Q1. What is BGP?

 Ans: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):

is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among
autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The protocol is classified as a path vector protocol. The Border
Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies, or rule-sets configured by a
network administrator and is involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP may be used for routing within an autonomous system. In this application it is referred to as Interior
Border Gateway Protocol, Internal BGP, or iBGP. In contrast, the Internet application of the protocol may be
referred to as Exterior Border Gateway Protocol, External BGP, or eBGP.

Q2. What is the purpose of bgp ?

Ans: The main purpose of BGP is to exchange routing updates like other routing protocols, but BGP typically
does not exchange individual network routes (but it technically can), it exchanges summaries of network
routes. This is because the typical use of BGP is over very large networks including the Internet.

Q3. What is the Port Number of BGP?

Ans: BGP uses TCP port 179.

Q4. Can I run two BGP process on single router?

Ans: No, You cannot run two BGP process on a Single Router.

Q5.  What is a poison reverse?

Ans: poison reverse. Posted by: Margaret Rouse. In a computer network that uses the Routing Information
Protocol (RIP) or other distance vector routing protocols, a poison reverse is a way in which a gateway node
tells its neighbor gateways that one of the gateways is no longer connected.

Q6. What is the difference between split horizon and poison reverse?

Ans: Split-horizon routing with poison reverse is a variant of split-horizon route advertising in which a router

actively advertises routes as unreachable over the interface over which they were learned by setting the route
metric to infinite (16 for RIP).

Q7. What is rip in networking?

Ans: The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols which
employ the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number
of hops allowed in a path from source to destination.

Q8. Can I use BGP instead of any IGP?

Ans: No, because bgp works between autonomous systems but igp works inside of autonomous systems.

Q9. What is route reflector and why it is required?

Ans: A route reflector is BGP router that is allowed to break the iBGP loop avoidance rule. Route reflectors can
advertise updates received from an iBGP peer to another iBGP peer under specific conditions.
By breaking the rules, route reflectors are used to eliminate the full mesh requirement and allow for building
iBGP networks that scale easily and cleanly.

Q10. What is the BGP path selection criteria?

Ans: BGP tries to narrow its path selection down to one best path; it does not load balance by default. To do
so, it examines the path attributes of any loop-free, synchronized (if synchronization is enabled) routes with a
reachable next-hop in the following order:

 Choose the route with the highest weight.

 If weight is not set, choose the route with the highest local preference.
 Choose routes that this router originated.
 Choose the path with the shortest Autonomous System path.
 Choose the path with the lowest origin code (i is lowest, e is next, ? is last).
 Choose the route with the lowest MED, if the same Autonomous System advertises the possible
routes.
 Choose an EBGP route over an IBGP route.
 Choose the route through the nearest IGP neighbor as determined by the lowest IGP metric.
 Choose the oldest route
 Choose a path through the neighbor with the lowest router ID.
 Choose a path through the neighbor with the lowest IP address.

Q11. What formats can I use to configure the BGP community attribute?

Ans: In Cisco IOS® Software Release 12.0 and later, you can configure communities in three different formats
called decimal, hexadecimal, and AA:NN. By default, Cisco IOS uses the older decimal format. In order to
configure and display in AA:NN, where the first part is the AS number and the second part is a 2-byte number,
issue the ip bgp-community new-format global configuration command.

Q12. What are the most common distance vector routing protocols?

Ans: Distance Vector Routing Definition: Distance vector routing is a simple routing protocol used in packet-
switched networks that utilizes distance to decide the best packet forwarding path. ... A hop is the trip that a
packet takes from one router to another as it traverses a network on the way to its destination.

Q13. What is recursive lookup in BGP and how it works?

Ans: The router looks up the BGP route and the BGP next hop to reach a destination in the remote AS. Then
the router looks up the route to reach the BGP next hop using the IGP.

Q14. What is an autonomous system (AS) number and how do I obtain one?

Ans: AS numbers are globally unique numbers that are used to identify ASes, and which enable an AS to
exchange exterior routing information between neighboring ASes. An AS is a connected group of IP networks
that adhere to a single and clearly defined routing policy.
There are a limited number of available AS numbers. Therefore, it is important to determine which sites
require unique AS numbers and which do not. Sites that do not require a unique AS number should use one or
more of the AS numbers reserved for private use, which are in the range from 64512 to 65535. Access the AS
Number Registration Services website to obtain an AS number.
Q15. Define various BGP path attributes.

Ans: BGP chooses a route to a network based on the attributes of its path. Four categories of attributes exist as
follows:

 Well-known mandatory: Must be recognized by all BGP routers, present in all BGP updates, and
passed on to other BGP routers. For example, AS path, origin, and next hop.
 Well-known discretionary: Must be recognized by all BGP routers and passed on to other BGP routers
but need not be present in an update, for example, local preference.
 Optional transitive: Might or might not be recognized by a BGP router but is passed on to other BGP
routers. If not recognized, it is marked as partial, for example, aggregator, community.
 Optional nontransitive: Might or might not be recognized by a BGP router and is not passed on to
other routers, for example, Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED), originator ID.

Q16. What does a next hop of 0.0.0.0 mean in the show ip bgp command output?

Ans: A network in the BGP table with a next hop address of 0.0.0.0 means that the network is locally originated
via redistribution of Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) into BGP, or via a network or aggregate command in the
BGP configuration.

Q17. What is synchronization, and how does it influence BGP routes installed in the IP routing table?

Ans: If your AS passes traffic from another AS to a third AS, BGP should not advertise a route before all routers
in your AS learn about the route via IGP. BGP waits until IGP propagates the route within the AS and then
advertises it to external peers. A BGP router with synchronization enabled does not install iBGP learned routes
into its routing table if it is not able to validate those routes in its IGP. Issue the no synchronization command
under router bgp in order to disable synchronization. This prevents BGP from validating iBGP routes in IGP.

Q18. How do I configure BGP with the use of a loopback address?

Ans: The use of a loopback interface ensures that the neighbor stays up and is not affected by malfunctioning
hardware.
BGP uses the IP address configured on the physical interface directly connected to the BGP peer as the source
address when it establishes the BGP peering session, by default. Issue the neighbor <ip address> update-
source <interface> command in order to change this behavior and configure the BGP that speaks to the router
to establish peering with the use of a loopback address as the source address.

Q19. Define various types of communities and why they are used?

Ans: Additionally, there are four well-knowncommunities that can be referenced by name:

 No-export– prevents the route from being advertised outsidethe local AS to eBGP peers.
 No-advertise– prevents the route from being advertised to either internal or external peers.
 Internet – allows the route to be advertised outside the local AS.
 Local-AS – prevents the route from being advertised outside the local AS to either eBGP
orconfederate peers.

Q20. What is the default BGP ConnectRetry timer, and is it possible to tune the BGP ConnectRetry timer?

Ans: The default BGP ConnectRetry timer is 120 seconds. Only after this time passes does the BGP process
check to see if the passive TCP session is established. If the passive TCP session is not established, then the BGP
process starts a new active TCP attempt to connect to the remote BGP speaker. During this idle 120 seconds of
the ConnectRetry timer, the remote BGP peer can establish a BGP session to it. Presently, the Cisco IOS
ConnectRetry timer cannot be changed from its default of 120 seconds.

Q21. What additional command do you have to use to establish intraconfederation EBGP sessions between loopback
interfaces?

Ans: To establish intraconfederation EBGP sessions between loopback interfaces, you must specify ebgp-
multihop on the intraconfederation EBGP neighbor.

Q22. What is the purpose of route dampening ?

Ans: Route dampening minimizes the impact of route flaps in downstream autonomous systems upon local
and upstream autonomous systems.

Q23. In general which routes will affect by route dampening?

Ans: Route dampening affects only EBGP routes.

Q24. How much memory should I have in my router to receive the complete BGP routing table from my ISP?

Ans: The amount of memory required to store BGP routes depends on many factors, such as the router, the
number of alternate paths available, route dampening, community, the number of maximum paths configured,
BGP attributes, and VPN configurations. Without knowledge of these parameters it is difficult to calculate the
amount of memory required to store a certain number of BGP routes. Cisco typically recommends a minimum
of 512 MB of RAM in the router to store a complete global BGP routing table from one BGP peer. However, it is
important to understand ways to reduce memory consumption and achieve optimal routing without the need
to receive the complete Internet routing table

Q25. Do internal BGP (iBGP) sessions modify the next hop?

Ans: iBGP sessions preserve the next hop attribute learned from eBGP peers. This is why it is important to have
an internal route to the next hop. The BGP route is otherwise unreachable. In order to make sure you can
reach the eBGP next hop, include the network that the next hop belongs to in the IGP or issue the next-hop-
self neighbor command to force the router to advertise itself, rather than the external peer, as the next hop.
1. Can router on different subnet become BGP neighbour?
2. What is the difference between eBGP multihop and TTL security?
3. Which protocol and the port number does BGP use for neighborship?
4. How do I configure BGP?
5. What is the use of BGP best path community ignore command?
6. How do I configure BGP with the use of a loopback address?
7. What is the order of preference of attributes when applied to one neighbour in BGP?
8. What does a next-hop of 0.0.0.0 mean in the show IP BGP command output?
9. What are the well-known communities of the BGP community attribute?
10. How does BGP behave differently with auto-summary enabled or disabled?
11. What formats can I use to configure the BGP community attribute?
12. When and how should I reset a BGP session?
13. Is there any special configuration needed on PIX/ASA to allow BGP sessions through it?
14. What is an autonomous system number (ASN) and how do I obtain one?
15. What is the BGP path selection criteria?
16. What is the difference between always-compare-med and deterministic-med?
17. Do internal BGP (iBGP) sessions modify the next-hop?
18. Do external BGP (eBGP) sessions modify the next-hop?
19. Do external BGP (eBGP) sessions between confederations modify the next-hop?
20. In external BGP (eBGP) sessions, which IP address is sent as the next hop?
21. Does the route reflector change the next-hop attribute of a reflected prefix?
22. How can I announce a prefix conditionally to one ISP only when I lose the connection to my
primary ISP?
23. How can I configure BGP to provide load sharing and redundancy in my network?
24. How much memory should I have in my router to receive the complete BGP routing table from
my ISP?
25. What are the benefits of configuring BGP peer groups?
26. Why do I see the same route twice from the same peer in BGP?
27. What is synchronization, and how does it influence BGP routes installed in the IP routing table?
28. How do I know which Cisco IOS software release supports a particular BGP feature?
29. How can I set the Multi Exit Discriminator (MED) value on prefixes advertised to external BGP
(eBGP) neighbours to match the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) next hop metric?
30. What is the default BGP ConnectRetry timer, and is it possible to tune the BGP ConnectRetry
timer?
31. What does r RIB-Failure mean in the show ip bgp command output?
32. How can I redistribute internal BGP (iBGP) learned default-route (0.0.0.0/0) route into
EIGRP/OSPF/IS-IS?
33. How can I filter all IP routes advertised to a BGP neighbour except the default route 0.0.0.0/0?
34. Is it possible to track an interface and change the route availability?
35. How does IP RIB Update allocate memory?
36. What is the command to see IPv6 BGP neighbours?
37. In regards to the removal of the static route “ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 Null0”, does no
auto-summary in BGP cause all subnets of 10.10.0.0 to be advertised?
38. Why are there no statistic results when I use the debug bfd events and debug bfd packets
commands?
39. Can I run two BGP process on a single router?
40. Difference between hard reset and soft reset in BGP?
41. What are different BGP message types
42. What are various BGP states?
43. Which command is used to disable BGP neighborship?
44. What are the values of keepalive and Dead timers in BGP?
45. How many public and private AS numbers are there?
46. BGP Route selection criteria?
47. Does the router have to be restarted after a new BGP Neighbor Maximum Prefix is configured?
48. Is there a command to check the advertised routes along with the prepend of the AS-paths?
49. How does neighbour soft-reconfiguration inbound command function?
50. What is the difference between when a route is injected in BGP via redistributing command or a
network command?
51. How do I verify Layer 4 forwarding summary information?
52. What are IGPs and EGPs and why are they different?
53. Name several path attributes and their function.
54. Why is there a problem with iBGP in large networks? How can this problem be solved?
55. Name BGP path attributes to control incoming and outgoing traffic
56. My BGP is showing 0.0.0.0 as router-id; what could be the possible reason?
57. If my BGP neighbour is stuck in an idle or active state, what should I do?
58. Explain BGP recursive lookup and site of origin (SoO).
59. What do you understand by BGP split-horizon rule?
60. Describe BGP communities. Name well-known communities.
61. Can I use BGP instead of any IGP?
62. Types of a BGP routing table?
63. What is route reflector and why it is required?
64. What is no-synchronization rule?
65. What are Default BGP timers?
66. In Multihoming scenario, if the primary link gets fail, after how long traffic will be shifted to
the secondary link?
67. BGP Graceful Restart, NSR and NSF?
68. How to use BGP as PE-CE backdoor link?
69. What is the advantage of using BGP AS Prepend?
70. What is cluster id in BGP?
71. What is the meaning of update-source loopback?
72. Can we use local preference outside the autonomous system?
73. What is confederation?
74. What is Route Reflector in BGP? Why is it required?
75. What will the BGP first check to see if a prefix is accessible?
76. What are the two methods for reducing the number of IBGP connection in a network?
77. What makes a neighbour internal BGP (iBGP)?
78. What the command “neighbour update-source” do?
79. Explain the term RIB in BGP?
80. Two BGP peers connected through a routed firewall are unable to establish a peering
relationship. What could be the most likely cause?
81. What is the order of preference of attributes (route-map, filter-list,prefix-list, distribute-list )
when some or all are applied to one neighbour in BGP? Kindly share for inbound updates?
82. What is the order of preference of attributes (route-map, filter-list,prefix-list, distribute-list )
when some or all are applied to one neighbour in BGP? Kindly share for inbound updates?
83. How can I verify if a BGP router announces its BGP networks and propagates them?
84. What is the difference between always-compare-med and deterministic-med?
85. Does the route reflector change the next-hop attribute of a reflected prefix?
86. How can I announce a prefix conditionally to one ISP only when I lose the connection to my
primary ISP?
87. How much of minimal RAM is required to learn complete BGP routing table from one BGP
peer?
88. What are the benefits of configuring BGP peer groups?
89. What is the default BGP ConnectRetry timer
90. What does r RIB-Failure mean in the show ip bgp command output?
91. How can I filter all IP routes advertised to a BGP neighbour except the default route 0.0.0.0/0?
92. What is the version of BGP that first supported CIDR?
93. In the global routing table, can the same AS number shows up more than once in a path?
94. Can I run two BGP process on a single router?
95. What is the cost of external and internal BGP routes?
96. Which parameters and attributes have to be equal before MED is compared to select the best
path?
97. How do we enable community propagation?
98. What is the purpose of route dampening?
99. In general which routes will affect by route dampening? eBGP or iBGP?
100.What is the default value of MED?