rKG2 Staa Grammar of PALESTINIAN JEWISH ARAMAIC Be Wn. B. STEVENSON, D.Lrrr. OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1934Oxford Univenity Press Londen Edturgh —Glagon—Copmbegen ‘New York Terie Malenrne Cafe Fenn onbey Cueto Matron Shang Humplirey Milford Pablsher to theUsivensiry PREFACE ‘Tats introduction to Palestinian Jewish Aramaic presupposes a general knowledge of Hebrew or of some other Semitic language, suchas Syriacor Arabic. It is intended primarily toequip students for the reading of the Targums (OJ) and the Aramaic portions of the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim (PTM), and to provide a Delp to the study ofthe Aramsic elements contsned in the writings of the New Testament. ‘The Aramaic of the books of Ezra and Daniel is perhaps best learned afier a study has been made of one of the dialects just, named. Its forms and uses, therefore, are noted in a supplemen- tary way throughout the grammar, At the same time those who choose to begin with Old Testament Aramaic (OTA) may do so with the help ofthe special paradigass atthe end of the book and by concentrating chiefly on the notes masked OTA, which have been placed towards the close of most of the sections into which the grammar is divided ‘The pioneer work of Gustaf Dalman is everywhere presupposed and made use of, His grammar of OJ and PTM formulates the now accepted principles of their treatment (se p. 9) and provides an inexhaustible store-house of material for farther investigation In accordance with his conclusions the punctuation of the supra linear MISS is taken as a standard, although ranslizerated uniformly into the familiar sublinear system and so, in some particulars, made more precise (ee § 2) Dalman’s grammar doesnot include syntax, so that the notes on symax ate a special feature of this grammar and are based almost centr fon the weiter personal observations. The references4 PREFACE ‘added to the syntactic notes, and in other cases also, are intended t0 show the range of the evidence found, and to make it easy to test and supplement the conclusions drawn, They are not intended to be used by beginners. The evidence for the syntax of PTM has been taken wholly from the texts of Dalman's Diaikiproben "The seantness of the material available for the study of OTA, often makes the formulation of general statements about it Aiicule and practically nexpedient. The method adopted, there~ fore, bas frequently been that of giving a precise numerical state rent ofthe facts ‘The paradigm of the ver, alo, has been made, more closely than is usual, a reproduction of existing verbal forms, Sirachs edition of the text, in his 2ilice? Aramaiz Grammar, is ‘assumed to be referred to, except when otherwite stated, Special note has been made of the evidence of the supralinear MSS. of OTA, of which Strack gives specimens References to the Targum of Onkos are made implicitly to the supralinear editions of Kahle, Mers, and Praetorius, so far as they go (eee Literature p. 8). In the case of Gen. 1-4 and 24, the source is Merx’s Chrevomathy, for other parts of the Pentatcuch, Leriner’s Onkior is used. ‘The references to Dalman’s Diol (robin ase made by means of figures referring to the page, para~ ‘raph, and Hine, generally without mention of the tile, sometimes with the abbreviation Crest, prefixed. ‘Much of the material in most sections of the grammar may be passed over on a frst reading. Stents working withoot a teacher are recommended to confine themselves at irs to the notes marked with an asterisk, One or two sections which should be read com. pletely are similarly marked. Those who have a fair working knowledge of Hebrew may begin to read the chapters of Genesis contained in Merx’s Chrestomathy afer they have completed § 8 of the Grammar. Only texts with a supralinear voeaiztion should PREFACE 5 ‘be used at first, Dalman’s intresting Diadeiprobon, if it can be obtained, may be commenced at p. 14, alter a few chapters of the ‘Targura bave been read, Unfortunately the Dialtiproben is now cout of print and there is no immediate prospect of is reisue “The publication of farther selections fram the Aramaic portions of the Jerusalem Talmud, with an English vocabulary, would be of great assistance to English stadens of this Iiterature. ‘The language of the Aromaiz Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C, recently edited and translated by A. Cowley (1923), is closely ated to the idioms of OJ, PTM, and OTA. The anncuncement by the editor of his intention to publish 2 grammar ofthe dialect, of these papyti makes it euperfuous to apologize for its exclusion from the scope of the present work, Sill t may be said that, on the scale of seatment here atempted, no more than thee dialects could properly be incladed. A more comprehensive work must be preceded by other detailed studies, which do not yet exis. It fs a very pleasant duyy :o acknowledge the help and ene ‘couragement the writer has received from the members of the Sectty for Old Tetament Study, bots individually and collectively. ‘Without the assurance of this support and interest this grammar would never have been published nor expanded into is present form. Special thanks ate due to my friend, the energetic and recoureefal sectetry, Dr. T. H, Robinson, of Cardiff University College. am greatly obliged to the readers of the ‘heir vigilant attention to every detail and to the Delegates forthe cordiality of thir acceptance of my work. My Assistant, Mr. E. J Horrs, BD, bas twice read through the proofs and has verified ‘many references and has helped to remove inaccuracies tha might otherwise have escaped detection. srendon Press for WM, B, STEVENSON. Glasgee, sth March, 1924TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 4. Verbs, intial Non : : oor 26 aig a 26 inal Yooh and Waw . 1 6G eae 27.4, final Yodh and Aleph se TABLE OF CONTENTS oo py etfect tenses e ace oe : ) Smpllmperat, and infan. 70 Panvace he eo 2 inesion of partie p Lerenarore 8 3 me. en an. Pea 1. troduction « : 9 32, Monogybie Stems (9)... ee 2. Orthography on Se ee 4 Personal Pronouns (nominative forms) ag 4: Partially Monosjilabie Stems 3). 7 ee (outs forms) 6 1» Gaiected forms) fo 5, Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives « 8 436. Verbal Suffixes 8 6. Imerogatives 2 Bee ith 0 stems) i 4p The Relative Pronoun a a8 yw Gin OTA) : a 8, Nouns and Adjectives (general) 2 Paradiga. of Verb (O]) ss 9, Classfeation of Nouns (declensions) 26 1 Verbal Sufxes oe 1, Infexion of Nouns (masculine types) is Tables of OTA ge ee > (feminines) a 12, Pronominal Sufxes (with singular nouns) 2 3 ve (ith mse. pls. stems) ° te Guth fem pr tems) ° 15, 78,9, &s : e 16, Verval Stems ae “4 i eee tee 6 18, Imperfect Tenses « : 18 19, Imperatives i a 20, Infinitives, : ee at, Partciples « 54 2s, Compound Tenses + oe 2, Influence of Guiturals upon Vertal Forms 6LITERATURE Breuowes, A. Targum Onelos (ext, wit introduction Berlin, 18, Massorah zum Targum Onkelos, Leipsigy r8yy, Burney, C.F, Aramaic Origin ofthe Fourth Gospel Datvax, Gustar. Gratmmatik des Jadisch Pa Iiisch. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 2905 Aramisch-Neuhebriisches Handworterbuch 2 Targum, Talmad und Midrasch. Zweite verbessrte und vermeres Auflage. Frankfort a. Main, 1922, Aranitsche Dislektproben... mit Worervereichis, Leipeg, 1806, Worte Tes 1902.) Durrrarct, “Grammatische Beobschtungen 2u drei... Mande srlien des Ongsosargums,ZATW ax 1900 (fp. 48 50 Kawa, Pav. | Masoreten des Oxtens—die testen punkierten Handscbriflen des Aten Testaments und det Targume ((n Rie’ Beittige, Heft 1). Leipzig, 1x3 Lacanoe, Pave ve. Prophetae chaldsie. Leipzig, r87a, Tawoaura, S. Stodien zu Mere’ Chrestomathia targumica, In “aiscvit fae Asstiloge, vl i, 1888 (pp. 263-92), ‘Mrnx, Avauoerr. Chrestomathia Targumica (with etal notes and Latin glossary), Berlin, 1888, Peavronses, Fhanz, Targum mi Josua int Jemenischer Uberlefe- rung. Berlin, 1899, ‘Targum zum Buch der Richter fa Jemeniseher Ubetiferung Berlin, rg00, “ Srasck, HL. Grammatk des Biblisch-Aramdischen, mie ‘exten und einem Wérterbuch, 6te Aufage.” Munich, 12. and nots), Oxford, 1922. ischen Ara Leipcis, 1898, (English trans, T&T. Clark, ae PALESTINIAN JEWISH ARAMAIC $1. INTRODUCTION Dawa Gremmar of JihPatatinon Aronac (eli, nny ofthe Arama dle sepd) opened a new pd ne wy esdamte cay or theft tine ine dle of the Targus, Tams and ashi, and opie a caer an cone oclinn of he prammatal forme of the Tarim of Onion Tvot the rated let wei the Palen Talmud, The Coctston war teed jon Yenenie BSS, whch empoed Teplvervnesigns, The cond eBiton of Daa’ grammar {toes sang with onary (eer) suplemeed and reve Neary ony st dnt change ena era Tens now mate char ta he Tags of Onkln (Pex ria in pace he tee) sod Jomthan (rope) wee woes inp oa ee (OJ), somewhat modified by the influence ofthe Hebrew origina, and tat the Palen aloud abd Mirai peed he ean of nies Get (PM) ls Inc to he fe cote of thi estonship Daan sap pled the wnveaized txts of PTM wih yore tried for theme: prt bythe anlgy ofthe supine don of she Tango Tn ti whole Herre hes, with good ren the Den rene cf appodh fot Arate sesh of Pls i the ie of Chi and a valble pt she wy of he guage And hog ofthe New Testament. ' The ogi, character, and variton ofthe syralnar MSS. of