Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JLBJI
K
=. PK_YCLMH..........................................................................................................................9
?. K][JPCY BK P_CRKIIJÙL PK_YCLMH.....................................................
PK_YCLMH......................................................................
................. 9
9. K][JPCY / DK__MFJKLRMY / FMRK_JMHKY................................................
FMRK_JMHKY....................................................... .............
...... 9
9.= Kqujpcs.............................................................................................................................9
9.? Dkrrmfjkltms.................................................................................................................... 9
2. P_CIKBJFJKLRC............................................................................................................. 2
=. PK_YCLMH
Yupkrvjscr bk Corm
Yupkrvjscr YYC
Cpkrmbcr bk Imfjùl Ar Þm
_jaakr
Khkitrjijstm
Fcltmnjstm.
Iclbuitcr bk Imfjclktm
9. K][JPCY / DK__MFJKLRMY
DK__MFJKLRMY / FMRK_JMHKY
FMRK_JMHKY
9.= Kqujpcs
Kshjlams
Arjhhktks ¶‖
Miikscrjcs bk mlihmnk
Ksimhkrm hjlkmh
2. P_CIKBJFJKLRC
2.= _kvjsjùl bk
bk kqujpcs bk
bk hkvmltk
(Imfjùl ArÞm 4 - =? Rcl, kshjlams, arjhhktks)
Kh supkrvjscr m imrac bk hcs trmomncs schjijtmrí mh c hcs cpkrmbcrks bk hcs kqujpcs bk
hkvmltk hm rkvjsjùl y idkqukc bk hcs khkfkltcs c kqujpcs quk sk utjhjzmríl kl hm
fmljcorm kl iumltc m imltjbmb, impmijbmb y rkstrjiijclks, bk tmh gcrfm bk vjsumhjzmr y
iccrbjlmr icl mltjijpmijùl hm gmitjojhjbmb c bjspcljojhjbmb bk usc bk hcs kqujpcs,
kstcs skríl vmhjbmbcs pcr kh Nkgk bk Rkrrklc.
2.? Pcsjijclmfj
Pcsjijclmfjkltc
kltc bk mpcycs
mpcycs bk fmbkrm
fmbkrm
Prkvjc mh pcsjijclmfjkltc bk mpcycs bk fmbkrm, sk trmzmrí fmlumhfkltk icl imh, hcs
pultcs bk uojimijùl bk hcs mpcycs bk fmbkrm
fmbk rm bk miukrbc m phmlc, bclbk sk rk
rkmhjzmrí
mhjzmrí
ulm pkqukým kximvmijùl bk prcgulbjbmb
prcgulbjbmb bk 0; m =0 if (vmrjmohk).
Hcs mpcycs bk fmbkrm skríl ichcimbcs bk gcrfm fmlumh kl pcsjijùl gjlmh bk miukrbc
m phmlc.
- Yk jlstmhm hm ksimhkrm quk pmsk icfc fæljfc = f. scork hm iuojkrtm bkh fùbuhc,
sjkfprk kxjstjrí ulm pkrsclm klimrambm bk fmltklkr kstk khkfkltc kl su pcsjijùl,
lulim pcbrí suojr c omnmr pcr hm ksimhkrm mha Þl trmomnmbcr sj lc sk kliukltrm hm
pkrsclm klimrambm.
- [ojimr y mhjlkmr hms kshjlams pmrm quk iumlbc sk hkvmltk kh fùbuhc hm imram qukbk
ojkl bjstrjoujbm.
- Mh icfprcomr quk kh kqujpc bk hkvmltk y tcbcs hcs khkfkltcs kstíl kl icrrkitm
pcsjijùl sk prcikbk mh hkvmltmfjkltc bkh amlidc dmstm bmr ulm tklsjùl fæljfm mh
sjstkfm bk hkvmltk.
;. _KYR_JIIJCLKY
Pkrsclmh> Kh Yupkr
Yupkrvj
vjsc
scrr bk Fclt
Fcltmn
mnkk ml
mlmh
mhjzm
jzmrí
rí kl icln
iclnul
ultc
tc icl
icl su iumb
iumbrj
rjhh
hhmm hms
hms
iclbjijclks bk skaurjbmb bkh fcltmnk, kh kstmbc bk hcs kqujpcs y dkrrmfjkltms. Hcs
rkqukrjfjkltcs bk khkfkltcs kspkijmhks y hcs rkqukrjfjkltcs bk mjshmijùl bkh írkm bk
trmomnc.
Khkfkltcs bk jzmnk> Hcs cpkrmbcrks bk hcs kqujpcs c _jaakr rkvjsmríl bk gcrfm
bjmrjm tcbcs hcs khkfkltcs bk jzmnk, iclsjbkrmlbc quk kh imfjùl Ar Þm kstêl kl
pkrgkitc kstmbc. Yj kl hm rkvjsjùl sk bktkitm iumhqujkr bktkrjcrc kl mhaulc bk khhcs,
kstcs bkokríl skr rktjrmbcs bkh sjtjc bk fcltmnk y bmbcs bk omnm
omnm jlfkbjmtmfkltk.
Kqujpcs
Kquj hkvmltk> Hcs cpkrmbcrks scl hcs klimrambcs bk vkrjgjimr quk kh kqujpc bk
pcs bk hkvmltk>
hkvmltk tklam su jlspkiijùl bk skaurjbmb mh bæm.
Yk bk
bkok
okrí
rí ic
icls
lstm
tmtm
tmrr hm vkh
vkhcij
cijbm
bmbb bk
bkhh vj
vjkl
kltc
tc,, mltk
mltkss y burm
burmlt
ltkk hm cpkr
cpkrmij
mijùl
ùl bk
jzmfjkltc. Hm vkhcijbmb bk vjkltc fíxjfc pkrfjtjbc skrí bk 9? ejhùfktrcs pcr dcrm
Yk suspklbkrí tcbm fmljcorm bk jzmnk kl imsc bk vjkltcs gukrtks (vjkltcs Pmrmims)