c`v_©weÁvb

BDwbU 3
ej
Force

f‚wgKv
BDwbU 2 G Avgiv MwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| wKš‘ †R‡bwQ wK G MwZi KviY? Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k ZvKv‡j wewfbœ
e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvB, mvB‡Kj Pj‡Q, Mvwo Pj‡Q, cvLv Nyi‡Q| G mewKQzB MwZkxj| G BDwb‡U Avgiv w¯’wZ, MwZ
KviY Av‡jvPbv Kie| Avi G Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K wbDU‡bi MwZi wZbwU m~Î eY©bv Kie| wbDU‡bi MwZi wZbwU
m~Î Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q RoZv, ej, fi‡eM, fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î, Nl©Y, wbivc` ågY wb‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv
Kie|

cvV-3.1 RoZv I ej t wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î

Inertia and force : Newton’s first law
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 RoZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ej Kx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~ÎwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3.1.1 RoZv (Inertia)

cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘B Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z Pvq| w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i, MwZkxj e¯‘ MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq| N‡ii
g‡a¨ †Uwej, LvU, †Uwjwfkb, †mvdv‡mU hv †`wL meB w¯’i A_©vr w¯’i e¯‘| N‡ii g‡a¨i G †Uwej, LvU,
†Uwjwfkb, †mvdv‡mU e¯‘¸wj wK wbR †_‡K ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i? ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq w¯’i e¯‘‡K GK¯’vb
†_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b bv wb‡q †M‡j, e¯‘¸wj wbR †_‡K KL‡bvB ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i bv|
Avgiv Rvwb, c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K Nyi‡Q, Nyi‡Q †Zv Nyi‡QB A_©vr MwZkxj Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| c„w_exi G N~Y©‡b †Kv‡bv
evav bv _vKvq c„w_ex MwZkxj|
GKwU ej‡K Avgiv GKwU iv¯Ívi Dci Mwo‡q †`B| wK †`L‡Z cve Avgiv? ejwU Mwo‡q Mvwo‡q wKQz `~i hvIqvi
ci Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †_‡g hv‡e| G †_‡g hvIqvi KviY wK? iv¯Ívi mv‡_ e‡ji Nl©Y, evqyi evav? G evav bv _vK‡j
ejwU wK AbšÍKvj a‡i MovZ?
Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki G NUbv¸‡jv †_‡K Avgiv wK eyS‡Z cvwi? cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘B Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z Pvq A_©vr
†Kvb e¯‘ hw` w¯’i _v‡K Z‡e GwU wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq, Avevi †h e¯‘ MwZkxj, †m e¯‘ wPiKvj MwZkxj _vK‡Z
Pvq| e¯‘i G wbR¯^ Ae¯’vq _vKvi cÖeYZv ev ag©‡K RoZv e‡j| wb‡¤œv³fv‡e RoZvi msÁv †`qv hvq-

RoZv: RoZv e¯‘i GKwU ag© †h a‡g©i Kvi‡Y †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ MwZkxj _vK‡Z
Pvq| G w¯’i Avi MwZkxj a‡g©i Dci wfwË K‡i ejv hvq, RoZv `yÕcÖKvi|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 47
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(i) w¯’wZ RoZv (Inertia of rest) Ges

(ii) MwZ RoZv (Inertia of motion)
(i) w¯’wZ RoZv : w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq, e¯‘i G cÖeYZv ev ag©‡K w¯’wZ RoZv e‡j|

w¯’wZ RoZvi D`vniY

(i) evm w¯’i Ae¯’v n‡Z nVvr Pj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j, hvÎxiv wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡ob| evm hLb w¯’i Ae¯’vq _v‡K
ZLb hvÎxi kixiI w¯’i Ae¯’vq _v‡K| evm Pj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j hvÎxi kix‡ii †h Ask ev‡mi mv‡_ †j‡M _v‡K A_©vr
kix‡ii wb¤œfvM ev‡mi MwZcÖvß nq| wKš‘ kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask w¯’wZ RoZvi Rb¨ w¯’i Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z Pvq| ZvB
kix‡ii bx‡Pi Ask kix‡ii Dc‡ii As‡ki Zzjbvq GwM‡q hvq| d‡j kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask wcQ‡b †n‡j c‡o Ges
hvÎx‡`i kixi wcQ‡b n‡j co‡Q e‡j g‡b nq (wPÎ 3.1)|

wPÎ-3.1 : w¯’wZ RoZv

(ii) K¨vivg †Ljvi mgq w¯’wZ RoZvi Av‡iv GKwU ev¯Íe AwfÁZv cvIqv hvq
(wPÎ- 3.2: w¯’wZ RoZv)| jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq GKwU ¸wUi Dci hLb Ab¨ GKwU
¸wU _v‡K ZLb Lye †Rv‡o óªvBKvi w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j wb‡Pi ¸wUUv m‡i hvq,
Dc‡ii ¸wUUv w¯’i RoZvi Kvi‡Y wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b w¯’i _v‡K Ges wb‡Pi ¸wUi ¯’vb
`Lj K‡i|
wPÎ- 3.2: w¯’wZ RoZv

MwZ RoZvi D`vniY:

(i) evm MwZkxj Ae¯’v n‡Z nVvr †_‡g †M‡j hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Szu‡K
c‡ob (wPÎ- 3.3: MwZ RoZv)| evm hLb MwZkxj Ae¯’vq _v‡K ZLb
hvÎxi kixiI MwZkxj Ae¯’vq _v‡K| evm nVvr †eªK Kl‡j, hvÎxi kix‡ii
†h Ask ev‡mi mv‡_ _v‡K A_©vr kix‡ii wb¤œfvM ev‡mi mv‡_ w¯’i Ae¯’v
cÖvß nq| wKš‘ kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask MwZ RoZvi Rb¨ MwZkxj Ae¯’vq wPÎ- 3.3: MwZ RoZv
_vK‡Z Pvq| ZvB kix‡ii bx‡Pi Ask kix‡ii Dc‡ii As‡ki Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q c‡o| d‡j kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask
mvg‡b Sz‡K c‡o Ges kixi mvg‡bi w`‡K Szu‡K co‡Q e‡j g‡b nq|
(ii) wiKkvq Povi ci jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq wiKkvIqvjv gv‡S gv‡SB c¨v‡Wj
K‡i GKUz wekÖvg †bb| (wPÎ-3.4 : MwZ RoZv) c¨v‡Wj bv Ki‡jI G mgq
wiKkv GwM‡q hvq MwZ RoZvi Rb¨ Ges wiKkvi MwZkxjZv cieZ©x c¨v‡Wj
Kivi AvM ch©šÍ Ae¨nZ iv‡L|

wPÎ-3.4 : MwZ RoZv

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 48
 c`v_©weÁvb

G‡mv wb‡R Kwi

GKwU cvwb fwZ© Møvm wbb| Møv‡mi Dci GKwU k³ KvMR †hgb KvW©
RvZxq KvMR ivLyb| Gevi KvW©wUi Dci me‡P‡q fvix †h K‡qb,
cuvP UvKvi GKwU K‡qb ivLyb (wPÎ-3.5 : w¯’wZ RoZv) KvW©wU‡K
†Rv‡o Av½yj w`‡q †UvKv w`b| wK †`Lv hv‡e? †`Lv hv‡e K‡qbwU
Møv‡mi g‡a¨ c‡o †M‡Q| KvW©wU‡K nVvr †Rv‡o †UvKv †`qvi Kvi‡Y
KvW©wU MwZkxj n‡q m‡i †M‡Q, wKš‘ w¯’wZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y K‡qbwU
wbR Ae¯’v‡b w¯’i _vK‡Z PvIqvq Møv‡mi g‡a¨ c‡o †Mj|
e¯‘i RoZvi cwigvc wbf©i K‡i e¯‘i f‡ii Dci| †h e¯‘i fi wPÎ-3.5 : w¯’wZ RoZv
†ewk, †m e¯‘i RoZv †ewk| Avi RoZv †h e¯‘i †ewk †m e¯‘‡K
MwZkxj Kiv ev †Vjv w`‡q ¯’vb cwieZ©b Kiv ZZ KwVb|

G‡mv wb‡R Kwi

†Uwe‡ji Dci GKwU ievi Ges GKwU eB ivLyb| Gevi ieviwUi
GK cv‡k nv‡Zi AvOzj w`‡q †UvKv w`b| wK †`L‡Z cv‡eb? ieviwU
nv‡Zi AvOz‡ji †UvKvq Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb †_‡K A‡bK`~i m‡i
†M‡Q| GLb eBwU‡K GKB fv‡e AvOz‡ji †UvKv w`b (wPÎ- 3.6
(K))| G‡ÿ‡Î wK †`L‡Z cv‡eb? †`L‡Z cv‡eb eBwU GKUzI `~‡i
mi‡Q bv ev Zvi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Q bv| GLb nvZ w`‡q
eBwU‡K av°v w`b| †`Lv hv‡e eBwU `~‡i m‡i hv‡e (wPÎ- 3.6 (wPÎ- 3.6 (K)) (wPÎ- 3.6 (L))
(L))| wPÎ-3.6 : w¯’wZ RoZv
G NUbv †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h, †h e¯‘i fi †ewk †m e¯‘‡K
Kg f‡ii e¯‘i †P‡q A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk †Rv‡i av°v w`‡Z nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h e¯‘i fi †ewk †m e¯‘i RoZv
Kg f‡ii e¯‘i Zzjbvq †ewk _vKvq †ewk †Rv‡i av°v w`‡Z nq|

3.1.2 e‡ji ¸YMZ aviYvÑ wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î

Qualitative concept of Force-Newton’s first law.
wbDU‡bi MwZ welqK cÖ_g m~Î
Newton’s first law of Motion

cÖ_g m~Î: evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges
MwZkxj e¯‘ mylg `ªæwZ‡Z mijc‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
c~‡e©B Avgiv RoZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q N‡ii g‡a¨
wewfbœ w¯’i e¯‘ †hgb †Uwej, LvU, †Uwjwfkb, †mvdv‡m‡Ui K_v
e‡jwQ| G mKj e¯‘ wbR †_‡K Zvi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i bv|
Zvn‡j G mKj e¯‘ wKfv‡e ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i? w¯’i e¯‘¸‡jv‡K
†U‡b ev †V‡j Zvi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b Kiv nq| G Uvbv ev †Vjv‡K
ej e‡j| G ej w¯’i e¯‘i Dci cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zv w¯’i e¯‘‡K wPÎ-3.7: wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î
MwZkxj K‡i ev MwZkxj Kivi †Póv K‡i| Avevi MwZkxj e¯‘i

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 49
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zv e¯‘wU‡K _vgv‡Z A_©vr e¯‘i †eM n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i ev e¯‘i †eM e„w×I Ki‡Z cv‡i| †eM
e„w×i d‡j Z¡i‡Yi m„wó nq| Avevi ej †Kvb e¯‘i AvKvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bjvwó‡Ki ev w¯úªs‡mi `ycÖvšÍ
A‡bKÿb a‡i Uvb‡j ev evi evi Uvb‡j, Gi AvKvi cwieZ©b nq (wPÎ-3.7: wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î)|
wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î Ges Dc‡ii ch©v‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e RoZv Ges e‡ji ¸bMZ aviYv
cvB|
†Kvb e¯‘B Zvi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡Z Pvq bv| w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq| Avi MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj mylg
`ªæwZ‡Z mijc‡_ Pj‡Z Pvq| e¯‘i wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b _vKvi G ag©B n‡jv RoZv| wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K RoZvi
aviYv Gfv‡eB cÖwZcv`b Kiv hvq|
c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ, †Kvb e¯‘B Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb n‡Z w¯’wZ ev MwZ m¤úK©xq Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvq bv hZÿb bv
evB‡i †_‡K Gi Dci Uvbv ev †Vjv †`qv nq| A_©vr hv e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i e¯‘i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z
Pvq, ZvB n‡”Q ej| Gfv‡e wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K e‡ji msÁv cvIqv hvq|

e‡ji msÁv t hv †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Zv‡K MwZkxj K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq ev †Kvb MwZkxi e¯‘i Dci
wµqv K‡i Gi MwZi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv‡K ej ejv hvq|
e‡ji msÁv DcwiD³fv‡e †jLvB †kÖq| GLb ej Avi RoZvi m¤úK©‡K Av‡iv cwi®‹vifv‡e †jLvi Rb¨ e‡ji
wb‡¤œv³ msÁv †`qv nj:
Òhv †Kvb e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Gi RoZvi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq, ZvB n‡”Q ej|Ó
3.1.3 e‡ji cÖK…wZ
Nature of Force
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ev¯Íe NUbvi mv‡_ mswkøóZvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ej‡K mvaviYfv‡e `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) ¯úk© ej
(ii) A¯úk© ej
(i) ¯úk© ej t †h mKj ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ e¯‘i ms¯úk© cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K ¯úk© ej e‡j| A_©vr †h ej m„wói Rb¨
`yBwU e¯‘‡K cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡Z nq Zv‡K ¯úk© ej e‡j| ¯úk© ej Avevi wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb-
Uvb ej, Nl©Y ej, msNl© ej| 3.7 wP‡Î (K) GKwU BjvwóK‡K Uvbv
n‡”Q| GwU n‡”Q Uvb ej| 3.8 wP‡Î GKwU ev·‡K †g‡Si Dci w`‡q
Uvbv n‡”Q, d‡j †g‡S Ges ev‡·i †h Zj †g‡Si ms¯ú‡k© jvMv‡bv
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Nl©Y e‡ji m„wó n‡”Q hv ev·wUi MwZi weiæ‡× KvR Ki‡Q|
msNl© ej m¤ú‡K© Avgiv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e cieZ©x‡Z Rvbe|
(ii) A¯úk© ej t †h ej m„wói Rb¨ `yBwU e¯‘‡K cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k©
Avm‡Z nq bv Zv‡K A¯úk© ej e‡j| `yÕwU KYvi ga¨eZ©x ej gnvKl© ej| `yÕwU AvwnZ e¯‘i ga¨eZ©x ej Zwor ej,
GKwU Pz¤^K GK GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ wµqvkxj ej †PŠ¤^K ej|
G‡mv wb‡R Kwi
GKwU KvMR wbb| KvMRwU‡K wQ‡o †QvU †QvU UzK‡iv Kiæb| GLb UzK‡iv¸‡jv †Uwe‡ji Dci ivLyb| GKwU wPiæbx
w`‡q †Zjnxb ïK‡bv Pzj AvPovb| GLb wPiæbxwU‡K UzK‡iv¸wj‡K KvQvKvwQ Avbyb| wK †`L‡Qb? †`Lv hv‡”Q,
KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv¸‡jv wPiæbxi `uv‡Zi mv‡_ †j‡M wPiæbx‡Z D‡V Avm‡Q| wPiæbx KvM‡Ri UzKivi cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k©
Avmvi cÖ‡qvRb nqwb| Zwor e‡ji Kvi‡YB N‡U‡Q| G ej‡K A¯úk© ej e‡j|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 50
 c`v_©weÁvb

3.3 mvg¨ I Amvg¨ ej

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
mvg¨ ej
GKvwaK ej †Kvb e¯‘i Dci wµqv Ki‡j hw` e‡ji jwä k~b¨ nq
A_©vr e¯‘wUi †Kvb Z¡ib bv nq, ZLb Avgiv ewj e¯‘wU mvg¨ve¯’vq
Av‡Q| Avi †h ej¸‡jv G mvg¨e¯’vi ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡`i‡K mvg¨ ej (K) mvg¨ ej; (L) Amvg¨ ej
e‡j [wPÎ-3.9 (K): mvg¨ ej ]| wPÎ-3.9

Avcbvi c`v_©weÁvb eBwU GKwU †Uwe‡ji Dci ivLyb| wK NU‡e? c`v_©weÁvb eBwU †Uwe‡ji DciB mvg¨ve¯’vq
_vK‡e (wPÎ-3.10 : mvg¨ ej)| Pjyb Avgiv GLb Gi KviY e¨vL¨v Kwi| eBwUi Dci c„w_exi gnvKl©xq ej Z_v
e¯‘i IRb W j¤^fv‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K †UwejwU eBwUi Dci F ej
Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wµqv K‡i|
†h‡nZz ej `yBwU mgvb Ges wecixZgyLx, myZivs G‡K Aci‡K wbw®Œq K‡i †`‡e|
eBwU mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
GKvwaK ej †Kvb e¯‘i Dci wµqv Ki‡j hw` e‡ji jwä k~b¨ bv nq Z‡e e¯‘wUi
Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b N‡U (wPÎ-3.9 (L) : Amvg¨ ej)| †h ej¸‡jv G Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b
NUvq Zv‡K Amvg¨ ej e‡j|
wPÎ-3.10 : mvg¨ ej
ej
GKwU †MvjK‡K M GKwU ó¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ myZv w`‡q Szwj‡q w`B| GLb e¯‘wUi
Dci AwfKl©xq ej Z_v †MvjKwUi IRb W j¤^fv‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv
Ki‡e| Aciw`‡K myZvi Uvb T j¤^fv‡e Dc‡ii w`‡K wµqv Ki‡e| ej `yBU
mgvb Ges wecixZgyLx nIqvq G‡K Aci‡K wbw®Œq K‡i †`‡e d‡j e¯‘wU
mvg¨e¯’vq _vK‡e [wPÎ-3.11 (K): mvg¨ ej]| (K) mvg¨ ej; (L): Amvg¨ ej
GLb hw` myZvwU †K‡U †`qv nq Z‡e myZvi Uvb T ej Avi j¤^fv‡e Dc‡ii wPÎ-3.11
w`‡K wµqv Ki‡e bv| †MvjKwUi Dci GKgvÎ AwfKl©xq ej wµqv Ki‡e| d‡j †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ Z¡i‡Yi m„wó n‡e
Ges †MvjKwU Z¡iY mnKv‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K co‡e [wPÎ-3.11 (L) : Amvg¨ ej]| GLv‡b AwfKl© ej ev e¯‘i IRb
n‡”Q Amvg¨ ej|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
 RoZv (Inertia): RoZv e¯‘i GKwU ag©, †h a‡g©i Kvi‡Y w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ mylg
`ªæwZ‡Z MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq|
 RoZv `yÕcÖKvi-
(i) w¯’wZ RoZv (Inertia of rest) Ges
(ii) MwZ RoZv (Inertia of motion)
(i) w¯’wZ RoZv (Inertia of rest): w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq, e¯‘i G cÖeYZv ev ag©‡K w¯’wZ RoZv
e‡j|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 51
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(ii) MwZ RoZv (Inertia of motion): mylg MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj mylg MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq, e¯‘i G cÖeYZv
ev ag©‡K MwZ RoZv e‡j|
 wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î: evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ mylg `ªæwZ‡Z mijc‡_
Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~ÎwU e¯‘i RoZv I e‡ji ¸YMZ aviYv †`q|
 ej: hv †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Zv‡K MwZkxj K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq ev †Kvb MwZkxj e¯‘i Dci wµqv
K‡i Gi MwZi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv‡K ej e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î †Kvb ivwki aviYv †`q-
K) fi‡eM L) KvR
M) RoZv N) kw³
2| †Kvb a‡g©i Kvi‡Y w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq?
K) ej L) ÿgZv
M) kw³ N) RoZv

cvV-3.2 fi‡eM I wbDU‡bi MwZ wØZxq m~Î

Momentum and Newton's second law of motion
D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

 fi‡eM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î e¨envi K‡i ej Ges Z¡i‡bi m¤úK©, F=ma wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3.2.1. fi‡eM (Momentum)

aiv hvK, GKwU MwZkxj mvB‡Kj Ges GKwU MwZkxj cÖvB‡fU Mvwo mg`ªæwZ‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡K
Pj‡Q| †Kvb e¯‘wU‡K _vgv‡bv mnR A_ev †Kvb e¯‘‡K _vgv‡bv KwVb n‡e? Avgiv Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †_‡K
ej‡Z cvwi| GKwU MwZkxj mvB‡Kj‡K _vgv‡bvi †P‡q GKwU MwZkxj cÖvB‡fU Mvwo _vgv‡bv A‡bK KwVb| †Kvb
MwZkxj e¯‘‡K Avgiv hw` _vgv‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j Avgiv †h evavi gy‡LvgywL nB Zvi GKwU cwigvb n‡”Q fi‡eM|
fi‡eM n‡”Q, MwZkxj e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU †fŠZ ivwk| GwU MwZkxj e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi Dci
wbf©ikxj|
GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, †Uwej †Uwbm ej‡K _vgv‡bvi †P‡q GKwU MwZkxj UªvK _vgv‡bv A‡bK KwVb †Kb, hw`I e¯‘ `ywU
mg`ªæwZ‡Z Pj‡Q| KviY †Uwej †Uwbm ej Ges cÖvB‡fU Mvwo GKB `ªæwZ‡Z MwZkxj _vKv m‡Ë¡I cÖvB‡fU Mvwoi
fi‡eM †ewk|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 52
 c`v_©weÁvb

myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, †Kvb MwZkxj e¯‘‡K _vgv‡bv KZ KwVb Zv wbf©i K‡i MwZkxj e¯‘wUi
fi‡e‡Mi cwigv‡ci Dci|
†Kvb e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi ¸Ydj‡K Gi fi‡eM e‡j|
g‡b Kwi, GKwU e¯‘i fi = m Ges †eM= v
 fi‡eM, p = mv
fi‡eM GKwU †f±i ivwk| Gi w`K †e‡Mi w`‡K|
fi‡e‡Mi GKK kgms-1Ges gvÎv MLT-1|

3.2.2. e¯‘i MwZi Dci e‡ji cÖfve

Effect of force on motion of a body
ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j w¯’wZkxi e¯‘ MwZkxj n‡Z cv‡i
dzUej †Ljvi gv‡V †Ljv ïiæ nq wK fv‡e? cÖ_‡g, GKRb †L‡jvqvi dzUejwU‡K wKK K‡i| wKK Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_
wK N‡U? dzUejwU‡K †h w`K eivei wKK Kiv nq, dzUejwU †m w`‡K Mov‡Z ïiæ K‡i| A_©vr dzUejwU w¯’i Ae¯’v
n‡Z Z¡iY jvf K‡i MwZkxj nq|
ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j MwZkxj e¯‘i †eM e„w× n‡Z cv‡i
GKwU Mov‡bv dzUej †hw`‡K Mov‡”Q †mw`K eivei wKK Ki‡j wK N‡U? GwU Av‡iv †Rv‡o Mov‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î dzUejwUi MwZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
ej cÖ‡qv‡M MwZkxj e¯‘i †eM n«vm cvq
Pjgvb mvB‡Kj‡K †U‡b ai‡j wK nq? Gi MwZ K‡g hvq A_©vr ej cÖ‡qv‡M e¯‘i †eM n«vm cvq|
ej cÖ‡qv‡M MwZkxj e¯‘i †e‡Mi w`K cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i
wµ‡KU †Ljvi mgq GKRb e¨vUmgvb ej †h w`‡K MwZcÖvß n‡q avegvb nq, Zvi wecixZ w`‡K e¨vU Øviv ej‡K
AvNvZ K‡i| e¨vU Øviv AvNvZ Kivi ci ejwUi †e‡Mi gvb I w`K Df‡qB cwieZ©b nq| ejwU †hw`‡K avegvb
wQj e¨vU Øviv AvNv‡Zi ci GwU Ab¨ w`‡K avweZ nq|

3.2.3. e¯‘i AvKv‡ii Dci e‡ji cÖfve

Effect of force on the shape of a body
ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j wKQz wKQz e¯‘i AvKv‡ii cwieZ©b nq| G e¯‘¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, wewfbœ cvbx‡qi wU‡bi K¨vb, wUb
RvZxq e¯‘, cøvwó‡Ki †evZj, cøvwóK RvZxq
e¯‘, ivevi e¨vÛ BZ¨vw`|
wUb ev cøvwó‡Ki cvbxq enbKvix †evZj‡K
nvZ w`‡q †Rv‡o †P‡c ai‡j GwU AvKvi
cwieZ©b K‡i (wPÎ- 3.12: e¯‘i AvKv‡ii
Dci e‡ji cÖfve)| Avevi ivevi e¨v‡Ûi
`yÕcÖvšÍ a‡i †U‡b GwU j¤^v Kiv hvq| hLb wPÎ-3.12 : e¯‘i AvKv‡ii Dci e‡ji cÖfve
GwU j¤^v nq ZLb Gi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq Avi
GwU miæ n‡q hvq| A_©vr Gi AvKv‡ii cwieZ©b nq|
KL‡bv KL‡bv G AvKv‡ii cwieZ©b ÿY¯’vqx, Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv G cwieZ©b ¯’vqx nq| †hgb: cvbxq enbKvix
wUb ev cøvwó‡Ki K¨vb nvZ w`‡q †Rv‡i †P‡c a‡i `yg‡o-gyP‡o †dj‡j, †`Lv hvq, GwU ¯’vqxfv‡e AvKvi cwieZ©b

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 53
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

K‡i‡Q| Avevi cøvwó‡Ki †evZj‡K nvZ w`‡q nvjKv Pvc w`‡j GwU AvKv‡ii mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b K‡i, Avevi †Q‡o
w`‡j GwU Av‡Mi AvKvi aviY K‡i|

3.2.4. wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î : ej Ges Z¡i‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©, F=ma wbY©q
Newton's second law : Relation between force and acceleration, determination of F=ma.
c~‡e©i cvV †_‡K Avgiv †R‡bwQ, wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î e‡ji ¸YMZ aviYv †`q| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î e‡ji cwigv‡ci
mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b K‡i|

wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î:

Òe¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi Gi Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †hw`‡K wµqv K‡i e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi
cwieZ©bI †mw`‡K N‡UÓ|
awi, GKwU e¯‘i fi m Ges Avw`‡eM u| GLb, m fiwewk÷ e¯‘wUi Dci F aªæe ej e¯‘wUi †e‡Mi Awfgy‡L t
mgq a‡i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j e¯‘wU †e‡Mi cwieZ©b K‡i| awi, ej cÖ‡qvM Kivi d‡j e¯‘i †e‡Mi cwieZ©b nq| d‡j
e¯‘wUi †eM u n‡Z cwiewZ©Z n‡q v nq|
 e¯‘wUi Avw` fi‡eM = mu
 e¯‘wUi †kl fi‡eM = mv
 t mg‡q e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b = mvmu
mv  mu
myZivs, e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi =
t
v u 
= m 
 t 
vu
= ma  Z¡iY, a 
t
wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Îvbymv‡i, e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK
A_©vr ma  F
ev, ma = kF
GLv‡b, k GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªæeK, Gi gvb e‡ji GK‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i| G mgxKiY †_‡K e‡ji GK‡Ki
msÁv cvIqv hvq| Avgiv Rvwb, e‡ji GKK wbDUb N  |
hw`, k  1 nq hLb m  1kg, a  1ms 2
ZLb F  1N aiv nq d‡j, ma  kF †_‡K cvIqv hvq-
1  1  k  1 ev k  1 nq|
myZivs fi m †K kg , Z¡iY a †K ms 2 Ges ej F †K N Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j mgxKiY, ma  kF †_‡K
cvIqv hvq-
ma  1F
ev, F  ma ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (3.1)
ev, ej = fiZ¡iY
e‡ji gvÎv : F = MLT 2

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 54
 c`v_©weÁvb

MvwbwZK D`vniY: 3.1| GKwU 588N IR‡bi e¯‘‡K 0.70ms 2 Z¡iY w`‡Z Gi Dci KZ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, F  ma = 60kg  0.70ms 2 GLv‡b
= 42 N e¯‘i Z¡iY, a = 0.70 ms 2
D: 42 N e¯‘i IRb, W  mg
W 588N
e¯‘i fi, m  
g 9.8ms  2
= 60kg
ej, F=?
MvwbwZK D`vniY: 3.2: GKwU evjK 60 N ej Øviv 30kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K av°v †`q| e¯‘wUi Z¡iY KZ n‡e?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
F  ma e¯‘i fi, m  30kg
F
a cÖhy³ ej, F  60 N
m
60 N
= e¯‘i Z¡iY, a =?
30 kg
= 2 ms 2 DËi: 2 ms 2

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
 fi‡eM (Momentum): †Kvb e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi ¸Ydj‡K Gi fi‡eM e‡j|
fi‡eM, p  mv
GLv‡b, m =e¯‘i fi, v =e¯‘i †eM|
fi‡eM GKwU †f±i ivwk, Gi w`K †e‡Mi w`‡K|
 wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î: e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi Gi Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †hw`‡K wµqv
K‡i e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©bI †mw`‡K N‡U|
 wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~ÎwU e‡ji cwigv‡ci mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î cÖwZcv`b K‡i-
K) e‡ji cwigv‡ci mgxKiY L) fi‡e‡Mi cwigv‡ci mgxKiY
M) †e‡Mi cwigv‡ci mgxKiY N) f‡ii cwigv‡ci mgxKiY
2| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î cÖwZcv`b K‡i-
†eM
K) fi‡eM=fi†eM L) Z¡iY =mgq
M) ej=fiZ¡iY N) ej=mgqZ¡iY

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 55
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.3 wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej t wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î

Action and reaction force : Newton's third law of motion
D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î e¨envi K‡i wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi D`vniY wn‡m‡e f‚wgi Dci `vov‡bv, gvwUi Dci w`‡q nuvUv Ges jwM w`‡q †bŠKv
Pvjv‡bv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 msNl© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `ywU e¯‘i msN‡l©i †ÿ‡Î fi‡e‡Mi msiÿb m~Î cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3.3.1. wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î - wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej

wbDU‡bi cÖ_g I wØZxq m~Î GKwU e¯‘i MwZ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q wKš‘ wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î `ywU
e¯‘i cvi¯úwiK msNl© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv cÖ`vb K‡i|
wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i-
ÒcÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU mgvb I wecixZgyLx cÖwZwµqv Av‡QÓ|
myZivs wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i, hw` GKwU e¯‘ Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘i Dci ej
cÖ‡qvM K‡i, ZLb wØZxq e¯‘wUI cÖ_g e¯‘i Dci GKwU mgvb I wecixZ gyLx ej
cÖ‡qvM K‡i| 3.13 wP‡Î, hw` GKwU e¯‘ P Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘ Q Gi Dci F1 ej
cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZLb Q e¯‘wUI wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i P e¯‘i Dci mgvb wKš‘
wecixZgyLx ej F2 cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e (wPÎ- 3.13: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î)| GLv‡b P
e¯‘ KZ©„K Q e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ ej‡K wµqv ej (Action frec) Ges Q e¯‘ wPÎ- 3.13: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î
KZ©„K P e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ ej‡K cÖwZwµqv ej (Reaction force) e‡j|
myZivs wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i,
F1  F2
D`vnviY:
gvwUi Dci `uvov‡bv
gvwUi Dci `uvwo‡q _vK‡j gvbylwU w¯’i _v‡K| KviY, gvbylwUi IR‡bi mgvb
GKwU ej bx‡Pi w`‡K gvwUi Dci wµqv K‡i| wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i,
gvwUI bxP n‡Z gvbylwUi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GLv‡b, gvbylwUi IRb I gvwU
Øviv cÖhy³ cÖwZwµqv ej ci¯úi mgvb I wecixZ nIqvq mv‡g¨i m„wó K‡i|
gvbyl Øviv gvwUi Dci cÖhy³ ej wµqv ej Ges gvwU gvbylwUi Dci †h ej wPÎ- 3.14: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv cÖwZwµqv ej (wPÎ- 3.14: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î)|
gvwUi Dci nuvUv
gvwUi Dci nuvUvi mgq †cQ‡bi cv Øviv gvwUi Dci GKwU wZh©Kfv‡e ej cÖ‡qvM
Kiv nq| G n‡jv wµqv ej| wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i, gvwUi GB e‡ji
wecix‡Z GKwU mgvb cÖwZwµqv ej m„wó K‡i cv‡qi Dci wµqv K‡i| d‡j
wPÎ-3.15: gvwUi Dci nuvUv
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 56
 c`v_©weÁvb

gvbylwU iv¯Ívi Dci w`‡q fvimvg¨ †i‡L nuvU‡Z mÿg nq (wPÎ-3.15: gvwUi Dci nuvUv)|
Av‡ivnx †bŠKv n‡Z jvwd‡q Zx‡i bvg‡j
Av‡ivnx †bŠKv n‡Z jvwd‡q Zx‡i bvg‡j, †bŠKvwU †cQ‡b P‡j hvq| KviY
Av‡ivnx jvd †`evi mgq †bŠKvi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i d‡j †bŠKvwU wcQ‡b m‡i
hvq| †bŠKvwU wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i, Av‡ivnxi Dci GKwU mgvb I
wecixZgyLx ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i hv Av‡ivnx‡K mvg‡bi Zx‡ii w`‡K jvwd‡q co‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i (wPÎ-3.16: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î)| wPÎ-3.16: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î
3.3.2 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿb m~Î I msNl©
Conservation law of momentum and collision:
GKvwaK e¯‘i g‡a¨ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kvb ej bv _vK‡j †h †Kv‡bv
w`‡K Zv‡`i †gvU fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| GwU fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv ev
msiÿY m~Î|
moK `yN©Ubvi mKj NUbvB msNl© (wPÎ-3.17: msNl©)| gv‡e©j †Ljvi mgq
GKwU gv‡e©j‡K jÿ¨ K‡i Av‡iKwU gv‡e©j gviv nq| wØZxq gv‡e©jwU hw` cÖ_g
wPÎ-3.17: msNl©
gv‡e©jwU‡K AvNvZ K‡i, Z‡e G‡K `ywU gv‡e©‡ji g‡a¨ msNl© N‡U‡Q ejv hvq|
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~‡Îi e¨vL¨v: g‡b Kwi, m1 I m2 fiwewkó `yÕwU e¯‘ h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 †e‡M GKB mij‡iLv
eivei Pj‡Q (wPÎ-3.18 (K)| AZGe e¯‘ `yÕwUi fi‡eM h_vµ‡g m1u1 I m2u2 | Kv‡RB e¯‘ `yÕwUi Avw`
fi‡e‡Mi mgwó m1u1  m2u2 |
GLv‡b m1 Gi †eM m2 Gi †e‡Mi †P‡q †ewk n‡j †Kvb GKmgq m1 e¯‘wU m2 e¯‘wU‡K av°v w`‡e (wPÎ-3.18
(L)|
m1 e¯‘wU hw` m2 e¯‘wU‡K av°v †`q, Z‡e wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i m2 e¯‘wUI m1 e¯‘wU‡K mgvb I wecixZ
av°v cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| GLv‡b m1 e¯‘ m2 e¯‘i
Dci wµqv ej Ges m2 e¯‘ m1 e¯‘i Dci
cÖwZwµqv ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| awi, wµqv I
cÖwZwµqvi mgq t | msN‡l©i ci e¯‘ `yBwU
cwiewZ©Z †e‡M GKB mij‡iLvq Pj‡Z _vK‡e
(wPÎ-3.18 (M)| awi, wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi ci e¯‘
`yBwUi †eM v1 I v2 | AZGe, wµqv I
cÖwZwµqvi ci m1 Ges m2 e¯‘ `yÕwUi fi‡eM wPÎ-3.18 (K) wPÎ-3.18 (L) wPÎ-3.18 (M)
h_vµ‡g m1v1 I m2v2 n‡e| Kv‡RB wµqv I
cÖwZwµqvi ci e¯‘ `ywUi †gvU fi‡eM= m1v1  m2v2 |
wKš‘ fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Îvbymv‡i,
wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi c~‡e© †gvU fi‡eM=wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi c‡i †gvU fi‡eM,
 m1u1  m2u 2  m1v1  m2 v 2 ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (3.2)
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~‡Îi MvwYwZK cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, GKB mij‡iLvq Ges GKB w`‡K m1 Ges m2 fiwewkó `yÕwU
e¯‘ h_vµ‡g u1 Ges u2 Avw`‡e‡M Pj‡Q (wPÎ 3.18) GLv‡b m1 e¯‘wUi †eM u1, m2 e¯‘wUi †eM u2 Gi †P‡q
†ewk|
m1 Gi †eM †ewk nIqvq GwU hvÎvKv‡ji †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© m1 e¯‘wU wcQb n‡Z m2 e¯‘wU av°v w`‡e| d‡j e¯‘
`ywU GKB w`‡K mij c‡_ P‡j wµqv ev cÖwZwµqv Kvj t †Z h_vµ‡g v1 I v2 †eM cÖvß n‡e|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 57
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

m1 e¯‘wUi Avw` †eM = u1

m1 e¯‘wUi msN‡l©i c‡i †eM = v1
m1 e¯‘wUi †e‡Mi cwieZ©b = v1  u1
v u
m1 e¯‘wUi †e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi = 1 1
t
Avevi m2 e¯‘wUi Avw` †eM = u2
m2 e¯‘wUi msN‡l©i c‡i †eM = v2
m2 e¯‘wUi †e‡Mi cwieZ©b = v2  u2
v  u2
m2 e¯‘wUi †e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi = 2
t
wµqv I cÖwZwµqv e‡ji d‡j e¯‘ `yÕwUi Z¡iY hw` h_vµ‡g a1 I a2 n‡j, wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î Abyhvqx-
F1   F2
v1  u1 v  u2
ev, m1a1  m2 a2 ev, m1  m2 2 ev, m1v1  m1u1  m2v2  m2u2
t t
ev, m1u1  m2u2  m1v1  m2v2
wµqvi c~‡e© fi‡e‡Mi mgwó = wµqvi c‡i fi‡e‡Mi mgwó|
myZivs Dc‡ii mgxKiY †_‡K ejv hvq †h, GKvwaK e¯‘i wµqv I cÖwZwµqv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kvb ej KvR bv Ki‡j
wµqvi c~‡e©i fi‡e‡Mi mgwó Ges wµqvi c‡ii fi‡e‡Mi mgwó AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| BnvB fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.3| GKwU 10g f‡ii ¸wj 2kg f‡ii GKwU e›`y‡Ki bj n‡Z 300ms 1 †e‡M †ei n‡q
†Mj| e›`y‡Ki cðvr †eM wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: awi, ¸wji †e‡Mi w`K A_©vr m¤§yL w`K abvZ¥K|
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î n‡Z Avgiv cvB-
‡gvU Avw` fi‡eM = †gvU †kl fi‡eM,
GLv‡b,
m1u1  m2u2  m1v1  m2v2 ¸wji fi, m1  10 g  10  10 3
= 10 2 kg
ev, m2v2  m1u1  m2u2  m1v1 e›`y‡Ki fi, m 2  2kg
m1u1  m2u2  m1v1
ev, v2  ¸wji Avw`‡eM, u1  0
m2
e›`y‡Ki Avw`‡eM, u2  0
¸wji †kl †eM, v1  300ms 1
e›`y‡Ki, †kl‡eM, v2  ?
10 2 kg  0  2kg  0  10 2 kg  300ms 1 3kgms 1
= =   1.5ms 1
2kg 2kg
GLv‡b, e›`y‡Ki †eM FYvZ¥K A_©vr e›`yKwU wcQb w`‡K MwZkxj n‡e|
DËi: cðvr †eM = 1.5ms 1

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 58
 c`v_©weÁvb

MwYwZK D`vniY 3.4: 4kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘ 13ms 1 †e‡M mij‡iLvq PjšÍ Ae¯’vq 10ms 1 †e‡M GKB w`‡K
MwZkxj 2kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i mv‡_ GKmv‡_ wg‡j GKwU e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ n‡q, GKmv‡_ Pj‡Z _v‡K| wgwjZ
nIqvi ci Gi †eM KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î n‡Z Avgiv cvB-
‡gvU Avw` fi‡eM=‡gvU †kl fi‡eM
m1u1  m2 u 2  m1v1  m2 v 2 GLv‡b,
ev, m1u1  m2 u 2  m1v  m2 v cÖ_g e¯‘i fi, m1 = 4 kg
m1u1  m2u 2
ev, v  wØZxq e¯‘i fi, m2 = 2 kg
m1  m2
4 kg 13 ms 1  2 kg 10 ms 1
= cÖ_g e¯‘i Avw`‡eM, u1  13 ms 1
4  2 kg
52 kgms  20 kgms 1
1
= wØZxq e¯‘i Avw`‡eM, u 2  10 ms 1
6 kg
72 kgms 1
=  12 ms 1 cÖ_g e¯‘i †kl‡eM, v1  v
6 kg
wØZxq e¯‘i †kl‡eM, v2  v
wgwjZ e¯‘i †kl‡eM, v  ?
D: wgwjZ nIqvi ci †eM n‡e 12 ms 1

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
 wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î (Newton's third law) : cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU mgvb Ges wecixZ gyLx cÖwZwµqv
Av‡Q|
 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î (Conservation law of motion) : GKvwaK e¯‘i g‡a¨ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv wfbœ Ab¨
†Kv‡bv ej bv _vK‡j, †h †Kv‡bv w`‡K Zv‡`i †gvU fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| GwU fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv
ev msiÿY m~Î|
 msNl© (Collision) : †Kv‡bv GKwU MwZkxi e¯‘ hLb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv GKwU MwZkxj e¯‘‡K av°v †`q, ZLb e¯‘
`yÕwUi g‡a¨ msNl© n‡q‡Q ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| wb‡Pi †Kvb welqwU wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq?
K) RoZv L) ej
M) fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î N) kw³

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 59
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.4 Nl©Y
Friction
D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

 wewfbœ cÖKvi Nl©Y I Nl©Y ej e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¯‘i MwZi Dci Nl©‡Yi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Nl©Y n«vm-e„w× Kivi Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Nl©Y GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxh Dc`ªe-e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3.4.1. Nl©Y I Nl©Y ej

Friction and force of friction
Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡qB Avgiv Nl©Y ev Nl©Y e‡ji gy‡LvgywL nB| wKš‘ G AwfÁZv‡K nqZ Avgiv
A‡b‡KB c`v_©weÁv‡bi fvlvq Rvwb bv, AvR Avgiv cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ wgwj‡q Nl©Y I Nl©Y e‡ji mv‡_
cwiwPZ ne|
wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb †h, †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci evwn¨K †Kv‡bv ej wµqv bv Ki‡j, w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i
_vK‡e| MwZkxj e¯‘ mg‡eM mijc‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Avgiv wK †`L‡Z cvB? GKwU †Ljbv †gvUi‡K
†g‡Si Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q w`b| †LjbvwU‡K hLb †g‡Si Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q †`qv nq, ZLb Gi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq| d‡j †LjbvwU †g‡Si Dci MwZkxj nq| wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Îvbymv‡i, †LjbvwU †g‡Si Dci mg‡e‡M MwZkxj
_vKvi K_v| wKš‘ ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, †LjbvwU wKQz`~i hvIqvi ci †_‡g †M‡Q| †g‡Si mv‡_ †LjbvwUi
cvi¯úwiK Nl©‡Yi d‡j †LjbvwU wKQz `~i hvIqvi ci †_‡g hvq| †LjbvwU hLb †g‡Si Dci MwZkxj _v‡K, ZLb
†Ljbv I †g‡Si cvi¯úwiK Nl©‡bi d‡j GKwU Nl©Y e‡ji DrcwË nq| G Nl©Y ej MwZi wecixZ w`‡K wµqv K‡i
Ges †Ljbvi MwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| hw` †Ljbv Ges gv‡e©‡ji g‡a¨ Nl©Y ej wµqv bv KiZ Z‡e †LjbvwU mg‡e‡M
Aweivg Pj‡Z _vKZ|
`ywU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K hw` GKwU Dci w`‡q AciwU Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i, Z‡e e¯‘ `yÕwUi ¯úk©Z‡j GKwU
evavi DrcwË m„wó nh, G evav‡K Nl©Y e‡j| Avi †h ej MwZkxj e¯‘wUi MwZi c‡_ evav m„wó K‡i, Zv‡K Nl©Y ej
e‡j|

3.4.4 Nl©‡Yi DrcwË

Production of friction
Avgiv Rvwb †h, hLb GKwU e¯‘i Zj Aci e¯‘i Z‡ji Dci w`‡q MwZkxj nq| ZLb cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘ G‡K Ac‡ii
Dci Nl©Y ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GLb G Nl©Y e‡ji DrcwË nq wKfv‡e? cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘iB Zj i‡q‡Q| Lvwj †Pv‡L G
Zj¸‡jv‡K hZB gm„Y †`LvK bv †Kb, †Kvb e¯‘B m¤ú~b© gm„Y n‡Z cv‡i bv| AbyexÿY h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †`L‡j Gi
DuPz wbPz LuvR¸wj †`Lv hvq| d‡j hLb GKwU e¯‘ Aci e¯‘i Dci w`‡q Pjvi †Póv K‡i ZLb e¯‘ `ywUi LuvR¸‡jv
G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AvU‡K hvq| d‡j GKwU Z‡ji Dci w`‡q Aci Z‡ji MwZ evavcÖvß nq| e¯‘¸wji Zj hZ
Agm„Y n‡e A_©vr Z‡ji DPz wbPz LuvR hZ †ewk Ges Mfxi n‡e, GK Z‡ji Dci w`‡q Aci Zj Pjvi mgq ZZ
†ewk evavMÖ¯Í n‡e| d‡j Nl©Y e‡ji gvbI †e‡o hv‡e| ¯úk©Z‡ji ga¨Kvi G evav‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cvi‡j Z‡eB
e¯‘wU MwZkxj n‡e| Nl©‡bi d‡j Z‡ji Dci w`‡q Pjgvb e¯‘wUi MwZ evavcÖvß nq Ges Ae‡k‡l †_‡g hvq|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 60
 c`v_©weÁvb

3.4.3 Nl©‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of friction
Nl©Y mvaviYZ Pvi cÖKvi nq-
1. w¯’wZ Nl©Y (Static friction)
2. Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y (Sliding friction)
3. AveZ© Nl©Y (Rolling friction) Ges
4. cÖevnx Nl©Y (Fluid friction)

w¯’wZ Nl©Y
`ywU e¯‘i Zj ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K GKwUi mv‡c‡ÿ AciwU MwZkxj bv n‡j, G‡`i wgjb Z‡j †h Nl©‡Yi m„wó
nq, Zv‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y e‡j|
†Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Kivi c‡iI hw` e¯‘wU MwZkxj bv nq ZLb w¯’wZ
Nl©Y KvR K‡i| †hgb GKwU fvix ev·‡K ej cÖ‡qvM Kivi ciI hw` GwU ¯’vb
cwieZ©b bv K‡i A_©vr MwZkxj bv n‡j †h Nl©Y e‡ji DrcwË nq, Zv‡K w¯’wZ
Nl©Y ej e‡j, Avi G evav‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y e‡j (wPÎ- 3.19: w¯’wZ Nl©Y)| AZGe
`yÕwU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© _vKv Ae¯’vq ej cÖ‡qv‡M GKwU‡K AciwUi Dci
MwZkxj Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡j, GKwU e¯‘ Aci GKwU e¯‘i Dci w`‡q MwZkxj
nIqvi c~e© gyn~Z© ch©šÍ †h Nl©Y ej wµqv K‡i Zv‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y e‡j| wPÎ- 3.19: w¯’wZ Nl©Y

Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y:
hLb GKwU e¯‘ Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘i Z‡ji Dci w`‡q wcQwj‡q ev †N‡l P‡j
ev Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i (wPÎ- 3.20: Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©b), ZLb MwZi
weiæ‡× †h Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq Zv‡K Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y e‡j| Mvwo iv¯Ívi
Dci w`‡q Pjvi mgq nvW© †eªK Ki‡j, nvW© †eªK Kivi ciI MvwowU
wKQz`~i GwM‡q hvIqvi ci ev wKQzUv `~iZ¡ AwZµg Kivi ci _v‡g| A_©vr
MvwoUv wcQwj‡q wKQz`~i AwZµg K‡i| wcw”Qj iv¯Ívi Dci w`‡q Pjvi
mgq A‡bK mgq Avgiv LvwbKUv `~iZ¡ AwZµg Kivi ci c‡o hvB Ges
ewj wcQ‡j c‡o †MwQ| Dc‡ii `yÕwU NUbvB Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©‡Yi wPÎ- 3.20: Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y
D`vniY|

AveZ© Nl©Y:
hLb GKwU e¯‘ Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘i Z‡ji Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q P‡j ZLb MwZi weiæ‡× †h
Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq Zv‡K AveZ© Nl©Y e‡j| AvaywbK mKj myU‡K‡m ev jv‡M‡R PvKv
jvMv‡bv _v‡K| PvKv jvMv‡bvi d‡j myU‡Km ev jv‡MR‡K mn‡R Avgiv PvKvi mvnv‡h¨
†g‡Si Dci w`‡q GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b wb‡Z cvwi (wPÎ- 3.21: AveZ© Nl©b)| PvKv
bv jvMv‡bv _vK‡j myU‡Km ev jv‡MR‡K GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b †bqv Kómva¨ n‡q
†hZ| G NUbv †_‡K †evSv hvq, wcQjv‡bv Nl©‡bi Rb¨ †h ej MwZi weiæ‡× m„wó nq
Zvi gvb AveZ© Nl©‡Yi Rb¨ m„ó e‡ji gv‡bi †P‡q †ewk| mvB‡K‡ji PvKvi MwZ, PvKv
gv‡e©‡ji MwZ AveZ© Nl©‡Yi D`vniY| wPÎ- 3.21: AveZ© Nl©Y

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 61
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖevnx Nl©Y
hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †h‡Kv‡bv cÖevnx c`v_© †hgb- Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ cÖevwnZ nq ev MwZkxj _v‡K ev hLb
†Kv‡bv Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i MwZc‡_ †Kv‡bv w¯’i e¯‘ ivLv nq, ZLb Df‡qi g‡a¨ †h Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq Zv‡K
cÖevnx Nl©Y e‡j|
RvnvR cvwb‡Z Pjvi mgq GKwU evav AwZµg K‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q
hvq, Avevi cyKz‡i muvZvi KvUvi mgq cyKz‡ii cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU
evav‡K AwZµg K‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K G¸‡Z nq (wPÎ- 3.22: cÖevnx
Nl©Y)| Avi G evavB cÖevnx Nl©Y|
e„wói cvwb evZv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q covi mgq cÖevnx Nl©‡Yi DrcwË nq| wPÎ- 3.22: cÖevnx Nl©Y

3.4.4 Nl©‡Yi n«vm e„w×

Increase and decrease of friction
‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv bvbv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Nl©‡Yi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nB| Nl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y Avgiv bvbv iKg myweav
Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nB| G mKj Amyweav‡K Nl©Y evwo‡q ev Kwg‡q `~i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GLb Avgiv Nl©Y‡K
Kxfv‡e n«vm I e„w× Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
Nl©‡Yi n«vm
Decrease of friction
Zj‡K gm„Y Kiv
GKwU fvix e¯‘‡K †U‡b GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †bqv Kómva¨| fvix e¯‘wUi ¯úk©Zj hw` Agm„Y nq Z‡e †g‡Si
Dci w`‡q Uvbvi mgq Nl©‡Yi cwigvY †ewk n‡e| Kv‡RB e¯‘wU‡K GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wb‡Z cwikÖg †ewk
Ki‡Z n‡e| fvix e¯‘wUi Zj‡K gm„Y Ki‡j Nl©‡Yi cwigvY n«vm cv‡e Ges A‡c¶vK…Z Kg cwikÖ‡g e¯‘wU‡K
GK¯’vb †_‡K ¯’v‡b †bqv hv‡e|
PvKvi e¨envi
wewfbœ e¯‘‡K GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †bqv ev wewfbœ e¯‘i GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b hvIqvi †ÿ‡Î PvKvi e¨venvi
AZ¨vek¨Kxq| PvKv e¨envi bv Ki‡j evm, UªvKmn wewfbœ hš¿cvwZi Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e wQj bv| PvKvi Zj iv¯Ívi Dci
w`‡q Mwo‡q Pjvi Kvi‡Y GwU wcQwj‡q iv¯Ívi Dci w`‡q Pjvi †P‡q A‡bK Nl©Y e‡ji cwigvY bvwg‡q Av‡b| PvKv
jvMv‡bvi d‡j AveZ© Nl©‡Yi gvb wcQjv‡bv Nl©‡Yi Zzjbvq A‡bK K‡g hvq| myU‡K‡m PvKv jvMv‡bvi Kvi‡Y GwU
Uvbv mnRZi nq|
wcw”QjKvix c`v‡_©i e¨envi
wcw”QjKvix c`v_© †hgb †Zj, gwej, wMÖR RvZxq c`v_© `ywU e¯‘i Z‡ji ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b e¨envi K‡i Nl©‡bi cwigvb
n«vm Kiv hvq| G mKj wcw”QjKvix c`v_© wewfbœ Bwćbi hš¿vs‡ki g‡a¨ e¨venvi K‡i Nl©‡Yi cwigvY n«vm Kiv
nq| Kv‡RB BwÄbwU my›`ifv‡e P‡j| †mjvB †gwk‡b †Zj e¨envi Kiv nq hv‡Z GwU A‡cÿvK…Z Kg cwikÖ‡g
Pvjbv Kiv hvq|
ej-‡eqvwis -Gi e¨envi
ej-‡eqvwis-Gi Avwe®‹vi PvKvi Avwe®‹v‡ii gZB hš¿cvwZi mPjZvi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| wewfbœ h‡š¿i hš¿vs‡ki ms¯ú‡k© _vKv MwZkxj `yÕwU Z‡ji g‡a¨ mivmwi
Nl©Y A_©vr wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y Gov‡bvi Rb¨ ej-‡eqvwis e¨envi Kiv nq (wPÎ-3.23:
†eqvwis)| Kv‡RB ej †eqvwis Gi e¨envi wcQjv‡bv Nl©‡Yi cwie‡Z© AveZ© Nl©‡Yi m„wó
K‡i| d‡j Nl©‡Yi cwigvY n«vm cvq| ej-‡eqvwis-Gi e¨env‡ii D`vniY n‡jv Mvwoi wPÎ-3.23: †eqvwis
PvKv, mvB‡Kj Ges ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 62
 c`v_©weÁvb

Nl©‡Yi e„w×:
iv¯Ívi gm„YZv n«vm
wcw”Qj ev K`©gv¯Í iv¯Ívq UªvK ev evm Pj‡Z Amyweav nq Ges A‡bK mgq GK ¯’v‡b AvU‡K hvq| wcw”Qj ev
K`©gv³ iv¯Ívq PvKvi mv‡_ iv¯Ívi Z‡ji Nl©‡Yi cwigvY Kg nq| K`©gv³ iv¯Ívq DuPz wbPz LuvR bv _vKvq PvKvwUi
iv¯ÍvwU‡K AuvK‡o a‡i mvg‡b G‡Mv‡Z Amyweav nq| G Kvi‡Y Mvwoi Uvqvi‡K Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq †hb GwU
Pjvi mgq iv¯Ív‡K fv‡jvfv‡e AvK‡o a‡i iv‡L Ges mvg‡b G‡Mv‡bvi Rb¨ cwigvYg‡Zv Nl©Y ej m„wó K‡i|
UvqviwUi Dc‡ii c„‡ô wewfbœ ai‡bi LuvR KvUv ev `uvZ _v‡K| Gfv‡e Uvqv‡ii Zj‡K Agm„Y Kivi gva¨‡g Nl©Y‡K
evov‡bv nq|

RyZvi wb‡P LuvR KvUv

wbivc‡` nuvUvi Rb¨ Nl©Y LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| RyZv Ggbfv‡e ˆZix Kiv nq †hb Gi Zj‡`k †XD †Ljv‡bv ev LuvR KvUv
_v‡K| Gi d‡j RyZvi LvR¸‡jv iv¯Ív‡K AvK‡o a‡i Ges cwigvY g‡Zv Nl©Y ej m„wó K‡i| RyZv I iv¯Ívi g‡a¨
Nl©Y ej evov‡bvi Rb¨ RyZvi Giƒc wWRvBb Kiv nq| RyZv cyi‡bv n‡j LuvR¸‡jv A‡bKvs‡k mgZj n‡q hvq| G
mgq wcw”Qj ev †fRv iv¯Ívq RyZv cv‡q PjvPj KóKi nq| Avgv‡`i cv‡qi ZjvI mgZj bq|

3.4.5. Nl©Y : GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe

Friction : a necessary disturbance
Nl©‡Yi d‡j Avgiv Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Û Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nB| wKš‘ Nl©Y Qvov Avgv‡`i
Rxe‡bi Kg©KvÛ ¯’wei n‡q co‡Zv|
Nl©‡Yi d‡j Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi A‡bK Kg©KvÛB Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡jI, GwU Qvov Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b
Rxeb ¯’wei| Nl©Y Qvov †h †Kv‡bv e¯‘B nq Awiivg Pj‡Zv A_ev Pj‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| Nl©Y Qvov Av¸b R¡j‡Zv bv|
Av¸b Qvov ivbœvmn ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi A‡bK KvRB Am¤¢e| Nl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y cvKv `vjvb I evwoNi wbg©vb Kiv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q| RyZv I iv¯Ívi g‡a¨ Nl©‡bi d‡j Avgiv nuvUvPjv Ki‡Z cvwi| Nl©‡Yi Rb¨ Avgiv Mvwoi MwZ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z
cvwi| Nl©‡Yi Rb¨ Avgiv KvM‡R wjL‡Z cvwi|
Nl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y Avgiv A‡bK Amyweavi m¤§yLwb nB| wewfbœ h‡š¿i, hš¿vs‡ki g‡a¨ µgvMZ Nl©‡bi d‡j h‡š¿i
Avqy®‹vj K‡g hvq| †h †Kvb ai‡bi R¡vjvwb PvwjZ hvbevnb‡K AwZwi³ Nl©Y AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡j R¡vjvwb kw³i
AcPq nq| Avgiv gvbyl PvwjZ hvbevn‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwZwi³ cwikÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq hvbevnbwU‡K PvwjZ Ki‡Z|
Nl©‡Yi d‡j wewfbœ wRwblcÎ ÿqcÖvß nq| d‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Rxeb hvc‡bi †ÿ‡Î ‡hgb Nl©‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb
AZ¨vek¨Kxq †Zgwb AwZwi³ Nl©‡Yi AwfÁZv d‡j Avgiv wKQz Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nB| G Kvi‡YB Nl©Y‡K ejv nq
GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
 Nl©Y I Nl©Y ej: `yÕwU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K hw` GKwUi Dci w`‡q AciwU Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i, Z‡e e¯‘
`yÕwUi ¯úk© Z‡j GKwU evavi m„wó nq| G evav‡K Nl©Y e‡j| Avi †h ej MwZkxj e¯‘wUi MwZi c‡_ evav m„wó
K‡i, Zv‡K Nl©Y ej e‡j|
 Nl©Y mvavibZ Pvi cÖKvi-
1. w¯’wZ Nl©Y (Static friction)
2. Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y (Sliding friction)
3. AveZ© Nl©Y (Rolling friction)
4. cÖevnx Nl©Y (Fluid friction)

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 63
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| myU‡Km ev jv‡MR‡K †g‡Si Dci w`‡q GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wb‡Z †h Nl©‡bi m„wó nq Zv‡K e‡jÑ
K) cÖevnx Nl©Y L) AveZ© Nl©Y
M) w¯’wZ Nl©Y N) wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y
2| Avgiv hLb evqy, cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q PjvPj Kwi, ZLb †Kvb Nl©‡bi m„wó nq?
K) w¯’wZ Nl©Y L) Pj Nl©Y
M) cÖevnx Nl©Y N) AveZ© Nl©Y

cvV-3.5 wbivc` ågY (Safe Journey)

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

 wbivc` åg‡Yi †ÿ‡Î MwZ I e‡ji cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbivc` åg‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Nl©‡bi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbivc` åg‡Yi †ÿ‡Î UªvwdK AvBb †g‡b Pjvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.5.1. wbivc` ågb t MwZ I ej
Safe journey : force and motion
ˆ`bw›`b wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ågY Kwi| G ågY Avgiv wewfbœ hvbevn‡bi
gva¨‡g Kwi| mvaviYZ: mvB‡Kj, †gvUi mvB‡Kj, wi·v, cÖvB‡fU Mvwo, evm, jwi, UªvK, †Uªb BZ¨vw` hvbevn‡b
Avgv‡`i †`‡k hvÎxiv hvZvqvZ K‡ib, gvjvgvj cwienb K‡i| Gme hvbevnb Pjvi mgq Gi MwZ g~L¨ f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i| wbivc‡` åg‡Yi Rb¨ Mvwoi MwZ wbqš¿Y Riæix| Mvwoi MwZ Ggb nIqv DwPr †hb PvjK †h †Kv‡bv
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Mvwo‡K wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z cv‡ib| KviY Mvwoi MwZ A_©vr †eM wظY n‡j Gi fi‡eM c~‡e©i Zzjbvq wظY
nq| †eM wZb¸Y, Pvi¸Y n‡j Gi fi‡eM h_vµ‡g wZb¸Y I Pvi¸Y nq| d‡j Mvwoi Pvj‡Ki c‡ÿ †eM Kgv‡bv
ev wbqš¿Y KwVb n‡q c‡o Ges fqven `yN©Ubv N‡U|
Mvwoi PvjK‡K ågY ïiæ Kivi c~‡e©B Mvwo fv‡jvfv‡e cixÿv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Mvwoi †eªK, Mvwoi Uvqvi, Mvwoi
BwÄb, Mvwoi nb©, Mvwoi mKj evwZ wVKg‡Zv KvR K‡i wKbv cixÿv K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| Mvwoi `c©Y¸‡jv‡K
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx euvwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
Mvwoi PvjK Ges Av‡ivnx Dfq‡KB wmU †eë Aek¨B †eu‡a †bIqv DwPr| wmU †eë bv euva‡j, Mvwo nvW© †eªK
Ki‡j `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
Mvwo m¤ú‡K© c~e© AwfÁZv Qvov †Kvb PvjK ivLv wVK bv ev c~e© AwfÁZv Qvov Pvj‡KiI Mvwo Pvjv‡bv DwPr bv|
G‡Z Mvwoi, Mvwoi PvjK wb‡R Ges hvÎxiv gvivZ¥K `yN©Ubvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i|
Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi mgq Aek¨B UªvwdK AvBb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| †gvo †Nvivi mgq mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
A‡bK mgq 900 †Kv‡Y euvK wb‡Z nq| G euvK †bqvi mgq Mvwo PvjK‡K h‡_ó mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPr|
`c©‡bi w`‡K ZvwK‡q euv‡Ki Av‡k cv‡ki `„k¨ †`Lv †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| Zvn‡j wbivc‡` euvK †Nviv m¤¢e| UªvwdK mvBb

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 64
 c`v_©weÁvb

Ges UªvwdK AvBb †g‡b Pjv Mvwo Pvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡| cÖvB‡fU Mvwoi †ÿ‡Î Mvwoi gvwj‡KiI UªvwdK AvBb m¤ú‡K©
AeMZ nIqv DwPr| Mvwo Pvjbvi mgq Mvwo PvjK‡K Mvwo Pvjbvi †ÿ‡Î m¤ú~Y©iæ‡c g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G
e¨vcv‡i Mvwoi hvÎx‡`iI Mvwoi PvjK‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

3.5.2. MwZi Dci Nl©‡bi cÖfve

Effect of friction on motion
e¯‘i MwZ Ges Nl©Y GKmv‡_ hy³ n‡h e¯‘i Pjvi cÖK…Z MwZ wba©viY K‡i| Nl©Y n‡jv
GK ai‡bi evav`vbKvix ej, hv e¯‘i MwZ Kwg‡q †`q| hvbevnb Pvjbv Ges Avgv‡`i
PjvP‡ji †ÿ‡Î Nl©‡Yi f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| PjvPj Ges hvbevnb Pvjbvi †ÿ‡Î Nl©Y
wKfv‡e cÖfve †d‡j Zv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
Uvqv‡ii c„ô
e¯‘i MwZ wbf©i K‡i Uvqvi c„‡ôi gm„YZvi Dci| Mvwoi Uvqvi Ges iv¯Ívi g‡a¨ Nl©‡Yi
Kvi‡YB Mvwo iv¯Ívi Dci w`‡q PjvPj K‡i| Nl©Y bv _vK‡j Mvwo PjvPj Ki‡Z cviZ wPÎ-3.24: Uvqvi
bv| Nl©Y e‡ji gvb wbf©i K‡i Uvqvi-Gi c„ô Ges iv¯Ívi Z‡ji gm„YZvi Dci| Mvwoi
IR‡bi DciI Nl©‡Yi gvb wbf©i K‡i| Mvwoi Uvqv‡ii Dc‡ii c„‡ô wewfbœ ai‡bi bKkvi `uvZ ev LuvR KvUv _v‡K
(wPÎ-3.24: Uvqvi)| `uvZ ev LuvR _vKvi Kvi‡Y Uvqv‡ii Dc‡ii c„ô gm„Y bv n‡q DuPz wbPz nq| bZzb Ae¯’vq
Uvqv‡ii `uvZ ev LuvR¸‡jv cÖKU _v‡K Ab¨w`‡K Uvqvi hZ e¨envi Kiv nq, iv¯Ív I Uvqv‡ii Nl©‡Yi d‡j `uvZ ev
LuvR¸‡jvi cÖKUZv K‡g hvq| d‡j bZzb Ae¯’vq Uvqvi I iv¯Ívi g‡a¨ Nl©Y ej m‡e©v”P nq Ges MwZ Pvj‡Ki
wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K| cyivZb Ae¯’vq Uvqvi Ges iv¯Ívi g‡a¨ Nl©Y ej K‡g hvq| d‡j PvjK †eªK Ki‡jI Nl©Y Kg
_vKvq cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Mvwo wVK RvqMvq wVK mg‡q bvI _vg‡Z cv‡i| GKvi‡YB Mvwoi Uvqvi cyivZb nIqvi
Av‡M cwieZ©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

iv¯Ívi gm„YZv
e¯‘i MwZ iv¯Ívi gm„YZvi DciI wbf©i K‡i| iv¯Ív gm„Y n‡j hvbevnb PjvPj A‡bK mnRZi nq Ges Ab¨w`‡K
hvÎx‡`i ågY A‡bK Avivg`vqK nq| Nl©Y e‡ji gvb Uvqvi Ges iv¯Ív Df‡qiB gm„YZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
Nl©Y e‡ji gvb A‡bK K‡g †M‡j bvbv ai‡bi Amyweavi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- iv¯Ív hw` AwaKZi gm„Y nq Z‡e
_vgvi cÖ‡qvR‡b †eªK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡jI A‡bK mgq Mvwo‡K wVK RvqMvq _vgv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j wec‡`i AvksKv
_v‡K| ZvB iv¯Ív‡K Lye †ewk gm„Y Kiv wVK bq| iv¯Ívi gm„YZv Ggb nIqv DwPr hv cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY Nl©Y ej
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
MwZ wbqš¿Y Ges †eªwKs ej
†eªK Kivi gva¨‡g hvbevn‡bi MwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| GwU Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v hvi mvnv‡h¨ PvKvi N~Y©b‡K cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx Kwg‡q Nl©‡Yi cwigvY e„w× K‡i Mvwoi MwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| Mvwo _vgv‡bvi Rb¨ †eªK e¨envi Kiv nq|
Mvwoi mvg‡bi PvKvi avZe PvKwZ‡K †ivUvi Avi wcQ‡bi PvKvi avZe PvKwZ‡K Wªvg e‡j| †eªK †c‡W‡j hLb ej
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv wewfbœ e¨ve¯’vcbvi ga¨ w`‡q †eªK c¨vW‡K wùZ K‡i N~Y©vqgvb †ivUv‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Av‡b Ges
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Nl©Y m„wó K‡i †ivUv‡ii MwZ Kwg‡q Av‡b Ges †ivUvi‡K m¤ú~Y©iæ‡c _vwg‡q †`q|
Acic‡ÿ wcQ‡bi PvKvi †ÿ‡Î †eªK my avZe PvKwZi mv‡_ Nl©Y ˆZix K‡i PvKvi MvwZ‡K Kwg‡q †`q|
Gfv‡e †eªK †c‡W‡j ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Mvwoi †eM n«vm Kiv nq|

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GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.6 e¨envwiK-6 : †Kv‡bv e¯‘i IRb wbY©q

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

 w¯úªs wbw³ ev mvavib cvjøv e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv e¯‘i IRb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
m~Î: Avgiv Rvwb, †Kvb e¯‘i Dci F ej wµqv Ki‡j Ges F ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j a Z¡ib m„wó n‡j,
F=ma m~ÎwU cÖwZcv`b Kiv hvq| GLv‡b m e¯‘i fi| AwfKl© e‡ji †ÿ‡Î e¯‘i Z¡iY a †K g Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv hvq| myZivs e¯‘i IRb, W=mg wjLv hvq hv AwfKl© ej‡K cÖKvk K‡i| GLv‡b e‡ji
D`vniY wn‡m‡e e¯‘i IRb wbY©q Kie|

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ: w¯úªs wbw³, e¯‘|

wb¤œwjwLZ Kv‡Ri aviv AbymiY K‡i e¯‘i IRb Z_v AwfKl© ej cwigvc Kiv hvq|
1. wbDUb GK‡K `vMvw¼Z GKwU w¯úªs wbw³ †`qv‡j Szwj‡q wbb|
2. GLb w¯úªs Gi wb‡P †h ûK Av‡Q Zvi mv‡_ e¯‘wU‡K Szwj‡q w`b|
3. w¯úªs wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ hy³ †¯‹‡ji †_‡K e¯‘i IRb Z_v AwfK‡l©i cvV †iKW© Kiæb Ges LvZvq wb‡Pi Q‡Ki
gZ QK †K‡U gvb emvb|
4. 3bs cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i GKBfv‡e K‡qKevi e¯‘i IRb wbY©q Kiæb Ges Q‡K emvb|
5. Gevi e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ Mo ej ev IRb wbY©q Kiæb|
µwgK msL¨v e¯‘i IRb Mo IRb (wbDUb)
(wbDUb)
1
2
3
4
5
GLb GB e¯‘i cwie‡Z© wewfbœ e¯‘ wb‡q GKB c×wZ‡Z cixÿY mgvß K‡i, IRb wbY©q Kiæb|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-3
K. mvavib wbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki †h mKj e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvB, mK‡jB wbR Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡Z Pvq- wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~Î GwU
e¨vL¨v K‡i?
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi gnvKl© m~Î
(M) wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (N) wbDU‡bi AwfKl© m~Î
2| wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wewfbœ f‡ii e¯‘i Dci e‡ji cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi?
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxh m~Î

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 66
 c`v_©weÁvb

(M) wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (N) wbDU‡bi gnvKl© m~Î

3| evBmvB‡K‡ji MwZ wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq?
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î
(M) wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (N) wbDU‡bi gnvKl© m~Î
4| ej †Rvovq †Rvovq wµqv K‡i- wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~Î e¨vL¨v K‡i?
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î
(M) wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (N) †KvbwUB bq
5| evwni n‡Z ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j, MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj mg‡eM mij‡iLvq Pj‡Z Pvq- wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq?
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î
(M) wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxh m~Î (N) wbDU‡bi AwfKl© m~Î
6| †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq †h, mgvb `~iZ¡ AwZµ‡gi Rb¨ †ewk f‡ii e¯‘i Dci Kg f‡ii e¯‘i
†P‡q †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î
(M) wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (N) fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zvi m~Î

L. eûc`x eû wbe©vPbx mgvwß m~PK cÖkœ:

1| wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Îvbymv‡i-
i. w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq|
ii. MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq|
iii. w¯’i e¯‘ MwZkxj n‡Z Pvq|
mwVK DËi †KvbwU?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| RoZvi Kvi‡Y-
i. w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq|
ii. MwZkxi e¯‘ wPiKvj MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq|
iii. MwZkxj e¯‘ w¯’i n‡Z Pvq|
mwVK DËi †KvbwU?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| ej cÖ‡qv‡M wb‡Pi †Kvb NUbvwU NU‡Z cv‡i-
i. w¯’wZkxj e¯‘ MwZkxj n‡Z cv‡i
ii. MwZkxj e¯‘i †eM e„w× n‡Z cv‡i
iii. MwZkxj e¯‘i †eM n«vm n‡Z cv‡i
iv. MwZkxj e¯‘i †e‡Mi w`K cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i
mwVK DËi †KvbwU?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) iii I iv (N) i, ii, iii I iv
4| wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq-
i. gvwUi Dci nvUv
ii. c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K Nyi‡Q, Nyi‡Q †Zv Nyi‡QB

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 67
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

iii. Av‡ivnx †bŠKv †_‡K jvwd‡q Zx‡i bvg‡j

mwVK DËi †KvbwU?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
5| Nl©‡bi DrcwË nq-
i. Puv` c„w_exi Pviw`‡K †Nvivi d‡j
ii. PvKv jvMv‡bv jv‡MR GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b †bqvi d‡j|
iii. cyKz‡ii cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q muvZvi †K‡U mvg‡bi w`‡K G‡Mv‡bvi d‡j
mwVK DËi †KvbwU?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

M. Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK cÖkœ

wb‡Pi Z_¨¸wj co–b Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi mwVK DËiwU‡Z wUK w`b|
Pqb Zvi cwiev‡ii mv‡_ wZbw`‡bi Rb¨ †eov‡Z wM‡qwQj| Pqb beg †kÖYx‡Z c‡o| MÖx‡®§i QzwU Pj‡Q| AvR †m
Zvi cwiev‡ii mv‡_ wZbw`b evwn‡i _vKvi ci evmvq wdij| evmvq †divi ci Avevi Zuv‡`i Kg©e¨¯Í Rxeb ïiæ|
evev h_vixwZ †fv‡i wd‡iB GKUz wekÖvg wb‡q mKv‡j Awd‡m P‡j wM‡q‡Q| Pq‡bi gv I †ckvq GKRb ¯‹zj
wkÿK| wKš‘ AvR Zuvi ¯‹zj eÜ| wZwb msmv‡ii Kv‡R e¨¯Í| Pqb gv‡K msmv‡ii Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| Pq‡bi ¯‹zj
AvMvgxKvj Lyj‡e|
Pq‡bi gv mKj wRwblcÎ mwi‡q Zv‡`i Nievwo cwi®‹vi Ki‡Q| Pqb jÿ¨ Kij, mKj wRwblcÎ †eov‡Z hvevi
Av‡M †h ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i‡Q †m Ae¯’v‡bB i‡q‡Q| Pq‡bi gv A‡cÿvK…Z Kg f‡ii wRwbmcÎ wb‡RB mwi‡q
cwi®‹vi Ki‡Qb| KviY G‡Z Kg ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡”Q| wKš‘ eyK †mjdwU wZwb †kl ch©šÍ GKv miv‡Z cvi‡jb
bv| KviY eyK †mjdwUi fi Ab¨vb¨ wRwblc‡Îi f‡ii †P‡q †ewk| Pqb Ges Zvi gv GKmv‡_ A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk
ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i eyK‡mjdwU miv‡jb| ej cÖ‡qvM Kivi Av‡M †Kvb wRwblcÎB wbR †_‡K Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡iwb|
Phb AviI jÿ¨ Ki‡jv †h, Zvi gv‡qi N‡i †h, †Wªwms †Uwej Avi †Wªwms †Uwe‡ji mv‡gb emvi Uzj i‡q‡Q| G
`yÕwU‡K GKB `~i‡Z¡ miv‡Z †ewk f‡ii †Wªwms †Uwe‡j †ewk †Rv‡i av°v w`‡Z n‡”Q A_©vr Uzj miv‡Z †h ej cÖ‡ qvM
Ki‡Z n‡”Q †Wªwms †Uwej miv‡Z Zvi †P‡q †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡”Q|
Pqb nVvr Zvi †QvU fvB Aq‡bi wLj wLj nvwmi kã ïb‡Z †cj| †`Lj Zvi †QvU fvB Aqb GKwU wcs cs ej
wb‡q †Lj‡Q| hZeviB ejwU gvwUi w`‡K Qzo‡Q ZZeviB ejwU wecixZgyLx n‡q Aq‡bi nv‡Z †cŠQv‡”Q|

1| mKj wRwblcÎ †h ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i‡Q, †m Ae¯’v‡bB i‡q‡Q| Z_¨wU wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq?
(K) cÖ_g m~Î (L) wØZxq myÎ
(M) Z…Zxq m~Î (N) Nl©‡Yi m~Î
2| eyK †mjdwU Pq‡bi gv †kl ch©šÍ GKv miv‡Z cvi‡jbv| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi Nl©‡bi DrcwË n‡qwQj?
(K) w¯’wZ Nl©Y (L) Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y
(M) AveZ© Nl©Y (N) cÖevnx Nl©Y
3| Pqb jÿ¨ Ki‡jv †h, †Wªwms †Uwej Ges UzjwU‡K GKB `~iZ¡ miv‡Z †Wªwms †Uwej‡K †ewk †Rv‡i av°v w`‡Z
n‡”Q Uz‡ji Zzjbvq| NUbvwU wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq?
(K) cÖ_g m~Î (L) wØZxq m~Î
(M) Z…Zxq m~Î (N) gnvKl© m~Î

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 68
 c`v_©weÁvb

4| Aqb hZeviB ejwU gvwUi w`‡K Qzo‡Q ZZeviB ejwU wecixZgyLx n‡q Aq‡bi nv‡Z †cuŠQv‡”Q| wbDU‡bi †Kvb
m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GwUi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e?
(K) cÖ_g m~Î (L) wØZxq m~Î
(M) Z…Zxq m~Î (N) gnvKl© m~Î

N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Pqb I Aqb `yÕfvB| Pqb beg †kÖYx‡Z c‡o Avi Aqb PZz_© †kÖYx‡Z c‡o| Zviv cÖwZw`b mKv‡j ¯‹z‡j hvq| ¯‹zj
†_‡K `ycyi bvMv` evmvq wd‡i| evmvq wd‡i nvZ gyL ay‡q `ycy‡ii Lvevi †L‡q wekÖvg †bq| we‡K‡j †Lj‡Z †ei
nq| mܨvi Av‡M evmvq wd‡i nvZ gyL ay‡q we‡K‡ji bv¯Ív †L‡q co‡Z e‡m|
Pqb Avi Aqb mKvj mv‡o mvZUvq ¯‹z‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ †ei nq| evmv †_‡K †ei n‡q LvwbKUv c_ †nu‡U evm ó¨v‡Û
†cuŠQ‡Z nq| ¯‹zj evm, evm ó¨v‡Û †cuŠQ‡bvi ci, Pqb Zvi †QvU fvB Aqb‡K wb‡q ev‡m D‡V| ev‡m D‡VB Pqb Zvi
†QvU fvB Aq‡bi Rb¨ emvi wmU †Luv‡R| KviY Pqb jÿ¨ K‡i‡Q †m `vwo‡q _vKv Ae¯’vq evm Pjv ïiæ Ki‡j,
Aqb wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o Avi c‡o hvIqviI m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GKB Ae¯’v N‡U evmwU nVvr K‡i †eªK Ki‡jI,
Aqb mvg‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ev‡m †n‡j c‡o hvIqvi NUbvwU ïay Aq‡bi †ÿ‡Î bq, mKj
hvÎx‡`i †ÿ‡ÎB mZ¨| Pqb Avi Aqb wbqwgZ we‡K‡j †Ljvi gv‡V hvq| `yfvB wg‡j dzUej †L‡j| Aqb dzUej
†Ljv wb‡q †gv‡UI Lywk bv KviY Aqb jvw_ w`‡q dzUej †ewk `~‡i cvVv‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Pqb eo nIqvi GKB
dzUe‡ji Dci †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i `~‡i cvVv‡Z cv‡i|
mܨvi mgq Pqb Avi Aqb cÖwZw`b covi †Uwe‡j co‡Z e‡m| `yÕfvB GK †Uwe‡j co‡Z e‡m| Pqb Avi Aqb
`yR‡bi ¯‹zj e¨vMB eyK-‡mj‡di Dci ivLv _v‡K| covi mgq Pqb `yÕwU e¨vMB covi †Uwe‡j wb‡q Av‡m| Aq‡bi
e¨vM Pq‡bi e¨v‡Mi †P‡q †QvU Avi nvjKv, Aq‡bi e¨vM AwZ mn‡R Pqb eyK †mjd †_‡K †Uwe‡j G‡b ivL‡Z
cvi‡Q wKš‘ wb‡Ri e¨vM †Uwe‡ji Dci ivL‡Z wKQzUv †ewk Kó nq| cov †k‡l Pqb Avi Aqb `yÕR‡bB eB LvZv
¸‡jv †Uwe‡ji Dci mvwR‡q iv‡L †hb c‡ii w`b eB¸‡jv wVK RvqMvg‡Zv cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z Zv‡`i mg‡qi AcPq
Kg nq|
AvR Aqb nv‡Z e¨_v †c‡q‡Q, †Uwe‡ji Dci †Rv‡i GKUv _vào †`qv‡Z| Pq‡bi ¯‹zj †_‡K wb‡Pi AsK¸‡jv
evoxi KvR w`‡q‡Q| Pjyb Pq‡bi mv‡_ Avgiv wb‡Pi AsK¸‡jv mgvavb Kwi|
(i) 40kg Ges 60kg f‡ii `ywU e¯‘ ci¯úi wecixZ w`‡K h_vµ‡g 10ms-1 Ges 5ms-1 †e‡M hvIqvi c‡_ G‡K
Aci‡K av°v w`j| av°vi ci e¯‘ `ywU GK‡Î hy³ †_‡K KZ †e‡M Pj‡e?
(i) 30kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i Dci KZ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j 1 wgwb‡U Gi †eM 36kmh-1 e„w× cv‡e?
wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î:
1. wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~ÎwU wjLyb|
2. Pqb I Aq‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi NUbv †_‡K wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb NUbv¸‡jv
wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. Dc‡ii wPwýZ NUbv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. Avcbvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb †_‡K wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU NUbv wkLyb I e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î:
1. wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~ÎwU wjLyb|
2. Pqb I Aq‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi NUbv †_‡K wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb NUbv¸‡jv
wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. Dc‡ii wPwýZ NUbv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~‡Îi mvnvh¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 69
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4. Avcbvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb †_‡K wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU NUbv wjLyb I e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î:
1. wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~ÎwU wjLyb|
2. Pqb I Aq‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK Rwe‡bi NUbv †_‡K wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb NUbv wPwýZ
Kiæb|
3. Dc‡ii wPwýZ NUbv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvn‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. Avcbvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb †_‡K wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU NUbv wjL I e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|

cvV wfwËK g~j¨vqb

cvV-1 : 1. M 2. N
cvV-2 : 1. K 2. M
cvV-3 : 1. M
cvV-4 : 1. N 2. M

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. mvaviY wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. K 2. L 3. M 4. M 5. K 6. L

L. eûc`x eû wbe©vPbx mgvwß m~PK cÖkœ

1. K 2. K 3. N 4. M 5. M

M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖkœ

1. K 2. K 3. L 4. M

BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 70