CHAPTER 1 Limits

x3 – 4 x 2 + x + 6
1.1 Concepts Review 9. lim
x → –1 x +1
1. L; c ( x + 1)( x 2 – 5 x + 6)
= lim
x → –1 x +1
2. 6
= lim ( x 2 – 5 x + 6)
x → –1
3. L; right
= (–1) – 5(–1) + 6
2

4. lim f ( x) = M = 12
x →c

x 4 + 2 x3 – x 2
10. lim
Problem Set 1.1 x →0 x2
= lim( x 2 + 2 x –1) = –1
1. lim( x – 5) = –2 x →0
x →3

2. lim (1 – 2t ) = 3 x2 – t 2 ( x + t )( x – t )
t → –1
11. lim = lim
x→–t x + t x→ – t x+t
= lim ( x – t )
3. lim ( x 2 + 2 x − 1) = (−2) 2 + 2(−2) − 1 = −1 x→ –t
x →−2 = –t – t = –2t

4. lim ( x 2 + 2t − 1) = (−2) 2 + 2t − 1 = 3 + 2t x2 – 9
x →−2 12. lim
x →3 x – 3

(
5. lim t 2 − 1 =
t →−1
) ( ( −1) − 1) = 0
2
= lim
x →3
( x – 3)( x + 3)
x–3
= lim( x + 3)
(
6. lim t 2 − x 2 =
t →−1
) ( ( −1) 2
)
− x2 = 1 − x2 x →3
=3+3=6

x2 – 4 ( x – 2)( x + 2) (t + 4)(t − 2) 4
7. lim = lim 13. lim
x→2 x – 2 x→2 x–2 t →2 (3t − 6) 2
= lim( x + 2)
x→2 (t − 2) 2 t + 4
= lim
=2+2=4 t →2 9(t − 2) 2

t 2 + 4t – 21 t+4
8. lim = lim
t →2 9
t → –7 t+7
(t + 7)(t – 3) 2+4 6
= lim = =
t → –7 t+7 9 9
= lim (t – 3)
t → –7
(t − 7)3
= –7 – 3 = –10 14. lim
t →7+ t −7
(t − 7) t − 7
= lim
t →7 + t −7
= lim t −7
t →7+

= 7−7 = 0

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 x 4 –18 x 2 + 81 ( x 2 – 9) 2 1 − cos t
15. lim = lim lim =0
x →3 2 x →3 2 t →0 2t
( x – 3) ( x – 3)
( x – 3) 2 ( x + 3) 2 ( x − sin x ) 2 / x 2
= lim 2
= lim( x + 3)2 = (3 + 3) 2 21. x
x →3 ( x – 3) x →3
1. 0.0251314
= 36
0.1 2.775 × 10−6
(3u + 4)(2u – 2)3 8(3u + 4)(u –1)3 0.01 2.77775 × 10−10
16. lim = lim
u →1 (u –1) 2 u →1 (u –1) 2 0.001 2.77778 × 10−14
= lim 8(3u + 4)(u – 1) = 8[3(1) + 4](1 – 1) = 0
u →1 –1. 0.0251314
–0.1 2.775 × 10−6
(2 + h) 2 − 4 4 + 4h + h 2 − 4
17. lim = lim –0.01 2.77775 × 10−10
h→0 h h→0 h
h 2 + 4h –0.001 2.77778 × 10−14
= lim = lim(h + 4) = 4
h →0 h h →0 ( x – sin x) 2
lim =0
x →0 x2
( x + h) 2 − x 2 x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − x 2
18. lim = lim 2 2
h→0 h h →0 h 22. x (1 − cos x ) / x

h 2 + 2 xh 1. 0.211322
= lim = lim(h + 2 x) = 2 x
h →0 h h →0 0.1 0.00249584
0.01 0.0000249996
19. x sin x 0.001 2.5 × 10−7
2x
1. 0.420735
–1. 0.211322
0.1 0.499167
–0.1 0.00249584
0.01 0.499992 –0.01 0.0000249996
0.001 0.49999992 –0.001 2.5 × 10−7
(1 – cos x) 2
–1. 0.420735 lim =0
x →0 x2
–0.1 0.499167
2
23. t (t − 1) /(sin(t − 1))
–0.01 0.499992
–0.001 0.49999992 2. 3.56519
1.1 2.1035
sin x
lim = 0.5 1.01
x →0 2 x 2.01003
1.001 2.001
1− cos t
20. t 2t
1. 0.229849 0 1.1884
0.1 0.0249792 0.9 1.90317
0.01 0.00249998 0.99 1.99003
0.999 1.999
0.001 0.00024999998
t −12
lim =2
–1. –0.229849 t →1 sin(t − 1)
–0.1 –0.0249792
–0.01 –0.00249998
–0.001 –0.00024999998

64 Section 1.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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 27. x ( x − π / 4) 2 /(tan x − 1) 2
x −sin( x − 3) − 3
24. x x −3
1. + π4 0.0320244
π
4. 0.158529 0.1 + 4 0.201002
π
3.1 0.00166583 0.01 + 4 0.245009
π
3.01 0.0000166666 0.001 + 4 0.2495
3.001 1.66667 × 10−7
−1. + π4 0.674117
2. 0.158529 −0.1 + π4 0.300668
2.9 0.00166583 −0.01 + π4 0.255008
2.99 0.0000166666 −0.001 + π4 0.2505
2.999 1.66667 × 10−7
lim
(x − ) π 2
4
= 0.25
lim
x – sin( x – 3) – 3
=0 x→ π
4 (tan x − 1)2
x →3 x–3
28. u (2 − 2sin u ) / 3u
25. x (1 + sin( x − 3π / 2)) /( x − π )
1. + π2 0.11921
1. + π 0.4597
0.1 + π2 0.00199339
0.1 + π 0.0500
0.01 + π2 0.0000210862
0.01 + π 0.0050 0.001 + π
2
2.12072 × 10−7
0.001 + π 0.0005
−1. + π2 0.536908
–1. + π –0.4597 −0.1 + π
2 0.00226446
–0.1 + π –0.0500 −0.01 + π
0.0000213564
2
–0.01 + π –0.0050 −0.001 + π
2.12342 × 10−7
2
–0.001 + π –0.0005 2 − 2sin u
lim =0
1 + sin ( x − 32π ) u→ π 3u
2
lim =0
x →π x−π
29. a. lim f ( x) = 2
x → –3
26. t (1 − cot t ) /(1 / t )
b. f(–3) = 1
1. 0.357907
0.1 –0.896664 c. f(–1) does not exist.
0.01 –0.989967
5
0.001 –0.999 d. lim f ( x) =
x → –1 2

–1. –1.64209 e. f(1) = 2

–0.1 –1.09666 f. lim f(x) does not exist.
x→1
–0.01 –1.00997
–0.001 –1.001 g. lim f ( x) = 2
x →1–
1 – cot t
lim 1
= –1
t →0
t h. lim f ( x) = 1
x →1+

5
i. lim f ( x ) =
+ 2
x →−1

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 30. a. lim f ( x) does not exist. b. lim f ( x) does not exist.
x → –3 x →1

b. f(–3) = 1 c. f(1) = 2
c. f(–1) = 1 d. lim f ( x) = 2
x →1+
d. lim f ( x) = 2
x → –1
34.
e. f(1) = 1

f. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x →1

g. lim f ( x) = 1
x →1–

h. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x →1+

i. lim f ( x ) = 2
x →−1+
a. lim g ( x) = 0
31. a. f(–3) = 2 x →1

b. f(3) is undefined. b. g(1) does not exist.

c. lim f ( x) = 2
x → –3− c. lim g ( x ) = 1
x→2

d. lim f ( x) = 4
x → –3+ d. lim g ( x ) = 1
x → 2+

e. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x → –3
35. f ( x) = x – ⎣⎡[ x ]⎦⎤
f. lim f ( x) does not exist.
x →3+

32. a. lim f ( x) = −2
x → –1−

b. lim f ( x) = −2
x → –1+

c. lim f ( x) = −2
x → –1

d. f (–1) = –2

e. lim f ( x) = 0
x →1 a. f(0) = 0

f. f (1) = 0 b. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x →0
33.
c. lim f ( x ) = 1
x →0 –

1
d. lim f ( x) =
x→ 1 2
2

a. lim f ( x) = 0
x →0

66 Section 1.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 x 41. lim f ( x) exists for a = –1, 0, 1.
36. f ( x) = x→a
x
42. The changed values will not change lim f ( x) at
x→a

any a. As x approaches a, the limit is still a 2 .

x −1
43. a. lim does not exist.
x →1 x −1
x −1 x −1
lim = −1 and lim =1
x →1 − x −1 +
x →1 x −1

x −1
b. lim = −1
a. f (0) does not exist. x →1 − x −1

b. lim f ( x) does not exist. x2 − x − 1 − 1

x →0 c. lim = −3
x →1− x −1
c. lim f ( x ) = –1
x →0 –
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
d. lim ⎢ − ⎥ does not exist.
− x −1 x − 1 ⎥⎦
d. lim f ( x) = 1 x →1 ⎢
⎣
x→ 1
2

44. a. lim x − a xb = 0
x2 − 1 x →1+
37. lim does not exist.
x →1 x − 1
c1f
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 b. lim dd gg does not exist.
lim = −2 and lim =2 x →0 e h
+ x
x →1− x −1 x →1+ x − 1

c1/ x f
x+2− 2 c. lim x(−1)ed hg
=0
+
38. lim x →0
x →0 x
c1/ x f
( x + 2 − 2)( x + 2 + 2) d. lim a x b (−1)ed hg
=0
= lim x →0 +
x →0 x( x + 2 + 2)
x+2−2 x 45. a) 1 b) 0
= lim = lim
x →0 x( x + 2 + 2) x →0 x( x + 2 + 2)
c) −1 d) −1
1 2 1 1
= lim = = = 46. a) Does not exist b) 0
x →0 x+2+ 2 0+2 + 2 2 2 4
c) 1 d) 0.556
39. a. lim f ( x) does not exist.
x →1
47. lim x does not exist since x is not defined
x →0
b. lim f ( x) = 0
x →0 for x < 0.

40. 48. lim x x = 1

x → 0+

49. lim x =0
x →0

x
50. lim x = 1
x →0

sin 2 x 1
51. lim =
x →0 4 x 2

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 sin 5 x 5 7. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then 2x is within 0.002
52. lim = of 4.
x →0 3x 3

⎛1⎞
53. lim cos ⎜ ⎟ does not exist.
x →0 ⎝ x⎠

⎛1⎞
54. lim x cos ⎜ ⎟ = 0
x →0 ⎝ x⎠

x3 − 1
55. lim =6
x →1 2x + 2 − 2 8. If x is within 0.0005 of 2, then x2 is within 0.002
of 4.
x sin 2 x
56. lim =2
x →0 sin( x 2 )

x2 – x – 2
57. lim = –3
x →2– x–2

2
58. lim 1/( x −1)
=0
x →1 +
1+ 2
9. If x is within 0.0019 of 2, then 8 x is within
59. lim x ; The computer gives a value of 0, but 0.002 of 4.
x →0

lim x does not exist.

x →0−

1.2 Concepts Review

1. L – ε ; L + ε

2. 0 < x – a < δ ; f ( x) – L < ε 8

10. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then is within 0.002
ε x
3. of 4.
3

4. ma + b

Problem Set 1.2

1. 0 < t – a < δ ⇒ f (t ) – M < ε

2. 0 < u – b < δ ⇒ g (u ) – L < ε 11. 0 < x – 0 < δ ⇒ (2 x – 1) – (–1) < ε

2x – 1+ 1 < ε ⇔ 2x < ε
3. 0 < z – d < δ ⇒ h( z ) – P < ε ⇔ 2 x <ε
ε
4. 0 < y – e < δ ⇒ φ ( y ) – B < ε ⇔ x <
2
5. 0 < c – x < δ ⇒ f ( x) – L < ε
ε
δ = ;0 < x –0 <δ
2
6. 0 < t – a < δ ⇒ g (t ) – D < ε
(2 x – 1) – (–1) = 2 x = 2 x < 2δ = ε

68 Section 1.2 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 12. 0 < x + 21 < δ ⇒ (3x – 1) – (–64) < ε 2 x 2 – 11x + 5
15. 0 < x – 5 < δ ⇒ –9 <ε
3 x – 1 + 64 < ε ⇔ 3 x + 63 < ε x–5
⇔ 3( x + 21) < ε 2 x 2 – 11x + 5 (2 x – 1)( x – 5)
–9 <ε ⇔ –9 <ε
⇔ 3 x + 21 < ε x–5 x–5
ε ⇔ 2x – 1 – 9 < ε
⇔ x + 21 <
3
⇔ 2( x – 5) < ε

ε ε
δ = ; 0 < x + 21 < δ ⇔ x–5 <
3 2
(3 x – 1) – (–64) = 3 x + 63 = 3 x + 21 < 3δ = ε
ε
δ = ;0 < x –5 <δ
2
x 2 – 25
13. 0 < x – 5 < δ ⇒ – 10 < ε 2 x – 11x + 5
2
(2 x – 1)( x – 5)
x–5 –9 = –9
x–5 x–5
x 2 – 25 ( x – 5)( x + 5) = 2 x – 1 – 9 = 2( x – 5) = 2 x – 5 < 2δ = ε
– 10 < ε ⇔ – 10 < ε
x–5 x–5
⇔ x + 5 – 10 < ε 16. 0 < x – 1 < δ ⇒ 2x – 2 < ε
⇔ x–5 <ε
2x – 2 < ε

δ = ε; 0 < x – 5 < δ ( 2 x – 2 )( 2 x + 2 )
⇔ <ε
2x + 2
2
x – 25 ( x – 5)( x + 5)
– 10 = – 10 = x + 5 – 10
x–5 x–5 2x – 2
⇔ <ε
= x–5 <δ =ε 2x + 2
x –1
⇔2 <ε
2x – x 2 2x + 2
14. 0 < x – 0 < δ ⇒ − (−1) < ε
x
2ε
2 x2 – x x(2 x – 1) δ= ; 0 < x –1 < δ
+1 < ε ⇔ +1 < ε 2
x x ( 2 x – 2)( 2 x + 2)
2x − 2 =
⇔ 2x – 1 +1 < ε 2x + 2
⇔ 2x < ε 2x – 2
=
⇔ 2 x <ε 2x + 2
ε 2 x –1 2 x – 1 2δ
⇔ x < ≤ < =ε
2 2x + 2 2 2

ε 2x – 1
δ = ;0 < x –0 <δ 17. 0 < x – 4 < δ ⇒ – 7 <ε
2 x–3
2 x2 – x x(2 x – 1)
− (−1) = + 1 = 2x – 1+ 1 2x – 1 2 x – 1 – 7( x – 3)
x x – 7 <ε ⇔ <ε
x–3 x–3
= 2 x = 2 x < 2δ = ε
( 2 x – 1 – 7( x – 3))( 2 x – 1 + 7( x – 3))
⇔ <ε
x – 3( 2 x – 1 + 7( x – 3))
2 x – 1 – (7 x – 21)
⇔ <ε
x – 3( 2 x – 1 + 7( x – 3))
–5( x – 4)
⇔ <ε
x – 3( 2 x – 1 + 7( x – 3))

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 1.2 69

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 ⇔ x−4 ⋅
5
<ε 10 x3 – 26 x 2 + 22 x – 6
19. 0 < x – 1 < δ ⇒ –4 <ε
x − 3( 2 x − 1 + 7( x − 3)) ( x – 1) 2
10 x3 – 26 x 2 + 22 x – 6
To bound
5
, agree that –4 <ε
x – 3( 2 x – 1 + 7( x – 3)) ( x –1)2
1 1 7 9 (10 x – 6)( x – 1)2
δ ≤ . If δ ≤ , then < x < , so ⇔ –4 <ε
2 2 2 2 ( x – 1)2
5 ⇔ 10 x – 6 – 4 < ε
0.65 < < 1.65 and
x – 3( 2 x – 1 + 7( x – 3))
⇔ 10( x – 1) < ε
5
hence x − 4 ⋅ <ε ⇔ 10 x – 1 < ε
x − 3( 2 x − 1 + 7( x − 3))
ε
ε ⇔ x –1 <
⇔ x–4 < 10
1.65
For whatever ε is chosen, let δ be the smaller of
ε
δ= ; 0 < x –1 < δ
1 ε 10
and .
2 1.65 10 x3 – 26 x 2 + 22 x – 6 (10 x – 6)( x – 1) 2
–4 = –4
⎧1 ε ⎫ ( x – 1) 2 ( x – 1) 2
δ = min ⎨ , ⎬, 0 < x – 4 < δ
⎩ 2 1. 65 ⎭ = 10 x − 6 − 4 = 10( x − 1)
2x −1 5 = 10 x − 1 < 10δ = ε
− 7 = x−4 ⋅
x −3 x − 3( 2 x − 1 + 7( x − 3))
< x – 4 (1.65) < 1. 65δ ≤ ε 20. 0 < x – 1 < δ ⇒ (2 x 2 + 1) – 3 < ε
1 1 ε
since δ = only when ≤ so 1.65δ ≤ ε .
2 2 1. 65 2 x2 + 1 – 3 = 2 x2 – 2 = 2 x + 1 x – 1

To bound 2 x + 2 , agree that δ ≤ 1 .

14 x 2 – 20 x + 6
18. 0 < x – 1 < δ ⇒ –8 < ε
x –1 x – 1 < δ implies
2x + 2 = 2x – 2 + 4
14 x 2 – 20 x + 6 2(7 x – 3)( x – 1)
–8 <ε ⇔ –8 <ε ≤ 2x – 2 + 4
x –1 x –1
<2+4=6
⇔ 2(7 x – 3) – 8 < ε
ε ⎧ ε⎫
⇔ 14( x – 1) < ε δ ≤ ; δ = min ⎨1, ⎬; 0 < x – 1 < δ
6 ⎩ 6⎭
⇔ 14 x – 1 < ε
(2 x + 1) – 3 = 2 x 2 – 2
2
ε
⇔ x –1 < ⎛ε ⎞
14 = 2x + 2 x −1 < 6 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = ε
⎝6⎠
ε
δ= ; 0 < x –1 < δ
14
14 x 2 – 20 x + 6 2(7 x – 3)( x – 1)
–8 = –8
x –1 x –1
= 2(7 x – 3) – 8
= 14( x – 1) = 14 x – 1 < 14δ = ε

70 Section 1.2 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 21. 0 < x + 1 < δ ⇒ ( x 2 – 2 x – 1) – 2 < ε ⎛1⎞
25. For all x ≠ 0 , 0 ≤ sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1 so
⎝x⎠
x2 – 2 x – 1 – 2 = x2 – 2 x – 3 = x + 1 x – 3 ⎛ ⎞
1
x 4 sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ x 4 for all x ≠ 0 . By Problem 18,
To bound x – 3 , agree that δ ≤ 1 . ⎝ x⎠
4
x + 1 < δ implies lim x = 0, so, by Problem 20,
x→0
x – 3 = x + 1 – 4 ≤ x + 1 + –4 < 1 + 4 = 5 4 2 ⎛ 1⎞
lim x sin ⎜ ⎟ = 0.
ε ⎧ ε⎫ x→0 ⎝ x⎠
δ ≤ ; δ = min ⎨1, ⎬ ; 0 < x + 1 < δ
5 ⎩ 5⎭
( x – 2 x – 1) – 2 = x 2 – 2 x – 3
2 26. 0 < x < δ ⇒ x –0 = x = x <ε

For x > 0, ( x ) = x.
2
ε
= x +1 x – 3 < 5⋅ =ε
5 x < ε ⇔ ( x )2 = x < ε 2
δ = ε 2; 0 < x < δ ⇒ x < δ = ε 2 = ε
22. 0 < x < δ ⇒ x 4 – 0 = x 4 < ε

x 4 = x x3 . To bound x3 , agree that 27. lim x : 0 < x < δ ⇒ x – 0 < ε

x →0 +

δ ≤ 1. x < δ ≤ 1 implies x3 = x ≤ 1 so
3 For x ≥ 0 , x = x .
δ = ε; 0 < x < δ ⇒ x – 0 = x = x < δ = ε
δ ≤ ε.
Thus, lim+ x = 0.
δ = min{1, ε }; 0 < x < δ ⇒ x 4 = x x3 < ε ⋅1 x→0
=ε lim x : 0 < 0 – x < δ ⇒ x – 0 < ε
x →0 –
23. Choose ε > 0. Then since lim f ( x) = L, there is For x < 0, x = – x; note also that x = x
x →c
some δ1 > 0 such that since x ≥ 0.
0 < x – c < δ1 ⇒ f ( x ) – L < ε . δ = ε ;0 < − x < δ ⇒ x = x = − x < δ = ε
Since lim f (x) = M, there is some δ 2 > 0 such Thus, lim– x = 0,
x→c x→0
that 0 < x − c < δ 2 ⇒ f ( x) − M < ε . since lim x = lim x = 0, lim x = 0.
Let δ = min{δ1 , δ2 } and choose x 0 such that x →0 + x →0 – x →0

0 < x0 – c < δ . 28. Choose ε > 0. Since lim g( x) = 0 there is some

Thus, f ( x0 ) – L < ε ⇒ −ε < f ( x0 ) − L < ε x→ a
δ1 > 0 such that
⇒ − f ( x0 ) − ε < − L < − f ( x0 ) + ε ε.
0 < x – a < δ1 ⇒ g(x ) − 0 <
⇒ f ( x0 ) − ε < L < f ( x0 ) + ε . B
Similarly, Let δ = min{1, δ1} , then f ( x) < B for
f ( x0 ) − ε < M < f ( x0 ) + ε . x − a < δ or x − a < δ ⇒ f ( x) < B. Thus,
Thus, x − a < δ ⇒ f ( x) g ( x) − 0 = f ( x) g ( x)
−2ε < L − M < 2ε . As ε ⇒ 0, L − M → 0, so
ε
L = M. = f ( x) g ( x) < B ⋅ = ε so lim f ( x)g(x) = 0.
B x→ a
24. Since lim G(x) = 0, then given any ε > 0, we
x→c
can find δ > 0 such that whenever
x – c < δ , G ( x) < ε .

Take any ε > 0 and the corresponding δ that

works for G(x), then x – c < δ implies
F ( x) – 0 = F ( x) ≤ G ( x ) < ε since
lim G(x) = 0.
x→c
Thus, lim F( x) = 0.
x→c

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 29. Choose ε > 0. Since lim f ( x) = L, there is a 1.3 Concepts Review
x→ a
δ > 0 such that for 0 < x – a < δ , f ( x) – L < ε . 1. 48
That is, for
2. 4
a − δ < x < a or a < x < a + δ ,
L − ε < f ( x) < L + ε . 3. – 8; – 4 + 5c
Let f(a) = A,
M = max { L − ε , L + ε , A } , c = a – δ, 4. 0

d = a + δ. Then for x in (c, d), f ( x) ≤ M , since

either x = a, in which case
Problem Set 1.3
f ( x) = f (a ) = A ≤ M or 0 < x – a < δ so 1. lim (2 x + 1) 4
x→1
L − ε < f ( x) < L + ε and f ( x) < M .
= lim 2 x + lim 1 3
x→1 x→1
30. Suppose that L > M. Then L – M = α > 0. Now = 2 lim x + lim 1 2,1
α x →1 x→1
take ε < and δ = min{δ1 , δ 2} where = 2(1) + 1 = 3
2
0 < x – a < δ1 ⇒ f ( x) – L < ε and 2. lim (3x 2 – 1) 5
x→ –1
0 < x – a < δ 2 ⇒ g ( x) – M < ε .
= lim 3x 2 – lim 1 3
Thus, for 0 < x – a < δ , x→ –1 x→–1
= 3 lim x 2 – lim 1 8
L – ε < f(x) < L + ε and M – ε < g(x) < M + ε. x→ –1 x→–1
Combine the inequalities and use the fact ⎛ ⎞
2
that f ( x) ≤ g ( x) to get = 3⎜ lim x ⎟ – lim 1 2, 1
⎝ x→ –1 ⎠ x →–1
L – ε < f(x) ≤ g(x) < M + ε which leads to 2
= 3(–1) – 1 = 2
L – ε < M + ε or L – M < 2ε.
However, 3. lim [(2 x +1)( x – 3)] 6
L – M = α > 2ε x→0
which is a contradiction. = lim (2 x +1) ⋅ lim (x – 3) 4, 5
x→ 0 x→ 0
Thus L ≤ M .
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ lim 2 x + lim 1⎟ ⋅ ⎜ lim x – lim 3⎟ 3
31. (b) and (c) are equivalent to the definition of ⎝ x→ 0 x→ 0 ⎠ ⎝ x→0 x→ 0 ⎠
limit. ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ 2 lim x + lim 1⎟ ⋅ ⎜ lim x – lim 3⎟ 2, 1
⎝ x →0 x→ 0 ⎠ ⎝ x→0 x→ 0 ⎠
32. For every ε > 0 and δ > 0 there is some x with
= [2(0) +1](0 – 3) = –3
0 < x – c < δ such that f ( x ) – L > ε .
4. lim [(2 x 2 + 1)(7 x 2 + 13)] 6
x 3 – x 2 – 2x – 4 x→ 2
33. a. g(x) =
x 4 – 4x 3 + x 2 + x + 6 = lim (2 x 2 + 1) ⋅ lim (7 x 2 + 13) 4, 3
x→ 2 x→ 2
x+6 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
b. No, because + 1 has = ⎜ 2 lim x 2 + lim 1⎟ ⋅ ⎜ 7 lim x 2 + lim 13 ⎟ 8,1
x – 4x + x 2 + x + 6
4 3
⎝ x→ 2 x→ 2 ⎠ ⎝ x→ 2 x→ 2 ⎠
an asymptote at x ≈ 3.49.
⎡ ⎛ ⎞
2 ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ ⎞
2 ⎤
= ⎢2⎜ lim x ⎟ + 1⎥ ⎢7⎜ lim x ⎟ + 13⎥ 2
1 ⎢⎣ ⎝ x → 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ x → 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
c. If δ ≤ , then 2.75 < x < 3
4
or 3 < x < 3.25 and by graphing = [2( 2 ) 2 + 1][7( 2 ) 2 + 13] = 135
x3 − x 2 − 2 x − 4
y = g ( x) =
x 4 − 4 x3 + x 2 + x + 6
on the interval [2.75, 3.25], we see that
x3 – x 2 – 2 x – 4
0< <3
x 4 – 4 x3 + x 2 + x + 6
so m must be at least three.

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 2x + 1 9. lim (2t 3 +15)13 8
5. lim 7 t→ –2
x→2 5 – 3x 13
⎡ ⎤
lim (2 x + 1) = ⎢ lim (2t3 + 15) ⎥ 4, 3
= x→2 4, 5 ⎣t→–2 ⎦
lim (5 – 3 x) 13
⎡ ⎤
x→2
= ⎢2 lim t 3 + lim 15⎥ 8
lim 2 x + lim 1 ⎣ t→ –2 t→ –2 ⎦
x→2 x→2
= 3, 1 13
lim 5 – lim 3 x ⎡ 3 ⎤
x→2 x→2 = ⎢ 2 ⎛⎜ lim t ⎞⎟ + lim 15⎥ 2, 1
2 lim x + 1 ⎣⎢ ⎝ t → –2 ⎠ t → –2 ⎦⎥
x→2
= 2 = [2(–2) 3 + 15]13 = –1
5 – 3 lim x
x→2
2(2) + 1 lim –3w3 + 7 w2 9
= = –5 10.
w→ –2
5 – 3(2 )
= lim (–3w3 + 7 w2 ) 4, 3
3 w→ –2
4x +1
6. lim 7
x → –3 7 – 2 x 2 = –3 lim w3 + 7 lim w2 8
3 w→ –2 w→ –2
lim (4 x + 1)
= x → –3
4, 5 3 2
lim (7 – 2 x ) 2 = –3 ⎛⎜ lim w ⎞⎟ + 7 ⎛⎜ lim w ⎞⎟ 2
x → –3 ⎝ w→ –2 ⎠ ⎝ w→ –2 ⎠
lim 4 x 3 + lim 1 = –3(–2)3 + 7(–2) 2 = 2 13
x → –3 x → –3
= 3, 1
lim 7 – lim 2 x 2
x → –3 x → –3 1/ 3
⎛ 4 y3 + 8 y ⎞
4 lim x 3 + 1 11. lim ⎜ ⎟ 9
= x → –3
8 y →2 ⎜ y + 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
7 – 2 lim x 2
x → –3 1/ 3 7
⎛ 4 y3 + 8 y ⎞
3 = ⎜ lim ⎟
4⎛⎜ lim x ⎞⎟ + 1 ⎜ y →2 y + 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= ⎝
x → –3 ⎠
2
2 13
7 – 2⎛⎜ lim x ⎞⎟ ⎡ lim (4 y 3 + 8 y ) ⎤
⎝ x → –3 ⎠ ⎢ y →2 ⎥
=⎢ 4, 3
4(–3)3 + 1 107 ⎢ ylim ( y + 4) ⎥⎥
= = ⎣ → 2 ⎦
7 – 2(–3) 2 11
13
⎛ 4 lim y 3 + 8 lim y ⎞
7. lim 3 x – 5 9 ⎜ y →2 y →2 ⎟
x →3
=⎜ ⎟ 8, 1
⎜ ylim y + lim 4 ⎟
= lim (3 x – 5) 5, 3 ⎝ → 2 y → 2 ⎠
x →3
1/ 3
= 3 lim x – lim 5 2, 1 ⎡ ⎛ ⎞
3 ⎤
x →3 x →3 ⎢ 4 ⎜ lim y ⎟ + 8 lim y ⎥
⎢ y →2 ⎠ y →2 ⎥
= 3(3) – 5 = 2 =⎢ ⎝ ⎥ 2
lim y + 4
⎢ y →2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
8. lim 5x2 + 2 x 9 ⎣ ⎦
x → –3 1/ 3
⎡ 4(2)3 + 8(2) ⎤
= 2
lim (5 x + 2 x ) 4, 3 =⎢ ⎥ =2
x → –3 ⎣⎢ 2+4 ⎦⎥
= 5 lim x 2 + 2 lim x 8
x → –3 x → –3
2
= 5 ⎛⎜ lim x ⎞⎟ + 2 lim x 2
⎝ x→ –3 ⎠ x → –3

= 5(–3)2 + 2(–3) = 39

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 12. lim (2 w 4 – 9 w 3 +19)–1 /2 x 2 + 7 x + 10 ( x + 2)( x + 5)
w→ 5 18. lim = lim
1
x→2 x+2 x → 2 x+2
= lim 7 = lim( x + 5) = 7
w→ 5 2w − 9 w3 + 19
4 x→2

lim 1
= w→5
1, 9 x2 + x − 2 ( x + 2)( x − 1)
4 3 19. lim = lim
lim 2w – 9 w + 19 x →1 x −1 2 x →1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
w→ 5
1 x + 2 1+ 2 3
= lim = =
= 4,5 x →1 x + 1 1+1 2
lim (2w – 9 w3 + 19)
4
w→ 5
x 2 – 14 x – 51 ( x + 3)( x – 17)
1 20. lim = lim
= 1,3 2
x→ –3 x – 4 x – 21 x→ –3 ( x + 3)( x – 7)
lim 2 w4 − lim 9 w3 + lim 19 x – 17 –3 – 17
w→5 w→5 w→5 = lim = =2
x→ –3 x – 7 –3 – 7
1
= 8
2 lim w − 9 lim w3 + 19
4 u2 – ux + 2u – 2 x ( u + 2 )( u – x )
w→5 w→5 21. lim 2 = lim
u →–2 u –u– 6 u→ –2 ( u + 2)(u – 3)
1 u– x x+2
= 2 = lim =
4 3
u → –2 u – 3 5
2 ⎛⎜ lim w ⎞⎟ − 9 ⎛⎜ lim w ⎞⎟ + 19
⎝ w→ 5 ⎠ ⎝ w→5 ⎠
x 2 + ux – x – u ( x – 1)( x + u)
1 22. lim = lim
= 2
x→1 x + 2 x – 3 x →1 ( x – 1)( x + 3)
2(5)4 − 9(5)3 + 19 x + u 1+ u u + 1
= lim = =
1 1 x→1 x + 3 1+ 3 4
= =
144 12
2 x2 – 6 xπ + 4 π2 2( x – π)( x – 2 π)
23. lim = lim
x2 − 4 (
lim x − 4
x→2
2
) 4−4 x→ π x –π 2 2
x→ π ( x – π)( x + π)
2( x – 2π) 2(π – 2 π)
13. lim = = =0
lim ( x + 4) 4 + 4 = lim = = –1
2
x→2 x +4 2
x→ π x + π π+π
x→2

(w + 2)(w 2 – w – 6)
x2 − 5x + 6 ( x − 3)( x − 2 ) 24. lim
14. lim = lim w 2 + 4w + 4
x→2 x−2 x→2 ( x − 2) w→ –2
( w + 2) 2 ( w – 3)
= lim ( x − 3) = −1 = lim = lim ( w – 3)
x→2 w→ –2 ( w + 2 )2 w→ –2
= –2 – 3 = –5
x2 − 2 x − 3 ( x − 3)( x + 1)
15. lim = lim
x →−1 x +1 x →−1 ( x + 1) 25. lim f 2 ( x) + g 2 ( x)
x→a
= lim ( x − 3) = −4
x →−1 = lim f 2 ( x) + lim g 2 ( x)
x→a x→a

x2 + x x →−1
(
lim x + x 2
) 0 2
= ⎛⎜ lim f ( x) ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ lim g ( x) ⎞⎟
2
16. lim = = =0
x →−1 x2 + 1 lim ( x 2
+ 1) 2 ⎝ x →a ⎠ ⎝ x→a ⎠
x →−1
= (3) 2 + (–1)2 = 10
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x−3
17. lim = lim
x →−1 ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x + 7) x →−1 x + 7 2 f ( x) – 3g ( x ) xlim [2 f ( x) – 3 g ( x)]
26. lim = →a
−1 − 3 2 x → a f ( x) + g ( x) lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)]
= =− x→a
−1 + 7 3 2 lim f ( x) – 3 lim g ( x)
x→a x→a 2(3) – 3(–1) 9
= = =
lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) 3 + (–1) 2
x→a x→a

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 27. lim 3 g ( x) [ f ( x) + 3] = lim 3 g ( x) ⋅ lim [ f ( x) + 3] 35. Suppose lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M.
x→a x→a x→a x→c x→c
f ( x) g ( x) – LM ≤ g ( x) f ( x) – L + L g ( x ) – M
= 3 lim g ( x) ⋅ ⎡ lim f ( x) + lim 3⎤ = 3 – 1 ⋅ (3 + 3)
x→a ⎢⎣ x → a x→a ⎥⎦ as shown in the text. Choose ε 1 = 1. Since
= –6 lim g ( x) = M , there is some δ1 > 0 such that if
x →c
4 0 < x – c < δ1 , g ( x) – M < ε1 = 1 or
28. lim [ f ( x) – 3]4 = ⎡⎢ lim ( f ( x) – 3) ⎤⎥
x→a ⎣ x→a ⎦ M – 1 < g(x) < M + 1
4
= ⎡⎢ lim f ( x) – lim 3⎤⎥ = (3 – 3) 4 = 0 M – 1 ≤ M + 1 and M + 1 ≤ M + 1 so for
⎣ x→a x →a ⎦
0 < x – c < δ1 , g ( x) < M + 1. Choose ε > 0.
29. lim ⎡⎣ f (t ) + 3g (t ) ⎤⎦ = lim f (t ) + 3 lim g (t ) Since lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M, there
t →a t →a t →a x→c x→c
exist δ 2 and δ 3 such that 0 < x – c < δ 2 ⇒
= lim f (t ) + 3 lim g (t )
t →a t →a ε
f ( x) – L < and 0 < x – c < δ 3 ⇒
= 3 + 3 –1 = 6 L + M +1
ε
⎛ ⎞
3 g ( x) – M < . Let
3
30. lim [ f (u) + 3g(u)] = ⎜ lim [ f (u) + 3g(u)]⎟ L + M +1
u →a ⎝ u →a ⎠
3 δ = min{δ1 , δ 2 , δ 3 }, then 0 < x – c < δ ⇒
⎡ ⎤
= ⎢ lim f (u ) + 3 lim g(u) ⎥ = [3 + 3( –1)]3 = 0 f ( x) g ( x) – LM ≤ g ( x) f ( x) – L + L g ( x ) – M
⎣u→ a u →a ⎦
ε ε
< ( M + 1) +L =ε
3x 2
– 12 3( x – 2 )(x + 2) L + M +1 L + M +1
31. lim = lim
x→2 x – 2 x→2 x –2 Hence,
= 3 lim (x + 2) = 3(2 + 2) = 12
x→2 lim f ( x) g ( x) = LM = ⎛⎜ lim f ( x) ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ lim g ( x) ⎞⎟
x →c ⎝ x →c ⎠ ⎝ x →c ⎠
(3x 2 + 2 x + 1) – 17 3x 2 + 2 x – 16
32. lim
x→2 x–2
= lim
x →2 x–2 36. Say lim g ( x ) = M , M ≠ 0 , and choose
x →c
(3 x + 8)( x – 2) 1
= lim = lim (3 x + 8) ε1 = M
x→2 x–2 x →2 2 .
= 3 lim x + 8 = 3(2) + 8 = 14 There is some δ1 > 0 such that
x→2
1
0 < x − c < δ1 ⇒ g ( x) − M < ε1 = M or
1
– 1 2– x
– x–2 2
2 2x 2x
33. lim x
= lim = lim 1 1
x→2x – 2 x→2 x – 2 x →2 x – 2 M− M < g ( x) < M + M .
2 2
1 –1 –1 1
= lim – = = =– 1 1 1 1
x→2 2 x 2 lim x 2(2) 4 M − M ≥ M and M + M ≥ M
x →2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2
3 3 3( 4 – x 2 ) –3( x + 2 )( x – 2 ) so g ( x) > M and <
– 4 2 g ( x) M
x2 4x2 4x2
34. lim = lim = lim
x→2 x–2 x–2 x→2
x→2 x–2 Choose ε > 0.
Since lim g(x) = M there is δ 2 > 0 such that
–3 ⎛⎜ lim x + 2 ⎞⎟ x→c
–3( x + 2) ⎠ = –3(2 + 2)
= lim = ⎝ x →2 1 2
x→2 4x 2 2
4(2)2 0 < x − c < δ 2 ⇒ g ( x) − M < M .
4 ⎛⎜ lim x ⎞⎟ 2
⎝ x→2 ⎠ Let δ = min{δ1 , δ 2}, then
3
=– 1 1 M – g ( x)
4 0< x–c <δ ⇒ – =
g ( x) M g ( x) M
1 2 2 1 2
= g ( x) − M < g ( x) − M = ⋅ M ε
2
M g ( x) M M2 2
=ε

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 1 1 1
Thus, lim = = . x–3 ( x – 3) x 2 – 9
x→c g(x) M lim g (x) 43. lim = lim
x→c x →3+ x2 – 9 x →3+ x2 – 9
Using statement 6 and the above result,
f ( x) 1 ( x – 3) x 2 – 9 x2 – 9
lim = lim f ( x) ⋅ lim = lim = lim
x →c g ( x ) x →c x →c g ( x ) x →3+ ( x – 3)( x + 3) x →3+ x+3
lim f ( x ) 32 – 9
1
= lim f ( x) ⋅ = x →c . = =0
x →c lim g ( x ) lim g ( x) 3+3
x →c x →c

1+ x 1+1 2
37. lim f (x) = L ⇔ lim f ( x) = lim L 44. lim = =
x→c x→ c x→ c x →1– 4 + 4 x 4 + 4(1) 8
⇔ lim f (x) – lim L = 0
x→c x →c
⇔ lim [ f (x) – L] = 0 ( x 2 + 1) x (22 + 1) 2 5⋅ 2 2
x→c 45. lim = = =
2 2 2
x → 2+ (3 x − 1) (3 ⋅ 2 − 1) 5 5
2
⎡ ⎤
38. lim f (x) = 0 ⇔ ⎢ lim f (x) ⎥ = 0
x→c ⎣ x→c ⎦ 46. lim ( x − x ) = lim x − lim x = 3− 2 =1
2 x →3− x →3− x →3−
⇔ lim f ( x) = 0
x→c
x
⇔ lim f 2 ( x) = 0 47. lim = –1
x →c x →0 – x
⇔ lim f 2 ( x) = 0
x →c 48. lim x 2 + 2 x = 32 + 2 ⋅ 3 = 15
⇔ lim f ( x) = 0 x →3+
x→c
1
2 49. f ( x) g ( x) = 1; g ( x) =
39. lim x = ⎛⎜ lim x ⎞⎟ = f ( x)
2
lim x = lim x 2
x →c ⎝ x →c ⎠ x →c x →c 1
2
lim g ( x) = 0 ⇔ lim =0
x →a x →a f ( x)
= ⎛⎜ lim x ⎞⎟ = c 2 = c
⎝ x →c ⎠ 1
⇔ =0
lim f ( x)
x +1 x–5 x→a
40. a. If f ( x) = , g ( x) = and c = 2, then No value satisfies this equation, so lim f ( x)
x–2 x–2 x→ a
lim [ f (x) + g (x)] exists, but neither must not exist.
x→c
lim f (x) nor lim g(x) exists. ⎛ x 1⎞
x→c x→c 50. R has the vertices ⎜ ± , ± ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
2 Each side of Q has length x 2 + 1 so the
b. If f ( x) = , g ( x) = x, and c = 0, then
x
lim [ f (x) ⋅ g( x)] exists, but lim f (x) does perimeter of Q is 4 x 2 + 1. R has two sides of
x 2 so the
x→c x→c
length 1 and two sides of length
not exist.
perimeter of R is 2 + 2 x 2 .
3+ x 3–3
41. lim = =0 perimeter of R 2 x2 + 2
x → –3+ x –3 lim = lim
x →0 + perimeter of Q x →0+ 4 x 2 + 1

π3 + x3 π3 + (– π)3 2 02 + 2 2 1
42. lim = =0 = = =
x → – π+ x –π 4 0 +1 2 4 2

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 NO = (0 – 0)2 + (1 – 0)2 = 1 3 x tan x 3x (sin x / cos x) 3x
51. a. 4. lim = lim = lim
x →0 sin x x →0 sin x x → 0 cos x
OP = ( x – 0)2 + ( y – 0) 2 = x 2 + y 2 0
= =0
= x2 + x 1

NP = ( x – 0)2 + ( y – 1)2 = x 2 + y 2 – 2 y + 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 1

5. lim = lim = ⋅1 =
2
= x + x − 2 x +1
x →0 2x 2 x →0 x 2 2

MO = (1 – 0) 2 + (0 – 0) 2 = 1 sin 3θ 3 sin 3θ 3 sin 3θ

6. lim = lim ⋅ = lim
θ →0 2θ θ →0 2 3θ 2 θ →0 3θ
MP = ( x – 1)2 + ( y – 0) 2 = y2 + x2 – 2 x + 1
3 3
= ⋅1 =
= x2 − x + 1 2 2
perimeter of ΔNOP
lim sin 3θ sin 3θ cos θ sin 3θ
x →0+ perimeter of ΔMOP 7. lim = lim sin θ = lim
θ → 0 tan θ θ →0 θ →0 sin θ
cos θ
1 + x2 + x + x2 + x – 2 x + 1
= lim ⎡ sin 3θ 1 ⎤
x → 0+ 1 + x2 + x + x2 – x + 1 = lim ⎢cos θ ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⋅ sin θ ⎥
θ →0⎢
⎣ 3θ θ ⎥ ⎦
1+ 1
= =1 ⎡ sin 3θ 1 ⎤
1+ 1 = 3 lim ⎢cos θ ⋅ ⋅ sin θ ⎥ = 3 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 3
θ →0 ⎢
⎣ 3θ θ ⎥⎦
1 x
b. Area of ΔNOP = (1)( x) =
2 2 sin 5θ
tan 5θ sin 5θ
1 x 8. lim = lim cos 5θ = lim
Area of ΔMOP = (1)( y ) = θ → 0 sin 2θ θ → 0 sin 2θ θ → 0 cos 5θ sin 2θ
2 2 ⎡ 1 sin 5θ 1 2θ ⎤
= lim ⎢ ⋅5⋅ ⋅ ⋅
5θ 2 sin 2θ ⎥⎦
x
area of ΔNOP x θ →0 ⎣ cos 5θ
lim = lim 2 = lim
x →0 + area of Δ MOP x →0 + x x →0 + x 5 ⎡ 1 sin 5θ 2θ ⎤
2 = lim ⎢ ⋅ ⋅
2 θ →0 ⎣ cos 5θ 5θ sin 2θ ⎥⎦
= lim x =0 5 5
x →0+ = ⋅1⋅1⋅1 =
2 2

cos πθ
1.4 Concepts Review cot πθ sin θ sin πθ
sin θ
9. lim = lim
θ →0 2 sec θ θ →0 2
cos θ
1. 0
cos πθ sin θ cos θ
= lim
2. 1 θ →0 2sin πθ
⎡ cos πθ cos θ sin θ 1 πθ ⎤
3. the denominator is 0 when t = 0 . = lim ⎢ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
θ →0 ⎣ 2 θ π sin πθ ⎥⎦
4. 1 1 ⎡ sin θ πθ ⎤
= lim ⎢cos πθ cos θ ⋅ ⋅
2 π θ →0 ⎣ θ sin πθ ⎥⎦
1 1
Problem Set 1.4 = ⋅1⋅1⋅1⋅1 =
2π 2π

cos x 1 sin 2 3t 9t sin 3t sin 3t

1. lim = =1 10. lim = lim ⋅ ⋅ = 0 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 0
x →0 x + 1 1 t →0 2t t → 0 2 3t 3t
π
2. lim θ cosθ = ⋅0 = 0 tan 2 3t sin 2 3t
θ →π / 2 2 11. lim = lim
t →0 2t t →0 (2t )(cos 2 3t )

cos 2 t cos 2 0 1 3(sin 3t ) sin 3t

3. lim = = =1 = lim ⋅ = 0 ⋅1 = 0
t →0 1 + sin t 1 + sin 0 1 + 0
t →0 2 cos 2 3t 3t

tan 2t 0
12. lim = =0
t → 0 sin 2t − 1 −1

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 1.4 77

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 sin(3t ) + 4t ⎛ sin 3t 4t ⎞ sin x
13. lim = lim ⎜ + ⎟ 19. lim 1 + =2
t →0 t sec t t →0 ⎝ t sec t t sec t ⎠ x →0 x
sin 3t 4t
= lim + lim
t →0 t sec t t →0 t sec t
sin 3t
= lim 3cos t ⋅ + lim 4 cos t
t →0 3t t →0
= 3 ⋅1 + 4 = 7

20. The result that lim cos t = 1 was established in

sin 2 θ sin θ sin θ t →0
14. lim = lim
θ →0 θ 2 θ →0 θ θ the proof of the theorem. Then
sin θ sin θ lim cos t = lim cos(c + h)
= lim × lim = 1× 1 = 1 t →c h →0
θ →0 θ θ →0 θ = lim (cos c cos h − sin c sin h)
h →0
15. lim x sin (1/ x ) = 0 = lim cos c lim cos h − sin c lim sin h
x →0 h →0 h →0 h→0
= cos c

lim sin t
sin t t →c sin c
21. lim tan t = lim = = = tan c
t →c t → c cos t lim cos t cos c
t →c
lim cos t
cos t t →c cos c
lim cot t = lim = = = cot c
t →c t →c sin t lim sin t sin c
t →c

( )
1 1
16. lim x sin 1/ x 2 = 0 22. lim sec t = lim = = sec c
x →0 t →c cos t cos c
t →c

1 1
lim csc t = lim = = csc c
t →c t →c sin t sin c

23. BP = sin t , OB = cos t

area( ΔOBP) ≤ area (sector OAP)
≤ area (ΔOBP) + area( ABPQ)
1 1 1
OB ⋅ BP ≤ t (1) 2 ≤ OB ⋅ BP + (1 – OB ) BP
2 2 2

(
17. lim 1 − cos 2 x / x = 0
x →0
) 1
2
1 1
sin t cos t ≤ t ≤ sin t cos t + (1 – cos t ) sin t
2 2

t
cos t ≤ ≤ 2 – cos t
sin t
1 sin t 1 π π
≤ ≤ for − < t < .
2 – cos t t cos t 2 2
1 sin t 1
lim ≤ lim ≤ lim
t →0 2 – cos t t →0 t t →0 cos t
sin t
1 ≤ lim ≤1
t →0 t
18. lim cos 2 x = 1
x →0 sin t
Thus, lim = 1.
t →0 t

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 Written response
x2
24. a.
1
6. lim = lim =1
1 1 x → ∞ x – 8 x + 15 x → ∞ 1 – + 15
2 8
b. D= AB ⋅ BP = (1 − cos t ) sin t x x2
2 2
sin t (1 − cos t )
= x3 1 1
2 7. lim 3 2
= lim =
1 1 t sin t cos t
x →∞ 2 x – 100 x x →∞ 2 – 100 2
E = t (1)2 – OB ⋅ BP = –
x

2 2 2 2
D sin t (1 – cos t ) πθ 5 π
= 8. lim = lim =π
E t – sin t cos t θ → – ∞ θ 5 – 5θ 4 θ →–∞ 1 – 5
θ

⎛D⎞
c. lim ⎜ ⎟ = 0.75
3 x3 – x 2 3– 1 3
+
t →0 ⎝ E ⎠ x =
9. lim = lim
3
x → ∞ πx – 5 x 2 x→∞π– 5 π
x

1.5 Concepts Review sin 2 θ

10. lim ; 0 ≤ sin 2 θ ≤ 1 for all θ and
θ →∞ θ 2 – 5
1. x increases without bound; f(x) gets close to L as 1
x increases without bound 1 θ2 sin 2 θ
lim = lim = 0 so lim =0
θ →∞ θ 2 – 5 θ →∞ 1 – 5 θ →∞ θ 2 – 5
2. f(x) increases without bound as x approaches c θ2
from the right; f(x) decreases without bound as x
approaches c from the left 3 x3 + 3 x 3 x3 / 2 + 3 x
11. lim = lim
3. y = 6; horizontal x →∞ 2 x3 x →∞ 2 x3 / 2
3+ 3 3
4. x = 6; vertical
= lim x
=
x →∞ 2 2
Problem Set 1.5
πx3 + 3x πx3 + 3 x
12. lim 3 = 3 lim
1. lim
x
= lim
1
=1
x →∞ 2 x3 + 7 x x →∞ 2 x3 + 7 x
x →∞ x – 5 x →∞ 1 – 5 3
x π+ π
x2
= 3 lim =3
x →∞ 2 + 72 2
1
x2
x
2. lim = lim x
=0
x →∞ 5 – x3 x →∞ 5 –1 2 2
x3 1 + 8x 1 + 8x
13. lim 3 = 3 lim
2
x →∞ x + 4 x →∞ x 2 + 4
t2 1 1
3. lim = lim = −1 +8
t →–∞ 7 − t 2 t →–∞ 7 −1 x2
= 3 lim = 38 =2
t2 x →∞ 1 + 4
x2
t 1
4. lim = lim =1
t →–∞ t – 5 t →–∞ 1 – 5 x2 + x + 3 x2 + x + 3
t 14. lim = lim
x →∞ ( x –1)( x + 1) x →∞ x 2 –1
x2 x2 1 + 1x + 32
5. lim = lim
x →∞ ( x – 5)(3 – x) x →∞ − x 2 + 8 x − 15 = lim x
= 1 =1
x →∞ 1 – 12
1 x
= lim = –1
x → ∞ −1 + − 15
8
x x2 n 1 1
15. lim = lim =
n →∞ 2n + 1 n→∞ 2 + 1 2
n

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 n2 1 1 9y + 1
16. lim = lim = =1 9 y3 + 1 y2
n →∞ n2 + 1 n →∞ 1 1+ 0 23. lim = lim = –∞
1+ y→– ∞ y2 – 2 y + 2 y→–∞ 1 – 2+ 2
n2 y y2

n2 lim n ∞
17. lim = lim
n
= n →∞
= =∞ a0 x n + a1 x n –1 +…+ an –1 x + an
n →∞ n + 1 n →∞ 1 1 ⎞ 1+ 0 24. lim
1+ ⎛ x →∞ b0 x n + b1 x n –1 +…+ bn –1 x + bn
lim 1 +
n n →∞ ⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠
a1 an –1 an
a0 + + …+ +
x x n –1 xn a0
1 = lim =
x →∞ b1 bn –1 bn
n 0 b0 + + …+ + b0
18. lim = lim n = =0 x x n –1 xn
n →∞ n2 + 1 n →∞ 1 1+ 0
1+
n2 n 1 1
25. lim = lim = =1
n →∞ 2
n +1 n →∞ 1 1+ 0
1+ 2
19. For x > 0, x = x 2 . n
2x + 1 2 + 1x 2 + 1x
lim = lim = lim n2
x →∞ x →∞ x 2 +3 x →∞ 1+
x2 + 3 3
2
2 x2 n n3/ 2 ∞
x
26. lim = lim = =∞
2 n →∞ 3
n + 2n + 1 n →∞ 2 1 1
= =2 1+ 2 + 3
1 n n

+
2 x +1 2 + 12 27. As x → 4+ , x → 4 while x – 4 → 0 .
2x +1 xx2 x
20. lim = lim = lim =0 lim
x
=∞
x →∞ x+4 x →∞ 1 + 4 x →∞ 1 + 4 + x – 4
x x x →4

21. lim ⎛⎜ 2 x 2 + 3 – 2 x 2 – 5 ⎞⎟ 28. lim

t2 – 9
= lim
(t + 3)(t – 3)
x →∞ ⎝ ⎠
t → –3 t + 3
+ t → –3+ t +3
⎛ 2 x 2 + 3 – 2 x 2 – 5 ⎞⎛ 2 x 2 + 3 + 2 x 2 – 5 ⎞ = lim (t – 3) = –6
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
= lim ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ t → –3+
x →∞ 2
2x + 3 + 2x – 5 2

2 x 2 + 3 – (2 x 2 – 5) 29. As t → 3– , t 2 → 9 while 9 – t 2 → 0+.

= lim
x →∞ t2
2 x2 + 3 + 2 x2 – 5 lim =∞
8 t →3– 9 – t2
8
= lim = lim x
x →∞ 2 x + 3 + 2 x2 − 5
2 x →∞ 2 x 2 +3 + 2 x 2 –5 +
30. As x → 3 5 , x 2 → 52 / 3 while 5 – x3 → 0 – .
x2
x2
8 lim = –∞
= lim x =0 x→3 5
+
5 – x3
x →∞ 2+ 3 + 2– 5
x2 x2
31. As x → 5– , x 2 → 25, x – 5 → 0 – , and
22. 3 – x → –2.
lim ⎛⎜ x 2 + 2 x − x ⎞⎟ lim
x2
=∞
x →∞ ⎝ ⎠
x →5 – ( x – 5)(3 – x)
⎛ x 2 + 2 x – x ⎞⎛ x 2 + 2 x + x ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
= lim ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 32. As θ → π+ , θ 2 → π2 while sin θ → 0− .
x →∞ 2
x + 2x + x θ2
2
x + 2x – x 2
2x lim = −∞
= lim = lim θ →π+ sin θ
x →∞ x 2 + 2 x + x x→∞ x 2 + 2 x + x
2 2
= lim = =1
x →∞ 1+ 2 +1 2
x

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 −
33. As x → 3− , x3 → 27, while x − 3 → 0 . 43. lim
3
= 0, lim
3
= 0;
x 3 x →∞ x +1 x→ – ∞ x + 1
lim = −∞ Horizontal asymptote y = 0.
x →3− x−3
3 3
lim = ∞, lim = – ∞;
x → –1+ x + 1 x → –1– x + 1
π+ π2
34. As θ → , πθ → while cos θ → 0 – . Vertical asymptote x = –1
2 2
πθ
lim = –∞
θ→ π + cos θ
2

x2 – x – 6 ( x + 2)( x – 3)
35. lim = lim
x →3– x–3 x →3– x–3
= lim ( x + 2) = 5
x →3 –

x2 + 2 x – 8 ( x + 4)( x – 2)
36. lim = lim
x → 2+ x –4 2
x → 2+ ( x + 2)( x – 2) 3 3
44. lim = 0, lim = 0;
x →∞ ( x + 1) 2 x → – ∞ ( x + 1) 2
x+4 6 3
= lim = =
x → 2+ x + 2 4 2 Horizontal asymptote y = 0.
3 3
lim = ∞, lim = ∞;
+ 2 2
x x → –1 ( x + 1) x → –1 ( x + 1)
–
37. For 0 ≤ x < 1 , x = 0 , so for 0 < x < 1, =0
x Vertical asymptote x = –1
x
thus lim =0
x →0 + x

38. For −1 ≤ x < 0 , x = −1 , so for –1 < x < 0,

x 1 x
=− thus lim = ∞.
x x x →0 − x
1
(Since x < 0, – > 0. )
x

39. For x < 0, x = – x, thus

2x 2
x –x 45. lim = lim = 2,
lim = lim = –1 x →∞ x – 3 x→∞ 1 – 3
x →0 – x →0 –
x x x
2x 2
lim = lim = 2,
x x x →−∞ x – 3 x →−∞ 1 – 3
40. For x > 0, x = x, thus lim = lim =1 x
x →0 + x x →0 + x Horizontal asymptote y = 2
2x 2x
lim = ∞, lim = – ∞;
41. As x → 0 – , 1 + cos x → 2 while sin x → 0 – . x →3+ x – 3 x →3– x – 3
1 + cos x Vertical asymptote x = 3
lim = –∞
x →0 – sin x

42. –1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 for all x, and

1 sin x
lim = 0, so lim = 0.
x →∞ x x →∞ x

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 3 3 1
46. lim = 0, lim = 0; 49. f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 – 3
, thus
x →∞ 9 – x 2x→ – ∞ 9 – x 2 x –1
Horizontal asymptote y = 0 ⎡ 1 ⎤
lim [ f ( x) – (2 x + 3)] = lim ⎢ – ⎥=0
3 3 x →∞ 3
x →∞ ⎣ x –1 ⎦
lim = – ∞, lim = ∞,
+ 2 – 2 The oblique asymptote is y = 2x + 3.
x →3 9 – x x →3 9 – x
3 3
lim = ∞, lim = – ∞; 4x + 3
x → –3+ 9 – x
2
x → –3– 9 – x
2 50. f ( x) = 3x + 4 – , thus
x2 + 1
Vertical asymptotes x = –3, x = 3
⎡ 4x + 3⎤
lim [ f ( x) – (3 x + 4)] = lim ⎢ – ⎥
x →∞ x →∞ ⎣ x 2 + 1 ⎦

⎡ 4+ 3 ⎤
x x2 ⎥
= lim ⎢ – =0.
x →∞ ⎢ 1 + 12 ⎥
⎢⎣ x ⎦ ⎥
The oblique asymptote is y = 3x + 4.

51. a. We say that lim f ( x) = – ∞ if to each

x →c +
negative number M there corresponds a δ > 0
such that 0 < x – c < δ ⇒ f(x) < M.
14 14
47. lim = 0, lim = 0;
x →∞ 2 x+7 2 x→ – ∞ 2 x2 + 7 b. We say that lim f ( x) = ∞ if to each
Horizontal asymptote y = 0 x →c –
2
Since 2x + 7 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical positive number M there corresponds a δ > 0
asymptotes. such that 0 < c – x < δ ⇒ f(x) > M.

52. a. We say that lim f ( x) = ∞ if to each

x →∞
positive number M there corresponds an
N > 0 such that N < x ⇒ f(x) > M.

b. We say that lim f ( x ) = ∞ if to each

x → –∞
positive number M there corresponds an
N < 0 such that x < N ⇒ f(x) > M.

53. Let ε > 0 be given. Since lim f ( x ) = A, there is

x →∞

2x 2 2 a corresponding number M1 such that

48. lim = lim = = 2, ε
x →∞ 2
x +5 x →∞ 1+ 5 1 x > M1 ⇒ f ( x) – A < . Similarly, there is a
x2 2
2x 2 2 ε
lim = lim = = –2 number M2 such that x > M 2 ⇒ g ( x) – B < .
x→ – ∞ x→ – ∞ – 1 2
x2 + 5 – 1+ 5
x2 Let M = max{M1 , M 2 } , then
Since x 2 + 5 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical x > M ⇒ f ( x) + g ( x) – ( A + B)
asymptotes. = f ( x) – A + g ( x) – B ≤ f ( x) – A + g ( x) – B
ε ε
< =ε
+
2 2
Thus, lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)] = A + B
x →∞

54. Written response

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 55. a. lim sin x does not exist as sin x oscillates m0
x →∞ 56. lim− m(v) = lim− =∞
between –1 and 1 as x increases. v →c v →c 1 − v2 / c2
1
b. Let u = , then as x → ∞, u → 0+. 3x 2 + x +1 3
x 57. lim 2
=
x →∞ 2x –1 2
1
lim sin = lim sin u = 0
x →∞ x u →0 +
2 x 2 – 3x 2
58. lim =
1 2
c. Let u = , then as x → ∞, u → 0+. x→ – ∞ 5x + 1 5
x
1 1 sin u 3
lim x sin = lim sin u = lim =1 59. lim ⎛⎜ 2 x 2 + 3x – 2 x 2 – 5 ⎞⎟ = –
x →∞ x u → 0+ u u →0 + u x→ – ∞ ⎝ ⎠ 2 2
1 2x +1 2
d. Let u = , then 60. lim =
x
3/ 2
x →∞ 3x 2 + 1 3
3/ 2 1 ⎛1⎞
lim x sin = lim+ ⎜ ⎟ sin u
x →∞ x u →0 ⎝ u ⎠ 10
⎛ 1⎞
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ sin u ⎞⎤ 61. lim ⎜ 1 + ⎟ =1
= lim+ ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ x →∞ ⎝ x⎠
⎟⎥ = ∞
u →0 ⎣⎢⎝ u ⎠⎝ u ⎠⎦⎥
x
⎛ 1⎞
e. As x → ∞, sin x oscillates between –1 and 1, 62. lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e ≈ 2.718
x →∞ ⎝ x⎠
1
while x –1/ 2 = → 0.
x
x2
–1/ 2
sin x = 0 ⎛ 1⎞
lim x 63. lim ⎜ 1 + ⎟ =∞
x →∞ x →∞ ⎝ x⎠
1
f. Let u = , then sin x
x ⎛ 1⎞
64. lim ⎜1 + ⎟ =1
⎛π 1⎞ ⎛π ⎞ x →∞ ⎝ x⎠
lim sin ⎜ + ⎟ = lim+ sin ⎜ + u ⎟
x→∞ ⎝ 6 x ⎠ u → 0 ⎝ 6 ⎠
sin x – 3
π 1 65. lim = –1
= sin = x–3
6 2 x →3–

1 ⎛ 1⎞ sin x – 3
g. As x → ∞, x + → ∞, so lim sin ⎜ x + ⎟ 66. lim = –1
x x →∞ ⎝ x⎠
x →3– tan( x – 3)
does not exist. (See part a.)
⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 cos( x – 3)
h. sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = sin x cos + cos x sin 67. lim = –∞
⎝ x⎠ x x x →3– x–3
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
lim ⎢sin ⎜ x + ⎟ – sin x ⎥ cos x
x →∞ ⎣ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎦ 68. lim = –1
x→ π
+ x – π2
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1⎤ 2
= lim ⎢sin x ⎜ cos –1⎟ + cos x sin ⎥
x →∞ ⎣ ⎝ x ⎠ x⎦
1
1 1 lim (1 + x ) x = e ≈ 2.718
As x → ∞, cos → 1 so cos –1 → 0. 69.
x x x →0 +
1
From part b., lim sin = 0.
x →∞ x 70. lim (1 + x )1/ x = ∞
As x → ∞ both sin x and cos x oscillate x → 0+
between –1 and 1.
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤ 71. lim (1 + x ) x = 1
lim ⎢sin ⎜ x + ⎟ – sin x ⎥ = 0. x →0+
x →∞ ⎣ ⎝ x⎠ ⎦

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 13. lim f (t ) = lim (3 – t ) = 0
1.6 Concepts Review t →3+ t →3+
lim f (t ) = lim (t – 3) = 0
1. lim f ( x) t →3 – t →3–
x →c
lim f (t ) = f (3); continuous
t →3
2. every integer
14. lim f (t ) = lim (3 – t )2 = 0
3. lim f ( x) = f (a); lim f ( x) = f (b)
t →3+ t →3+
x→a+ x →b –
lim f (t ) = lim (t 2 – 9) = 0
4. a; b; f(c) = W t →3– t →3 –
lim f (t ) = f (3); continuous
t →3

Problem Set 1.6 15. lim f ( x) = −2 = f (3); continuous

t →3
1. lim[( x – 3)( x – 4)] = 0 = f (3); continuous
x →3 16. g is discontinuous at x = –3, 4, 6, 8; g is left
continuous at x = 4, 8; g is right continuous at
2. lim ( x 2 – 9) = 0 = g (3); continuous x = –3, 6
x →3
17. h is continuous on the intervals
3 (−∞, −5), [ −5, 4] , (4, 6), [ 6,8] , (8, ∞)
3. lim and h(3) do not exist, so h(x) is not
x →3 x – 3
continuous at 3. x 2 – 49 ( x – 7)( x + 7)
18. lim = lim = lim ( x + 7)
x →7 x – 7 x →7 x–7 x →7
4. lim t – 4 and g(3) do not exist, so g(t) is not = 7 + 7 = 14
t →3
Define f(7) = 14.
continuous at 3.

t –3 2 x 2 –18 2( x + 3)( x – 3)
5. lim and h(3) do not exist, so h(t) is not 19. lim = lim
x →3 3 – x x →3 3– x
t →3t –3
continuous at 3. = lim[–2( x + 3)] = –2(3 + 3) = –12
x →3
Define f(3) = –12.
6. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3.
sin(θ )
7. lim t = 3 = f (3); continuous 20. lim =1
t →3 θ →0 θ
Define g(0) = 1
8. lim t – 2 = 1 = g (3); continuous
t →3
t –1 ( t –1)( t + 1)
21. lim = lim
9. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3. t →1 t –1 t →1 (t –1)( t + 1)
t –1 1 1
10. f(3) does not exist, so f(x) is not continuous at 3. = lim = lim =
–1)( t + 1)
t →1 (t t →1 t +1 2
t 3 – 27 (t – 3)(t 2 + 3t + 9) 1
11. lim = lim Define H(1) = .
t →3 t – 3 t →3 t –3 2
= lim(t 2 + 3t + 9) = (3)2 + 3(3) + 9 = 27 = r (3) x4 + 2 x2 – 3 ( x 2 –1)( x 2 + 3)
t →3 22. lim = lim
continuous x → –1 x +1 x → –1 x +1
( x + 1)( x – 1)( x 2 + 3)
12. From Problem 11, lim r (t ) = 27, so r(t) is not = lim
t →3 x → –1 x +1
continuous at 3 because lim r (t ) ≠ r (3). = lim [( x – 1)( x 2 + 3)]
t →3 x → –1
= (–1 – 1)[(–1)2 + 3] = –8
Define φ(–1) = –8.

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 ⎛ x2 – 1 ⎞ ⎛ ( x – 1)( x + 1) ⎞
37.
23. lim sin ⎜ ⎟ = lim sin ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
x → –1
⎝ x + 1 ⎠ x→ –1 ⎝ x +1 ⎠
= lim sin( x –1) = sin(–1 – 1) = sin(−2) = – sin 2
x → –1
Define F(–1) = –sin 2.

24. Discontinuous at x = π ,30

33 – x 2
25. f ( x) = 38.
(π – x)( x – 3)
Discontinuous at x = 3, π

26. Continuous at all points

27. Discontinuous at all θ = nπ + π where n is any

2
integer.

28. Discontinuous at all u ≤ −5

39.
29. Discontinuous at u = –1

30. Continuous at all points

1
31. G ( x) =
(2 – x)(2 + x)
Discontinuous on (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞)

32. Continuous at all points since 40.

lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) and lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1).
x →0 x →1

33. lim g ( x ) = 0 = g (0)

x →0
lim g ( x) = 1, lim g ( x) = –1
x →1+ x →1–
lim g(x ) does not exist, so g(x) is discontinuous
x→1
at x = 1.

34. Discontinuous at every integer

Discontinuous at all points except x = 0, because
1 lim f ( x ) ≠ f (c) for c ≠ 0 . lim f ( x ) exists only
35. Discontinuous at t = n + where n is any integer x →c x →c
2 at c = 0 and lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) .
x →0
36.
41. Continuous.

42. Discontinuous: removable, define f (10) = 20

43. Discontinuous: removable, define f (0) = 1

44. Discontinuous: nonremovable.

45. Discontinuous, removable, redefine g (0) = 1

46. Discontinuous: removable, define F (0) = 0

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 47. Discontinuous: nonremovable. 52. Let f ( x) = x3 + 3 x − 2. f is continuous on [0, 1].
48. Discontinuous: removable, define f (4) = 4 f(0) = –2 < 0 and f(1) = 2 > 0. Thus, there is at
least one number c between 0 and 1 such that
49. The function is continuous on the intervals x 3 + 3x − 2 = 0.
( 0,1] , (1, 2], (2,3], … 53. Because the function is continuous on [ 0,2π ] and
Cost $ (cos 0)03 + 6sin 5 0 – 3 = –3 < 0,
0.72
(cos 2π)(2π)3 + 6sin 5 (2π) – 3 = 8π3 – 3 > 0, there
0.60 is at least one number c between 0 and 2π such
0.48 that (cos t )t 3 + 6sin 5 t – 3 = 0.

54. Let f ( x ) = x − 7 x + 14 x − 8 . f(x) is

0.36 3 2

0.24
continuous at all values of x.
0.12 f(0) = –8, f(5) = 12
Because 0 is between –8 and 12, there is at least
1 2 3 4 5
one number c between 0 and 5 such that
6
Length of call in minutes f ( x ) = x 3 − 7 x 2 + 14 x − 8 = 0 .
This equation has three solutions (x = 1,2,4)
50. The function is continuous on the intervals
[0, 200], (200,300], (300, 400], …

Cost $

80

60

40

20 55. Let f ( x ) = x − cos x. . f(x) is continuous at all

values of x ≥ 0. f(0) = –1, f(π/2) = π / 2
100 200 300 400 500 Because 0 is between –1 and π / 2 , there is at
Miles Driven
least one number c between 0 and π/2 such that
51. The function is continuous on the intervals f ( x ) = x − cos x = 0.
(0, 0.25], (0.25, 0.375], (0.375, 0.5], … The interval [0.6,0.7] contains the solution.
Cost $

1
56. Let f ( x) = x5 + 4 x3 – 7 x + 14
f(x) is continuous at all values of x.
0.25 0.5 0.75 1
f(–2) = –36, f(0) = 14
Miles Driven
Because 0 is between –36 and 14, there is at least
one number c between –2 and 0 such that
f ( x) = x5 + 4 x3 – 7 x + 14 = 0.

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 57. Suppose that f is continuous at c, so 63. Let f(x) be the difference in times on the hiker’s
lim f ( x) = f (c). Let x = c + t, so t = x – c, then watch where x is a point on the path, and suppose
x →c x = 0 at the bottom and x = 1 at the top of the
as x → c , t → 0 and the statement mountain.
lim f ( x) = f (c) becomes lim f (t + c ) = f (c). So f(x) = (time on watch on the way up) – (time
x →c t →0
on watch on the way down).
Suppose that lim f (t + c) = f (c) and let x = t + f(0) = 4 – 11 = –7, f(1) = 12 – 5 = 7. Since time is
t→ 0
c, so t = x – c. Since c is fixed, t → 0 means that continuous, f(x) is continuous, hence there is
x → c and the statement lim f (t + c) = f (c) some c between 0 and 1 where f(c) = 0. This c is
t →0 the point where the hiker’s watch showed the
becomes lim f ( x) = f (c) , so f is continuous at same time on both days.
x →c
c. ⎡ π⎤
64. Let f be the function on ⎢0, 2 ⎥ such that f(θ) is
⎣ ⎦
58. Since f(x) is continuous at c,
the length of the side of the rectangle which
lim f ( x) = f (c) > 0. Choose ε = f ( c ) , then
x →c makes angle θ with the x-axis minus the length of
there exists a δ > 0 such that the sides perpendicular to it. f is continuous on
0 < x − c < δ ⇒ f ( x) − f (c) < ε . ⎡ π⎤
⎢0, 2 ⎥ . If f(0) = 0 then the region is
⎣ ⎦
Thus, f ( x ) − f ( c ) > −ε = − f ( c ) , or f ( x ) > 0 . circumscribed by a square. If f(0) ≠ 0, then
Since also f ( c ) > 0 , f ( x ) > 0 for all x in ⎛π ⎞
observe that f (0) = − f ⎜ ⎟ . Thus, by the
(c − δ , c + δ ). ⎝2⎠
Intermediate Value Theorem, there is an angle
59. Let g(x) = x – f(x). Then, π
g(0) = 0 – f(0) = –f(0) ≤ 0 and g(1) = 1 – f(1) ≥ 0 θ 0 between 0 and such that f (θ 0 ) = 0.
2
since 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 1 on [0, 1] . If g(0) = 0, then Hence, D can be circumscribed by a square.
f(0) = 0 and c = 0 is a fixed point of f. If g(1) = 0,
then f(1) = 1 and c = 1 is a fixed point of f. If 65. Yes, g is continuous at R .
neither g(0) = 0 nor g(1) = 0, then g(0) < 0 and
lim g ( r ) = = lim g ( r )
GMm
g(1) > 0 so there is some c in [0, 1] such that
r →R− R2 r →R+
g(c) = 0. If g(c) = 0 then c – f(c) = 0 or
f(c) = c and c is a fixed point of f. 66. No. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, if f
were to change signs on [a,b], then f must be
60. For f(x) to be continuous everywhere,
0 at some c in [a,b]. Therefore, f cannot
f(1) = a(1) + b = 2 and f(2) = 6 = a(2) + b
a+b=2 change sign.
2a + b = 6 67. a. f(x) = f(x + 0) = f(x) + f(0), so f(0) = 0. We
– a = –4 want to prove that lim f (x) = f (c), or,
x→c
a = 4, b = –2 equivalently, lim [ f (x) – f (c)] = 0. But
x→c
61. For x in [0, 1], let f(x) indicate where the string f(x) – f(c) = f(x – c), so
originally at x ends up. Thus f(0) = a, f(1) = b. lim[ f ( x) – f (c)] = lim f ( x – c). Let
f(x) is continuous since the string is unbroken. x →c x →c
Since 0 ≤ a, b ≤ 1 , f(x) satisfies the conditions of h = x – c then as x → c, h → 0 and
Problem 59, so there is some c in [0, 1] with lim f ( x – c) = lim f (h) = f (0) = 0. Hence
x →c h →0
f(c) = c, i.e., the point of string originally at c
lim f (x) = f (c) and f is continuous at c.
ends up at c. x→c
Thus, f is continuous everywhere, since c
62. The Intermediate Value Theorem does not imply was arbitrary.
the existence of a number c between –2 and 2
such that f (c ) = 0. The reason is that the b. By Problem 43 of Section 0.5, f(t) = mt for
all t in Q. Since g(t) = mt is a polynomial
function f ( x ) is not continuous on [ −2, 2] . function, it is continuous for all real
numbers. f(t) = g(t) for all t in Q, thus
f(t) = g(t) for all t in R, i.e. f (t ) = mt.

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 68. If f(x) is continuous on an interval then ⎡ 3 3⎤
lim f ( x) = f (c) for all points in the interval: Domain: ⎢ – , ⎥ ;
x →c ⎣ 4 4⎦
lim f ( x) = f (c) ⇒ lim f ( x) ⎧ 3 3⎫
Range: ⎨ – , 0, ⎬
x →c x →c ⎩ 4 4⎭
2
= lim f 2 ( x) = ⎛⎜ lim f ( x) ⎞⎟ b. At x = 0
x →c ⎝ x →c ⎠
= ( f (c))2 = f (c ) 3 3
c. If x = 0, f ( x) = 0 , if x = – , f ( x) = – and
4 4
⎧ 1 if x ≥ 0
69. Suppose f ( x) = ⎨ . f(x) is 3 3 3 3
⎩−1 if x < 0 if x = , f ( x) = , so x = − , 0, are
4 4 4 4
discontinuous at x = 0, but g(x) = f ( x) = 1 is fixed points of f.
continuous everywhere.

70. a.
1.7 Chapter Review

Concepts Test

1. False. Consider f ( x ) = x at x = 2.

2. False: c may not be in the domain of f(x), or

it may be defined separately.

3. False: c may not be in the domain of f(x), or

it may be defined separately.

4. True. By definition, where c = 0, L = 0.

b. If r is any rational number, then any deleted
interval about r contains an irrational 5. False: If f(c) is not defined, lim f ( x ) might
1 x→c
number. Thus, if f (r ) = , any deleted 2
q x –4
exist; e.g., f ( x) = .
interval about r contains at least one point c x+2
1 1 x2 – 4
such that f (r ) – f (c) = – 0 = . Hence, f(–2) does not exist, but lim = −4.
q q x →−2 x + 2
lim f (x) does not exist.
x→r
x 2 − 25 ( x − 5)( x + 5)
If c is any irrational number in (0, 1), then as 6. True: lim = lim
x →5 x − 5 x →5 x−5
p p
x = → c (where is the reduced form = lim ( x + 5) = 5 + 5 = 10
q q x →5
of the rational number) q → ∞, so
7. True: Substitution Theorem
f ( x) → 0 as x → c. Thus,
lim f ( x) = 0 = f (c) for any irrational sin x
x →c 8. False: lim =1
x →0 x
number c.

71. a. Suppose the block rotates to the left. Using 9. False: The tangent function is not defined for
all values of c.
3
geometry, f ( x) = – . Suppose the block
4 sin x
rotates to the right. Using geometry, 10. True: If x is in the domain of tan x = ,
cos x
3
f ( x) = . If x = 0, the block does not rotate, then cos x ≠ 0 , and Theorem A.7
4 applies..
so f(x) = 0.

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 11. True: Since both sin x and cos x are 25. True: Choose ε = 0. 001 f (2) then since
continuous for all real numbers, by lim f ( x ) = f (2), there is some δ
Theorem C we can conclude that x→2
such that 0 < x − 2 < δ ⇒
f ( x) = 2 sin 2 x − cos x is also
f ( x ) − f (2) < 0. 001 f (2), or
continuous for all real numbers.
−0. 001 f (2 ) < f ( x ) − f (2 )
12. True. By definition, lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) . < 0.001f(2)
x →c Thus, 0.999f(2) < f(x) < 1.001f(2) and
f(x) < 1.001f(2) for 0 < x − 2 < δ .
13. True. 2 ∈ [1,3] Since f(2) < 1.001f(2), as f(2) > 0,
f(x) < 1.001f(2) on (2 − δ , 2 + δ ).
14. False: lim may not exist
x →0 − 26. False: That lim [ f ( x ) + g ( x )] exists does
x→c
15. False: Consider f ( x) = sin x. not imply that lim f ( x ) and
x→c
x–3
16. True. By the definition of continuity on an lim g( x ) exist; e.g., f ( x) = and
interval. x→c x+2
x+7
g ( x) = for c = −2 .
17. False: Since −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 for all x and x+2
1 sin x
lim = 0 , we get lim =0. 27. True: Squeeze Theorem
x →∞ x x →∞ x

28. True: A function has only one limit at a

18. False. It could be the case where
point, so if lim f ( x ) = L and
lim f ( x ) = 2 x→ a
x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = M , L = M
x→ a
19. False: The graph has many vertical
asymptotes; e.g., x = ± π/2, ± 3π/2, 29. False: That f(x) ≠ g(x) for all x does not
± 5π/2, … imply that lim f ( x) ≠ lim g ( x). For
x →c x →c
20. True: x = 2 ; x = –2 2
x +x–6
example, if f ( x) = and
x–2
21. True: As x → 1+ both the numerator and
5
denominator are positive. Since the g ( x) =x, then f(x) ≠ g(x) for all x,
numerator approaches a constant and 2
the denominator approaches zero, the but lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 5.
x→2 x→ 2
limit goes to + ∞ .
30. False: If f(x) < 10, lim f ( x ) could equal 10
22. False: lim f ( x) must equal f(c) for f to be x→2
x →c if there is a discontinuity point (2, 10).
continuous at x = c. For example,
– x3 + 6 x 2 − 2 x − 12
23. True: lim f ( x) = f ⎛⎜ lim x ⎞⎟ = f (c), so f is f ( x) =
x–2
< 10 for
x →c ⎝ x →c ⎠
continuous at x = c. all x, but lim f ( x) = 10.
x →2

x
24. True: lim = 1 = f ( 2.3) 31. True: lim f ( x) = lim f 2 ( x)
x →2.3 2 x →a x →a
2
= ⎡⎢ lim f ( x) ⎤⎥ = (b)2 = b
⎣ x→a ⎦

32. True: If f is continuous and positive on

[a, b], the reciprocal is also
continuous, so it will assume all
1 1
values between and .
f ( a) f (b )

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 Sample Test Problems x −1 1− x
14. lim = lim = −1 since x − 1 < 0 as
x →1− x −1 x →1− x −1
x−2 2−2 0
1. lim = = =0
x →2 x + 2 2+2 4 x → 1−

u 2 – 1 12 − 1 sin 5 x 5 sin 5 x
2. lim = =0 15. lim = lim
x →0 3 x x →0 3 5 x
u →1 u + 1 1+1
5 sin 5 x 5 5
= lim = ×1 =
u2 – 1 (u – 1)(u + 1) 3 x →0 5 x 3 3
3. lim = lim = lim (u + 1)
u →1 u – 1 u →1 u –1 u →1
1 − cos 2 x 2 1 − cos 2 x
=1+1=2 16. lim = lim
x →0 3x x →0 3 2x
u +1 u +1 1 2 1 − cos 2 x 2
4. lim = lim = lim ; = lim = ×0 = 0
u →1 u 2
–1 u →1 (u + 1)(u – 1) u →1 u – 1 3 x →0 2x 3
does not exist
1
1−
x –2 x −1 x = 1+ 0 = 1
1 – 2x 1 17. lim = lim
5. lim = lim x
= lim x →∞ x + 2 x →∞ 2 1+ 0
x→2 x 2 x →2 ( x – 2)( x + 2) x→2 x ( x + 2) 1+
–4 x
1 1
= =
2 (2 + 2 ) 8 1
18. Since −1 ≤ sin t ≤ 1 for all t and lim = 0 , we
t →∞ t
z2 – 4 ( z + 2)( z – 2) sin t
6. lim = lim get lim =0.
z →2 z 2+z–6 z → 2 ( z + 3)( z
– 2) t →∞ t
z +2 2 + 2 4
= lim = =
z→ 2 z + 3 2 + 3 5 t+2
19. lim = ∞ because as t → 0, t + 2 → 4
sin x
t →2 ( t − 2 )2
tan x 1 while the denominator goes to 0 from the right.
7. lim = lim cos x
= lim
x → 0 sin 2 x x → 0 2 sin x cos x x → 0 2 cos 2 x
1 1 cos x
= 2
= 20. lim = ∞ , because as x → 0+ , cos x → 1
2 cos 0 2 x →0 + x
while the denominator goes to 0 from the right.
y3 – 1 ( y – 1)( y 2 + y + 1)
8. lim = lim −
y →1 y 2 –1 y →1 ( y – 1)( y + 1) 21. lim tan 2 x = ∞ because as x → (π / 4 ) ,
x →π / 4−
y 2 + y + 1 12 + 1 + 1 3
= lim = = −
2 x → (π / 2 ) , so tan 2 x → ∞.
y →1 y +1 1+1 2

1 + sin x
9. lim
x–4
= lim
( x – 2)( x + 2) 22. lim = ∞ , because as x → 0+ ,
x →0 + x
x→4 x –2 x →4 x –2
1 + sin x → 1 while the denominator goes to
= lim ( x + 2) = 4 + 2 = 4
x→4 0 from the right.

cos x 23. Preliminary analysis: Let ε > 0. We need to find

10. lim does not exist. a δ > 0 such that
x →0 x
0 <| x − 3 |< δ ⇒| ( 2 x + 1) − 7 |< ε .
x –x | 2 x − 6 |< ε ⇔ 2 | x − 3 |< ε
11. lim = lim = lim (–1) = –1
x →0 – x x →0 – x x →0 – ε ε
⇔| x − 3 |< . Choose δ = .
2 2
12. lim 4x = 2
x →(1/ 2)+ Let ε > 0. Choose δ = ε / 2. Thus,

13. lim ( t − t ) = lim t − lim t = 1 − 2 = −1 ( 2 x + 1) − 7 = 2 x − 6 = 2 x − 3 < 2 (ε / 2 ) = ε .

t →2 – t →2 – t →2–

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 24. a. f(1) = 0 28.

b. lim f ( x) = lim (1 – x) = 0
x →1+ x →1+

c. lim f ( x) = lim x = 1
x →1– x →1–

d. lim f ( x) = –1 because
x → –1

lim f ( x) = lim x3 = –1 and

x → –1– x → –1–
lim f ( x) = lim x = –1
x → –1+ x → –1+
29. a(0) + b = –1 and a(1) + b = 1
25. a. f is discontinuous at x = 1 because f(1) = 0, b = –1; a + b = 1
but lim f (x ) does not exist. f is a–1=1
x→1
a=2
discontinuous at x = –1 because f(–1) does
not exist.
30. Let f ( x) = x5 – 4 x3 – 3 x + 1
b. Define f(–1) = –1 f(2) = –5, f(3) = 127
Because f(x) is continuous on [2, 3] and
26. a. 0 < u – a < δ ⇒ g (u ) – M < ε f(2) < 0 < f(3), there exists some number c
between 2 and 3 such that f(c) = 0.
b. 0 < a – x < δ ⇒ f ( x) – L < ε
31. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0.

27. a. lim[2 f ( x) – 4 g ( x)] x x

x →3 Horizontal: lim = lim = 0 , so
= 2 lim f ( x) – 4 lim g ( x ) x →∞ x 2
+1 x →−∞ x 2 +1
x →3 x →3 y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
= 2(3) – 4(–2) = 14
32. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0.
x2 – 9
b. lim g ( x) = lim g ( x )( x + 3)
x →3 x – 3 x →3 x2 x2
Horizontal: lim = lim = 1 , so
= lim g ( x ) ⋅ lim ( x + 3) = –2 ⋅ (3 + 3) = –12 x →∞ x 2
+ 1 x →−∞ x 2 + 1
x →3 x →3
y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
c. g(3) = –2
x2
33. Vertical: x = 1, x = −1 because lim =∞
d. lim g ( f ( x)) = g ⎛⎜ lim f ( x) ⎞⎟ = g (3) = –2 x →1+ x2 − 1
x →3 ⎝ x →3 ⎠
x2
and lim =∞
2 x →−1− x2 − 1
e. lim f ( x) – 8 g ( x)
x →3
2 x2 x2
= lim = 1 , so
= ⎡⎢ lim f ( x) ⎤⎥ – 8 lim g ( x)
Horizontal: lim
x →∞ x 2
− 1 x→−∞ x 2 − 1
⎣ x →3 ⎦ x →3
y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
= (3) 2 – 8(–2) = 5

g ( x) – g (3) –2 – g (3) −2 − (−2)

f. lim = =
x →3 f ( x) 3 3
=0

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permission in writing from the publisher.Bhy
 34. Vertical: x = 2, x = −2 because 2. a. g ( 2 ) = 1/ 2
3 3
x x
lim = ∞ and lim =∞ b. g ( 2.1) = 1/ 2.1 ≈ 0.476
2 2
x → 2+ x −4 x →−2− x −4

x3 c. g ( 2.1) − g ( 2 ) = 0.476 − 0.5 = −0.024

Horizontal: lim = ∞ and
x →∞ x 2 −4
3 g ( 2.1) − g ( 2 ) −0.024
x d. = = −0.24
lim = −∞ , so there are no horizontal 2.1 − 2 0.1
x →−∞ x 2
−4
asymptotes. e. g ( a + h ) = 1/ ( a + h )
35. Vertical: x = ±π / 4, ± 3π / 4, ± 5π / 4,… because
−h
lim tan 2 x = ∞ and similarly for other odd f. g ( a + h ) − g ( a ) = 1/ ( a + h ) − 1/ a =
x →π / 4− a (a + h)
multiples of π / 4.
−h
Horizontal: None, because lim tan 2 x and g (a + h) − g (a) a (a + h) −1
x →∞ g. = =
lim tan 2 x do not exist. (a + h) − a h a (a + h)
x →−∞
g (a + h) − g (a) −1
36. Vertical: x = 0, because h. lim =
h→0 (a + h) − a a2
sin x 1 sin x
lim = lim =∞.
+ 2 +
x →0 x x →0 x x 3. a. F ( 2 ) = 2 ≈ 1.414
Horizontal: y = 0, because
b. F ( 2.1) = 2.1 ≈ 1.449
sin x sin x
lim = lim = 0.
x →∞ x2 x →−∞ x2 c. F ( 2.1) − F ( 2 ) = 1.449 − 1.414 = 0.035

Review and Preview Problems F ( 2.1) − F ( 2 ) 0.035

d. = = 0.35
2.1 − 2 0.1
1. a. f ( 2 ) = 22 = 4
e. F (a + h) = a + h
b. f ( 2.1) = 2.12 = 4.41
f. F (a + h) − F (a) = a + h − a
c. f ( 2.1) − f ( 2 ) = 4.41 − 4 = 0.41
F (a + h) − F (a) a+h − a
f ( 2.1) − f ( 2 ) g. =
d. =
0.41
= 4.1 ( a + h) − a h
2.1 − 2 0.1
F (a + h) − F (a) a+h − a
f ( a + h ) = ( a + h ) = a 2 + 2ah + h 2 = lim
2
e. h. lim
h→0 (a + h) − a h→0 h

f ( a + h ) − f ( a ) = a 2 + 2ah + h 2 − a 2
= lim
( a+h − a )( a+h + a )
( )
f.
= 2ah + h 2 h →0 h a+h + a
a+h−a
f (a + h) − f (a) = lim
g.
(a + h) − a
=
2ah + h 2
h
= 2a + h h →0 h ( a+h + a )
h
= lim
h. lim
f (a + h) − f ( a)
= lim ( 2a + h ) = 2a
h →0 h ( a+h + a )
h→0 (a + h) − a h →0
1 1 a
= lim = =
h →0 a+h + a 2 a 2a

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 G ( 2) = ( 2) + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
3 4 32π
V0 = π ( 2 ) =
4. a. 3
10. cm3
3 3
G ( 2.1) = ( 2.1) + 1 = 9.261 + 1 = 10.261
3 4 62.5π 125π
V1 = π ( 2.5 ) =
3
b. = cm3
3 3 6
G ( 2.1) − G ( 2 ) = 10.261 − 9 = 1.261 125π 32π
c. ΔV = V1 − V0 = cm3 − cm3
6 3
G ( 2.1) − G ( 2 ) 61
d. =
1.261
= 12.61 = π cm3 ≈ 31.940 cm3
2.1 − 2 0.1 6

11. a. North plane has traveled 600miles. East

G ( a + h) = ( a + h) + 1
3
e. plane has traveled 400 miles.
= a 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3 + 1
d = 6002 + 4002
b.
G ( a + h ) − G ( a ) = ⎡( a + h ) + 1⎤ − ⎡⎣ a + 1⎤⎦
3 3
f. = 721 miles
⎣ ⎦
(
= a3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3 + 1 − a 3 + 1 ) ( ) d = 6752 + 5002
2 2 3
c.
= 3a h + 3ah + h = 840 miles

G ( a + h) − G ( a) 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3
g. =
(a + h) − a h
= 3a 2 + 3ah + h 2

G ( a + h) − G ( a)
h. lim = lim 3a 2 + 3ah + h 2
h→0 (a + h) − a h →0

= 3a 2

5. a. ( a + b )3 = a3 + 3a 2b +

b. ( a + b ) 4 = a 4 + 4 a 3b +

c. ( a + b )5 = a 5 + 5 a 4 b +

6. ( a + b )n = a n + na n −1b +

7. sin ( x + h ) = sin x cos h + cos x sin h

8. cos ( x + h ) = cos x cos h − sin x sin h

9. a. The point will be at position (10, 0 ) in all

three cases ( t = 1, 2,3 ) because it will have
made 4, 8, and 12 revolutions respectively.

b. Since the point is rotating at a rate of 4

revolutions per second, it will complete 1
1
revolution after second. Therefore, the
4
point will first return to its starting position
1
at time t = .
4

Instructor’s Resource Manual Review and Preview 93

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