BUM eee elm ela eeSa Eade eg Ne alates NO TsS} Fea) Grammar Ie os imate aE PS a ferreetertecr sy Pore) A ia SE SSContents 1-Nouns and gender, 6 2-Nouns singular and plural.. . 8 3-Personal pronouns... 12 4-Possessives in the nominative. 14 5-The declension of nouns. 18 6-The genitive (1)... 20 7-The genitive (2)... 22 8-The genitive (3) after prepositions.. 24 9-The dative (1 28 10-The dative (2). 32 11-The accusative (direct object). 36 12-The instrumental (1 40 13-The instrumental (2) 44 14-The prepositional (location 48 15-The prepositional case (2). The prepositional with the preposition “ 0” Talking about something. 52 16-Movement to and from, and being at a place Tne? Kyna? Orkyaa?. 54 17-Verbs: tenses and aspects. 58 18-The present tense. 60 19-The past tense (1 62 20-The past tense (2)... 64 66 68 23-To go Matu and Exate. 70 24-Verbs of motion (1) without a prefix. 72 25-Verbs of motion (2) with a prefix. 26-Verbs of position CTOATb, CTABMTb, NOCTABHTE ete. 27-Verbs in cs or reflexive verbs. 28-Adjectives (1). 29-Adjectives (2) Long forms and short forms. 30-Adverbs. 76 80 84 88 90 94 31-Comparatives and superlatives. 98 32-Demonstrative pronouns STOT, 9T€, 9TO, STH, TOT, TA, TO, Treen 04 33-Reflexive pronouns Boi, cBOR, cBOS, cBon, ceba, . 106 34-Adjectival pronouns BeCh, KaKAbIM, BOAKHIA, MOGOM, 108 35-Double negatives no one, nothing, never. 36-Indefinite pronouns and adverbs in -to and -Hn6yab. 37-Cardinal numbers. 38-Ordinal number: 39-Quantity: ckonbko cromt? CKONBKO BpeMeHH? KaK AONTO?.. 40-Identification of a person or of an object. 41-Asking questions (1) 122 Interrogative pronouns.. 124 42-Asking questions (2) without a question word.. 126 43-Possession «to have». 128 44-Presence and absence. 132 45-Time (1 136 46-Time (2) 140 47-Time (3) duration of time.. 48-Possible, necessary, forbidden MOXHO, HYDKHO (HAO), HeNbIA.. 144 49-Must, need, have to.. AomKen, Hy KeH. 146 150 152 50-Physical and emotional states. 51-And and but... u, a, Ho. 52-The structure of complex sentences. 53-The relative pronouns KOTOpbIit, KOTOpaA, KOTOPOR, KOTOPLIC.... 54-Logical relationships cause, effect and purpose. 55-The condition, possibility and wishes. 56-Uro and 4To6bt. 57-Reported speech.. Regular declensions. Irregular declension: The dectension of adjective: The declension of pronouns. The declension of number: Verbs: impertective / perfective Verbs of motion. Verbs of motion with prefixes (Aspect pairs Conjugations. Index... 156Forward Users The “Living Russian Grammar is intended for university students and for students in schools and colleges, as well as for adults at beginner and near-beginner level. It can also usefully be used by intermediate learners who wish to review and consolidate their language skills, either with a teacher, or in self study mode. Development The “Living Russian Grammar’ was conceived by a group of Russian teachers at the Centre for French and Russian Studies (CREF), in Moscow. It responds to the needs of leamers who wish to acquire the basics of communication in Russian with a correct lexical and grammatical basis. The book was tested in different versions, and improved in response to feedback from clients at CREF - students, business people, diplomats, ex-pats ete. Principles This grammar does not purport to be a full description of the Russian language. Itis a teaching and learning tool based on a selection of the most essential grammatical structures, and introducing an active and useful vocabulary. We have tried to show how linguistic elements are organised and used in real contexts. In order to keep up with contemporary linguistic research, we have tried to avoid the use of an over specialised technical vocabulary, which might confuse learners. Similarly, we have only used examples that might be considered useful at this level of study. Lastly, we have always attempted to make the learning of Russian grammar less abstract, more interesting, and more motivating. Layout The book comprises 56 units, which allow separate research of each grammatical topic, as well as a set of grammatical tables at the end. In the units, grammatical points are explained on the left-hand pages, with live examples, and exercises to practise the language are given on the right-hand page. Certain more complex grammatical topics are split over several units. We hope that this volume will help you find pleasure and ease in acquiring the basics of everyday Russian, a language too often considered to be a difficult one to lear. We wish you good luck! The authorsCRESS CORES 1 NOUNS and GENDER GENDER @ There are three genders : masculine, feminine and neuter. You can tell them apart by their ending. masculine : masculine nouns end in a consonant, or in i, of -b : répoa (a town), apyr (a friend), myéii (a museum), yurrrent (a teacher). feminine : feminine nouns end in -a or in -8 or -b : nana (a lamp), noapyra (a git friend), cembsi (a family), ABepb (a door). neuter : neuter nouns end in -o or in -e or in -ma : OKHO (a window), CONHUe (the sun), BPéMA (time)... ++ Some masculine nouns that refer to people end in -a or -a. They decline like feminine nouns, but words that refer to them (adjectives for example) are masculine. This applies equally to masculine diminutive name forms that end in -a : mykuiha (a@ man) Qéayuika (grandfather) Caéwa = (AnekcaHap) = Mvwa (Muxavin) AAA (uncle) YoHowa (young man) Cepéxa (Cepréii) Nera (Métp) +: Nouns that end in -b can be either feminine or masculine. masculine feminine Alte (the day) Kpemne (the Kremlin) | MaTb, AOYb (mother, daughter) conb(salt) rocte (the guest) cnoBapb (the dictionary) HOBOCTE (a piece of news) cet (autumn) BOXAb (the rain) —_xviTeNb (the inhabitant) TeTpaAb (the exercise book) HOU (the night) + Certain nouns that denote a profession have no feminine form : anBoxar (a lawyer), spay (a doctor), McTOpUk (a historian), uMakKeHép (an engineer)... On mukeHép. He is an engineer. Qua uinkeHép. She is an engineer. & When such nouns are used with the name of a person and a verb in the past tense, the verb agrees with the name of the person: Vinkeriép Nerpésa npuwind. Engineer Petrova has arrived. “ The word xonnéra can be masculine or feminine: Sto Moi Konnéra Buktop. This is my colleague Victor. ‘Sto mos konnéra Onbra. This is my colleague Olga. : There are invariable nouns, usually nouns of foreign origin. Most of these nouns are neuter : TanbT6 (a coat), KUHO (the cinema), MeTp6 (the metro), but Kétbe (coffee) is masculine. ++ The gender of invariable proper nouns (geographical names, newspaper titles, etc.) corresponds to the gender of the noun denoting the category to which they belong: Aanéxuii Kanpu (Sctpos: island) (far away Capn) Hoebid “Mapa Mary’ (kypHan: magazine) (the new Paris Match)MeEner cues eae 1 Sort the words in the list below according to their gender: ropon, xypHan, NoApyra, OKHO, cTon, TenecboH, AeBoUKa, NMCEMO, paGoTa, NanbTO, cTyN, Yall, py4Ka, kapatjaul, KonbuO, NNOWaAb, cnoBaps, TeTpaMb, apay, raseTa, MALIMHA, BHHO, YPAKHEHHE, MHCTHTYT, Mygeit, Manbunk, npeAnoxKeHne, Apyr, chyYal, KoHcepeH\nA, COBpaHue, nonoTeHUe. Masculine : ropon, Feminine : nonpyra, Plural : oKHo, 2 Answer the questions using the following words: Apyr, nuceMo, xypHan, Gpar, myxk, nogpyra, cectpa, meHa. 1-Krost0? = - Sto moii_ 2-Yrost0? = - STO Moh _ 3-Storeoa_____________? -Het, so mon__. 4-KrooT0? =~ - 3To Molt a §-YTostTo? «= -StTomoé 6-Stotso#________? -Her, sto Moi — 7-Ktosto? = - 9ToMo@ 3 Find three nouns for each of the categories below: 1-masculine, ending ina consonant: 2- feminine, ending in 3- neuter, ending in -o ee 4- masculine, ending in -a — _ a 5 feminine, ending in» 6 - masculine, ending in - ee = 7- masculine, ending in -# —— 4 Find the odd one out in each of the lists below: Mama, nana, cectpa, Tera, KeHa TeTPaMb, COMb, CHOBAPb, HOBOCTD, HOM mykuuHa, Aefywka, oHoWwa, AeByWKA ynnya, nnowaae, Kpemn, Mockea, cronuya OceHb, AOKAb, HEH’, KUTeNb, FOCTSCER CSRS Sto marasin. This is a shop. ‘Sto MaraaiHbl. These are shops. THE NOMINATIVE PLURAL “ General rule: ‘Sto mawina. This is a car. Sto maui. These are cars. ST oKH6. This is a window. Sto oxua. These are windows. Noun endings change according to gender and number. The nominative plural endings are as follows: masculine -bl (-M) cTyA6HT (the student) > cTynéHTbt eH (the day) > nHM feminine -bl (-M) ndmana (the lamp) > ndwntt pwns (the army) > Apmnn neuter -A(-A) Ano (the business) > pend Ope (the sea) > Mops H6B0CTE (the piece of news) > HOBOCTH SPELLING RULES These are generally to do with phonetics. Certain letters may not follow each other. @ After the consonants -, K, X and 2K, 4, LU, LL we write -W: kivira (the book) r > Kain K — ypOk (the lesson) > ypoKn X — 3n6xa (the epoch) > sndxn | 2K oTdq (the floor) > stax 4 Bpay (the doctor) > spawi We kapanadwi (the penci) > kapaHqaui UW naw (the raincoat) => naw @ Masculin nouns in -A, feminine nouns in -A and all nouns in -b have a nominative plural in - : TpamBaii (m) (the tram) > Tpamedm cnosapt (m) (the dictionary) > cnowaph Teta (f) (the aunt) > TéTH TeTpén (f) (the exercise book) > TeTpann(ESE Tenene cl essa 1 Give the nominative plural of the following words: pecropaH no apyraa pewenne aypHan __ _ mawinna __ rocyaperso Tenecbou nporpamma Konbyo Yemonan keaprupa eno cnoBapb BcTpeva npeanoxeHne oxbuc mpo6riema TiMceMo Gank KOMHaTa 3aaHne anak HOM Mecto 2 Put the following into the plural: Example: 310 ynnya. Sto yninups. Sto nnowane. Bro obue. Sto snanne. 310 Bank. Sroasrobyc, Sto rocrmnnua. ee Sto pecropan 310 GonbHnya, Sto marasun. 7 Sto Boxsan a Sromawnwa, Srocranyvs, Sroantexa, Se Sto myseii 3° Give the nominative singular of the following words: ctpaties cbunmes rocTMHKubt mapa cn —— ena a Suners) KOMEN nvceMa ynmupi nonpyrn Konbya aun! to —__Abkymenei xny6o1 cnosaph keaprupps ~ 4 Reply in the negative, putting the word in brackets into the plural : Example : - 310 kunrw? (cnosape) - Her, 2T0 He KHIM, 370 cnoBaph. 4 = Sto rocTMamupl? (MHcTMTyT) = 2- Sto wKonei? (yHMBepenTeT) — _ 3- Sto py4Kn? (Kapangau) 4- Sto céctpsr? (noapyra) 5- 9ro KomntioTepes? (renesHa0p) 8 - Sto nMcbMa? (qoKyMeHT)IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS @ Nouns that have a change to the stem: Masculine Apyr (the friend) > apyabs ctyn (the chair) crynbA 6par (the brother) > GpateA uenoeék (the person) > nionw upeTOx (the flower) > yBerét peGSHoK (the child) > ner bIH (the son) > cbiHoBEs ete... Feminine AOUb (the daughter) > ndvepn Mate (the mother > matepu ete. Neuter [AGpexo (the tree) > nepésra |péma (the time) > apemen, ma (the first name) > umeHa etc... S6N0KO (the apple) > S6N0KK Masculine nouns with a stressed -A (-A) ending in the nominative plural: use (the colour) > yeTa npocpéccop (the professor) > npocpeccopa yultenb (the teacher) > yunrensi npec (the address) > aapecd Béuep (the evening) > Bevepa rOpop (the town) > ropond om (the house) > oma ndcnopr (the passport) > nacnopTa n6eaA (the train) > noesna maa (the eye) > rnasa etc. As in English, certain nouns have no plural. This includes substances, feelings, etc. (things that cannot be counted): psiI6a (fish, the dish) MonoKé (milk) caxap (sugar) i480 (beer) msico (meat) HedrTe (oi) conb (salt) cepe6p6 (silver) 36N0TO (gold) ximusi (chemistry) 106088 (love) cudctee (happiness) As in English, certain nouns have no singular. This includes words that in some way designate a pair, and certain other nouns: ‘OUKiA (glasses) wack (a clock or watch) kaniikynibt (the holidays) AHEM (money) Ayxi (perfume) HOKHMUp! (Scissors) cytin (24 hours) GpioKn (trousers) Tpycet (short trousers, pants) @ Certain neuter nouns of foreign origin never change their endings: erpé, paano, TaKch, nanbT6, MeHib... 10EMISE ieee cl PiaeGs 1 Give the nominative singular of the following words (if there is one): I Se ee ee LAR) rer ee ripe | meena ropoga — nem Howry ace! oe etepa ety Macnopra — poma vega ype) cbiHoBeA uk a DeHern asta tye a 2° Which of the words in the following lists has no singular form? 1- py6nn, chpanau, Mapku, AeHiorH, Aonnapel 2- KHUTH, Yacel, CTyNbA, CTONEI, WKadbbI 3- py4in, KapaHaaW, HOKHMYBI, NAnkH, KOHBEPTEI 4 cnrapere, ouKn, Kriown, rageTeI, ANCKETbI 5-Uperbi, AyXn, KoHcberbs, TopTbI, cboTorpacbun 3° Which of the words in the following lists has no plural form? Give the plural form of the remaining words. NeDbc ge ee a ee eye ee cepe6po east tletanimeipbone tein HOK Gyreinka SASbIK es paano nr TeHHMC tera alienate cuacTbe a Het ——— xne6 seaseneesetaat essen RHO — pea cpa Bunka ner mae nw60Bb sence tamed 4 Give the nominative plural of the following words (if there is one): occa) sean ene en ONE air oe eee eMC G 5 gyn coeeee enn Emenee coin nota uper eee eneeeeres yurenb cekpetaph SCDOT ge eee ee eens) Cee] Pee eRe eR SE atc reg eee eee peGiHok = emopex coke eee noesa a Mawwa camonér oe uypetoR = gepeso psn pxgeeereeeee cectpa are olae kocbe —_——_________ Hette mesowwa ep pyr : kmio4 a ctyn eeCRAY CRENS PERSONAL pronouns ‘A chpanuys. | 1am French. Mope xonéqHoe? —- Hla, on6 xondaHoe.| Is the sea cold? ~Yes, it is cold. Ona B SloHqoHe. She is in London. TbI and BBI : the two words for «you». @ Te1is used when speaking to family members, friends, children, and to God. Ba is used for politeness and respect, and when talking to more than one person. ++ When Bt is used politely to address one person, the verbs that accompany it are in the plural. — Anna, Bbi 68inM B SIGHAOHe? Anna, have you been to London? When you use a short form adjective with «Bb», it goes in the plural but long form adjectives are in the singular and agree in gender with the person described.; = Vipivia, abi npaees. Irina, you are right. — Hatawa, kakda BbI Kpacvieas! Natasha, how beautiful you are! — AHOpéi, KaKOi abi YMHBIi! Andrey, how clever you are! & When addressing someone formally, it is usual to write «Bet» with a capital «B»: Yeaxdemeili Tocnoain Cunt, Kak Bol yké sHdere... Dear Mr. Smith, as you already know... OH (HE or IT MASCULINE), OHA (SHE or IT FEMININE), OHO (IT NEUTER) On is used for masculine nouns. Ona is used for feminine nouns. Oxo is used for neuter nouns. In the use of pronouns, no distinction is made between animate and inanimate nouns. — Sto mos uiKéna. Ona saxpeita. — This is my school. It is closed. — Sto Moii KomnbioTep. OH copcém HOBbII = This is my computer. It is quite new. — Sto cpaHuyackoe BUH6? — Is it a French wine? — fa, oH6 ua DpaHunn.— Yes, it comes from France. DECLENSION: Personal pronouns decline according to their function in the sentence. Tt you | heft sheft [we | you | they Nor los ta | onfond | ond | om) Bh | ont Genitive Meni TeOA | erd(Herd) | e& (Hes) | Wac | Bac | mK (HHx) [Dative | mie | 1666 | emy(Hemy) , eii(Heri) | Ham | sam | nm (Hnm) Accusative meni | te6a | erd (Herd) | e6(Hed), Hac, Bac | ux (Hux) Instrumental © mHoA , To6O wm(Hwm) | efi(Hem) | HdMM | amn | amu (Hinnn) | Prepositional | o6omé | oTe6é| oném | ower | onac | owac | om After a preposition, add «H» before third person singular and plural pronouns: Y neé ects mawinna, ‘She has a car. Away x HeMy. I'm going to his place. Tot roBopriule © HAM. You are talking with him. 12Gece rns 1 Answer the questions using a personal pronoun: Example :— Hatawa spay? — Her, ona KypHanncrka. + - Gait ropaunin? Berman 2- Opyxtei cnenne? - Da, 3- Anva u Cepreii xneyt 8 yeTpe? — la, - Mao xonopHoe? —Her, 3 - Maras orkpbit? -Aa, ——___ oe 3- Mele yentpe? -Her, 2 Fillin the gaps with «Bui» or «Tel» : - oma, Anna Cepreesna? 2-Tpe —______ 6vinw, Harawa? 3-Slapnea, ___ 6ina 8 lonaone? i npasti, Cawa. - —_____ ne nonin, Anexcanap Cepreeanu? 3 Fill in the gaps according to the example: Example : Caknpa v JIunga amepnkankn. OHu xnByT 8 Boctone. + - Mapx cbpanuya paGoraer a Mapcene. 2-___ alec, nana? 3- Mma u 918 omnycke, orawixaem Ha Gepery KpacHoro MopaA. 4-Cawa moro nytewecreosan._____ rosopwr Ha natu sabikax. 5-70 yseTHo! npuHTep? — Da, ueTHoii M coBceM HoBbIMi 4 Put the pronoun in brackets into the correct form: 1 - OH He MoxeT nogoiiti k Teneqbory. (OH) ___ HeT goma. 2-(Ova)_____ Hago BepnyTbca pomoli noparbwe. 3-(Mbl)___________ Heo6xogumo BcTperuTecac__ (ox). 4- Bei noiaére c. (Mi) B KO? 5-ToBopy rpomue. A He cnbily, (res). 6-Uro THO (ona) aymaew? 7-KakaMory___——_ (8b) Havin? 8-(On)_— ster ne Hago. 5 Make compliments to your friend, your boss, your parents: Example : - Kako Bb yMHbiii! Kak et oneranTHet! ssa 13cee 4 POSSESSIVES in the NOMINATIVE '= Yelk S10 36HTK? Whose is the umbrella? | | Sto molt 36HTuK. It's my umbrella. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN YEN? (whose?) YbA? YbE? YbU? © The interrogative relative pronoun YEA? (whose?) agrees in gender, number and case with the noun or pronoun that it refers to. ~ Yel 310 0M? — Whose is the house? ~ Yb 30 KHiira? — Whose is the book? —Ybé Sto Konbyd? — Whose is the ring? ~ Yeu S70 rasétet? — Whose are the newspapers? POSSESSIVES IN THE NOMINATIVE ‘ Possessive pronouns agree in gender, number and case with the noun that they refer to. — Sto moi apyr (masc.). — it's my friend. / This is my friend. ~ Sto mos nonpyra (fem.). - it's my (female) friend. — So mos Konbu6 (neut.).~ it's my ring. ~ Sto Mow poauiTenn (plur.). — These are my parents. MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER PLURAL ' ein? Ua? | a Molt Moa ; Tel TeOH B08 1 Mer Haw Hawa ' ' BbI Baul Bawa : —Yeii $10 20M? Whose is the house? ~ Sto moi gom. It’s my house. — Ups Sto Kaapriipa? Whose is the flat? ~Sro mosi keaptiipa. It's my flat. — 4bé $10 KoNbYS? Whose is the ring? ~ Sto Moé KoNbUS. It’s my ring. — Ubu S70 KHVTU? Whose are the books? — Sto Mow KHVirn. These are my books. 14PERS ea ey Pisa) 1 _ Fillin the gaps with the missing possessive pronouns: Example: 310s. 970 Molicocen u mom cocenKa 41-3108 310 apyr 4 nogpyra. 2-Stoas. 310 ocpnc? Sto. ka6uner? 3-StoTs. = Sm__ 6parn__ceerpa. 4-Stomu. 310 om, mawnia, _cemba 5-StoTs. S10 Apyr? —Her, 2T0 6par. 6-StoBy. S1o_____nonpyra?—Her,ato__ceerpa. 7-St08. 30 kownbiorep. 8-Stosu. Sm __netu?-Ja,oro____ nem. 2 Reply in the negative: Example : Sto sawn apyaba ? - Her, ato He Hawi Apy3bsA. 1-910 Teo Aom? 2-ST0 Bawa f04b? 3-310 Hawa cocenKa? 4-310 moi Gunet? 5-9To Hala npo6nema? 3 Reply in the negative: 4-910 Taos noppyra? 2-Sro sawa mawnHa? 3- Sto Moa pysKa? 4-9r0 Ta0n ponutenn? 15They do not decline. A singular owner, masculine or neuter A singular owner, feminine A plural owner POSSESSIVES IN THE THIRD PERSON: EFO, EE , UX: In the third person, possessive pronouns agree with the owner in gender and number. OH (masculine) or OHO (neuter) eré pom his house eré6par his brother eréxsapripa his flat eroKHim his books erdécectpa his sister eréaapyaba his friends 3aB6Q M eré npoAyKUA a factory and its production. OHA eé nom her house eé6pat her brother eéxeapripa her flat e&cectpa her sister eka her books e8 apysbsi her friends cbipma 1 eé dchuc a company and its office. OHN vx fom their house wx6pat their brother wxkeapriipa their flat wxcectpa their sister MxKHiArA their books wx Apysbsi their fiends CTpAHbI MW MX CTONMUB! countries and their capitals. 16Possessives in the nominative Paes 4 Answer the questions: Example : —Ubit 910 auckett!? — Sto Mon AMcKeTEI. 4-Yeii oto cnopapb? - 2.-Ubé ato pewienne? 3-Yeii ato apyr? 4-Uba ato KowiKa? 5 - Uba ato cymKa? 6 -Ybé 9To nanbTo? 7-Upu 9T0 AokymenTbi? — 8- Ubu sto raseTbI? 9-Uba ato raseta? ~ 5. Find three nouns for each possessive pronoun: Example: molt cron, Movi cnogape, Mol KapaHqauu 1- eau 2-Mon 3-ero 4-TB0% S-wawa 6-ux 7-180" co 8-26 6 Ask questions that refer to the words in blue: Example : Unit 3T0 oKymeHTbI? — STOMOM AOKyMeHTE:. eo - to mou Konnem. jo eerie ie raOETE et ee - Tao apyr xopouio rosopur no-arnulickn 3 ? -E8 orey pa6oraeT B oToli KoMnaHnn 4 - 90 Baul HoBBII o“buc 5 i -Ero ctyneHTet xopouio cnann axsameH Cee -Hawi aupextop ceyivac Ha sctpeve. 7 an - 370 Hau ApysbA 8 Ec eee - 970 Mx OM. 9 2? Baw nna oueH» UHTepecHbii 7ere 5 THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS WHAT IS A CASE? Ved npnién. ivan has arrived. Y ipa HeT MawiiHbi. van has no car. A sponiin Vipaiyy. / telephoned Ivan. FA Bipwy Vpdva Kaxkqpili nen. | see Ivan every day. Ava rosoprina c Wsdtom. Anna was speaking with Ivan. Mbi ropopiinu 06 Viedve. We talked about ivan. Declensions play an essential part in the structure of a Russian sentence. The ending of the word changes, depending on the function of the word in the sentence and its relationship with other words. This also has an effect on the meaning. Certain functions are expressed by means of a case ending and a preposition. Nouns have six cases. Each declension is a set of six case endings, each of which conveys a different word function within a sentence. Nouns therefore have six singular and six plural forms, each recognised by its particular ending. Thus the word kxutra (the book) has the following endings: singular plural nominative —KHur-a KHnr-n | | genitive kar Hur | dative KHn-e KHUT-aM | accusative KHUT-y KHUT- instrumental kvur-o14 kHr-aMn | prepositional e xHwr-e 8 KHMT-aX ‘ The ending is often enough to determine the role of the word in the sentence. - Axynin Sty kuvry cectpé. (this book) > direct object: accusative. = I bought this book for my sister. (for my sister) > indirect object: dative @ Certain prepositions are always followed by a particular case: — Bika acerné nbér Kétbe 6ea cdxapa. Vika always drinks coffee without sugar. > 6es + genitive. # Certain prepositions can be followed by more than one case, depending on the meaning: — Bnapiimup nowén 3a xné60m. Viadimir went to get some bread, > 2a + instrumental, = Sl Hanucdn cratbid 3a HepEmHO. | wrote the article in a week. > sa + accusative 18THE DECLENSIONS @ The nominative singular is the «basic» form of the noun. When you look at the nominative singular you can usually tell which declension the word belongs to. ‘+ There are three declensions: The first and second declensions have so-called «hard» and «soft» versions. The third declension has only a «soft» version. First declension All nouns ending in -a or -si, with the exception of words in -Msl (apeMa, uma, ...). The great majority of these nouns are feminine, but there is a group of masculine nouns that also belong to this declension, including many diminutive forms of masculine first names: Mawmna the car, TETA the aunt, Co6aKa the dog, Bona waler, but AéAyWKa the grandfather, nana dad, Mypkuinna the man, How the youth, ArIAA the uncle, Kéna Kolya, Néta Petya... Words that end in -a are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in «A are said to have «soft» endings. Second declension All masculine nouns that end in a consonant, in a soft sign -b or in the letter -i_as well as all neuter nouns that end in -0 or in -e: AIOM the house, coK the juice, OKA the rain, My36i4 the museum, BHO the wine, MOpe the sea... Masculine nouns: words that end in a consonant are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in -b or in--Hi are said to have «soft» endings. Neuter nouns: words that end in «0» are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in «e» are said to | have «soft» endings. Third declension All feminine nouns that end in a soft sign -b: HOYb the night, cont salt, OCeHb autumn. | | @ There are also nouns that have irregular declensions. These are nouns that end in -mat (pa time, tims the name, 3HaMA the flag...) and the word nyTb the way. “ Adjectives, cardinal and ordinal numbers and pronouns also decline in Russian, but their endings are different from those of nouns. THE USE OF CASES : GENERAL CONCEPTS Nominative The subject of the sentence, or a nominative complement. Genitive: To qualify a noun or an adverb. To render «of». After certain prepositions. Dative Indirect object. Impersonal expressions. After certain prepositions. After certain verbs. Accusative : Direct object. Expres: Ns of time (duration). Movement to. Instrumental : To express means, instrument. After «C» to express accompaniment, After certain other prepositions. After certain verbs. Prepositional orlocative : After the preposition «o» - about. After the prepositions «a» and «Ha» - in/onvat (location). 19a 6 THE GENITIVE (1) [ean Cepréeswu Manin — nexan cbaxyneréra, atop Kur «OKoHOMMKa Poccnu>. | | Ivan Sergeyevich Panin is Head of Department, and author of the book «The Economy of Russia». | TO QUALIFY A NOUN The genitive is used with the noun usually after the noun that it qualifies. This makes a simple link between one noun and another. mauiiva 6para nonpyra cectpst my brother's car my sister's friend nonviruka npasirrentcrsa urpywixn aeren the government's policy the children’s toys —UbsiSto Kaptitna? —— Whose painting is that? ~SroxapriaPénmna. —~ It's a painting by Repin. GENITIVE SINGULAR ENDINGS Koro? Yero? ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS: GENDER ee POSSESSIVE PERSONAL Hard | Sot | Hard | Sot | PRONOUNS | PRONOUNS endings | endings | endings | endings am M nomA | py6nAt {craporol evHErO woErO mens } ra0ETO NoGA a | mw ; , HaWEFO ae N | omA | mops PHOTO | enero bawero | ero (Herd) t : €8 (Hee) rent : | Moea ac crdp0 | cre | Teo EVA nérOM |rpeE| — Hawelt eae Bawen ax (Hix) F cecrpbl cranuvN rerpaah + ppema > spemenn ow > Aovepn mare > matepn @ If there is no preposition, use the forms eré, Heé, MUX : y Herd, OT Hed, ana HK 8, ux, but after a preposition use the forms: Heré, QUANTITY. THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE The genitive is used to express the part of a whole or an indeterminate quantity: craKaH coKa vact aéma nuTp Bonet a glass of juice 4 part of the house a litre of water — Davire mue ctakay Monoxa. — Maite mie monoxé. — Give me a glass of milk — Give me some milk. 20ewan) 1 Answerthe questions: Example :—Yei 310 cpotoannapar? (Murep) — Sto cbotoannapar Murepa. 4-Ueli sto noprper? (MywKisH) : 2-Ubs ato KomHaTa? (cecTpa) 3-4bé 9T0 nnicbMo? (apyr) pesos ener ene eee enve ere wee esvunre uneereuere mre 4- Ubu ato chororpacbun? (Mapua u rope) 5- Ueii pat yuntea B yHnBepcuTere? (L>KoH) 6 - Unit TeTpan nexKar Ha cTone? (fO4b M chil) 2 Answer the questions. Give both a long and a short answer: Example: — Ubi ato Yacei, T80”? (moi pyr [>KoH) — Her, He Mon. STo 4acti Moero apyra [bkona. — Het, moero apyra [>koHa. 1-Uba oto ava, aula? (Mom RenyuiKa) 2-Ubs aro cbvpma, Baia? (Moa xKeHa) 3-Ueii aT nom, TB0i4? (MoA sHaKOMaR) 4- Ubs 2To Maina, ero? (ero crapwiaa cecrpa) 5- Yell sto Tenecbou, Balu? (moi ocbuc) 3° Answer the questions: Example: —Tsovinana paGoraer e yxnsepcwete? (npocbeccop, yHusepenTer) — Za, o+ nporbeccop yxnsepentera. 1 - Ero Gpar pa6oraer a cbupme? (aupextop, cbupma) 2- Baw myx qunnomar? (nepsbili cexpetaps, noconbcreo) 3- Boi nay4aere ucTopmio? (cTyneHT, McTopHuecKni cbaxyntTer, yHuBepcuTeT) 4- Baw 3HaKoMbili — vasectHbili YenoBek? (apTucr, TeaTp) 5- Mérp— myabikanr? (anpunxép, opkectp) 6- Baw 6pat— GusHecmen? (snageneu, komnanna) 4 Answer the questions: Example :—Uro xynun Cepreii?(6ytbinka, ano) — Cepreit xynian 6yteimny uta. 4-Uro kynuna Anna? (naKer, Monoxo) 2.- Uro saxagan 8 pectopave Axapeli? (nopuna, wawunbik) 3- Ceroqua kapxo. YT0 Bb! XOTHTe BLINUTE? (MMHEpanbHas BOA, XoMOAHOe NMBO) 4-Uro sbi xoTuTe? (vawika, ropsuni vali; craKaH, anenbchHOBbii COK) 5- YTo abl xoTHTe KynMTs? (na4Ka, Macno; GyTBINKa, KBaC) 21re 7 THE GENITIVE (2) — Téunoe Bpéma - cemb Yacée AécaTS MMHYT ABAQUATE CeKyHA, — The precise time is seven ten and twenty seconds. TO MrpyUIKA MORK AETEH. — Sto mauivia Mowx apyséi. | | — These are my children’s toys. — This is my friends’ car. GENITIVE PLURAL ENDINGS NOUNS ADJECTIVES Words Gender Nominative Genitive Genitive ORDINAL NUMBERS ending in: ending [POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS} Hard 5 crén cronOB HOBEIX commons M axrép 0B axrépOB nareix xcept x and uw} a M canatopnit EB caHaTopuEB Roporx 2K Wy M Hox Hone crépulnx a |“ secéHHnx py6ne a py6nEn TpéTenx ~ EM Done EA pone 2 N ope opel “ne N sanéune , sandnni a wa FE naptua mM napthit TeOuX +— Haun a KémHara - kOmnat , A F Henéna - nenéne* pauinx “0 N oKH6 : KOH 1 * Soft version '@ In the genitive plural of neuter nouns in -o and feminine nouns in -a, -f, a vowel is inserted when the stem of the noun ends in two consonants: —_oKHié (the window) > 6xoH Aésyuika (the git) > néBywex SPECIAL CASES @ Masculine nouns that end in - y have stressed endings in - 0B, KoHé4 (the end) > KOHYSE and unstressed endings in - es mécsy (the month) >} mécayes OAH HenoBék (one person) - HECKONKO YenoBEk (several people); BMH CONAAT (a soldier) - NaTS congaT (five soldiers); onMH pas (a time) - ABCATS pas (ten times); OAMH ns (an eye) - NAT nds (five eyes). © apyr (a friend) > apyséi AOUb (a daughter) Aouepér cembs (a family) > ceméii Matb (a mother) > matepéii —_Gpar (a brother) > Gpatbes ama (the first name) > ume AéHbrn (money) > géxer ctyn (a chair) > crynbes AétH (children) > netéir CbIH (a Son) > cbiHOBEH xo (an ear) > yweii HWOAM (people) > nronéii 22PIG TOE 1 Answer the questions using the clues in the brackets: 1 = Ckonbko mecayee B ropy? (12) 2- Ckonbko cekyua 8 MiiyTe? (60) 3~- Ckonbko qHeli 8 Henene? (7) 4+ Cxonbxo y Bac Apyseii? (MHoro) 5-CKOnbKO BOKZan0B 6 MockBe? (7) —=~=S«* = COIEKO A'DIKOB BbI NOHMMaeTE? (6) 7 CKonbko AHeli 8 HefeNt0 Bbi paboTaeTe?(5) 8 - CkonbKo sBG90 Ha HEGe? (oveHS MHOTO) 2 Complete the sentences using the genitive plural of the words in brackets: Example : 51 xynin kunorpanm (aGn0xo). - 51 KynMn KAnorpamM AGNOK. 1-B pectopane moi saxazann nopymo (KoTNeTa, NenbMeHi, YCTPHUA, MapHHOBaHHbil 7pH6). 2 B xonogunbHnke cTouT Ganka (orypey, Nommzop). 3-Myxk nogapnn mue 6yker (ugerbI, poza, naHabIUs, TiONbNaH). 4-Vipmwa xynmna knnorpamm (rpywa, anenbcnl, GaHaH). 5- Ha Teppace crour Kopania (Arona, oBOUWM, cbpyKTel). 6 -B cyne nexar xopobxa (Kontbera) w nauKa (curapera) 3 > Complete the sentences: Example : A mioGnio mysbiky (4TanbAHCKHe KOMnoaHMTopEi). - A mOGMio MyabiKy HTanbAHCHAX Komnosuropos. 1-Mxe Hpasatca kapTiMitl (cbpakuyackve umnpeccnoHncre). 2- A mio6nio pomalie! (coapemenHble aMepnKancKne nucaTenm), 4-Y mena ect cbororpacbin (wHorme uaBecTHbIe KAHOAKTpHCH)) 5 - Al wayualo akoHOMmKy (eBporievicKme rocyfapcrea). 6 - Henasto a kyniin copHik (pycckHe HapopHble necHH). 7 Moi apyr - aHarox (HayoHanbHbie TpagMuyn, Haponb! Cesepa), 4 Answer the questions: Example: Y pei6 ect Hor? - Her, y pbi6 Her Hor. 4-Yntmy ect ay6u1? — — _ 2-Y nonyraes ects yout? 3-Y ameii ect nanbubi? 4-Y pepeates ects rasa? _ 5-Y cTeH ects yun? 6-Y vepenax ect pykin? 23CREF CRS 8 THE GENITIVE (3) after prepositions y, OT, 6€3, Kpome, ANA, OKONO, HanpoTuB, BOKpyr, HeAaNeKO OT, OT...00 ‘Alycrdna. Nécne pa6oTet on nownh 8 pecropat 6ea MeHsi | was tired. After work they went to the restaurant without me THE PREPOSITION “Y” (at the place of) ‘@ The preposition «y> is used to denote the place where something is happening: —Y koré poi 6tinn aepa? —Tpe Tb! 6bin Buepa yTpom? — At whose place were you yesterday? — Where were you yesterday morning? —Mbi 6éin# y Hawero apyra. A 6biny apaud B nonuKniHuKe. — We were at our friend's. — | was at the doctor's in the clinic. *% «Y> + the genitive is used after the verbs 6bITe (fo be), HaxoQMTbCA (to be situated) and their equivalents: oTqpIxaTe (to rest), KUTB(to live) etc..., but never after verbs of motion. A Gbin y 6para. | was at my brother's. But: A éanun« party. / went to my brother's. @ To take something from someone: *F + the genitive is used after the verb 6parb/ssaTb (to take) and its equivalents: — So Bawa kHira? ~Y koré abi assinu Stor cnoBépe? — ts this your book? — Who did you get this dictionary from? —Her, a Baan Sty KHutry y Gpara. ~Y Moeré oud. = No, | got this book from my brother. — From my father. THE PREPOSITION “OT” (from / from someone's place) Alnowén x apauy. > AGwiny spaud. > Anpmuwén ot apava. I went to the doctor's. > Iwas at the doctor's. > I came back from the doctor's — Fl 6tin B rocté® y poaiirenelt. ! was visiting my parents. — Al peprynes of pogvirenelt ndaqHo Béuepom. ! came back from my parents’ place late in the evening. TO RECEIVE OR LEARN something from someone: — OT koré ona nonywina nucbM6? — Or oTyé. — Who did she get that letter from? — From her father. Or koré abi yaar Sty HOBOCTE? — Or caceré wédba. — Who did you learn that piece of news from? — From my boss. —Caéra nepenand mie npuaér or Mpiibt — Sveta said «hello» to me from Irina. © Mcem6 wa Monpedna (irom where?) — Macbm6 or 6para (from whom?) S70 cyBennip W3 M6HAOKA. It's a souvenir from London. Buepa a nony4iina nucbMo or Gpata. Yesterday | received a letter from my brother. 241 Answer the questions according to the example: Example : [pe Te! Gein Bevepom? (apyr, BeYepuHka) — A Gein y Apyra Ha BeYepuHKe. 1-Te Mérp Guin aepa? (apyaba, aeHb poxaeHna) PWG 2- Tne bi Geinn 8 BockpeceHbe? (ava, cTapwiaa cecTpa) 3- Fae Bbioxnnm netom? (qepesHA, popuTenn) 4--Tpe abi oGenann a cy66oTy aevepom? (noma, Haw Konnera) 2 Answer the questions according to the example: Example : Y koro Tb saan Tetpagb? (AHHa) - Aegan e8 y ANHEI, 1-Y koro Toi agan mawinHy? (crapunii pat) 2-Y koro nincatenb VisaHos eaan aty neo? (Myuknl) 3-Y Koro Tel oOmKMN REHM? (pozNTent) 4-Y koro xKypHanncrst GepyT MHTepebIO? (APTUCTEI, NONMTUKH, YHEHBIe, POK-MyabIKAHTE) 3 Change the following sentences using the verbs in brackets: Example : Bpat nocnan mHe nucbMo. (nony4nre) — A nonyuunia nuceMo oT 6para. 1 - Apyabs nopapunu me nopapok. (nonynTs) 2- Konnern cooBuyunn mHe HOByI0 MHcbopMauWto. (y3HaTe) 3- Dpyr pacckasan mHe HoBocTe. (yenbiMiaTb) 4- [Ipyaba yacto nuwyT MHe nivcbma. (nony4aTb) 4 Change the following sentences to say «where from», according to the example: Example : Bei xn y Apyra Ha aaue. — Mei npuexann OT apyra c qa4n. 1 - But Geinn y cotpyaHnka 8 Napwxe. 2- Bui Guinn y cecrpii Ha paGore. 3 - Bui Guinn y ahaKomoro 8 Merep6ypre. 4-Tol 6bin y noppyrm Ha HoBOH Keaprupe. 5 - Tei Gbina y ANppes Ha Manbre. 6- Toi Guin y Mberpo 8 Mtranwn. 7- Tet Gina y Mropa 8 kny6e. 25