ins more geal nd bal pepsi. Tsong, bowen seal ible. The prem dys ety 1: Wessel sy, both interme ofthe pee ne hos Tocinveigaton and in tm ofthe normative pesecv uding the Investigation. Coin, k woud have bora igh desiabl lade tiv ain olin i aad case td Aer aly he padlc {esuperc a hm has bec oe of be main deepens ting ‘gto be into putes: Sales of te depeaeantion of Juda Inifch or ofthe dopevatanon of Hinds India, or ote dee uatico of Bad in Burs wold have been ely appropriate Tn dea Of ou uch a ens sk wos he requed 8 tmodfenion snd expanion oy typology of pale ron, of the {Eeoy of gow en patel Stream of he nr age {El Pamework emploedin std. Wile ie sacha ark would ‘ot hve ben snp. ‘Unions, bve ples itd tne, knowl and resources, as wells a prtnoderneobancel serene a dager of reve imogeion, dos than however tha on Wener eles are “footie” Albumen nngaage are wont nd all dcoure are tll comprehen The oom for misndcstanding and ste {eset i erany mach gestern irra communication, {eb nso ira: pencil fem the Engrs nero ‘eniay commuricon, whe we alan eguenly fal 0 exch ‘thers supe, Marcos, anybody can be convened any “ah” ‘esa isthe enduring evan which umaniy west all the {riven ation egos het any haman enon—iespetie of ry cy lat ln sn beet may be "born ai” ‘Ei a how ule? We ate al-—we have become wbeber we ie for ‘or—cnon of one single aman sl sod. Ir up all of as ‘ther to nd orto make che lr whch wl gover or navideble ‘Somminieatve dacoune 1 Secularization, Enlightenment, and Modern Religion ‘Who sil bees inthe moth of ecarzation? Reset dats within the sociology of eign would inde thao be the apropte qus ton with which omar any cent dacortion fhe eon of secs Eston. Thre ae si fom “ld beens sah Boon Wien and ar Dobie, who a, ity, tht the cry of eaarizaon sha moch explanatory valve in sempting o cua or mera bstorcal proeses' Bute major of eg ron wl not Ise, forty have abandoned be persgm he sae net baste with which hey previous embrace Indok sme mocking tie raion who made 0 many fe prophesies about he fore of lin, inthe ame way the lsopes blr them mocked egioe Tisnaies and bara prin Acid with “wemc™ eee, ‘oslo of eligi now fe one w peice bog fs fo ‘ign. The reveal i atoundng when one thks tht only some {emt yas ago practic neboy was rey inten wen ine ie ein na handy Be Main 2nd Andee Gree uetonig te cncpe od i epi even te lack hawt bhi he heya sclranon, Br how could ay. oa sien atetvrey hn, mhen ven te thal were prolining the death of God ad exlebting the coming ofthe sas cy "How can one cxlin steve” Ho could tee have been so nach my bere and so machi ow’ Ire ta mech pia ‘urtereviene har been accmslsted apie he theory since the 1960s, but slr oomereidence had ete all log tad ye the idence semaine use or Was eps saya ile Tes ‘Swe so be the sot ty ful wh chegey a mac 2 ‘ur ptepton of and het we must be winenog spel Kun fevolton in cee praigme. Some may eb tothe we of he ‘ord "slenifc” i th pater one Butte ea be a dub that we ae deling with ea ange intl late sn in ‘tag wns whch srl ain mas of or sel " 2 hope Ache entrance othe fl of seulsnton there shoud always hang shi rowed your ov Wel va fhe a ee ‘onetlet proceed inthe hope of reducing some analytical ine ‘ons which, shuld they prove usta, may convince some of the wnbe- lives to ke a second look beloredsarng a sheny, sme aspect of ‘which may be ne only salable bat seassary if wear make sense ‘of some important aspects of ou pas, of out present, and, | would sy, ‘reno of eu global fue Let me bein by eroduig discon eeween dhe concept andthe theory of secltzation. Then I shall make mther dtincion between thre diferent momen ofthe theory vic mat be kept cleat apar Secalariation a8 a Coneept ‘Te dingbat "eit dao sedan ition" ad the soclopel theory of elrzaton prope spor tant Bonu the concep elf 20 mulinensonal 0 nical e- ‘erable ns cotati connotation, and loaded withthe wide Tange of meanings i bar secomolated trough is history. Pthas it ‘Told evan be sesoable to sandon tbe omen, were a0 fo he [Eesha to d so would pore een pester problem or sodiogy.* The ‘nceps yrange of meeings a contrition makes pracy Sovopsaconl for he Gnian ode of empl erie sal Conzquenty, ahi postive sociology ha to ree i 10 deat fd tcae hypotheses, cx veriable trough longtunl surveys sth come te ey ee nd ro eeu ee a Te drop te cont alogeter wold lead fo een greet inpowismang frm os eon woul i oe te memory of the comer fsoey acme within the eoncet and we woul be lee withou speopite exept chart and to understand this is {017A sology 0 region sleengroned in the pest of Ameraa Settlar sncey Could perupr afford to iinet th concept, but ‘Stapuntve hori soclogy enna do 50 Ete eal ony tres hisoreal momenta the concep to ieate the way in which they are comesed wih eal ito proces of ‘Shlartaion, Lacking ate conpeymolgy ele hat the medical Lats word sae ad hee undiferinted sea one Tortie The pales so he Romane anges el, i {8a Nc ede ce mang Tee ao Ca Spanish dconary fede “century: aes wor” Yen the conterp- they secular "age and inthe contemporary seat “wor” oly the fst ofthe thre conotaony,“eetuy” has prs ws i Saaareston Engooment and Modem Region 13 vay le sic the difrenitionof ime and space it wo ile {treaties srl one ands pone on, Became aly meaningless fang ago, een in Catboli Spin 1 raed but diferent mane moment comes fom Canon Law, hte scart refer whet could be calls “ll eon” i ‘al eal coneuencs forte ind Secaiarzaton rete to the tga (tonic process whereby algo” pean che cote seen the wena tempatony, becoming they eee ‘son. Canonical, pret cout be heh elgous” and "scala." ‘Those pests who had decided to with frm the worl ean {2 deat themselves to 2M of pereton leued the egios dey, ‘Those piste who ned nthe wel formed the sca ey. When Max Weber signee clacton he pros whey te concep fang” moves ot soatd rw tips oe see phere Sly now te i th te fae aie ne Word es sing a sloth canon ening he cone rayne oan acl pce ee lean’ was rs wed ogy the mas eapopason and appro ston, al bythe state of moma eng an i ter ‘ain welh ofthe church afer the Protest Referation andthe ostng egos wars Since then, searsation bs come to deat {Se pasar ors persons hg eo ee Ings ands fort om tenis lon inthe egu sphere {othe wecuar spheres. Ths bar Scone cemay fo deat ‘eclaczaton the appropriation, washes cory dels by set lee istatns of ann that ado had bcos of ccs nina” “Tes hixorcaly sence somatic moments fhe ter “secu leaton only make ese we scepter ta, onc upon a ‘ach of eal in medial Bope was scaly ntl shcaph = ‘yen of easaifaton which del is mor into bts ous reals or shes, “te repo” andthe vce" Th separa on betwee hero reas th arly an Htc rer unital vara ofthe seed profane vinon mas cralynot ashe ‘oneeoul abate a Darko sways thought wat, Theres ple ambiguy, ese, pemesbiy, nd often ost cetosion ‘ccc te bounare, mary odes beige pins What ‘nportaot eal i tha the lm was atnaled owe sty so tht he soca ain fl war dala sucueds “The existence of “wo sword” the spirtul sn the emporl,bath of tem daitng to poner thee wh suonemous soc of ‘amass kind of insttaonled dl overly aces ha 4 Ghapet te the source of much tension and open confit aswell a of amps to pat an ea tothe dus by subaming oe ofthe spheres under the ‘tier, The repented “ivertiace” conics were the masletexpesion SF this everpresne tension. Te theocratic clans ofthe church and “pital rlerr to poses primacy over the temporal rulers and thus, Chkmatesupamaey and the ight to tle ovr temporal fas a wel trem wth the caesaropapit cms of kings to embody sacred soer- ‘any by divine gh and by he atempso empl less oincorpe- {atthe epitalspre nt heir empoalpatmony and vasalage "Nsiile dali stractur, withthe same com abd propensity for intellectual teson st conic, became ntiatonaled in te emerging India universes, where fath and reason beame spate but paral [i epitemolopcal foundations, supposedly leading tthe one singe “Trths God. Here lo the able csims of theology sin metion the usterciaims fre ofsele serie rational philosophy, which ejected its tllary relationship to thology, and shen of etly modern sence, thick ssered sca thatthe Book of Near shold rank slong With the Bok of Revelation ae separate bu ogi epizemologal ways God. “his sructre diison of “this word” into evo separate spheres, ‘vtheegiou” and "the sscaa,” har ob dstingised sd kepe spe tate fom another dision: thie beeen "hi word” and "he other trod Tos are exten, the fare 0 keep there wo dtntions Rpurte heist source of misundentandigs in dacsions of esr: iesiom One may sy thay properly speskng, there were Sot O40 ‘Srosde” but acoaly thre, Spl, there as “te other word” (Gesves) and “ths world” (earth But “eis wold” was ise divided lo the egious world he cure) and he solar world proper ste lim. Tempers, we fd the sae tipi dvsion Berwec the ee fal age of God nd the temporal hori ge, which sel divided Into the sare-spirtal time of salvation, sepreseated by the church Calendars andthe scl age proper (aeculu) Easiloealy this tripartedvsion was expressed in the distinction berween the eichato- logical “lvisble Church" (he Conmanio Sanctorum) the Visible Church (he Ung, Sancta, Catholics, Apostolic Roman church), and teat soit, Polity there ware trarsceadetal Cy of God {Heavenly Kingdom tr sacramental representation here on earth bythe {Chute (he Papal Ringom, and te Ci of Man peoper (be Holy Roman Empze and all Christan Kingdoms) Is moder secular extgo- fies we wool ay that here wat natural ely and supernataal ely Bt che superatral el half was divided between nonenpscal St peratura ality proper an is symbol, sacramental representation a fmpsal ely. Seton, Enlightened Moder Reon 1S Fem sy, ne, dat eae Wenn Eugen Cis selon asc toh aoc as yen of saa ‘wag th ane ane to Sees ron nd teil The nay on hr oe le Sree twigs Se” hE Se Seemed rer by de amen he ce ‘inte nec oop al there abeo mee scutes het. Sth ae Seiten af ered ot cat fe ch sd ws Slew nce iy sn ey a eo pol ek ‘Bhi or aned nerd nite apn nearer ‘ts ft dino peony oho ano ce tin cou ave mated with mh tes ee Serato cont on se sl ail rc wey hs dre wi“ wn ane ee ‘cu of melon cert woud ees ell pope ‘hayek co aal here medal nce tp rst ee yew sos pls oe hee Mac Wes een ot eg te me ‘rls vans pa eb phic fr a ‘octuton The wa pring pon at i iin is wot bes wn he pen eee wal sn i te ft bg a i Be on ton Sie lB py oe sgl rw tr hh lhe dwn ce hte igs ein wich ape secon eal inh he arcs fanpop oe ‘Se wilee sfewompatng cy whch pone Sa Kaew le To ey na new yen Caro ed “tae ener ith rea wa an tow pe ‘ign wll en hth ye ey ‘tnd ei ofc et ur nin ion ar ly spi cr in sm co fh win yen of cs et ‘Stes teal ey of mera Chena, Ning Eons tema tg ely sou ‘lig iy ce cp prsnsheip gte a ‘se the pe tno of nse ep. We sme ‘dome otc bute of th pb no bt "iy. lmbeinthe drch pay nen pe Sor Wise ceptors uh acy os oe Mas sh repens en ec ene wn Cdn 16 Ghapert ‘membership inthe chrch was compuliory and therefore, i if ls {lie abou individual rigor Exerbody was a Costin. Been ‘dent and heey, which ncounered the ame naman eaten hey {nilerin moder aubontaran ates, wee expressed ely ar elo ‘maton of Chrendom or ata secuian rexun tothe panty of oii, tot ar rejeston? Canaring the socal egos factor or come: ‘ental dimenson of reigion~chat i the extent to which bebvior i ‘feecuc realm wr insened by eligion we ay alo say thar since Tin the saccade il was regulated lent ofall, according v0 spposely Christian pencils, by denon Christan wihin Chie ten led Citi es. ‘Naturally like every soir, Chritendom had its share of offends. Infact thecal doce wa dat everybody was a snes. There were the val ser ee capital sinner, hose who lived in permanent sin td those who ved beyond the pale and were excommaniatd. There ws, tobe sur dilerentiaton aad tension between Canon La, Roman ti, snd Cimon or German aw. But he ifeeniaon een religious iy moral offense, and lal xe was not yet deat. In ay ‘See about the stati dtrbation of he various enters of sae ‘Sr abut the extension ad intensity of thee eligious belie, practic, nd experiences, we have can rbable ot geaeralaable data, Even when Fistonan are ale to deter with rele certainty he proportion of| pris andeligous persogs within sce this acne elf ells ws Fite sbon thet acl eligi. We have sulientinfrmion about wwdesprendcovoption inthe papal cout, aboct rampant besnism in the monasteries, and about simone! pret. I te elious vost led sch lie, there ino razon to beleve tat ordinary Chane Ted more vats lives Indeed pesialy Beste he ofc Cristian ‘trace of soi” guaranteed tat everbody wat leading Christian lies twas not v0 eceny 10 ses personal devotion I was the structe il thar war reli, that) Castan, no neces the pool ies that people ved wih. Within hie erocore, hee was fuck room fr faion se well sion between Christan ad pagan, ‘fc and popular forms of reliosty. Is om the records ofthe ‘nice Bere orthodoxy and heresy andthe tersions between offi Shu popular celigion that ethnologist socal hitorians are ocacting ‘ew revisionist pepecsves on medieval and cay deen reli “Asuming thatthe iealpicalehuaceation prevented 20 Er a ‘ovensimplifed a maybe, nevertheless atone, we may 537 with ‘osiny tha he sarumption hat prtsodera Europeans were ore rl [pou than modecn oes reveal al pec as tha, 3 sun {need of confirmation Those versons ofthe theory of secularization Seeratin, Eghiemment and Modem Religion 17 which epin precisely with such an unfounded assumption and coesne the proses of sealatzaton athe progres deci of cious bells and pracics inthe moders word ate indeed reproducing mych that see history asthe progres evauton of humanity fom sapestion to reason, om bel to unl, om religion to satnce This mythic coum f th, proms of acarznton in ned ed of de ‘erlzaton.” Ba ths doesnot mean tat we ought o abandon ato: ‘ther he theo of sernaration, What the sociology of religion sed ‘do isto subatae forthe mythic account of» universe proces of ‘ecularieation comparative rocoloial anaes of hori proceses ‘of secularization, and when they tke place ‘The Theory of Secalaiztion ‘Any dscsson ofthe theory of secalrzton, parila any aterpe to race ts genealogy and x hatory once it wae incorporated into the social scien, expec into rociology, where the tory eventual found its home, hs o beg withthe etement of striking paradox. “The theory of eciltaaton may be the only theory which we able o jain ry pragma ara iin the mode wil cen ‘one form or apoter, with the posable exception of Axle de Tocque- vil, Vito Pare, and Willam James, the thesis of ssuaration| ype by al the founding hrs es Kl Mars Stet rom Aupste Comte vo Herber Spencer, fom EBs Toro James Frat, from Peedioand Toennes to Georg Simmel, fom Eni Dur ei to Max Weber, from Wiel Wand eo Sipmand Feud, frm Laster Ward to Wilam G. Sumser, from Robert Pak to George Mend. Inde the consensus was such tht at oly did the theory remain uncontested bur apparel Ie was aoe even secesery £0 et ‘ince everybody took it for granted, This means that although the theory on athe te thei ofseularaton often served se the uated ‘Premise of many of the founding ater” theorist elf was never ier signi aide ees formated expand yea y. “The foundations for the more systematic formulations of the theory of secularization are to be found ithe work of Emile Das and Nx Weber, Posvst and Weber slays saw himself as» duenchanted product of "he Enlghtenmen,dty bound vo eaty out without sont andr it ‘outer limits the task of sine elightenment—they established the foundations for the sociak scent sty of religion.” By separating the question ofthe uth of rion from that of ts pmb setae and Soci fenton, Durem’ ssocloy served asthe foundston fr later Sractrfanconalt aaa atopoloy as wel sin sock, ‘Weber ons pr by abandoning the oben of relacng eign fo it ecnence and cocenating onthe tsk of stolpng its mo diverse means 25 well ts ts soca historia conions and less, exab [hed te fumdatins for comparative, bse and phenomenolog Cal oclogy of elgion or ehcr l as fr Webs, icy be sid tah oaosy felon and at he enter of thr ocloieal wor; tha the theory ‘of difereniadon, hough masked diferent in bth cass, forms the ‘ve oft socal theo, sod thatthe he of seaariation fons the coe of ther thors of diferent, serving both asthe prose and ss the end aut of proces of dierenition* Sly ‘eating the theory of secslarsation i othng more than a sobtbeory {pene thors of diferettion, ether ofthe eroaionary and un Seal Kind proposed by Dati o of the more history specie ‘ind of Wet moderna ther developed oy Webs nee the theory of cannon sonic ierwoven wih lhe thes oT mod mc an ithe seledeanig of mary that tne cennr sinpy Sard the theory of scalar without puting toto queton te entre web nding much of the el-andertnding ofthe socal scenes ven Durem and Weber, howerer, while ying the foundason for Inter eos of ectairaon, hemel elle ent empl sales {ten proces season, ply of he wa whch those proce fect th place, ature, nd leo igonin ke modern tor Even afer eemg thcnaclvs fom sone ofthe tational and ove peu about eget il sre the mor inet ‘Shumptns ath ae abo re feign The prognoses may Edflren, bur thr sags of the ese share the ew ta he {id stone repons cannot sre the onlaght of the modern Swe Both take for ranted tht Daim’ words, “the ld pods eee ae reser dead and tain any ear, they wil not TEAR coma cer with he new aos which Drei belived modern seas would create for hemele, or wid he modern poy Sh of vale and ones adrenal sgl wich Sd Taw autogomy.” The eld churches, for Weber, emain only 352 feluge Yor those“ cannor bert ee fate ofthe mes ike man” and fe willing to make the neable “iacelecea ecie.”” ‘Sealoratin, Engherment and Moder Relon 19 owing the wierd cons within clo oe te stration the ew 90 oe he 9G tao ts & delop mor syuematc ani empl pont formato of they of secant iva he ae et se oy became nese dh nies weed Fe te ‘cane ponbi seen the eyo eta rot desegs xl og inh Elgheonet cso pon nd Stages the ter calaresom st they of te mars atone ‘icrewinion ote sea and he este om te ss Shrtheend rout ote pce of mde reat wal ete Froese cso, deine and val Sapper oli, The fe fneoni they of eetaton old es Say in Thay Lacon The nl Reto Pov the ntti deine of ckgan m mer ely Oy ‘lg of wadonal etl nd pie econ leprae {onan margaleason of gion wii om iene spe Sie: many a tee eigan sn igor pore ef Gs 2 1970 eu be mere insanr Laon “ve ‘ligon, "iw opie wed tem nde int he ea fea itatan Oni mabe 980 srs sen sen a eign he Publ iter, become ori tena ad be wok Sel anion one nce nn “pan in any se theater fcr anno Tongs be main sind There ar ony two opti ese Srp te pee clan of mot ei frelon sted ee ek fhe oe it ved ts say yl cout ok th oden wo rt ee the tony ch hy at an ‘wer ot es andthe orion which ey al es pos ‘Three Separate Moments of the Theory of Secularization ‘The min alley inthe ory of elit, allay reproduced by apologists lke hat har made he thoy sey msereabl fer socal cen poroses, the confuon of hurt proces of Seculvstion proper withthe slog and smc omcqecces hich hse processes were supposed to have upon lion, A aly Iencond the cre nd teeta haf the teary of wcaigton isthe concepaleaton of he pos of weal madenaatn ay Iroc of fnconldierntson snd snancpon ofthe scl Saheres—prmarly the wat the cnomy, ad ence—om rel {Bou sphere andthe concomitant dllcrdaoon and pecan of {eigon within is own ney found rou mre, To ths ena 20 Ghapert sis wich mayb alle ie diteecicon hei to ter sabes ive olen ben tached which lp xplain what wl happen fo {elon as ae of tt prover of seston: One bthes he ‘ln of lon shes pated thar se poss of elation troul rng nt wae te progrieshinkge and eine of lion Tn someexreme verso ae eventonly duapese. The other ‘Shay he pacaton then, posited ht be procs of secular erly ae he a nde dy Imugnalration of lion nthe modern word Only we separate {Ree hee hes aayscaly can weal make ese the comply ‘moar ator rey. ‘The Diferomtation and Secularization of Society “ovvew modern store aaformtions rom the perspective of cu Taian meso a eg exten, 0 vew rey fom the perspec of elon, since the secular, concep, only makes sexs in elation to is eoutterpary the religious. The aaranage of such a penpectve ‘ksives om xsi to how thera etet to whi Wenern Sects Bove chnged preci in his reper. The medieval dicho. tows casio of cea ito religious and scar els Was 2 Tage exeae dated by he chur In this sense the al perspective from which medieval vcs sw tees waa reigous one I the ttn category ofthoughe was hat viding the rigour the ec then seything within the seul emnined an snifereniated whole long a i wae viewed fom the ost, rom the perspective oF the Felons, Ony the end of this icexoods way of einkng permite heteclar rea to egal now peopecvs fom which could view ‘af ferent. The al ofthe alpina wall epened up a whole ‘ow spac for proce of neal diferetiton of he aos scalar {phere Now forthe ety the various secular spheres could come Fay io thee ows, become difrented from exch oe, and follow what Weber called th “internal and Iw autonomy.” Weber's the try of diferentition 4 developed in he materpee "algions Rec los ofthe Wold apd The Directonn" is «tory of sclarization Dreckely because ews this cifferentiion fom the perspec of the {adil Gath ofeach ofthe spheres they flow their" td Info aonomy” wit the chara egos ec of brteriness ‘ot with the ogc vocal eis of he church" “The anal ofthese proces of ifeenaton from the pep tive ofthe eliffeenstion ofeach ofthe spheres not fom seligon but {Eom one another would neces look iret. Such a perspective ‘vould show tht inthe parece cate of the tain (0 tose, {ome ofthe weal sper partir de emerging modem aati Secretion Eateomet, and Moder Region 21 ‘st and he ener capita eno, ws os lav ad more ‘stonomous than tbe xe It would pabubly show aswell thar was ‘har ifeenaton fom oe snot, them Sependece and he ‘shes, hat moe than anything ele hate he dynos fe Droces Actual thee two sear phere, ate tnd mantis, Row fended to diate the very pices of cancion which served 0 stactae the new modem pte In pails cms we may 7 that if ely efor was srctted around one ain ax, nowt imal space was eeated with woman assis the whe Inthe langage of fanconale pte theory, each subyem became the cnet rth test vn bony bee pay ‘miromet forall Inthe new spatial soca, therefor, the lous ‘bere became jt nother sper, eacured sud fs own sono: ‘ows internal axis but fling unr the pravatonal force othe reo fan anes. lespecve of wich perspective we choo, however, wll show that the regious phere now Became ses cena and spall tiinished sphere within the new sult syste Moores fom the new iene ppc fn otto ae my th tow forthe ft ine, he rligous phere came fly noi orm, Sialing in“ own teow fncton snd caer droping cr fn. tmany ote “noel” fncons tha acomulated and eral no long mes cent Te thay of selraton doesnt ned to erin bennett wh ste mal fm proces of sifleention io motion, From i pra {ire itmay be scent oss the le which four lated and sme col unfolding developments played iv undermining the medieval ‘eligou tem ofdassfcaon: the Protestant Reformation the forma ‘ion of moder sates the woth of modern cpa and Ge ey ‘moder scien evolution Each ofthe for decopmenis ontbated is own dynamic to modern proces of eulartaton hai enh of th ws na ern oe proce of erat, The or ‘of them tether were etal ore than sft to cary the process ote i ay the “The role ofthe Protestant Reformation an be analyed at hee dif cote Aether ee mnt shares wipe at be roe Reformation played destruc role By endemning the very Cs ‘0 ni ancy, cathy, and spose ofthe cure, win om ‘tow on will eg the quali Roman Catolico dings i ow her competing Chitin church destroyed she tan of Wesers, CGstendom and dus opened up the pony Joe the emergence of something nen By deroying the ol organ seem heed ibe perhaps uniting, the Tom vigous con. rol Ars higher level, Proeancsm maybe viewed no oly 2 the 22 Chapt coro vot which mad om fr he et bat oa che eins ‘Spustrucre of he ow ord th ego of bop nde, ‘St eigout ology which ating when slop and cas ru fs were il fought nao gu sewed olathe ree of EXtgeor man and of he new eereeual dns the eof he ‘moda sorry ste agate teal Chetan monary, and {ie tmmph ofthe cw snc sphiatCabolishlaticon” Thee 6 i he Pranic "te Prorat,” not only Helped to ofr selon leiton 0 ‘oon andy unr way bate hough the iron of pew ‘gos pines sod ew scar er seve to ipel aed shape tine proses ns prulas decon. Proreant weld be fem tach a peupecive nol 4 saan foe b+ fa of eligins ral searaton, te wei though wich woo coments ‘oul a imatonlzed scl form, ther easing aos the ‘ipouecar de “ite ecnait ci of the cach asa shason organization Estoy empty Scar OFS ara wk pei oe ur thd momen ae ec sd tcon wn etn. ites escent forse oy ropes came acs re ot seats duro oes wee med we ‘Siete nf lt er ed dep ao i SESRg pte ine cucherstenped ope ode Geno he moa eh Su a eon ‘het Anh lL, Cate wel Oto, iif cence da eT plal Ss of entry cng bene pone gn fcr ‘Simm ed eo plea se Te pce ang ea r= fem ocd ah palo poor ene nd een (Serial pated ign Hl ont peed rm of i, Oly hrs ncn mu ve ed me ong [sr coe nt oy, rn eee chr [on hae weak on anges nan theme ft ane Oa pons he Satis hte fet SS pty ten wipe ae ‘Sina prge ieee ogo sewer dhe he at ety then on Soya hee cle wear be a Seca elect cae lepodaing ate eed y npn la spy at ssn ae ay wich ee Seaton, Enger, ad Modem Region 23 ‘has slim nd profane al tht ily haan spouted tin the womb a the od Christin sot i the melo The ‘hrc’ tempo replat the new econo rsaton in seconds ‘ith eadonal Chistian pencils was bound a, No anaun of {ononieaisty could dete Sane berwee pe hey sad {Spal prfto the inecnelble confit berween the nw capt ‘shone and the tadiooal "ior economic” thatthe cone funtaian brotely ics ofthe trsnc socal ebucs Nor cold the church's eve more deere ofa condcrnaons of wy em the growth of neni nd merchant apis» growth to wie he ‘hutch’ own aid search fr frger ernie ontibuted in no tal or. No othe sphere he scan woud pave mote sce sad ‘nore nsicepuble to mora sguaton thon the cpt marke No ‘ther edn of exchange and soil teraction meld prove sv pee ‘onal and seeeraizable at “mony Nowhere he wanlaston of ales whieh aks pace frm medial to Fun Conant taal and as evident the ange of sitade toward “chart that mose Christin of rites and foward poverty. The evangelical inunton“bssed be the por” which tad ed the dean of Seapine ito 2 reigous “prfewon” by the mend cles med Jno she condensin of alnsgvng andthe view every 2 dine nhhmen (run, Following Wet one cold Gigs te phases {nd meanings of captain weclaraon nthe Patan phan “eset Sim wat eed ow of mena clit ep He" sod esl anomie ace acted he mesnng and compl of chpoas Sang nthe ualtartan pass the gions tout ded ous the iraonal ompalson trad in “robe economic vue and usar is won nay ose“ on mane ode tins" ino longer need reioso oral support snd bis pte tet and clone the repos ohare subecing et tbe lope of ‘ommodextan™ “he terion becwen fh nd eas ws ints to mira inl elif twas the ea schieemen of eda scam pat {cy of the Aste Thomi sys fo hve aston tbe ceson no an all encompanng metaphysical sem, ate medial ‘ominalsm introduced such crassa te syn fa came nec ‘3170 etch or ne foundations, for new eri and cera the se of fa swell a int f aon, Hence slain andar beeen he ety moder ection a scenic pl ‘rophial and theological hgh Only som sould the re bec ‘Seat dred ss they embarked on espa mode our ‘7s cs wel now that the confer berms ne rc and he ew ‘tne, sybobied bythe a of Geo, mar sb! the substan 2 Chaper teath rfl of the new Copernican thos ofthe univer as mach brit was about the validity ofthe claims ofthe new science to ave flacovered anew sutonomovr method of ebsaining and verifying uth. “The const wat nor, sty speaking, one Between the contents of rel ‘bon and parclar soem paradigm, but one becween the etch nd he new method's daim to ifferentted autonomy. Thus the at ‘empt of al de pioneer Galileo, Kepler, and Newron—toeathrone the Bock of Natre a2 lepimae, separate but equal epintemalogal tray t0 God, slong with he Book of Revelation “The step ws succes» Pitan England bt filed in Lateran and, miserably sa a Catholic countries. Te Parears would become Pioneers th dllereniatd insittenslination of the modern sientfc Ener” The NewonianEnightenmenteablied a pew syaess [tsween faith and reason, which in Anglo Saxon counties was to last Stl the Derwinian rif the second half ofthe nneteem century. As the Newtonian Flightenment crossed the Channel, ower it became patently radiealzed and mliandy antes” Science was tans Formed it a cei nd scent werdvew which claed wo ave ‘placed slipon the way a ew scene paradign replies am out tnoded one, The proses ofeclrzation now found new historical er fet he varios mitan secularist movements, ready to do bate with ignovance and religious spertion wherever they found i Some of Rsk he ti cari movenen red on be er {innocuous ad peteed out in part becaue socety tf Became largely ‘ecile2” Orhers emerged in unexpected places, ke the adoption i the {cond half ofthe nineteenth entry by many Latin America stats of “Spstvsm” (Comtan or Speceran noel state ideology." Othe however, tired efarou, and no onl for elon, a they ened vate power. fara to pany of forced indueiatnaion fom above and [ear onthe pesanry, the Sover tate undertook campaigns of forced Sscilaiation fom sbore ants war on zelgion. The ony ofl pace let for eign nthe Communi state would be the museums of ache iS where the antiga unde o th philotoper became enshrined ins pat bourse phloophy of history dacimenting the “ascent of ‘man’ rom religious uperiion to he zenith of seni elightenment, ‘Marxism-Leninism sn ts Stalin version.” tone views seclarsaton a3 modern hoi process and aceps the vew thay, above all, the fur smulespeows developmens—the Prete Reformation, the ie ofthe modern mare, the aie of moder Capital, and thereof moder cenoe—st i motion the dais ofthe proces by undenining he medieval sytem and themalvs be ‘ame a the sme time the caries ofthe procese of ferentiation, of ‘wiuch scaarization one ape, then follows tht one should expet Seaton, Enghenment, and Modom Rl 25 Aiteen historical paterns of secsariation. As each of thee carers Aeveloped diferent dynamics in diferent plces anda ferent tines, the pater andthe outcomes ofthe histones proves of sctaration| should vary acorn. Initvl, evens supercode of he ‘aiou histories ells one tha ei the cate, ptt snag how lew

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