tae Liat ke nian NOLIMONNOd NISHIWHALL — T3AvNHosTIEBACKS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Harry Sclnahel, Jr. President Schnabel Foundation Company McGraw-Hill Book Company New York St, Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogoté Hamburg Johannesburg London Madrid Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama Paris Sao Paulo Singapore ‘Sydney Tokyo TorontoCONTENTS Library of Congress Cataloging ma Publication Data | Preface y Schnabel, Hany, J. ‘Tiebacks in Foundation Enginecsing and Construction Includes index. | 1 INTRODUCTION 1, Anchorage [Seuctural enginerxing) 2 { Foundations. 3. Retaining wall 1. Tile. | TAT72.S36 6241'S E1-2432. AACR? 2 DESIGN 13 ISBN O-07-D55S1b-8 | Anchors, 14 Tendons, 23 (Factor of Safety, 28 Testing, 29 Copyright © 1982 by MeGrav- =I], In. All rights | reserved. Printed in the United States of America 31 [No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, | 3 CONSTRUCTION stored in a retrieval system, or ransmitted in any ‘Tiebacks with Straight-Shaft Anchors Made without Grout form or by any means, elestton, mechanical, Pressure, 31 \Tiebacks with Balled Anchors Made without Pressure ‘photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the Grout, 36 /Tiebacks with Shaft Anchors Made with Pressure Grout, pas written pexmicalon ot the publisher. 37 /Tiebacks with Enlarged Anchors Made with Pressure Grout, 12 Tendons, 45 | Corrosion Protection, 4 1234567890 KPKP 8987654321 42 Tendons, 4516 Protection, 46 “The editors for this book were [oan Zseleczky and ‘Susan Thomas, the designer was Eliot Epstein, and 4 TesTING 49 the production supervisor was Paul A. Malchow. It Mas act in Trump by Achow Graphic Services, Ine ‘The Proof Test, 49 The Performance Test, 51 |Anchor Strain, 57 | Greep, 58 /The Test Program, 60! Testing-Prograra Printed and bound by ‘The Kingsport Press ‘Modifications, 62 (Conclusion, 6810 n (CONTRACTING PROCEDURES ‘The Normal American Comacting Procedure, 6 European Contracting Procedures, 68 American Public-Work Proceduces, 69 | Summary of Fist Five Chapters, 71 TIEBACK MATERIALS ‘Tendons, 73 | Tendon-Strucsure Connections, 78 | Anchors, 81 | Bond Breakers, 83 | Regrouting, 83 CORROSION PROTECTION Evaluating Coresion, 86 | Protecting Tendons by Encapsultion, {8 J Anchor Deterioration, $0 Corrosion Potential in the Unbonded Length, 91 (Protecting the Connection to the Structures, 93 | Tenton Steels, 95 MORE ON TESTING Characteristic LoadiDeformation Curves, 97! Loading Errors During ‘Tieback Testing, 105 {Measurement Errors During Tiebeck Testing. 108 / Creep, 110! Preconstruction Tieback Testing, 112 (Tests to Verify Longer-Term Tieback Performance, 118 [ Canclusion, 115 ‘UPLIFT Water Pressure on Concrete Tanks, 117 | Building Slabs, 121 | Tiedowns to Strengthen Dams, 123 Tower Uplift, 126 Summary, 127 ‘TIED-BACK WALLS The Wall Type Affects the Barth Pressure, 130 Types of Walls, 192 / arth Presure, 138 | Wall Design, 142 | Design of Individual Tiebacks, 144 (Tests to Veuify Capacity of Individual Tiebacks, 148 | Tests to Verify Adequacy of Calculated Tieback Capacity, 148 | Summary, 149 LANDSLIDES, WALLS, AND TIEBACKS: Classification of Landslides, 158 1 Landslide Analysis, 155 1 Wall and ‘Deback Design, 156 | Sunznary, 159 {Conclusion, 159 Bibliography Index 65 73 85 97 ur 129 151 161 165 PREFACE Tiebacks tie a structure to an anchor made in stable soil. The anchor, made deep in the earth at the end of a drilled or driven hole, is the key part of each tieback, In the last two decades, the number of tiebacks used has increased as contractors have perfected sophisticated con- struction techniques and engineers have developed better under- standing of the design, We now understand the technique well enough to organize and present our new knowledge in this first book on tiebacks. Design and test procedures have evolved over several decades, and have been proven in practice. The book is organized around explaining our procedures, which we have adopted after evaluating and discarding many other possibilities, so that they can be understood and used by structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, students and contractors. ‘The first five chapters are a discussion of the basics: design, construc tion, testing, and contracting procedures. The next six chapters con- sider in more detail materials, corrosion protection, test programs, and design of tiebacks to resist uplift, support walls, and stabilize land slides, The proprietary nature of many methods is stressed, and the reader is cautioned that patent infringement must be avoided. A bib- liography has been included at the end of the book for the engineer who wishes to read further. This will allow the serious student of tiebacks to evaluate the proposals in this book and consider alternatives not recommended here. Certainly, in the years to come, we expect to im-vi Preface prove our techniques, but this book is written based on a conscientious effort to organize and use our present state of knowledge on tiebacks, Tam grateful to many engineers who have contributed to the ideas presented here. Among those from whom I gained particularly significant insights, Iwant to thank Karl Bauer, Ron Chapman, Jacques Charlier, Ralph Peck, Lymon Reese, Jim Sigourney, Fred Stocker, and Dave Weatherby. NoTs: In this book, the pronouns he, him, and his have been ‘used to refer to people in general. This was done for linguistic convenience. It is in no way meant to imply that positions in engineering, design, and construction are filled solely by men. INTRODUCTION ‘This book is about tiebacks. The use of tiebacks in construction is in its infancy, and, like a child, it will grow rapidly in the next few years. Some of the techniques I describe will quickly become obsolete. Some of the design approaches will be improved. The result will be the greatly expanded use of tiebacks and their application to many areas not now contemplated, ‘Tiebacks have an anchor in the earth, attached to a tendon, which applies a force to a structure. They are distinguished from deadman anchors by the fact that the anchor is made through the hole drilled or driven to install the tendon. Figure 1-1 shows a sequence of steps used for making one kind of tieback. First a hole is drilled in the ground. A bar is placed in the hole, and the “anchor” end of the hole is filled with concrete. The rest of the hole is backfilled with earth. Wales are in- stalled, and the bar is pulled with hydraulic jacks so that a predeter- mined force is applied through the wales to the structure. All tiebacks are comprised of the same three basic elements: anchor, tendon, and connection to the structure. The surging growth in their use is due to the development by contractors of methods to construct the tiebacks, and a large part of this book is devoted to describing these methods and explaining how to use them successfully. ‘Tiebacks have been used frequently to support excavation sheeting walls and tie down slabs. They have also been used for such innovative structures as the cable-supported roof for the Munich Olympic2 Tiebaoks in Foundation Enginesing and Construction or ie Ar oo oan yer - “| el (e FIG. 1-1. Steps in making 2 ieback: 1) hole ile (6) bar placed in anchor (4) wall connection made, (concrete poured for Stadium and to anchor ski lifts in many parts of the world, They have been protected against corrosion and installed in almost every kind of soil, directly beneath large buildings, and below the groundwater table. ‘These varied conditions have led to the development of a variety of ticback techniques which are designed to meet specific installation and use requirements, We expect these improvements to continue. However no attempt is being made to cover every possibility in this book; instead we seek to cover the basic principles of using tiebacks and the current practice. ‘Not every readet will want to go into all of the details presented here. The first five chapters have been grouped for the reader who seeks a basic familiarity with the technique and a general understanding of tieback design, construction, and testing. Presently, the largest use for tiebacks is to furnish horizontal sup- port for excavation bracing walls. The wall shown in Figure 1-2 is a typical application. The only part of a tieback which can be seen is the connection to the wall, the rest is buried in the earth behind the wall. ‘The connection is designed so that the tendon can be overloaded by using jacks to test the tizback and then a permanent force can be locked off in the tendon to support the sheeting wall. There are many connections in use, but they are generally a structural arrangement for Introduction 3 7 = FIG. 1-2. Photograph ofa tid-back wall. distributing the wall loads to the tieback and vice versa, so no attempt will be made in this book to analyze the connection design. ‘The other end of the tendon is buried in an anchor, which was constructed deep in the ground through a hole made from the face of the sheeting. Many techniques are already in use for making these anchors, and Chapter 3 is devoted to discussing some of those with which I'am familiar. Doubtless there are others, and new ones will be developed. The use of ticbacks to support sheeting walls results in excavations uncluttered by braces and, in some cases, in a faster or less costly project. In general, the more complex the new structure for which the sheeting is being installed, the greater the advantage in using tiebacks to replace braces. For example, braces may interfere with driving piles, drilling caissons, blasting, efficiently setting structural steel, ot pour ing concrete, especially when preassembled forms are desirable. The project can be done faster in some cases, particularly when ticback installation can avoid the necessity of digging to subgrade to install braces and then removing large quantities of earth beneath long braces. Another instance in which tiebacks save time is when their use allows the job to begin before plans are fully developed by tieing back the sheeting and not having to resolve potential conflicts with the new structure. In some cases tiebacks are less costly than braces. We have found this to be true for many excavations over 30 feet deep where the