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Unit 03
Unit 03
BDwbU 3
ej
Force
f‚wgKv
BDwbU 2 G Avgiv MwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| wKš‘ †R‡bwQ wK G MwZi KviY? Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k ZvKv‡j wewfbœ
e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvB, mvB‡Kj Pj‡Q, Mvwo Pj‡Q, cvLv Nyi‡Q| G mewKQzB MwZkxj| G BDwb‡U Avgiv w¯’wZ, MwZ
KviY Av‡jvPbv Kie| Avi G Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K wbDU‡bi MwZi wZbwU m~Î eY©bv Kie| wbDU‡bi MwZi wZbwU
m~Î Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q RoZv, ej, fi‡eM, fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î, Nl©Y, wbivc` ågY wb‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv
Kie|
RoZv: RoZv e¯‘i GKwU ag© †h a‡g©i Kvi‡Y †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ MwZkxj _vK‡Z
Pvq| G w¯’i Avi MwZkxj a‡g©i Dci wfwË K‡i ejv hvq, RoZv `yÕcÖKvi|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 47
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 48
c`v_©weÁvb
cÖ_g m~Î: evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges
MwZkxj e¯‘ mylg `ªæwZ‡Z mijc‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
c~‡e©B Avgiv RoZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q N‡ii g‡a¨
wewfbœ w¯’i e¯‘ †hgb †Uwej, LvU, †Uwjwfkb, †mvdv‡m‡Ui K_v
e‡jwQ| G mKj e¯‘ wbR †_‡K Zvi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i bv|
Zvn‡j G mKj e¯‘ wKfv‡e ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i? w¯’i e¯‘¸‡jv‡K
†U‡b ev †V‡j Zvi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b Kiv nq| G Uvbv ev †Vjv‡K
ej e‡j| G ej w¯’i e¯‘i Dci cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zv w¯’i e¯‘‡K wPÎ-3.7: wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î
MwZkxj K‡i ev MwZkxj Kivi †Póv K‡i| Avevi MwZkxj e¯‘i
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 49
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zv e¯‘wU‡K _vgv‡Z A_©vr e¯‘i †eM n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i ev e¯‘i †eM e„w×I Ki‡Z cv‡i| †eM
e„w×i d‡j Z¡i‡Yi m„wó nq| Avevi ej †Kvb e¯‘i AvKvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bjvwó‡Ki ev w¯úªs‡mi `ycÖvšÍ
A‡bKÿb a‡i Uvb‡j ev evi evi Uvb‡j, Gi AvKvi cwieZ©b nq (wPÎ-3.7: wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î)|
wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î Ges Dc‡ii ch©v‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e RoZv Ges e‡ji ¸bMZ aviYv
cvB|
†Kvb e¯‘B Zvi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡Z Pvq bv| w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq| Avi MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj mylg
`ªæwZ‡Z mijc‡_ Pj‡Z Pvq| e¯‘i wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b _vKvi G ag©B n‡jv RoZv| wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K RoZvi
aviYv Gfv‡eB cÖwZcv`b Kiv hvq|
c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ, †Kvb e¯‘B Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb n‡Z w¯’wZ ev MwZ m¤úK©xq Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvq bv hZÿb bv
evB‡i †_‡K Gi Dci Uvbv ev †Vjv †`qv nq| A_©vr hv e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i e¯‘i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z
Pvq, ZvB n‡”Q ej| Gfv‡e wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K e‡ji msÁv cvIqv hvq|
e‡ji msÁv t hv †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Zv‡K MwZkxj K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq ev †Kvb MwZkxi e¯‘i Dci
wµqv K‡i Gi MwZi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv‡K ej ejv hvq|
e‡ji msÁv DcwiD³fv‡e †jLvB †kÖq| GLb ej Avi RoZvi m¤úK©‡K Av‡iv cwi®‹vifv‡e †jLvi Rb¨ e‡ji
wb‡¤œv³ msÁv †`qv nj:
Òhv †Kvb e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Gi RoZvi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq, ZvB n‡”Q ej|Ó
3.1.3 e‡ji cÖK…wZ
Nature of Force
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ev¯Íe NUbvi mv‡_ mswkøóZvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ej‡K mvaviYfv‡e `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) ¯úk© ej
(ii) A¯úk© ej
(i) ¯úk© ej t †h mKj ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ e¯‘i ms¯úk© cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K ¯úk© ej e‡j| A_©vr †h ej m„wói Rb¨
`yBwU e¯‘‡K cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡Z nq Zv‡K ¯úk© ej e‡j| ¯úk© ej Avevi wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb-
Uvb ej, Nl©Y ej, msNl© ej| 3.7 wP‡Î (K) GKwU BjvwóK‡K Uvbv
n‡”Q| GwU n‡”Q Uvb ej| 3.8 wP‡Î GKwU ev·‡K †g‡Si Dci w`‡q
Uvbv n‡”Q, d‡j †g‡S Ges ev‡·i †h Zj †g‡Si ms¯ú‡k© jvMv‡bv
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Nl©Y e‡ji m„wó n‡”Q hv ev·wUi MwZi weiæ‡× KvR Ki‡Q|
msNl© ej m¤ú‡K© Avgiv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e cieZ©x‡Z Rvbe|
(ii) A¯úk© ej t †h ej m„wói Rb¨ `yBwU e¯‘‡K cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k©
Avm‡Z nq bv Zv‡K A¯úk© ej e‡j| `yÕwU KYvi ga¨eZ©x ej gnvKl© ej| `yÕwU AvwnZ e¯‘i ga¨eZ©x ej Zwor ej,
GKwU Pz¤^K GK GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ wµqvkxj ej †PŠ¤^K ej|
G‡mv wb‡R Kwi
GKwU KvMR wbb| KvMRwU‡K wQ‡o †QvU †QvU UzK‡iv Kiæb| GLb UzK‡iv¸‡jv †Uwe‡ji Dci ivLyb| GKwU wPiæbx
w`‡q †Zjnxb ïK‡bv Pzj AvPovb| GLb wPiæbxwU‡K UzK‡iv¸wj‡K KvQvKvwQ Avbyb| wK †`L‡Qb? †`Lv hv‡”Q,
KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv¸‡jv wPiæbxi `uv‡Zi mv‡_ †j‡M wPiæbx‡Z D‡V Avm‡Q| wPiæbx KvM‡Ri UzKivi cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k©
Avmvi cÖ‡qvRb nqwb| Zwor e‡ji Kvi‡YB N‡U‡Q| G ej‡K A¯úk© ej e‡j|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 50
c`v_©weÁvb
Avcbvi c`v_©weÁvb eBwU GKwU †Uwe‡ji Dci ivLyb| wK NU‡e? c`v_©weÁvb eBwU †Uwe‡ji DciB mvg¨ve¯’vq
_vK‡e (wPÎ-3.10 : mvg¨ ej)| Pjyb Avgiv GLb Gi KviY e¨vL¨v Kwi| eBwUi Dci c„w_exi gnvKl©xq ej Z_v
e¯‘i IRb W j¤^fv‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K †UwejwU eBwUi Dci F ej
Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wµqv K‡i|
†h‡nZz ej `yBwU mgvb Ges wecixZgyLx, myZivs G‡K Aci‡K wbw®Œq K‡i †`‡e|
eBwU mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡e|
GKvwaK ej †Kvb e¯‘i Dci wµqv Ki‡j hw` e‡ji jwä k~b¨ bv nq Z‡e e¯‘wUi
Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b N‡U (wPÎ-3.9 (L) : Amvg¨ ej)| †h ej¸‡jv G Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b
NUvq Zv‡K Amvg¨ ej e‡j|
wPÎ-3.10 : mvg¨ ej
ej
GKwU †MvjK‡K M GKwU ó¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ myZv w`‡q Szwj‡q w`B| GLb e¯‘wUi
Dci AwfKl©xq ej Z_v †MvjKwUi IRb W j¤^fv‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv
Ki‡e| Aciw`‡K myZvi Uvb T j¤^fv‡e Dc‡ii w`‡K wµqv Ki‡e| ej `yBU
mgvb Ges wecixZgyLx nIqvq G‡K Aci‡K wbw®Œq K‡i †`‡e d‡j e¯‘wU
mvg¨e¯’vq _vK‡e [wPÎ-3.11 (K): mvg¨ ej]| (K) mvg¨ ej; (L): Amvg¨ ej
GLb hw` myZvwU †K‡U †`qv nq Z‡e myZvi Uvb T ej Avi j¤^fv‡e Dc‡ii wPÎ-3.11
w`‡K wµqv Ki‡e bv| †MvjKwUi Dci GKgvÎ AwfKl©xq ej wµqv Ki‡e| d‡j †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ Z¡i‡Yi m„wó n‡e
Ges †MvjKwU Z¡iY mnKv‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K co‡e [wPÎ-3.11 (L) : Amvg¨ ej]| GLv‡b AwfKl© ej ev e¯‘i IRb
n‡”Q Amvg¨ ej|
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
RoZv (Inertia): RoZv e¯‘i GKwU ag©, †h a‡g©i Kvi‡Y w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ mylg
`ªæwZ‡Z MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq|
RoZv `yÕcÖKvi-
(i) w¯’wZ RoZv (Inertia of rest) Ges
(ii) MwZ RoZv (Inertia of motion)
(i) w¯’wZ RoZv (Inertia of rest): w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq, e¯‘i G cÖeYZv ev ag©‡K w¯’wZ RoZv
e‡j|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 51
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(ii) MwZ RoZv (Inertia of motion): mylg MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj mylg MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq, e¯‘i G cÖeYZv
ev ag©‡K MwZ RoZv e‡j|
wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î: evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ mylg `ªæwZ‡Z mijc‡_
Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~ÎwU e¯‘i RoZv I e‡ji ¸YMZ aviYv †`q|
ej: hv †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Zv‡K MwZkxj K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq ev †Kvb MwZkxj e¯‘i Dci wµqv
K‡i Gi MwZi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv‡K ej e‡j|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 52
c`v_©weÁvb
myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, †Kvb MwZkxj e¯‘‡K _vgv‡bv KZ KwVb Zv wbf©i K‡i MwZkxj e¯‘wUi
fi‡e‡Mi cwigv‡ci Dci|
†Kvb e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi ¸Ydj‡K Gi fi‡eM e‡j|
g‡b Kwi, GKwU e¯‘i fi = m Ges †eM= v
fi‡eM, p = mv
fi‡eM GKwU †f±i ivwk| Gi w`K †e‡Mi w`‡K|
fi‡e‡Mi GKK kgms-1Ges gvÎv MLT-1|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 53
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
K‡i‡Q| Avevi cøvwó‡Ki †evZj‡K nvZ w`‡q nvjKv Pvc w`‡j GwU AvKv‡ii mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b K‡i, Avevi †Q‡o
w`‡j GwU Av‡Mi AvKvi aviY K‡i|
3.2.4. wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î : ej Ges Z¡i‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©, F=ma wbY©q
Newton's second law : Relation between force and acceleration, determination of F=ma.
c~‡e©i cvV †_‡K Avgiv †R‡bwQ, wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î e‡ji ¸YMZ aviYv †`q| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î e‡ji cwigv‡ci
mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b K‡i|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 54
c`v_©weÁvb
MvwbwZK D`vniY: 3.1| GKwU 588N IR‡bi e¯‘‡K 0.70ms 2 Z¡iY w`‡Z Gi Dci KZ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, F ma = 60kg 0.70ms 2 GLv‡b
= 42 N e¯‘i Z¡iY, a = 0.70 ms 2
D: 42 N e¯‘i IRb, W mg
W 588N
e¯‘i fi, m
g 9.8ms 2
= 60kg
ej, F=?
MvwbwZK D`vniY: 3.2: GKwU evjK 60 N ej Øviv 30kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K av°v †`q| e¯‘wUi Z¡iY KZ n‡e?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
F ma e¯‘i fi, m 30kg
F
a cÖhy³ ej, F 60 N
m
60 N
= e¯‘i Z¡iY, a =?
30 kg
= 2 ms 2 DËi: 2 ms 2
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
fi‡eM (Momentum): †Kvb e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi ¸Ydj‡K Gi fi‡eM e‡j|
fi‡eM, p mv
GLv‡b, m =e¯‘i fi, v =e¯‘i †eM|
fi‡eM GKwU †f±i ivwk, Gi w`K †e‡Mi w`‡K|
wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î: e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi Gi Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †hw`‡K wµqv
K‡i e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©bI †mw`‡K N‡U|
wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~ÎwU e‡ji cwigv‡ci mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î cÖwZcv`b K‡i-
K) e‡ji cwigv‡ci mgxKiY L) fi‡e‡Mi cwigv‡ci mgxKiY
M) †e‡Mi cwigv‡ci mgxKiY N) f‡ii cwigv‡ci mgxKiY
2| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î cÖwZcv`b K‡i-
†eM
K) fi‡eM=fi†eM L) Z¡iY =mgq
M) ej=fiZ¡iY N) ej=mgqZ¡iY
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 55
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
gvbylwU iv¯Ívi Dci w`‡q fvimvg¨ †i‡L nuvU‡Z mÿg nq (wPÎ-3.15: gvwUi Dci nuvUv)|
Av‡ivnx †bŠKv n‡Z jvwd‡q Zx‡i bvg‡j
Av‡ivnx †bŠKv n‡Z jvwd‡q Zx‡i bvg‡j, †bŠKvwU †cQ‡b P‡j hvq| KviY
Av‡ivnx jvd †`evi mgq †bŠKvi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i d‡j †bŠKvwU wcQ‡b m‡i
hvq| †bŠKvwU wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i, Av‡ivnxi Dci GKwU mgvb I
wecixZgyLx ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i hv Av‡ivnx‡K mvg‡bi Zx‡ii w`‡K jvwd‡q co‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i (wPÎ-3.16: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î)| wPÎ-3.16: wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î
3.3.2 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿb m~Î I msNl©
Conservation law of momentum and collision:
GKvwaK e¯‘i g‡a¨ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kvb ej bv _vK‡j †h †Kv‡bv
w`‡K Zv‡`i †gvU fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| GwU fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv ev
msiÿY m~Î|
moK `yN©Ubvi mKj NUbvB msNl© (wPÎ-3.17: msNl©)| gv‡e©j †Ljvi mgq
GKwU gv‡e©j‡K jÿ¨ K‡i Av‡iKwU gv‡e©j gviv nq| wØZxq gv‡e©jwU hw` cÖ_g
wPÎ-3.17: msNl©
gv‡e©jwU‡K AvNvZ K‡i, Z‡e G‡K `ywU gv‡e©‡ji g‡a¨ msNl© N‡U‡Q ejv hvq|
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~‡Îi e¨vL¨v: g‡b Kwi, m1 I m2 fiwewkó `yÕwU e¯‘ h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 †e‡M GKB mij‡iLv
eivei Pj‡Q (wPÎ-3.18 (K)| AZGe e¯‘ `yÕwUi fi‡eM h_vµ‡g m1u1 I m2u2 | Kv‡RB e¯‘ `yÕwUi Avw`
fi‡e‡Mi mgwó m1u1 m2u2 |
GLv‡b m1 Gi †eM m2 Gi †e‡Mi †P‡q †ewk n‡j †Kvb GKmgq m1 e¯‘wU m2 e¯‘wU‡K av°v w`‡e (wPÎ-3.18
(L)|
m1 e¯‘wU hw` m2 e¯‘wU‡K av°v †`q, Z‡e wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i m2 e¯‘wUI m1 e¯‘wU‡K mgvb I wecixZ
av°v cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| GLv‡b m1 e¯‘ m2 e¯‘i
Dci wµqv ej Ges m2 e¯‘ m1 e¯‘i Dci
cÖwZwµqv ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| awi, wµqv I
cÖwZwµqvi mgq t | msN‡l©i ci e¯‘ `yBwU
cwiewZ©Z †e‡M GKB mij‡iLvq Pj‡Z _vK‡e
(wPÎ-3.18 (M)| awi, wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi ci e¯‘
`yBwUi †eM v1 I v2 | AZGe, wµqv I
cÖwZwµqvi ci m1 Ges m2 e¯‘ `yÕwUi fi‡eM wPÎ-3.18 (K) wPÎ-3.18 (L) wPÎ-3.18 (M)
h_vµ‡g m1v1 I m2v2 n‡e| Kv‡RB wµqv I
cÖwZwµqvi ci e¯‘ `ywUi †gvU fi‡eM= m1v1 m2v2 |
wKš‘ fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Îvbymv‡i,
wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi c~‡e© †gvU fi‡eM=wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi c‡i †gvU fi‡eM,
m1u1 m2u 2 m1v1 m2 v 2 ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (3.2)
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~‡Îi MvwYwZK cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, GKB mij‡iLvq Ges GKB w`‡K m1 Ges m2 fiwewkó `yÕwU
e¯‘ h_vµ‡g u1 Ges u2 Avw`‡e‡M Pj‡Q (wPÎ 3.18) GLv‡b m1 e¯‘wUi †eM u1, m2 e¯‘wUi †eM u2 Gi †P‡q
†ewk|
m1 Gi †eM †ewk nIqvq GwU hvÎvKv‡ji †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© m1 e¯‘wU wcQb n‡Z m2 e¯‘wU av°v w`‡e| d‡j e¯‘
`ywU GKB w`‡K mij c‡_ P‡j wµqv ev cÖwZwµqv Kvj t †Z h_vµ‡g v1 I v2 †eM cÖvß n‡e|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 57
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 58
c`v_©weÁvb
MwYwZK D`vniY 3.4: 4kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘ 13ms 1 †e‡M mij‡iLvq PjšÍ Ae¯’vq 10ms 1 †e‡M GKB w`‡K
MwZkxj 2kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i mv‡_ GKmv‡_ wg‡j GKwU e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ n‡q, GKmv‡_ Pj‡Z _v‡K| wgwjZ
nIqvi ci Gi †eM KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î n‡Z Avgiv cvB-
‡gvU Avw` fi‡eM=‡gvU †kl fi‡eM
m1u1 m2 u 2 m1v1 m2 v 2 GLv‡b,
ev, m1u1 m2 u 2 m1v m2 v cÖ_g e¯‘i fi, m1 = 4 kg
m1u1 m2u 2
ev, v wØZxq e¯‘i fi, m2 = 2 kg
m1 m2
4 kg 13 ms 1 2 kg 10 ms 1
= cÖ_g e¯‘i Avw`‡eM, u1 13 ms 1
4 2 kg
52 kgms 20 kgms 1
1
= wØZxq e¯‘i Avw`‡eM, u 2 10 ms 1
6 kg
72 kgms 1
= 12 ms 1 cÖ_g e¯‘i †kl‡eM, v1 v
6 kg
wØZxq e¯‘i †kl‡eM, v2 v
wgwjZ e¯‘i †kl‡eM, v ?
D: wgwjZ nIqvi ci †eM n‡e 12 ms 1
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î (Newton's third law) : cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU mgvb Ges wecixZ gyLx cÖwZwµqv
Av‡Q|
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î (Conservation law of motion) : GKvwaK e¯‘i g‡a¨ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv wfbœ Ab¨
†Kv‡bv ej bv _vK‡j, †h †Kv‡bv w`‡K Zv‡`i †gvU fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| GwU fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv
ev msiÿY m~Î|
msNl© (Collision) : †Kv‡bv GKwU MwZkxi e¯‘ hLb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv GKwU MwZkxj e¯‘‡K av°v †`q, ZLb e¯‘
`yÕwUi g‡a¨ msNl© n‡q‡Q ejv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 59
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-3.4 Nl©Y
Friction
D‡Ïk¨
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 60
c`v_©weÁvb
w¯’wZ Nl©Y
`ywU e¯‘i Zj ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K GKwUi mv‡c‡ÿ AciwU MwZkxj bv n‡j, G‡`i wgjb Z‡j †h Nl©‡Yi m„wó
nq, Zv‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y e‡j|
†Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Kivi c‡iI hw` e¯‘wU MwZkxj bv nq ZLb w¯’wZ
Nl©Y KvR K‡i| †hgb GKwU fvix ev·‡K ej cÖ‡qvM Kivi ciI hw` GwU ¯’vb
cwieZ©b bv K‡i A_©vr MwZkxj bv n‡j †h Nl©Y e‡ji DrcwË nq, Zv‡K w¯’wZ
Nl©Y ej e‡j, Avi G evav‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y e‡j (wPÎ- 3.19: w¯’wZ Nl©Y)| AZGe
`yÕwU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© _vKv Ae¯’vq ej cÖ‡qv‡M GKwU‡K AciwUi Dci
MwZkxj Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡j, GKwU e¯‘ Aci GKwU e¯‘i Dci w`‡q MwZkxj
nIqvi c~e© gyn~Z© ch©šÍ †h Nl©Y ej wµqv K‡i Zv‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y e‡j| wPÎ- 3.19: w¯’wZ Nl©Y
Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y:
hLb GKwU e¯‘ Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘i Z‡ji Dci w`‡q wcQwj‡q ev †N‡l P‡j
ev Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i (wPÎ- 3.20: Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©b), ZLb MwZi
weiæ‡× †h Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq Zv‡K Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y e‡j| Mvwo iv¯Ívi
Dci w`‡q Pjvi mgq nvW© †eªK Ki‡j, nvW© †eªK Kivi ciI MvwowU
wKQz`~i GwM‡q hvIqvi ci ev wKQzUv `~iZ¡ AwZµg Kivi ci _v‡g| A_©vr
MvwoUv wcQwj‡q wKQz`~i AwZµg K‡i| wcw”Qj iv¯Ívi Dci w`‡q Pjvi
mgq A‡bK mgq Avgiv LvwbKUv `~iZ¡ AwZµg Kivi ci c‡o hvB Ges
ewj wcQ‡j c‡o †MwQ| Dc‡ii `yÕwU NUbvB Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©‡Yi wPÎ- 3.20: Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y
D`vniY|
AveZ© Nl©Y:
hLb GKwU e¯‘ Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘i Z‡ji Dci w`‡q Mwo‡q P‡j ZLb MwZi weiæ‡× †h
Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq Zv‡K AveZ© Nl©Y e‡j| AvaywbK mKj myU‡K‡m ev jv‡M‡R PvKv
jvMv‡bv _v‡K| PvKv jvMv‡bvi d‡j myU‡Km ev jv‡MR‡K mn‡R Avgiv PvKvi mvnv‡h¨
†g‡Si Dci w`‡q GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b wb‡Z cvwi (wPÎ- 3.21: AveZ© Nl©b)| PvKv
bv jvMv‡bv _vK‡j myU‡Km ev jv‡MR‡K GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b †bqv Kómva¨ n‡q
†hZ| G NUbv †_‡K †evSv hvq, wcQjv‡bv Nl©‡bi Rb¨ †h ej MwZi weiæ‡× m„wó nq
Zvi gvb AveZ© Nl©‡Yi Rb¨ m„ó e‡ji gv‡bi †P‡q †ewk| mvB‡K‡ji PvKvi MwZ, PvKv
gv‡e©‡ji MwZ AveZ© Nl©‡Yi D`vniY| wPÎ- 3.21: AveZ© Nl©Y
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 61
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖevnx Nl©Y
hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †h‡Kv‡bv cÖevnx c`v_© †hgb- Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ cÖevwnZ nq ev MwZkxj _v‡K ev hLb
†Kv‡bv Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i MwZc‡_ †Kv‡bv w¯’i e¯‘ ivLv nq, ZLb Df‡qi g‡a¨ †h Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq Zv‡K
cÖevnx Nl©Y e‡j|
RvnvR cvwb‡Z Pjvi mgq GKwU evav AwZµg K‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q
hvq, Avevi cyKz‡i muvZvi KvUvi mgq cyKz‡ii cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU
evav‡K AwZµg K‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K G¸‡Z nq (wPÎ- 3.22: cÖevnx
Nl©Y)| Avi G evavB cÖevnx Nl©Y|
e„wói cvwb evZv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q covi mgq cÖevnx Nl©‡Yi DrcwË nq| wPÎ- 3.22: cÖevnx Nl©Y
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 62
c`v_©weÁvb
Nl©‡Yi e„w×:
iv¯Ívi gm„YZv n«vm
wcw”Qj ev K`©gv¯Í iv¯Ívq UªvK ev evm Pj‡Z Amyweav nq Ges A‡bK mgq GK ¯’v‡b AvU‡K hvq| wcw”Qj ev
K`©gv³ iv¯Ívq PvKvi mv‡_ iv¯Ívi Z‡ji Nl©‡Yi cwigvY Kg nq| K`©gv³ iv¯Ívq DuPz wbPz LuvR bv _vKvq PvKvwUi
iv¯ÍvwU‡K AuvK‡o a‡i mvg‡b G‡Mv‡Z Amyweav nq| G Kvi‡Y Mvwoi Uvqvi‡K Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq †hb GwU
Pjvi mgq iv¯Ív‡K fv‡jvfv‡e AvK‡o a‡i iv‡L Ges mvg‡b G‡Mv‡bvi Rb¨ cwigvYg‡Zv Nl©Y ej m„wó K‡i|
UvqviwUi Dc‡ii c„‡ô wewfbœ ai‡bi LuvR KvUv ev `uvZ _v‡K| Gfv‡e Uvqv‡ii Zj‡K Agm„Y Kivi gva¨‡g Nl©Y‡K
evov‡bv nq|
mvi-ms‡ÿc:
Nl©Y I Nl©Y ej: `yÕwU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K hw` GKwUi Dci w`‡q AciwU Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i, Z‡e e¯‘
`yÕwUi ¯úk© Z‡j GKwU evavi m„wó nq| G evav‡K Nl©Y e‡j| Avi †h ej MwZkxj e¯‘wUi MwZi c‡_ evav m„wó
K‡i, Zv‡K Nl©Y ej e‡j|
Nl©Y mvavibZ Pvi cÖKvi-
1. w¯’wZ Nl©Y (Static friction)
2. Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y (Sliding friction)
3. AveZ© Nl©Y (Rolling friction)
4. cÖevnx Nl©Y (Fluid friction)
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 63
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 64
c`v_©weÁvb
Ges UªvwdK AvBb †g‡b Pjv Mvwo Pvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡| cÖvB‡fU Mvwoi †ÿ‡Î Mvwoi gvwj‡KiI UªvwdK AvBb m¤ú‡K©
AeMZ nIqv DwPr| Mvwo Pvjbvi mgq Mvwo PvjK‡K Mvwo Pvjbvi †ÿ‡Î m¤ú~Y©iæ‡c g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G
e¨vcv‡i Mvwoi hvÎx‡`iI Mvwoi PvjK‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|
iv¯Ívi gm„YZv
e¯‘i MwZ iv¯Ívi gm„YZvi DciI wbf©i K‡i| iv¯Ív gm„Y n‡j hvbevnb PjvPj A‡bK mnRZi nq Ges Ab¨w`‡K
hvÎx‡`i ågY A‡bK Avivg`vqK nq| Nl©Y e‡ji gvb Uvqvi Ges iv¯Ív Df‡qiB gm„YZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
Nl©Y e‡ji gvb A‡bK K‡g †M‡j bvbv ai‡bi Amyweavi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- iv¯Ív hw` AwaKZi gm„Y nq Z‡e
_vgvi cÖ‡qvR‡b †eªK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡jI A‡bK mgq Mvwo‡K wVK RvqMvq _vgv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j wec‡`i AvksKv
_v‡K| ZvB iv¯Ív‡K Lye †ewk gm„Y Kiv wVK bq| iv¯Ívi gm„YZv Ggb nIqv DwPr hv cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY Nl©Y ej
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
MwZ wbqš¿Y Ges †eªwKs ej
†eªK Kivi gva¨‡g hvbevn‡bi MwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| GwU Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v hvi mvnv‡h¨ PvKvi N~Y©b‡K cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx Kwg‡q Nl©‡Yi cwigvY e„w× K‡i Mvwoi MwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| Mvwo _vgv‡bvi Rb¨ †eªK e¨envi Kiv nq|
Mvwoi mvg‡bi PvKvi avZe PvKwZ‡K †ivUvi Avi wcQ‡bi PvKvi avZe PvKwZ‡K Wªvg e‡j| †eªK †c‡W‡j hLb ej
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv wewfbœ e¨ve¯’vcbvi ga¨ w`‡q †eªK c¨vW‡K wùZ K‡i N~Y©vqgvb †ivUv‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Av‡b Ges
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Nl©Y m„wó K‡i †ivUv‡ii MwZ Kwg‡q Av‡b Ges †ivUvi‡K m¤ú~Y©iæ‡c _vwg‡q †`q|
Acic‡ÿ wcQ‡bi PvKvi †ÿ‡Î †eªK my avZe PvKwZi mv‡_ Nl©Y ˆZix K‡i PvKvi MvwZ‡K Kwg‡q †`q|
Gfv‡e †eªK †c‡W‡j ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Mvwoi †eM n«vm Kiv nq|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 65
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-3
K. mvavib wbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki †h mKj e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvB, mK‡jB wbR Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡Z Pvq- wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~Î GwU
e¨vL¨v K‡i?
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi gnvKl© m~Î
(M) wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (N) wbDU‡bi AwfKl© m~Î
2| wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wewfbœ f‡ii e¯‘i Dci e‡ji cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi?
(K) wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î (L) wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxh m~Î
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 66
c`v_©weÁvb
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 67
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1| mKj wRwblcÎ †h ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i‡Q, †m Ae¯’v‡bB i‡q‡Q| Z_¨wU wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq?
(K) cÖ_g m~Î (L) wØZxq myÎ
(M) Z…Zxq m~Î (N) Nl©‡Yi m~Î
2| eyK †mjdwU Pq‡bi gv †kl ch©šÍ GKv miv‡Z cvi‡jbv| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi Nl©‡bi DrcwË n‡qwQj?
(K) w¯’wZ Nl©Y (L) Pj ev wcQjv‡bv Nl©Y
(M) AveZ© Nl©Y (N) cÖevnx Nl©Y
3| Pqb jÿ¨ Ki‡jv †h, †Wªwms †Uwej Ges UzjwU‡K GKB `~iZ¡ miv‡Z †Wªwms †Uwej‡K †ewk †Rv‡i av°v w`‡Z
n‡”Q Uz‡ji Zzjbvq| NUbvwU wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq?
(K) cÖ_g m~Î (L) wØZxq m~Î
(M) Z…Zxq m~Î (N) gnvKl© m~Î
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 68
c`v_©weÁvb
4| Aqb hZeviB ejwU gvwUi w`‡K Qzo‡Q ZZeviB ejwU wecixZgyLx n‡q Aq‡bi nv‡Z †cuŠQv‡”Q| wbDU‡bi †Kvb
m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GwUi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e?
(K) cÖ_g m~Î (L) wØZxq m~Î
(M) Z…Zxq m~Î (N) gnvKl© m~Î
N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Pqb I Aqb `yÕfvB| Pqb beg †kÖYx‡Z c‡o Avi Aqb PZz_© †kÖYx‡Z c‡o| Zviv cÖwZw`b mKv‡j ¯‹z‡j hvq| ¯‹zj
†_‡K `ycyi bvMv` evmvq wd‡i| evmvq wd‡i nvZ gyL ay‡q `ycy‡ii Lvevi †L‡q wekÖvg †bq| we‡K‡j †Lj‡Z †ei
nq| mܨvi Av‡M evmvq wd‡i nvZ gyL ay‡q we‡K‡ji bv¯Ív †L‡q co‡Z e‡m|
Pqb Avi Aqb mKvj mv‡o mvZUvq ¯‹z‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ †ei nq| evmv †_‡K †ei n‡q LvwbKUv c_ †nu‡U evm ó¨v‡Û
†cuŠQ‡Z nq| ¯‹zj evm, evm ó¨v‡Û †cuŠQ‡bvi ci, Pqb Zvi †QvU fvB Aqb‡K wb‡q ev‡m D‡V| ev‡m D‡VB Pqb Zvi
†QvU fvB Aq‡bi Rb¨ emvi wmU †Luv‡R| KviY Pqb jÿ¨ K‡i‡Q †m `vwo‡q _vKv Ae¯’vq evm Pjv ïiæ Ki‡j,
Aqb wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o Avi c‡o hvIqviI m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GKB Ae¯’v N‡U evmwU nVvr K‡i †eªK Ki‡jI,
Aqb mvg‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ev‡m †n‡j c‡o hvIqvi NUbvwU ïay Aq‡bi †ÿ‡Î bq, mKj
hvÎx‡`i †ÿ‡ÎB mZ¨| Pqb Avi Aqb wbqwgZ we‡K‡j †Ljvi gv‡V hvq| `yfvB wg‡j dzUej †L‡j| Aqb dzUej
†Ljv wb‡q †gv‡UI Lywk bv KviY Aqb jvw_ w`‡q dzUej †ewk `~‡i cvVv‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Pqb eo nIqvi GKB
dzUe‡ji Dci †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i `~‡i cvVv‡Z cv‡i|
mܨvi mgq Pqb Avi Aqb cÖwZw`b covi †Uwe‡j co‡Z e‡m| `yÕfvB GK †Uwe‡j co‡Z e‡m| Pqb Avi Aqb
`yR‡bi ¯‹zj e¨vMB eyK-‡mj‡di Dci ivLv _v‡K| covi mgq Pqb `yÕwU e¨vMB covi †Uwe‡j wb‡q Av‡m| Aq‡bi
e¨vM Pq‡bi e¨v‡Mi †P‡q †QvU Avi nvjKv, Aq‡bi e¨vM AwZ mn‡R Pqb eyK †mjd †_‡K †Uwe‡j G‡b ivL‡Z
cvi‡Q wKš‘ wb‡Ri e¨vM †Uwe‡ji Dci ivL‡Z wKQzUv †ewk Kó nq| cov †k‡l Pqb Avi Aqb `yÕR‡bB eB LvZv
¸‡jv †Uwe‡ji Dci mvwR‡q iv‡L †hb c‡ii w`b eB¸‡jv wVK RvqMvg‡Zv cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z Zv‡`i mg‡qi AcPq
Kg nq|
AvR Aqb nv‡Z e¨_v †c‡q‡Q, †Uwe‡ji Dci †Rv‡i GKUv _vào †`qv‡Z| Pq‡bi ¯‹zj †_‡K wb‡Pi AsK¸‡jv
evoxi KvR w`‡q‡Q| Pjyb Pq‡bi mv‡_ Avgiv wb‡Pi AsK¸‡jv mgvavb Kwi|
(i) 40kg Ges 60kg f‡ii `ywU e¯‘ ci¯úi wecixZ w`‡K h_vµ‡g 10ms-1 Ges 5ms-1 †e‡M hvIqvi c‡_ G‡K
Aci‡K av°v w`j| av°vi ci e¯‘ `ywU GK‡Î hy³ †_‡K KZ †e‡M Pj‡e?
(i) 30kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i Dci KZ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j 1 wgwb‡U Gi †eM 36kmh-1 e„w× cv‡e?
wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î:
1. wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~ÎwU wjLyb|
2. Pqb I Aq‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi NUbv †_‡K wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb NUbv¸‡jv
wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. Dc‡ii wPwýZ NUbv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. Avcbvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb †_‡K wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU NUbv wkLyb I e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î:
1. wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~ÎwU wjLyb|
2. Pqb I Aq‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi NUbv †_‡K wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb NUbv¸‡jv
wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. Dc‡ii wPwýZ NUbv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~‡Îi mvnvh¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 69
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
4. Avcbvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb †_‡K wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU NUbv wjLyb I e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î:
1. wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~ÎwU wjLyb|
2. Pqb I Aq‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK Rwe‡bi NUbv †_‡K wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb NUbv wPwýZ
Kiæb|
3. Dc‡ii wPwýZ NUbv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvn‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. Avcbvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb †_‡K wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU NUbv wjL I e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. mvaviY wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. K 2. L 3. M 4. M 5. K 6. L
BDwbU 3 c„ôv # 70