Engr. Alex DM.

Jasmin, RCE, RMP

For project proposals email me at alex03.engineer@gmail.com

ASK ME ANYTHING!
Administration and Permits
Section 100 – Permit required
- Any plumbing or drainage work.
- To be secure at the office of the building official.
Section 101 – To whom permits may be issued
- Registered and Licensed Master Plumber.
Section 102 – Application for permit
- RMP shall file the application.
- Plans and specification shall be submitted in 6 sets for permit application.
Section 103 – Permit issuance
Retention of plans
- 1 set for Administrative Authority,
- 2 sets for applicant.
- 1 set for applicant/owner.
- 1 set shall be kept at jobsite.
Expiration
- Upon issuance: 1 year
- If suspended or abandoned: 120 days
- In case or renewal of plumbing permit, a fee of equivalent to 1/2 of the
original fee shall be paid.
Section 104 – Application for existing plumbing system
Additions, alterations or repairs – May be made to any existing plumbing system
provided it conforms to requirements of a new plumbing system.
Changes in building occupancy – Shall comply with the requirement applicable to
the changed use or occupancy.
Maintenance – The owner or his agent shall be responsible for the maintenance of
the plumbing system.
Moved Buildings – Shall comply with the provision for new installation.
Section 105 – Inspection
- Operation of any plumbing accessory installed to replace existing equipment or
fixtures shall not be prohibited if request for inspection has been filed not more
than 72 hours after such work is completed.
- Request for inspection shall be filed at least 3 working days.
Section 106 – Connection Approval
- Connections to any public system shall first be approve by Administrative
Authority.
Section 107 – Special provision
- RMP shall have seal of standard size and type.
- Registered Master Plumber at upper portion of the round seal.
- Name at the upper center.
- Registration number at center below the name.
- Philippines, appearing at lower portion of the round seal.
Section 108 – Plumbing fixtures required
 - Each building is required and shall be with best practice for mobility of disabled
persons.

Airbreak
- An indirect connection of a drain line to the drainage system where the drain line
terminates below flood level.
- A physical separation, which may be a low inlet into indirect waste receptor from the
fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected.

Angat Dam – Largest source of water supply for Metro Manila.

Angstrom – Used for expressing wavelengths of light or ultra violet radiation with a unit equal
to 10-10 metre.

Bacteria
Coliforms – Rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria capable of growth
in the presence of bile salts or other surface-active agents.
Total Coliform – Commonly found in environment and are generally harmless.
Fecal Coliform – Subgroup of coliform bacteria that has a high positive
correlation with fecal contamination associated with all warm-blooded animals.
Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) / Thermotolerant Coliform – Pathogenic
bacteria that can survive in natural water. Found in the environment,
foods, and intestine of people and animals.
Pathogenic Bacteria – Has no function in sewage treatment.

Bathroom Categories
Quarter Bath (1/4 Bath) – Just a water closet.
Half Bath (Powder Room) – Containing water closet and lavatory.
Three-Quarter Bath – Consist of a water closet, lavatory and shower.
Full Bathroom (Full Bath) – Consist of a water closet, lavatory, either bathtub with a
shower or a bathtub and a separate shower stall.
Master Bathroom – Consist of a shower and a bathtub that is adjoining to the largest
bedroom.

Blank Flange - A pipe flange that is not drilled for bolt holes.

Blind Flange - A flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening for the passage of
liquid or gas.

Building
- A structure built, erected and framed of component structure parts designed for housing,
shelter, enclosure or support of person, animals or property of any kind.
Alley – Any public space, public park or thoroughfare less than three (3) meters but not
less than two (2) meters in width dedicated or deeded for public use.
Court – An open, unoccupied space, bounded on two (2) or more side by the walls of the
building.
 Shaft – A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, lights
ventilation or similar purposes.

B & S – Browne and Sharp (specification) or Bell and Spigot (end of pipes).

Chemicals – A substance used to enhance the cleaning action of water.

Codes, Organizations and History

Codes and Organization
Accessibility Law [BP 344]
- Accessible public washrooms and toilets shall permit easy passage of
wheelchair and allow the occupant to enter a stall, close the door and
transfer to the water closet from either frontal or lateral position.
- All accessible public toilets shall have accessories such as mirrors, paper
dispenser, towel racks and fittings such as faucet mounted at heights
reachable by a person in a wheelchair.
- The minimum number of accessible water closets on each floor level or
on that part of a floor level accessible to the disabled shall be one (1)
where the total number of water closets per set on that level is 20; and two
(2) where the number of water closets exceed 20.
Washroom signages:
- Shall be 0.3m long or in diameter and should be at least 7.5mm
thick.
For Men: Equilateral triangle pointing upward
For Women: Circle
Lavatory
- Maximum height should be 0.80m.
- Shall have a knee recess of 0.6 to 0.7 meters vertical clearance
and a 0.5m depth.
Urinal
- Should be of elongated lip or through type.
- Maximum height of lip should be 0.48m.
Water closet
- Stall shall have a minimum area of 1.7m x 1.8m.
- A turning space of 2.25sq.m. with a minimum dimension of
1.50m for wheelchair shall be provided for lateral mounting.
- Max height of 0.45m.
- Flush control shall have a maximum height of 1.2m.
American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)
- Pipe materials used inside the building and premises shall conform to
standard specification set forth by this organization.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
American Society of Sanitary Engineer (ASSE)
American Waterworks Association (AWWA)
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM)
Building Code of the Philippine [R.A. 6541]
- Include NPC as referral code.
City Ordinance 2411 – Plumbing code for the city of Manila.
Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute (CISPI)
Commercial Standards and Product Standards (CS & PS)
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) – Issued by DENR-
EMB.
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
European Committee for Standardization (EN)
Federal Specification (FS)
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
International Standard Organization (ISO)
National Building Code of the Philippines (NBC) [PD1096]
- Article 3222 limits the practice of Master Plumber by 20 units.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
National Master Plumber Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP)
- NAMPAP President Jaime M. Cabase spearheaded the updating of the
Revised National Plumbing Code.
National Waterworks and Sewerage System (NAWASA)
National Plumbing Code (NPC)
- Approved by Malacañang on January 28, 1959.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 [R.A. 9275]
- An act providing for a comprehensive water quality management and for
other purposes.
- Permit Fee for a discharge volume of 150cu.m. per day and waste has
heavy metals = 3,900php
- Minimum penalty = 10,000/day.
Philippine National Standard (PNS)
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water (PNSDW)
- Prescribe criteria on the quality of drinking water.
- Benzene limit for potable water = 0.01mg/L
- Cyanide limit = 0.007mg/L
- Mercury limit for potable water = 0.001 mg/L
- Minimum volume of water sample for testing = 100ml
Plumbing and Drainage Institute (PDI)
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
Revised Effluent Regulation of 1990 [DENR Administrative Order 35]
Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines (RNPCP)
- A set of regulation adapted by and administrative agency that has
jurisdiction over materials and design specification in plumbing.
Section 1 – This act shall be known as the “Plumbing Law”
Section 2 – The practice of “plumbing” and its scope.
Section 3 – Creation of the Board of Examiners (within 30days after the
approval of the act).
Section 4 – The Board scope including administering the provision of the
act, look into conditions affecting the trade of Master Plumber, and
recommend revisions in the code if deemed necessary.
Section 5 – Power of the President and basic rules and regulations of the
act.
Section 6 – Board member qualification
- Citizen and resident of the Philippines.
- At least 30yrs old and of good moral character.
- Has been actively engaged in the trade of master plumber for at
least five (5) years.
Section 7 – Board of examination charges.
Application for examination: 35php
Certificate of Registration: 10php
Section 8 – Compensation of members of the board
Each applicant examine: 10php
Section 9 – The commissioner of Civil Service shall be the executive
officer of the board.
Section 10 – Annual report of the Board to the office of the President.
Section 11 – Roster showing the name and addresses of Master Plumbers
Section 12 – All applicants for registration as master plumbers shall be
required to pass an examination.
Qualifications of Person applying for admission to the
examination:
- At least 21yrs of age
- Citizen of the Philippines
- Good moral character
- At least high school graduate
- At least five years’ experience in actual plumbing work or;
- Degree holder (BS in Architectural, Mechanical Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Mining
Engineering).
Section 14 – The board shall report the rating obtained by each candidate
to the Commissioner of Civil Service within one hundred and twenty
(120) days after the date of completion of the examination.
Section 15 – Issuance of Certificate of Registration from the office of the
President for candidates who met the requirements specified in this act.
Section 16 – All successful candidate is required to take an oath before the
Board.
Section 17 – Examination and Registration not required
- Officers or enlisted men.
- Plumbing experts called in by the Philippine Government.
Section 18 – The board shall not issue certificate to any convicted person.
Section 19 – Power of the board to suspend or revoke a license.
Section 20 – Violations
Section 21 – No person who is not a citizen of the Philippines shall be
allowed to take examination.
 Section 22 – As soon as the Act take effect, any persons desiring to
practice the trade of master plumber, shall be required to obtain a
certificate of registration.
Section 23 – The provision of this Act shall apply only in chartered cities.
Section 24 – This act shall take effect upon its approval.
Sanitary Engineering Law [RA 1364]
Sanitation Code of the Philippines [PD 856]
Underwriters Laboratories [U.L.]
Water Quality Association (WQA)
History
17th Century – Birth of plumbing practice in the Philippines.
Governor General Harrison – Issued a letter of instruction on proper waste
disposal in all municipalities.
John F. Hass – First chief of plumbing construction and inspection on 1902.
National Master Plumber Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP)
- Was organized and registered with SEC in 1935.
House Bill No. 962 – Later became R.A. 1378, approved on year 1954.
R.A. 1378
- Plumbing law of the Philippines.
- Signed by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay on June 18, 1955.
National Plumbing Code of the Philippine
- Approve by Malacañang on January 28, 1959.
- First amendment to the NPC is approve on November 28, 1967
which include the use of Asbestos-Cement pipe.
Building Code of the Philippine [R.A. 6541]
- Approve on August 26, 1972
Jaime M. Cabase – Spearheaded the updating of the NPC on 1996.
Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines (RNPCP)
- Signed by Pres. Joseph Estrada on December 21, 1999.
John Herrington – The inventor of modern flush toilet.

Color Coding of Pipes

- Black steel pipes are used for transporting gas.
Blue – Potable Water
Gas – Yellow Flags
Red – Fire System Piping
Under Refrigeration Division
Black – All pipes and fittings
Under Water Division
Blue – Fresh Water
Under Steam Division
White – High Pressure Pipes

Confined Space – A room or space having a volume less than 14cu.m. with 250kilogram calorie
of the aggregate input rating of all fuel burning appliance installed in that space.
Conversion
SI Unit Prefix
deca (da) = 101 deci (d) = 10-1
2
hector (h) = 10 centi (c) = 10-2
kilo (k) = 103 milli (m) = 10-3
6
mega (M) = 10 micro (μ) = 10-6
giga (G) = 109 nano (n) = 10-9
12
tera (T) = 10 pico (p) = 10-12
peta (P) = 1015 femto (f) = 10-15
exa (E) = 1018 atto (a) = 10-18
21
zetta (Z) = 10 zepto (z) = 10-21
yotta (Y) = 1024 yocto (y) = 10-24

Electrical Units
1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second
1 electron volt = 1.6 x 10-19 joules

English/Imperial Unit of Measurements

1 mil = 1/1000 inch
1 psi = 6.89 KPa
1 Gallon = 3.785 Liters
1 Liter = 0.264 Gallons

Fixture Unit
1 FU = 1 ft3 per minute.

Power
1 hp = 746watts

SI Unit of Measurements
1 are = 100 m2
1 KPa = 0.145 psi

Wavelengths of lights
1 angstrom = 10-10 metre

Dead End – The extended portion of a pipe that is closed at on end to which no connection are
made on the extended portion, thus permitting the stagnation of liquid or air therein.

Developed Length – The length of pipe lines measured along the centerline of the pipe and
fitting.

DWV System
- Drainage, Waste and Venting System.
- Also known as Traditional Two-Line Drainage System.
Durham System – A term used to describe soil or waste system where all piping is threaded
pipe tubing or other rigid construction using recessed drainage fitting to correspond to the types
of piping.

Engineering Economy – A collection of techniques that simplify comparisons of alternatives on

an economic basis involving engineering and technical projects.
Appraisal – This is the process of determining the value of certain property for specific
reasons.
Asset Turnover Ratio – The ratio of total sales or revenue to average assets.
Amortization – Method of repaying debt in a series of equal payments at periodic
intervals of time.
Annuity – A series of equal payments occurring at equal periods of time.
Annuity Due – The payment is made at the beginning of each period starting from
the first period.
Ordinary Annuity – The payment is made at the end of each period starting from
the first period.
Deferred Annuity – The first payment begins until some late period of date
Perpetuity – The payment period extends indefinitely.
Bank note – The paper currency issued by the Central Bank which forms part of the
country’s money supply.
Break-even Point – Income is sufficient to equal operation cost.
Bond
Registered Bond - A type of bond where the corporation’s owner name is
recorded and the interest is paid periodically to the owners with their asking for it.
Book Value – The recorded current value of an asset.
Borrower
- Borrower of a particular loan almost always required to do repay loan over an
agreed-upon amount of time.
Business / Company ownership – A corporation, partnership or single proprietorship.
Capital Gain - Increase in the value of a capital asset.
Collective Bargaining – The negotiation of wage rates, conditions of employments, etc.
by representative of the labor force and management.
Compound Interest – Based on the amount of the principal plus the previous
accumulated interest.
Contracts
Bid Bulletin – Additional information of prospective bidders on contract
documents issued prior to bidding date.
Escalatory Clause – Provision in the contact that indicates the possible
adjustment of material and labor cost.
Consumer goods and services – Directly used by people to satisfy their wants.
Deflation – Reduction in the level of national income output usually accompanied by the
fall in general price level.
Depletion
- Lessening of the value of an asset due to a decrease in the quantity available
such as coal, oil and timber.
 - An accrual accounting technique used to allocate the cost of extracting natural
resources such as timber, minerals and oil from the earth.
Depreciation
- The reduction in the value of an asset with the passage of time.
- An artificial expense that spreads the purchase price of an asset or other property
over a number of years.
Straight Line Method – The value of an asset is reduced uniformly over each
period until it reaches its salvage value.
Sinking Fund Method – Provide funds for replacement of an asset at the end of
its useful life.
Declining Balance Method (Diminishing Balance Method / Constant Percentage
Method) – An accelerated depreciation method that records larger depreciation
expenses during the earlier years of an asset’s useful life and smaller one in the
later years.
Sum-of-Years Digit Method – An accelerated depreciation technique which is
based on the assumption that assets are generally more productive when they are
new and their productivity decreases as they become old.
Useful Life – The time period which an asset is produce. Beyond its useful
life, the asset is no longer effective.
Salvage Value – The estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful
life.
First Cost – Initial cost including taxes, shipping and preparation
expenses.

Depreciation Recovery – The present worth of all depreciation over the economic life of
the item.
Development Cost – The sum of all the cost incurred by the originators of the project up
to the time that the promotes of the project accept the project.
Differential Cost
- Cost that arise at the result of change in operation or policy.
- The ratio of a small increment cost and a small increment of output.
Discount – The difference between original worth and its present worth.
Dividend – The amount of company’s profits that the board of directors of the
corporation decides to distribute to ordinary shareholders.
Economic Order Quantity – The order quantity which minimizes the inventory cost per
unit time.
Assumption of the basic EOQ
- The entire reorder quantity is delivered instantaneously.
- Reordering is done when the inventory is zero.
- The demand rate is uniform and constant.
Effective Rate – Specifies the actual rate of interest earned on the principal for one year.
Equity
Owners’ Equity – Not affected by license to start business.
Initial Working Capital
- The amount needed at the beginning of operation.
Interest – The charged amount of money paid for the use of borrowed capital.
 Market – Place where forces of supply and demand operate, wherein buyers and sellers
interact to trade goods and services.
Monopoly – One seller with many buyer
Monopsony – Many sellers with one buyer.
Bilateral Monopoly – One seller and one buyer.
Duopoly – Two sellers with many buyers.
Oligopoly – Few sellers with many buyers.
Oligopsony – Many sellers with few buyers.
Bilateral Oligopsony – Few sellers and few buyers.
Perfect Competition – Many sellers and many buyers.
Market Value – The price a willing buyer will pay for a willing seller for the stock.
Necessity Products and Services – Products or service that are required to support
human life.
Prime Cost – Sum of direct labor cost and direct material cost.
Producer Goods and Services – Used to produce consumer goods and services.
Quick Ratio / Acid Test Ratio – Ratio of quick assets to the current liabilities.
Simple Interest – An interest computed only base on the principal amount or the original
amount borrowed.
Ordinary Simple Interest – Base on 1 banker year (360days)
Exact Simple Interest – Base on exact number of days per year (365 days or 366
days if leap year).
Work Classification
Work-in-process: An asset
Electrical System
Current
- Movement of electrons through a wire.
- Rate of charge flow.
𝐶
Unit: Ampere (A) [ 𝑠 ]
Extension Cord – Temporary wiring used to supply power to portable electric tools and
equipment.
Sound Intensity – Measured in decibels.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law: The algebraic sum of currents entering a node or a closed
boundary is zero.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: The algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path or
loop is zero.
Siemens – SI unit of conductance.
Voltage – An energy required to move 1 coulomb of charge through an element.

Escutcheon – Decorative metal trim shield or flange located underneath a faucet handle. It
covers the hole in the wall or fixtures as well as the faucet stem.

Excreta Drainage System

Section 701 Materials
- Excreta drainage piping shall be cast iron, ductile iron, galvanized steel,
galvanized wrought iron, lead, copper, brass, Series 1000 PVC DWV, extra-
 strength vitrified clay pipe or other approved materials having smooth and
uniform bore.
- Galvanized wrought iron or galvanized steel pipe shall be used and kept at least
152mm above ground.
- ABS and PVC DWV piping shall be used in high-rise buildings.
- Vitrified Clay pipes shall be kept at least 0.3m below finish ground level.
- Drainage fittings shall be of cast iron, malleable iron, lead, brass, copper, ABS,
PVC, vitrified clay, or other approve material.
- Fittings on screwed pipe joints shall be of the recessed drainage type. Burred
ends shall be reamed to the full bore of the pipe.
- Threads of drainage fittings shall be tapped to allow two (2) percent or 21mm/m
grade.
Section 703 Size of Drainage Piping
- The minimum size of drainage piping depends from the total fixture units
connected.
- The size and discharge rating of each indirect waste receptor and each
interceptor shall be based on total discharge capacity of all fixtures, equipment, or
appliance.
- Drainage piping serving batteries of appliance capable of producing continuous
flows shall be adequately sized to provide for peak loads.
- Water closet shall be computed as six (6) fixture unit when determining septic
tank size.
- Trap sizes shall not be increase to a point where the fixture discharge may be
inadequate to maintain their self-scouring properties.
Drainage Fixture Unit – Every fixture has an approximated amount of discharge
which is measured by fixture units.
- Capacity over 3.15L/s shall be determined by Administrative Authority.
- For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from sump pump
or ejector, air conditioning equipment or similar devices, two (2) fixture
unit shall be allowed for every 0.063L/s of flow.
Section 704 Fixture Connections
- Drainage piping shall be provided with approved inlet fittings.
Section 706 Cleanouts
Cleanouts Required
- In every upper terminal and at every 15m run or a fraction thereof.
- In pressure drainage system.
- At the base of every soil stack.
Additional cleanouts required
- In a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle of direction more than
135˚.
Cleanouts not required
- Horizontal drain less than 1.5m unless serving sinks or urinals.
- Horizontal drainage pipe sloped at 72˚ from the vertical (or an angle
1/5bend).
- Upper terminal cleanout is not required if have an approved type of two-
way cleanout fitting is installed inside the building wall near the
 connection between the building drain and building sewer or installed
outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to
grade.
Installation
- Shall be install so it opens in the direction of flow.
- Wye branch and end of pipe cleanouts shall be installed vertically above
the flow of line of the pipe.
- Each cleanout extension shall be considered as drainage piping and each
90˚cleanout extension shall be extended from a wye type fitting or other
approved fitting of equivalent sweep.
- Each cleanout for interceptor shall be outside of such interceptor.
Cleanout front clearance
51mm or less: 305mm
Larger than 51mm: 450mm
- Cleanouts in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above the finished
floor or shall be extended outside the building when there is less than
0.45m vertical and 0.75m horizontal clearance from the means of access to
such cleanout.
- No underfloor cleanout in any residential occupancy shall be located
more than 6.1m from an access door, trap door or crawl hole.
- Countersunk cleanout plugs must be installed where raised heads may
cause hazard to passing personnel or vehicles.
- When a hubless blind plug is used for required cleanout, the complete
coupling and plug shall be accessible for removal or replacement.
- Cleanout shall be design to be gas and watertight without use of any
gasket, washer or packing materials.
Section 708 – Gravity Drainage Required
- Where practicable, all plumbing fixtures shall be drained into the public sewer
or private sewage disposal system by gravity.
Section 709 – Drainage of fixture located below the upstream manhole or below the main
sewer level
- Drainage piping serving fixture that flood level rim is located below the
elevation of the nearby upstream manhole level of the public sewer shall be
protected by backflow by an approved type backwater valve.
- Drainage piping serving fixtures located below the crown level of the main
sewer shall discharge on a watertight sump or receiving tank, the sewage or other
liquid waste shall then be lifted and discharge into the building drain or building
sewer by approved ejector pump or other equally efficient mechanical device.
- Sumps and receiving tanks shall be watertight and shall be constructed of
concrete, metal or other approved material.
- All sump pumps and receiving tanks shall be automatically discharged.
Section 710 Suds Relief
- Bathtubs, laundries, washing machine standpipes, kitchen sinks and dishwasher
shall be considered suds-producing fixtures.
- Fixture producing suds shall not be connected to the horizontal excreta drainage
piping system within 2.4m of any vertical to horizontal change of direction of a
 stack except for single family residences and stacks receiving the discharge from
less than (3) stories of plumbing fixtures.
General Rules
- The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the
terminating point of the sanitary system.
- Control components such as clean-outs, traps and vents, should be located
strategically so as to ensure efficient circulation.
Parts of the drainage system
Branch (Horizontal)
- Any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
- A soil or waste stack that extend horizontally from fixture on the same
floor as the branch.
Branch Interval
- A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a story height,
but in no case less than 2.43meters within which the horizontal branches
from one floor or story of a building are connected to the stack.
- A means of measurement for vertical waste or soil stack. It is equal to
each floor level or storey in a building but are always at least eight feet
intervals.
Fixture Drain – A pipe that connects a trap serving a fixture to another part of a
drainage system.
House/Building Drain – Part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing
system which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage
pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the
building.
House Sewer – Extend from the house drain at a point 0.6m from the outside face
of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any
point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.
Trap – A fitting or devise design to and constructed to provide, when properly
vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air and methane gas
without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
Soil Pipe
- A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closet and other similar
fixtures containing fecal matter with or without the discharge of other
fixtures.
- A pipe that convey main waste.
Stack – The vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent piping extending
through one or more stories and extended thru the roof.
Subsoil Drains
- Installed under the basement floor.
- Below the level of the public sewer.
Vent Pipe – Used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Waste Pipe – Conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Waste Stack – A vertical pipe that carries away a clear water waste from
equipment and non-sanitary fixture.
 Continuous Waste Pipe
- A drain from two or more plumbing fixtures connected to a single trap.
- A drain connecting the compartments of certain fixture to its trap.
- Shall be installed with wye or other directional type branch fittings.
Grades of Waste Water
Black Water – Solid and liquid of human waste.
Grey Water (or Area Water)
- Waste from laundries, wash basins, tub sink and etc.
- Retention time shall not exceed 2hrs.
Storm Rain – Rainwater.
Toxic Waste – Prohibited waste in plumbing drainage.
Sanitary system problems
Trap Seal Loss – Direct effect of the minus and plus pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps. Attributed the following conditions
Types of trap seal loss
Siphonage – This is caused by a moving plug or charge of water
running out of a steep-sided sanitary appliance such as wash basin.
How to Prevent: Ventilation in the system.
Back Pressure / Compression – Cause by plus or positive
pressure.
How to Prevent: By not fitting small or sharp radius bends
or having branch discharge pipes connected near to the
base of a discharge stack.
Capillary Attraction – Occurs when a piece of porous material
such as threads or string from a mop or dishcloth are deposited into
the water seal and over the outlet invert of a trap. This is mostly
commonly happened to appliances such as kitchen or cleaners sink.
How to Prevent: By regular cleaning or by laying a loose
mesh strainer into the waste fitting of the appliance.
Evaporation – Cause by extreme temperature (idleness). When
trap is not being used, the rate of water evaporation depends upon
the relative humidity of the air in the room. The rate is
approximately 2.55mm per week so a 25mm seal would only last
for 10 week.
How to Prevent: By using the trap frequently.
Wind Effect / Wavering Out – The effect of a high-velocity
fluctuating wind passing over the top of an exposed discharge
stack ventilating pipe will create varying air pressure and draughts
within the pipework system which may cause trap seals to fluctuate
or waver, resulting in loss of water from the seal.
How to Prevent: By locating the vent terminal position
away from exposed locations and ensuring that a terminal
grating is fitted to all ventilating pipe work

Filter – Device or structure, above or below ground used for removing soil or colloidal materials
of a type that cannot be removed by sedimentation.
Fittings
- In inserting wye fittings, the proper procedure is cut the pipe to the length, insert wye
and joint ends with sleeves.
- No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be use unless such fitting is
constructed so that the discharge from one inlet cannot readily enter into the other inlet.
- Any machine, piping or tubing part that can attach or connect two or more larger parts
on a plumbing system.
Sanitary Fittings – Includes all components used to connect sanitary tubes or piping.
Tapped Fittings – Any fitting having 1 end tapped internal thread to receive a threaded
pipe.
Types of fittings
Adaptor – Mainly used for extending pipe run in the forward direction with the
same or different diameter. Can be Male or female threaded on one end and be
opposite on the other end.
Barbs – Generally used to connect hoses to pipes. Male end on the other and has a
barbed tube.
Bends
1/16 Bend – 22.5˚
1/8 Bend – 45˚
1/6 Bend – 60˚
1/4 Bend – 90˚
Bushing
- Use to reduce the size of an opening.
- A pipe fitting, which is threaded on both the inside and the outside so
that it can be used to connect two pipes or other fittings on different sizes.
- A fitting that as a main function of connecting the male end of a pipe to a
fitting of larger size.
Double Tapped Bushing – Threaded on both the inside and the outside. Its
center hole is threaded (tapped) from top and bottom. It has only a female
end.
Cap - It has almost similar function like a plug. But the main difference is that
plug contains male threads and cap contains female threads.
Clamp Saddle – Fitting used in the interconnection of service pipe and insertion
to the water main.
Coupling – Mainly used to connect two pipes of the same diameter.
Cross Fitting – Has 4 opening in all direction that are perpendicular to each other.
Elbows – Generally used to change the direction of the pipe run. May have a hub
or female threaded connection on each end.
Street Elbow – Has a female thread on the other, and male thread of the
opposite side.
Ferrule – A metallic sleeve, calked or joint to opening in a pipe, into which a
plug is screwed that can be removed for cleaning or examining the interior of the
pipe.
Flange
Blank Drill – Pipe flange that is not drilled for bolt holes.
 Kafer Fitting
- A type of cast iron drainage pipe fitting with threaded-on hub used to
attach to existing cast iron line.
- Fitting used when it is necessary to replace a section of soil pipe or
install a fitting into an existing pipeline.
Nipple
- A short pipe with outside thread used for connecting pipe or fitting.
- Not a sanitary drainage fitting.
Close nipple – Threaded outside in its entire length.
Shoulder nipple / Short Nipple – Threaded on the ends and has short
unthreaded pipe in the middle.
Manifold – Fittings that connects a number of branches to the main. Serves as a
distributing point.
Mechanical Sleeve – Generally used to connect two pipes by a screw or other
fixtures. Mostly manufactured from a rubber material that is inserted inside a
metal jacket.
Plug – A male thread fitting with square head used for closing another female
fitting.
Countersunk – A kind of plug that has a square head hole on its body.
Reducer – Fitting used to make a larger flow area to smaller area.
Saddle Clamp – Cannot use when water service is to be interconnected to a
asbestos cement pipe water main.
Siamese Connection
- Wye connection used in fire lines where two line of hoses maybe
connected.
Tee – It is shaped like letter “T”. It has an outlet, inlet and branch.
Sanitary Tee -
Straight Tee – Branch has same diameter to the main pipe.
Tapped Tee
-With branch tapped to receive a threaded pipe or fitting.
- Branch is externally threaded.
Union Tee – Used for tube connection
Union – Can both have male and female threads, easier to remove than couplings.
Union Patent – Specially use and interconnect two water service pipes in place.
Wye - Pipe fitting that resembles the letter “Y”, this fitting is made to connect
three pipes.

Fire Protection System

Fire Code – Considers the building density in the locality and the flammability of the
structures and its contents.
Fire Point – The temperature at which water vapor forms above liquid fuel.
Fire Trap – A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it
lacks adequate exits or fire escape.
Fire Zone – Areas within which only certain types of buildings are permitted to be
constructed based on their use or occupancy, type of construction, and resistance to fire.
Standpipe – A type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-storey buildings in a
vertical position or horizontal position in bridges to which fire hoses can be connected,
allowing manual application of water to the fire.
Code Standard:
- NFPA 14
- Standard for the Installation of Standpipe
- Private Hydrate and Hose Systems
Classes of Standpipe
Class 1 System
- 64mm (2.5”) hose connection.
Class 2 System
- 38mm (1.5”) hose connection.
- All portion of each floor of the building are within 40m from
hose connection for first aid firefighting.
Class 3 System
- Has 64mm (2.5”) and 38mm (1.5”) hose connection.
- Not usually used nowadays and is usually a minimum
requirement for building 4 storeys and above.
Dry Standpipe – A standpipe piping system where there is no water standing in the
distribution pipe.
- PD 1096 states that dry standpipe is required for every building having 4 floors
and above.
- Shall extend from the ground floor and over the roof and shall be equipped with
64mm outlet in every floor level with a minimum height from the floor of 0.61m
to 1.20m.
- Shall have a sufficient strength to withstand a water pressure of 300psi or
21kg/cm2.
- Become obsolete and seldom installed.
Size of Standpipe
- 102mm (4”) if the highest outlet is 23m from or less from above fire
service connection.
- 153mm (6”) if the highest outlet is higher than 23m above the fire
service connection.
Wet Standpipe – A standpipe system piping installations wherein both the main and the
distribution pipe are constantly filled with water. Wet standpipe with Siamese connection
is one of the most common types of fire protection.
- The size of the standpipe shall not be less than 64mm (2.5”)
- It shall be located so that all portions of the building are within 6m of a nozzle
attached to 22m of hose.
- All interior wet standpipe shall be equipped with 38mm valve in each storey.
- Shall be located 0.91m to 1.82m above the floor.
Combination Standpipe System
- Shall not be less than 150mm (6”).
- Shall be equipped with 4-way service connection.
- Shall be installed 0.46m – 1.22m above grade.
- Fire service outlet shall be installed 0.61m – 1.22m above floor.
 Siamese Connection
2 – way: 102mm (4”)
3 – way: 125mm (5”)
4 – way: 152mm (6”)
Sprinkler System – An active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply
system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are connected.
- At 136 ˚F, the bulb breaks and automatically releases a water stream.
Coverage of one sprinkler head
- 20sq.m. for light hazard occupancy.
- 10sq.m. for extra hazard condition.
The spacing of sprinkler heads depends upon the following:
- Fire rating of the building
- Construction of the ceiling
- Types of occupancy
- Total area
Two common types of sprinkler heads:
Pendent Type – Use in areas with architectural ceiling
Upright Type – Use in areas with exposed ceiling
Fire and Extinguishers Classes
Class A
- Identified by the color green inside a triangle.
- Fires in ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper
rubber and plastics.
Class B
- Identified by the color red inside a square.
- Flammable liquids, gasses or grease.
Class C
- Identified by the color blue inside a circle.
- Energized electrical equipment.
Class D
- Identified by the yellow color inside a star.
- Fires in combustible metals.
Class K
- Identified by the color black inside a hexagon.
- Fires in cooking appliances that involves combustible cooking media.
Fire Hose – Always located near stair.
Hose Cabinet – Maximum height from the floor line = 4ft.
March – Fire prevention month.
Mono Ammonium Phosphate – Dry chemical used in fire extinguishers of Class A. B
& C.

Fixture Unit
- The quantity of water required to supply to every plumbing fixture.
- The term with reference to the load producing effect on the plumbing system.
- Equal to 7.5gallons per minute.
Flood Level / Flood Level Rim
- The top edge of a receptacle which water overflows without restriction.
- Unobstructed open edge of the fixture.

Friction – The resistance produced by flowing water with fittings and interior surface of the
pipe.

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

Buoyancy
- The loss of weight of a body submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced.
Cohesion – The property of a fluid whereby its own molecule is united or attracted to
each other.
Density – Mass per unit volume.
Diffusion – The process of one substance mixing with another substance because of
molecular motion.
Discharge – The volume of a liquid passing through a cross section of a stream in unit
time.
Drawdown – Maximum lowering of the ground water table caused by pumping or
artesian well.
Flow Rate – The rate of flow of liquid measured per unit of time.
Fluid – Public health substance that deforms continuously under the application of a
shear force. It cannot sustain a shear force at rest.
Hydraulic Radius – The ratio of cross-sectional area to the wetted perimeter of a pipe.
Laminar Flow – Flow of water which has gradual and regular variation over time.
Manning’s Formula – Common formula for calculating flow in pipes but is meant for
open-channel flow.
Reynolds Number
- The measure of inertia forces to viscous forces, which sometimes describe
whether it is turbulent or laminar flow.
Specific Gravity – Ratio of specific weight of the substance to specific weight of water.
Turbulent Flow – Characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.
Unit Weight / Weight Density – Weight per unit volume.
Venturi Meter – Instrument used to measure the flow of water.
Viscosity – The property of fluid which determines the amount of resistance to a shearing
force.

Gas
Carbon Monoxide – By product of methane.
Hydrogen – Found in waste at large quantities that cause deterioration of piping system.
Methane – Combination of hydrogen and carbon.

Gas Appliance
- Size of supply piping outlet shall be greater than the inlet connection of the appliance.

General Regulation
Section 301 Disposal of Wastewater
- Through and by means of an approved Excreta and Storm Drainage System.
Section 302 Grade of Horizontal Drainage Piping
25 mm to 101mm = 2% or 20mm/m (1/4” per foot)
102 mm to 202mm = 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot)
203 mm to larger = 0.5% or 5mm/m (1/16” per foot)
Section 303 Changes in Direction of Drainage Flow
Horizontal to Vertical - 45˚ or 60˚ wye branches, combination wye and 1/8
bend branches, sanitary tee, or other approved fittings of longer sweeps.
Horizontal to Horizontal - 45˚ wye, combination wye and 1/8 bend branches
and other approve fittings of longer sweeps.
Vertical to Horizontal
- 45˚ branches or other approve fitting of longer sweep.
- If the pipe is installed in a true vertical position, 60˚ branch or offsets
may be used.
Offset
- Combination of elbows or bends which brings one section of pipe
out of line but into a line parallel with the other section of the pipe.
- 1/8 offset is used to carry the soil or waste line past
obstruction.
- No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be used unless such
fitting is constructed so that the direction from one inlet cannot readily enter into
the other inlet.
- Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is two (2) pipe
sizes larger than the largest inlet.
Horizontal Pipe – Pipe that makes an angle of not more than 45˚ with the
horizontal
Vertical Pipe – Pipes makes an angle of not more than 45˚with the vertical.
Section 304 Connections to Plumbing System Required
- All plumbing fixtures, drains, appurtenances and appliances used to receive or
discharge liquid waste or sewage, shall be connected properly to the drainage
system of the building and premises.
Section 305 Sewer Required
- Every building where plumbing fixtures are installed.
- When a public or private sewer is not available, excreta drainage piping shall be
connected to an approve private sewage disposal system.
Section 306 Damage to Drainage System or Public Sewer
- It shall be unlawful to deposit substance that could cause damage to the drainage
system or public sewer.
- Rainwater drains shall discharge outside of the building or to the gutter, and
shall not be connected to the soil and waste pipe system.
Section 307 Industrial Waste
- Wastes detrimental to the public sewer system shall be treated.
Section 308 Location
- Lot where the site of the building served.
 - No subdivision, sale or transfer of ownership of existing property shall be made
in such manner that the area, clearance and access requirements of this Code are
decrease or impaired.
Section 309 Improper Location
- Any part of plumbing system shall not interfere the normal use of window,
doors or other required facilities.
Section 310 Workmanship
- It shall be unlawful to conceal any defects on plumbing materials.
- Burred ends of all pipes and tubing shall be reamed to the full bore of the pipe
and all chips left inside the pipe shall be removed.
Section 311 Prohibited Fittings and Practices
Prohibited fitting for drain lines
- No double hub fitting for lead caulked joint in vertical position.
- Single or double tee branch.
- Single or double tapped tee branch.
- Side inlet quarter bend.
- Running thread band or saddle.
Exception
- A double hub sanitary tapped tee may be used on vertical lines as
a fixture connection.
- Approved stainless steel bands with neoprene gaskets for jointing
hubless cast iron soil pipes.
Prohibited practices
- No drainage and vent piping shall be drilled and tapped.
- No cast iron soil pipe shall be threaded.
- No waste connection shall be made to a closet bend or stub of a water
closet. The enlargement of a 76mm closet bend or stub to 102mm
diameter shall not be considered as obstruction.
- No vent pipe shall be used as a soil or waste pipe – vice versa.
- Points of connection shall be confined to exposed or accessible locations.
- All valves, pipes and fittings shall be installed in correct relationship to
the direction of the flow.
Section 312 Independent System
- Every building shall have an independent connection with a public or private
sewer.
Exception:
- Where on building stands in the rear of another building on an inner lot,
and no private sewer line is available nor can be constructed to the rear building
through an adjoining court, yard or driveway, the building drain from the front
building may be extended to the rear building if the existing size is adequate for
both buildings and gravity flow is possible.
Section 313 Repairs and Alterations
- Existing building where plumbing installation are to be altered or repair,
deviations from the Code provided it was approved first by the Administrative
Authority.
 - Existing building sewer and building drain can be use in connection with a new
building given that is has been examined and test to conform in all respects to the
required governing the new work.
- All unnecessary openings in the sanitary and drainage system shall be
permanently plugged or capped.
Section 314 Protection of Piping Materials
- All piping passing under or through walls shall be protected from breakage with
embedded metal pipe sleeves.
- Pipes passing through corrosive materials should be encased with polyethylene
sheath for protection.
- Voids between pipes and sleeves through concrete floors shall be sealed with
bitumen.
- No pipes should be directly embedded in concrete and masonry walls without
metal sleeve.
- No structural member shall be seriously weakened or impaired.
- The bottom of all pipe trenches deeper than the footing of any adjacent building
or structure and parallel to it must be at least forty-five (45) degrees therefrom.
- All building sewer or drainage pipe shall be installed under or within 0.6m of
any buildings or structures, nor less than 0.3m below the finish ground surface.
- Pipe surface subject to undue corrosion, erosion or mechanical damage shall be
protected of approved materials such as linings, proper bedding and top shielding
with concrete.
Section 315 Hangers and Supports
Vertical Pipes – Shall be supported to keep the pipes in alignment and to carry its
weight and contents.
Cast Iron Soil Pipe – every storey or closer.
Copper Tubing – each storey or at maximum intervals of 3m.
Lead Pipe – at intervals not exceeding 1.20m
Plastic Pipe – at every 1m interval.
Screwed Pipe – at not less than every other storey height.
Horizontal Pipes – shall be supported to keep them in alignment and prevent
sagging.
Cast Iron Soil Pipe
- 1.5m pipe length = ≤ 1.5m
- exceeding 1.5m pipe length = ≤ 3.0m
- Hangers should be within 0.45m of the hub or joint.
- Hubless or compression gasket: 1.2m and below shall be
supported at every other joint; 1.2 m above shall be provided at
each joint.
Copper Tubing
38mmØ and smaller = 1.80m
51mmØ and larger = 3.0m
In ground piping – Shall be laid on a firm bed for its entire length.
Lead Pipe – Shall be supported by stiff metal or wooden backing for its
entire length with hangers properly spaced.
Plastic Tube
 38mmØ and smaller = Shall be support by stiff metal or wooden backing
with hangers in its entire length.
Largen than 38mmØ = w/o backings but with spaced metal hangers.
Screwed Pipe
19mmØ and below pipes = 3.0m
25mmØ and larger piper = 3.60m

Section 316 Trenching, Excavation and Backfill

Tunnels
- Shall have a clear height of 0.6m above the pipe.
- Minimum length of 1/2 of the depth of trench.
- Maximum length of 2.4m.
- When pipe is driven, the driven pipe shall be at least one pipe size larger
than the pipe to be laid.
Open Trenches
- All excavations are required to be made for the installation of a building
drainage system or any part thereof, within the walls of a building, shall be
open trench work and kept open until the piping has been inspected, tested
and accepted.
- Shall be backfilled in thin layers of 0.3m above the top of the pipe.
- Mechanical devices may then be used to complete backfilling to grade
when covering above pipe is at least 0.3m

Gratuitous – Kind of obligation which has no condition.

Health and Disease

Agent – The microorganism that actually causes the disease in question.
Carrier – A person with inapparent infection who is capable of transmitting the pathogen
to others.
Endemic – Applied to specific disease when it normally prevails in locality and does not
fluctuate markedly from the normal expected mergence in the community.
Environmental Health – The total relationship of man to physical, biological, socio-
economic and socio-cultural environment as it affects human well-being.
Epidemic – A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a
particular time.
Epidemiology – Study of the distribution of the disease or condition in a population.
Health – A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Host – Refers to human, plant or animal who can get the disease.
Nitrogenous Compound – Includes the urea, proteins and amino acids.
Outbreak – Greater than anticipated increase in number of endemic cases.
Pandemic – Prevalent over a whole country or the world.
Vector – Living organism that transmit infectious diseases between humans or from
animal to human.
 Vehicle of Inspection – Means by which infectious agents are transported in causing
disease. Water, food, insect and inanimate object may be vehicle of infection, insects or
rodents.

Heat Detectors – Has a temperature range of 135-195 ˚F.

House Drains and House Sewers

Section 1201 Sewers Required
- Every building in which plumbing are installed shall have a connection to a
public or private sewerage system.
- When no public sewer is available, drainage piping shall be connected to an
approved private sewage disposal system.
- The rearrangement of subdivision into smaller parcels of lot which abuts and is
served by a public sewer shall not be deemed cause to permit the construction of a
private sewage disposal system.
- The public sewer may be considered not available if located more than 61m
away from any proposed building or exterior drainage facility.
- No permit shall be issued for installation, alteration or repair of any private
sewage disposal system for any lot which can connect with an existing public
sewer.
- Single family dwellings may remain to used a private sewage disposal system
even if a public sewer system came to existence provided that it is approve.
Section 1202 Damage to public sewer or private sewage disposal system
- It shall be unlawful for any person to deposit substance that could damage a
public sewer or private sewage disposal system.
- No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall be connected to or discharge into any
excreta drainage system unless first approved.
- No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or underdrain system shall be
connected to a public sewer.
- No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a public or private
sewage disposal unless first approved.
Section 1205 Size of building sewer
- Shall be determined base on the total number of fixture units drained by such
sewer.
Section 1206 Grade, support and protection of building sewer
Grade of building sewer
25 mm to 101mm = 2% or 20mm/m (1/4” per foot)
102 mm to 202mm = 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot)
203 mm to larger = 0.5% or 5mm/m (1/16” per foot)
- Building sewer piping shall be laid on a firm bed throughout its entire length.
- No building sewer shall be installed not less than 0.6m from the outer face of
any building foundation or wall, nor less than 0.3m below the finish surface of the
ground.
Section 1207 Cleanouts
- Shall be placed inside building near the connection between the building drain
and building sewer.
 - All required building sewer cleanout shall be extended to grade.
- Cleanouts installed under concrete or asphalt paving shall be made accessible by
strong yard boxes with hinge cover or extending the top cover with countersunk.
- Approve manholes may be installed in lieu of cleanouts. The maximum distance
of such manholes shall not exceed 91m.
- The inlet and outlet pipe of such manholes shall be made by the use of flexible
compression joints no closer than 0.3m from outside of the manhole. No flexible
compression joints shall be embedded in the manhole base.
Section 1208 Sewer and water pipes
- Waterpipe joint shall be installed not less than 3m away from sewer line in both
directions.
Section 1209 Location
- No building sewer shall be located in any lot other than the lot which is the site
of the building served.
Section 1210 Abandoned sewers and sewage disposal facilities
- Every abandoned building sewer or part thereof shall be plugged or capped in an
approve manner within 1.5m of the property line.
- Every cesspool, septic tank or seepage pit which has been abandoned shall have
the sewage removed and be completely filled with earth or other approved
materials.
- Where disposal facilities are abandoned consequent to connecting any premises
with the public sewer, the permittee making the connection shall fill the
abandoned facilities as required within thirty (30) days from the time of
connecting the sewer service line to the public sewer.
Building Drain / House Drain
- That part of the lowest horizontal piping of a drainage system which receives the
discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the
building and conveys it to the building sewer beginning 0.6meters outside the
building wall.
- Carries waste discharge to the building sewer.
Building Sewer / House Sewer
- That part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which starts from the end
of the building drain and which receives the discharge of the building drain and
conveys it to the public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system
or other point of disposal.
- Shall be watertight at all points.
- Drainage pipe running from outside a building foundation to the main sewer.
Lateral Pipe – A secondary pipe line, a common sewer to which no branch sewer is
connected.
Storm Sewer – A sewer used for conveying rain water, surface water, condensate,
cooling water and similar liquid waste.
Types of Private Sewage Disposal System
Cesspool
- Design to retain organic matter and solid while permitting the liquid to
seep through the bottom and sides.
 - A cesspool shall be considered only as temporary expedient pending the
construction of a public sewer.
- Cesspool without septic tank may be use where it is established that a
public sewer will be available in less than two (2) years.
- Each cesspool shall have a minimum side wall of 6.1m below the inlet
provided however, that when a strata of gravel or equally pervious
material of 1.2m in thickness is found, the depth of such sidewall need not
be more than 3.1m below the outlet.
Privy – An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement.
Septic Tank
- A watertight cover receptacle designed and constructed to receive the
discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the
liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids through a period of
detention, and allow the clarified liquids to discharge for the final
disposal.
- Septic tank is a water tight receptacle for which the sewage is digested
than a biological action mainly by anaerobic bacteria
- The effective depth of septic tank is measured from the bottom of septic
tank to the liquid level.
Sedimentation Chamber – A compartment in the septic tank for the
settlement of floating or suspended matters, sand debris and any excessive
amount of grease or oil from sewage.
Leaching Chamber – The compartment in the septic tank usually
extended above the surface of the ground to overcome surface water
infiltration.
Type of waste inside septic tank
Scum
-Lighter organic material that rise to the surface of water.
- Floating solids.
Pond Scum
- Undesirable type of vegetation formed when water
reservoir is exposed to light.
Effluent
- Liquid content of sewage.
- An outflowing of water from a natural body of water or
from a sewage treatment facility.
Sludge
- Solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle
at the bottom of the septic tank.
- Non-soluble material which is the end product after
biological action of bacteria in waste and what settles at the
bottom of the septic tank.
- The accumulated suspended solids of sewage deposited in
tanks, beds, or basins mixed with sufficient water to form a
semi liquid mass.
Bacteria found inside septic tank
 Aerobic
- Relies in oxygen to survive.
Anaerobic
- Can survive in places without oxygen.
- Bacteria living or active in the absence of free oxygen.
Gasses found inside septic tank
- Ammonia
- Carbon Dioxide
- Methane Gas
Minimum Dimension of Septic Tank
Length = 1500mm
Width = 900mm
Depth = 1200mm
Minimum Size of Manhole
- 500mm x 500mm
Septic tank construction
Plans – Should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural
calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed.
Quality of Design – Shall be able to produce a clarified effluent of
acceptable standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge
and scum accumulations.
Materials – Constructed of durable materials, not subject to
excessive corrosion or decay, shall be water tight. Materials:
Cement (Most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron.
Compartments
First Compartment (Digestive Chamber) – Not less than 2/3
capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2 cu.m. liquid
capacity; shall be at least 0.90m width and 1.5m long; Liquid depth
not less than 0.6m nor more than 1.80m.
Secondary Compartment (Leaching Chamber)
- Maximum capacity of 1/3 of total capacity of tank;
minimum of 1 cu.m. liquid capacity.
Note: In septic tanks, having over 6 cu.m. capacity, the
secondary compartment should be not less than 1.5m in
length. Maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the
digestion chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily
accessible from the manhole.
Manholes
- With at least two (2) manholes, 508mm in min
dimension; one over inlet, another over outlet.
- Wherever first compartment exceeds 3.7m in length, an
additional manhole is required over the baffle wall.
- Usually extend 5cm above the surface of the ground to
overcome water infiltration.
Size of Pipe inlet and outlet – Diameter size not less than sewer
size.
 Vertical Legs of Inlet and Outlet – Diameter size not less than
sewer pipe nor less than 104.6mm
Length of Inlet and Outlet – Shall extend 101.6mm above and at
least 304.8mm below the water surface.
Vent Diameter – Equal to the cross-section area of the house
sewer.
Air Space
- The space between the liquid level line to the inside top
cover.
- Side walls shall extend 228.6mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8mm above the
back vent openings.
Partition (Between Compartments) – An inverted fitting equivalent
in size to the tank inlet but in no case be less than 104.6mm in
diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the
baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of
the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited.
Structure – Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less
than 14.4Kpa.
Capacity – The capacity of septic tank is determined by the
number of bedrooms or apartments units in dwelling occupancies;
by the estimated waste/sewage design floor rate for various
building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all
plumbing fixture; whichever is greater. The capacity of any one
septic tank and its drainage system shall also be limited by soil
structure classification in its drainage field.
Location – Should not be located underneath the house. At least
15m from water distribution system.
Sump Pit / Sewage Pit
- A pit/receptacle at low point to which waste water are drained.
- Must be emptied by mechanical means.
- A non-watertight receptacle in which raw sewage is discharged
that seeps through the sides and the floor.
Distribution Box – A small concrete receptacle between septic tank and
the drain field in which lines of drain tiles extends and which acts as surge
tank to distribute the flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tiles.

Hygrometer – Instrument for measuring relative humidity.

Individual Designation
Apprentice – A person who enter into an agreement with an employer.
Attendant – Responsible for monitoring work on a confined space.
Contractor – Responsible for the performance of the construction work.
Estimator – A person who estimate the cost of construction projects.
Journeymen – A person who has completed apprenticeship training in a trade and skilled
in particular field.
Steamfitter – Person who installs the piping in the heating system.

Insanitary – A term used which is contrary to sanitary principle or injurious to health.

Inspection and Test

Section 501 Inspection and Testing
- All new plumbing work shall be inspected.
- Request for inspection shall be filed at least three (3) working days before such
inspection is intended.
- No plumbing or drainage system shall be concealed or use until it has been
inspected, tested and approved.
- After a plumbing fixture have been set and their traps filled with water,
they shall be submitted again for a final test.
Water Test
- All openings in the piping shall be tightly closed except the highest
opening.
- The system shall be filled with water until to the point of overflow.
- No section shall be test with less than 3m head of water.
- The water shall be kept in the pipe system for at least 15 minutes.
- The system shall be tight at all joints.
Air Test
- Made by attaching an air compressor testing apparatus to any suitable
opening.
- Shall have a uniform gauge pressure of 34.5Kpa or 254mmHg.
- The pressure shall be held for a period of at least 15 minutes.
Smoke Test
- To check the effectiveness of the traps.
- Appropriate method of testing for sanitary drainage system.
Testing method for different parts and conditions of plumbing systems:
Building Sewer
- Shall be test by plugging the end of the building sewer at its point
of connection with the public sewer or private sewage disposal
system.
- Fill the building sewer with water from the lowest to highest
point or by approve low pressure air test.
- Shall be watertight at all points.
Water Distribution Pipes
 - Shall be test under water pressure not less than the working
pressure under which it is to be used plus 50% (150% of water
pressure to be used).
- Water used shall be potable.
- A 344.5Kpa air pressure may be substituted for the water test.
- In either method, the pipes shall withstand the pressure without
leaking for at least 15 minutes.
Shower Receptors
- Shall be tested for water tightness by filling with water to the
level of the rough threshold.
Suspected Defective System
- Air test shall be used.
Moved Structures
- Any building or part thereof that are moved from one location to
another shall be tested.
Section 503 Existing Construction
- Existing plumbing or drainage system prior to approval of this code is not
required to be change to conform to the provision of this code unless it was
determined to be dangerous, unsafe and insanitary.

Indirect Waste Piping, Wet-Vented Systems and Special Wastes

Section 801 Indirect waste condition
- No air conditioning equipment, refrigeration appliances, dishwashing, and
culinary sink preparing ready-to-serve food shall have any drain pipe directly
connected to any soil, waste or vent pipe. Such equipment shall be drain by means
of indirect waste pipe.
- The foregoing does not apply to walk-in refrigerators, or combination walk-in
and reach-in refrigerators used for storage and sales of products packaged in
bottles, cantons or container.
- Air conditioning equipment may be separated by an airbreak, but all food
equipment shall be separated from the drainage system by a full airgap.
- Airgap for drainage shall not be less than 25mm between the fixture outlet and
the floor drain or receptor.
Section 802 Approvals
- No plumbing fixtures served by indirect waste pipe or receiving discharge
therefrom shall be installed unless first approve.
Section 803 Indirect waste piping
- No vent from indirect waste piping shall combine with any excreta connected
vent, but shall extend separately to the outside air.
- Indirect waste pipes exceeding 1.5m but less than 4.6m length shall be directly
trapped, but such traps do not need to be vented.
- Indirect waste pipes less than 4.6m in length need not be larger in diameter than
the drain outlet or tailpiece of the fixture, appliance or equipment served, but in
no case be less than 13mm in diameter.
- Angles and changes in direction in such indirect waste pipes shall be provided
with cleanouts.
Section 804 Indirect waste receptors
- No standpipe receptor for any clothes washer shall extend more than 0.8m nor
less than 0.45m above its trap.
- No trap for any clothes washer standpipe receptor shall be installed below the
floor, but shall be roughed no less than 0.15m and not more than 0.45m above
floor.
- No indirect waste receptor shall be installed in any toilet room, closet, cup board
or store room nor in any other portion of a building not for general use by the
occupants thereof, except that standpipe for clothes washer may be installed in
toilet and bathroom areas when the clothes washer is installed in the same room.
- Where water service connection is installed for clothes washer, an approved
method of waste disposal shall be provided.
- Every indirect waste interceptor receiving discharge containing particles that
clogs the receptor drain shall have a readily removable beehive strainer.
Section 805 Pressure drainage connection
- Indirect waste connection shall be provided for drains, overflows and relief
vents from the water supply system.
- No piping or equipment under pressure shall be directly connected to any part of
the drainage system.
- The foregoing does not include any approved sump pump or to any approved
pressure-wasting plumbing fixture.
Section 806 Sterile Equipment
- Waste used to sterile materials shall be drain through an air gap.
Section 807 Appliances
- Appliances equipped with pumps, drips or drainages not classified as plumbing
fixture can be drain by indirect waste pipe.
- No domestic dishwashing machine shall be directly connected to a drainage
system of a food waste disposal system.
Section 808 Cooling Water
- Clean running water used as a cooling medium may be discharge into the
drainage system.
Section 809 Drinking Fountains
- May be installed with indirect pipes.
Section 810 Steam and hot water drainage
- No steampipe or any water having a temperature above 60˚C be discharged to
any part of the drainage system.
Section 811 Chemical Waste
- Shall be pre-treated prior to their discharge into a drainage system.
- No chemical waste shall be discharged into the ground, local sewer or other
disposal means without approval.
Section 812 Vertical wet venting
- Wet venting is limited to vertical drainage piping receiving the discharge from
the trap arm of one (1) and two (2) fixture unit.
- Common vent sizing shall be the sum of the fixture units served but in no case
smaller than the minimum vent size required.
Section 814 Combination waste and vent system
 - Shall be permitted only when structural conditions preclude the installation of
conventional system.
- Shall be provided with a vent adequate to assure free circulation of air. Any
branch more than 4.6m in length shall be separately vented.
- The minimum area of any vent installed in a CW & VS shall be at least 1/2 the
inside of the cross-sectional area of the drain pipe served. The vent connection
shall be downstream of the uppermost fixture.
- Each wastepipe and each trap in any CW & VS shall be at least two (2) pipe size
larger than the sizes required and at least two (2) pipe size larger than any fixture
tailpiece or connection.
Section 815 Direct waste to ground
- Sacrarium waste of holy water and wash water at church altar services shall be
disposed of directly to the ground.
Section 816 Clear water wastes
- Shall discharge through an indirect waste my means of an air gap.
Section 817 Swimming pools
- Considered as a facility.
- Drainage pipes and pump discharge shall be installed as an indirect waste.
Section 818 Refrigeration Waste
Size of indirect waste line carrying refrigeration waste:
32mm – One (1) inlet serving not more than 2.8m3 of refrigeration space.
51mm – 4 to 12m3, 32mm inlets or the equivalent refrigeration space.
76mm – 13 to 36m3, 32mm inlets or the equivalent refrigeration space.
Section 819 Air-conditioning Equipment
- Shall be drained by means of an indirect waste pipe.
- Shall connect indirectly to drainage system through an airgap or airbreak to a
properly trapped receptor or other approve points of discharge.

Industrial Waste – Waste detrimental to the public sewer system.

Invert – The lowest portion of the interior part of any pipe that is not vertical.
- Point of pipe cross-section where pipe elevation always referred to.

Iron Pipe Size (IPS)

Joints and Connections

Section 1301 Tightness
- Pressure test on joints and connections of pipes and fittings in the plumbing
system shall be required to ensure gastight and watertight connections.
Section 1302 Types of Joints
Asbestos Cement Sewer Pipe Joints
- Shall be sleeve coupling of the same composition as the pipe and sealed
with neoprene rubber rings or joined by approved type compression
coupling.
- Joints between asbestos cement pipe and other approved pipe shall be
made by means of an approved adapter coupling.
Brazing and Welding
- Any joint obtained by joining of metal parts with alloys which melt at
temperatures higher than 499 degrees centigrade, but lower than the
melting temperature of the parts to be joined.
- any joint or seam obtained by the joining of metal parts in a plastic
molten state.
Burned Lead Joints
- Shall be lapped and the assembly shall be fused together to form a
uniform weld at least as thick as the lead sheet being joined.
Caulked Joints
- Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are
pounded into the annular space. Also, the material pounded into the
annular opening.
- Bell and spigot cast iron soil pipe and other similar joints shall be firmly
packed with oakum or hemp and filled with molted pig lead to a depth of
not less than 25.4mm.
- After caulking, the finished joint shall not extend more than 3.2mm
below the rim of the hub.
- Caulked joints in centrifugally cast iron pipe (CCIP) bell and spigot
water pipe shall be made with non-toxic materials.
- When pouring, wet and watery hub may cause an explosion of molted
lead.
- In case of pipe crack while doing the joint, replace the pipe and fitting.
Cement Mortar Joints
- Except for repairs and connection to existing lines constructed with such
joints, cement mortar joints are prohibited in new building sewers.
- Mortar shall be pure cement and water only.
Elastomeric Gasketed and Rubber-ring Joints
- Shall comply with the applicable IAPMO installation standards.
- Neoprene gasket is recommended for oil handling piping works.
Flared Joints
- A type of compression joint.
- For soft copper water tubing. Shall be expanded with a proper flaring
tool.
Flexible Compression Factory-Fabricated Joints
- When piped is joined by means of flexible compression joints, such
joints shall conform to approved standards and shall not be considered as
slip joints.
Hubless Cast Iron Pipe Joints
 - Shall conform to appropriate IAPMO installation standards and shall not
be considered as slip joints.
Mechanical Joints
- Mechanical joints for centrifugally cast-iron water pipe shall conform to
nationally recognized standards.
- To insert MJ wye, cut out a section of and existing pipe 1/4” to 1/2”
longer than the wye.
Flanged Joint
- Sometime referred as a mechanical joint.
- Most common joints for brass and steel piping installations.
Molded Rubber Coupling Joints
- When pipe is joined by means of molded neoprene rubber coupling
joints, such joints shall not be considered as slip joints.
- Neoprene rubber shall be used in soils subject to oil intrusion.

Pressure-lock Type Connection

- A mechanical connection which depends on an internal retention device
to prevent pipe or tubing separation.
- Connection are made by inserting the pipe or tubing inside the fitting to a
prescribed depth.
Shielded Coupling Joins
- An approved elastomeric sealing gasket with an approved outer shield
and a tightening mechanism.
-Shall not be considered as slip joints.
Threaded Joints (Screwed Joints)
- For iron pipe size (IPS) pipe and fittings shall be standard taper pipe
threads.
- Threads in plastic pipes shall be factory cut and molded.
- Threaded plastic pipes shall be at least schedule 80.
- When a pipe joint material is used, it shall be applied only on the male
threads.
- Cleanout plugs and caps shall be lubricated with water-insoluble, non-
hardening material.
- Tape is acceptable for use on male threads, only if screwed pipe joint.
- Most common joints for brass and steel piping installations.
- Always begin to screw by hand for about 3 threads.
- After threading, ream the inside of pipe to smoothen the surface end of
pipe.
Dope
- A type of sealant used with any threaded pipe to help create a
seal.
- A compound use in screw joint to make it permanent.
Solder and Sweat Joints
 - a pipe joint obtained by joining metal parts with metallic mixtures or
alloys which melt at a temperature below 427 degrees centigrade and
above 149 degrees centigrade.
- Joints in copper tubing shall be made by the appropriate use of approved
brass or copper fittings.
- Surfaces to be joined by soldering shall be cleaned bright by manual or
mechanical means.
- The joints shall be properly fluxed.
- Solder and fluxes with a lead content which exceeds 0.002 are prohibited
in piping system used to convey potable water.
95-5 Tin-Antimony – Best solder for brazing/soldering joints.
Flux Compound – Use to enable the solder to penetrate the joint
completely.
Resin – Flux generally use when soldering copper gutters.
Solvent Cement Plastic Pipe Joints
- Plastic pipes and fittings designed to be joined by solvent cement shall
comply with appropriate IAPMO installation standards.
- Most leaking joints are caused by a worker’s failure to deburr the inside
of the pipe.
- Apply solvent cement outside of pipe end and inside of fitting.
Wipe Joints
- Joints involving lead pipes or fittings shall be full-wipe lead joints.
- Wiped lead joints shall have an exposed surface on each side of a joint
not less than 19mm and at least as thick as the material being joined.
- Wall or floor flange wipe lead joints shall be made by using a lead ring
or flange placed behind the joint at wall or floor.
- Joints between lead pipe and cast iron, steel or wrought iron pipe shall be
made by means of caulking ferrule or soldering nipple.
Section 1303 Use of joints
Clay Sewer Pipe
- Joints in vitrified clay pipe or between such pipe and metal pipes shall be
joined with neoprene gasket for hub and spigot joints.
Copper Water Tube
- Shall be made by approved brass fittings properly soldered or brazed
together or by means of approved brass compression type fittings.
Lead to Cast Iron, Wrought Iron or Steel
- Shall be made of wiped joints to a caulking ferrule, soldering nipple or
bushing.
Plastic Fittings
- Use of job-fabricated female screws of PVC for water piping are
prohibited.
- Factory made screws and of PVC adaptor fittings are acceptable for use
if thickness conforms to schedule 80.
Screwed pipe to cast iron pipe
 - Joints between wrought iron, steel, brass or copper pipe with a cast iron
pipe shall be either caulked or threaded joints or shall be made with
approve adapter fittings.
Section 1304 Special Joints
Copper Tubing to Screw Pipe Joints
- Shall be made by use of brass adaptor fittings.
Expansion Joints
- Used in soil and waste stack joints shall be free and accessible.
- Used to provides necessary expansion and contraction joints of the pipes
for high-rise buildings.
- Required when installing long, straight horizontal or vertical runs of
copper domestic hot water piping.
- Shall not be used for vent pipes.
Expansion Loops (Pipe Loop) – Permits thermal expansion in a pipe run.
Ground Joints, Flared or Ferrule Connection
- Brass or copper ground joint, flared or ferrule type connection when
made up, shall not be considered as slip joints.
Plastic Pipe connection to other materials
- Use only approved types of fittings and adapters.
Slip Joints
- an adjustable tubing connection, consisting of a compression nut, a
friction ring, and a compression washer, designed to fit a threaded
adapter fitting or a standard taper pipe thread.
- May be used in fixture drains and traps.
- In fixture supply fittings, slip joints shall be exposed for maintenance.
- Found on the fixture side of a trap made tight a plastic washer and a slip
nut.
- In copper, use a threaded nut in compression to form a joint.
Unions
- May be used in drainage work when accessibly located in the trap seal or
between a fixture and its trap.
Section 1305 Flange Fixture Connection
- The bottom of the flange shall be set on an approved firm based.
- Closet bends or stubs must be cut off square so as to present a smooth surface.
- Wall mounted water closet fixtures shall be securely bolted on an approved
fixture carrier fitting.
- Screw or bolts for securing floor mounted fixture shall be brass.
Section 1306 Prohibited Joints and Connection
- On drainage system, any fitting or connection which has an enlargement or
reduction of pipe are that offers an obstruction to flow through the drain is
prohibited.
- No fitting or connection that offers abnormal obstruction to flow shall be used.
- The enlargement of 76mm closet bend or stub to 102mm shall not be considered
an obstruction.
Section 1307 Waterproofing of openings
 - Joints at the roof around pipes, ducts or other appurtenances shall be made
watertight by the use of lead, copper, galvanized iron, or other approved flashing
material.
- Exterior wall opening shall be made watertight.
- Counterflashing shall not restrict the required internal cross-sectional area of the
vent.
Section 1308 Increasers and Reducers
- Used when different sizes of pipes and fittings are to be connect.
- Brass or cast-iron body cleanouts shall not be used as a reducer of adapter.

Additional Joints
Ball Joint – A ball is held in a cup-like that allows movement in every direction.
Rolled Joint – Common type of joint use in sprinkler system wherein a special
coupling is used to connect the two ends.

Ladder – A temporary or movable platform use to stand on when working above floor level.
Types of Ladders.
Extension Ladder – A adjustable height ladder with a fixed bed section and
sliding lockable fly section.
Pawl Lock – A pivoting hook mechanism of an extension ladder to hold
the fly section at the desired height.
Fixed ladder – Permanently attached to a structure, tank or vault.
Step ladder – Stands independently of support.

Master Plumber – A plumber licensed to install and to assume responsibility for contractual
agreements pertaining to plumbing and to secure and required permits.

Mathematics
Algorithm – A series of sequential method for carrying out a desire procedure to solve
problem.
Array – It is a collection of numbers or letters used to represent a number arranged
properly in row and columns.
Axiom – an unprovable rule or first principle accepted as true because it is self-evident or
particularly useful.
Calculus
- The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the Logarithm of the denominator.
Combination – Selection of items that the order of selection does not matter.
Duodecimal – Any number express in place-value notation with base 12.
Inequality
- Mathematical expression is greater than or less than another.
- Expression in which sides are not equal to each other.
Permutation – Arranging the items of a set into sequence order.
Probability – Deals with the likelihood of future events.
Statistics – Involves the analysis of the frequency of past events.
 Mean – The sum of all numbers in the data set divided by the number of values in
the set.
Median – The middle value when the data is set in ordered from the least to
greatest.
Mode – Measure of central tendency defined as the most frequent value.
Sample Space (Probability Space) – Possible outcome of an experiment.
Theorem – A statement that can be demonstrated to be true by accepted mathematical
operation and arguments.
Algebra – Branch of mathematics which uses the properties of numbers by using
symbols or letters to represent number in arithmetic operations.
Real Numbers – A quantity that can be express as an infinite decimal expansion.
Natural Numbers – Counting numbers. [1, 2, 3 ......]
Integers – All natural numbers (negative and positive) and zero.
Rational Numbers – Can be express as quotient of two integers.
[1/2, -1/3, -0.5, 0.1111 (equivalent to 1/9)]
Irrational Numbers – Cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers.
[e, π, √5]
Cardinal Numbers – Tells ‘how many’ of something [1, 2, 3 ……]
Ordinal Numbers – Tells the position of something [1st, 2nd, 3rd ….]
Imaginary and Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers – Expression of both real and imaginary numbers
[a+bi]
Imaginary Numbers – Denoted by the letter “i”.
Linear Equations and Graph
Linear equation in one variable: Ax + B = 0
Linear equation in two variables: Ax + By + C = 0
Cartesian Coordinate System (Rectangular Coordinate System)
- The cartesian coordinate system has 8 octants and 4 quadrants.
Rene Descartes – Formalize its use in mathematics.
Abscissa (x)
- The distance of a point from the y-axis.
- The horizontal distance from the origin.
Ordinate (y) – The vertical distance from the origin.
Origin (0, 0) – Point of beginning, where the x and y axis cross.
x- and y- Intercepts – These are points in cartesian plane where the
graph intersects the x- and y- axes.
Slope (m) – The “steepness” of a line.
Translation of Axes: The process of replacing the axes in a
cartesian coordinate system with a new set of axes in which the
new axes are parallel to the original axes and similarly directed.
Use to write equations of curves not centered about the origin.
Fraction – The ration of two integers.
Proper Fraction – Denominator is greater than numerator.
Improper Fraction – Numerator is greater than denominator.
Mixed Fraction – A whole number and proper fraction combined.
Progression – A collection of numbers arrange in any orderly manner.
 Arithmetic Sequence/Progression
- Series of numbers in which each number or term is derived from
the preceding number by adding a constant value to it.
- Sequence of numbers in which the difference between any two
adjacent terms is constant.
Geometric Progression – A sequence of numbers in which any two
adjacent terms has common ratio.
Harmonic Progression – A sequence of numbers in which the reciprocals
of the elements are in arithmetic progression.
Least Common Multiple (LCM) – The smallest integer that is evenly divisible by
all numbers.
Least Common Denominator (LCD) – Refers to the least common multiple of the
denominators of a set of fractions.
Greatest Common Fraction – It is the highest number that divides exactly into two
or more numbers.
Factoring – The process of expressing a polynomial as the product of another
Trigonometry – A branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships involving
lengths and angles of triangles.
Plane Trigonometry – Deals with triangles in two dimensions of the plane.
Spherical Trigonometry – Concerned with the triangles extracted from the surface
of a sphere.
Types of Angles
Acute Angle: Less than 90˚
Right Angle: Equal to 90˚
Obtuse Angle: Greater than 90˚
Straight Angle: Equal to 180˚
Reflex Angle: Greater than 180˚
Oblique Triangle – Any triangle that is not a right triangle.
Median – It is the line drawn from one vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Centroid – The intersection point of the medians of a triangle.
Altitude – Is the perpendicular segment from one vertex to its opposite side.
Orthocenter – The intersection point of the altitudes of a triangle.
Ambiguous Case – The case of a solution of a plane triangle where the given
data can lead to be no triangle, two different triangles, or exactly one triangle
exsit.
Angle of Depression – The angle from the horizontal downward to an object.
Angle of Elevation – The angle that the line of sight to the object, makes with the
horizontal, which is above the eye of the observer.
Cevian – Any line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to a point on the
opposite side.
Angle Bisector – Is a segment drawn from a vertex that bisects (divide in
half) the vertex angle.
Incenter – The intersection point of the angle bisectors in a
triangle.
Median – A line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite
side.
Geometry – The branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of
points, lines, surfaces, solids and higher dimensional analogs.
Coplanar – Points that lie in the same plane.
Coterminal Angles – Angles in standard position that have a common terminal
side.
Dihedral Angle – Angle between two intersecting planes.
Reference Angle – Angle between the terminal side and the x-axis.
Analytic Geometry – Mathematical subject in which algebraic symbolism and
methods are used.
Asymptote – Refers to a straight line, which a curve approaches closely,
but never meets or touches the curve.
Plane Geometry
Euclid – Father of plane geometry.
Plane – A flat, two-dimensional surface that extends indefinitely.
Circle – A plane figure that is a locus of all points in the plane
equidistant from a given point, which is the center of the circle.
Annulus – The area bounded by two concentric circles.
Ellipse
- Is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its
distance to the fixed point (foci) is constant and equal to the
length of the major axis.
- Eccentricity is less than one.
Polygons – Are closed line figures formed by line segments.
Side – Also known as ‘edge’, is one of the line segments that
compose a polygon.
Vertices – The end points of each side of the polygon.
Diagonals – A line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a
polygon.
Interior Angle – Angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the
polygon.
Exterior Angle – Angle that is adjacent to and is supplementary to
interior angle of a polygon.
Central Angle – Angle that is opposite a side of a regular polygon.
Apothem – The distance from center of a regular polygon to the
midpoint of a side.
Regular Polygon – All sides are equiangular (congruent) and
equilateral (equal).
Convex Polygon – Interior angles must be less than or equal 180
degree.
Triangle – Most fundamental subset of polygons.
Equilateral – Has three equal sides.
Isosceles Triangle – Has two equal sides.
 Scalene Triangle – Having three unequal sides.
Quadrilaterals – Also known as Tetragon, a 4-sided polygon.
Parallelogram – Has two (2) pairs or parallel sides.
Properties:
- The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
at mid-point.
- The opposite angles are equal as well as the
opposite sides.
Trapezoid – Has one (1) pair or parallel side.
Trapezium – Does not have any pair of parallel side.
Rectangle / Rhombus – Special types of parallelograms.
Properties:
- Diagonals bisect each other at 90˚.
Square – A parallelogram with equal sides.
Solid Geometry – Or “stereometry” deals with the measurements of three-
dimensional solids.
Helix – A type of curve generated by a point which moves in uniform
circular motion about an axis while travelling with a constant speed
parallel to the axis.
Polyhedron – A solid which is bounded by polygons joined at their edges.
Faces – The bounding polygons of a polyhedron.
Edges – Intersection of faces.
Vertices – Intersection of edges.
Regular Polyhedron (Platonic Solid) – A polyhedron whose faces
are congruent regular polygons.
Prism – A type of polyhedron whose congruent bases lie in parallel
planes and whose remaining faces are parallelograms.
Right Prism – Lateral faces and lateral edges are
perpendicular to the two bases.
Cylinder – A solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two
parallel lines.
Pyramid – A polyhedron that contains triangular lateral faces with
common vertex and a polygon base.
Cone – Solid bounded by a conical surface whose directrix is a
closed curve, and a plane which cuts all the elements.
– If the cutting plane is parallel to exactly one generating
line of the cone, then the conic section is unbounded and is
called a parabola.
Torus – A ring shaped surface or solid obtained by rotating a
circle about a coplanar line that does not intersect.

Molecule – A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a
chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

Nut
 Lock nut – A nut that is screwed up tightly against another nut to prevent it from
becoming loose.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – usually seen on entrance before entering the
construction site.
Face Shield – an eye and face protection the covers the entire face with a plastic shield.
Goggles – An eye protection device with flexible frame.

Physics – The branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy.
Acceleration – The change in velocity per unit time.
Centripetal Force – A force that makes a body follow a curved path.
- The centripetal acceleration of a particle in uniform motion is inversely
proportional to the radius of its path.
Displacement – A change in position, specified by length and a direction.
Instantaneous Acceleration – The time rate of change of velocity.
Instantaneous Speed – The speed of an object at a certain instant of time.
Scalar Quantity – Area quantities that are fully describe by a magnitude alone.
Speed – A scalar quantity, defined as the distance per unit time.
Vector – Object that has both magnitude and a direction.
Vector Quantities – Are quantities that are fully describe by both magnitude and a
direction.
Velocity – A vector quantity, defined as the displacement per unit time.
Forces and Motion
Newton’s Law of Motion
First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) – Every object in a state of
uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless acted upon
an external force.
Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration) – Acceleration is
produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass, the greater
the amount of force needed.
Third Law of Motion (Law of Interaction) – For every action, the is an
equal and opposite reaction.
Force – Capable of producing a change in motion of an object.
Force System – Any arrangement where two or more forces act on a body or on a
group of related bodies.
Friction – The resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another.
Static Friction – Operates between two surfaces that aren’t moving relative
to each other. Always greater than kinetic friction.
Kinetic Friction (Sliding Friction) – Acts between objects in motion.
Gravitational Force – The universal force of attraction acting between all matter.
Inverse Square Law - The force of gravity between the earth and any
object is inversely proportional to the square of the distance that
separates that object from the earth’s center.
Inertia
- The resistance of an object has to a change in its state of motion.
- The measure of inertia of an object is its mass.
 Mass – A fundamental measure of the amount of matter in the object.
Momentum – Can be defined as mass in motion. The quantity of motion the
𝑘𝑔⸱𝑚
object has. [ 𝑠 ]
Weight
- The force of gravity on the object and may be calculated as the mass
times the acceleration of gravity.
- Gravitational force exerted on a given mass.
- The force in which the earth attracts an object.
Newton – The force that will give a mass of one kilogram and acceleration of one
meter per second per second.
Work, Energy and Power
Work
- The product of force and displacement in the direction of the force.
- The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force
along a displacement.
Unit: Joule (J) [N⸱m]

Energy – A scalar quantity, the capacity for doing work.

Potential Energy – The energy of an object has because of its position
relative to some other object.
Kinetic Energy – Energy possessed by an object in motion.
Mechanical Energy – Sum of potential and kinetic energy.
Power – The rate at which work is done.
Gas Law
Charles’ Law – Gives the relationship between volume and temperature if
pressure and amount of gas are held constant. This means that he volume of a gas
is directly proportional to its temperature.
Boyle’s Law – States that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant
temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and
mass are constant.
General Gas Law (Ideal Gas Law) – The combination of Charles and Boyle’s
Law.

Pipes Additional Information

- Reducing size of pipes in the direction of flow can cause blockage to build up at the
reduction point.
- In glass piping, if one end needs to be field cut, the ends should be joint bead to plain.
- Corrosion in pipe is the byproduct of chemical reaction of oxidation in forming ferrous
oxide or rust by the action of sulfur oxide.
- All pipes passing through corrosive materials shall be protected from external corrosion
by encasing the pipe with polyethylene sheet.
- When installing fuel gas piping, the authority having jurisdiction shall require evidence
of the competency of the installers.
 Abrasion Resistance – A property of pipe having the ability to resist being worn away
by friction when rubbed with another object.
Reamer – Use to remove burrs inside the end of a pipe.

Pipe Chase – Best location to put pipes.

Plans / Drawings
Types of plans / drawings.
Detailed Drawings – A small part of a plan elevation or section at enlarge scale.
Exterior elevation drawing – Show the shape and size of the exterior walls and
roof.
Isometric drawing – a three-dimensional drawing.
Plot Plan – A civil drawing that shows the shape, size and location of the
building lot.
Schematic Plan – A drawing without regard to scale and exact location.
Section Drawing – a scaled view created by passing an imaginary cutting plane
through a portion of a building.
Technical Drawings and Specification – Graphic language of engineers.
Line Description
Center Line – Alternating long and short dashes.
Direction Arrow
- Commonly appear on a domestic water riser diagram but not necessary
to show on a sanitary riser.
Extension Line – This and solid lines that provides a stopping point for the
pointed ends of dimension line.
Plumbing Lines
Soil or Waste above ground – Continuous line.
Soil or Waste below ground – Continuous moderate dashes.
Vent – Continuous short dashes.
Cold Water Line – Consisting of a long dash and a short dash.
Hot Water Line – Consisting of a long dash and two short dashes.
Hot Water Recirculating Pipe – Moderate dash, three short dashes and moderate
dash.
Drinking Water – Consisting of short line, a short dash, a long line, a short dash,
and a short line.
Compressed Air – Series of dashes with letter “A” separating the dashes.
Fire Line – Series of dashes with letter “F” separating the dashes.
Gas Pipe – Series of dashes with letter “G” separating the dashes.
Vacuum Pipe – Series of dashes with letter “V” separating the dashes.
Plumbing Symbols
Flange Connection – Double Line
Screw Connection – Single Line
Bell & Spigot – Curve Line
Welded Connection – X-mark
Soldered Connection – Circle
 Cross Tee - Cross
Reducing Fittings – Have numbers attached
Elbow – Bended Lines
Turned Up – Circle
Turned Down – Circle with another bold circle in the middle.
Reducer
Triangle (Concentric)
Half-triangle (Eccentric)
Tee – “T” Lines
Outlet Up – Circle with another bold circle in the middle
Outlet Down – Circle
Valves
Gate Valve – Mirror Triangle
Globe Valve – Mirror Triangle with a bold point that separates them.
Angle Globe – Perpendicular Triangles with a bold point that separates
them.
Angle Gate – Perpendicular Triangles
Check – Two parallel lines with diagonal at the middle.
Safety – Mirror Triangle with S at the middle
Float – Mirror Triangle with a line connecting to a rectangle.
Plastic Pipes
- Suitable for drainage and vents as well as for water supply system (hot and cold).
- Threads on Plastic Pipes shall be factory cut or molded. Threaded plastic pipes shall be
Schedule 80 minimum wall thickness.
- When connecting plastic pipe to other types of piping, the specific transition intended
shall be made with approve fitting and adapters.
- Plastic pipes and fittings to be joined by solvent cement shall comply with appropriate
IAPMO installation standards.
- Remove gloss at the end of rigid plastic pipes using sand paper.
- Standard length of 3m.
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
- Has good chemical resistance, excellent impact strength, especially at low
temperatures and maintains rigidity at high temperature.
Joint:
- Shall be cut square to provide full joining surface.
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC)
- Formulated to withstand higher temperature than other plastic pipes.
- the ‘Chlorinated’ in CPVC makes the pipe more rigid.
- Can be used up to 180˚F. is pressure system.
- Does not require special solvent cement used for other types of plastic welding.
Material: Thermoplastic, Rigid.
Color: White (Hot water)
Uses:
- May used for hot and cold-water distribution system within a building.
Standard: ASTM D 2846, ASTM F 441, CSA B137.6
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX/XPE/XLPE)
 Joint: Crimped Connection, Metal Insert or Metal Compression.
Design options for PEX plumbing system:
Trunk and branch system
Home run manifold system –
- Centrally located manifolds distribute water to each fixture with
dedicated hot and cold-water lines.
- Use the least hot water and the most pipe.
Submanifold system – Can be designed to save hot water.
Polybutylene (PB)
- Should never come into contact with petroleum-based materials.
- Denoted by its outside diameter.
- Cross-sectional shape is normally oval.
Color: Black
Polyethylene (PE)
Material: Flexible plastic pipe
Color: Black
Denoted by: Outside Diameter
Polypropylene (PP)
- Excellent chemical resistant to sulfur bearing compounds.,
Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPR)
Uses: Domestic Water Supply
Size: Minimum 20mm dia. for Lavatory.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- Most common color or primer is purple color.
- Rigid, strong and economical pipe.
- Has excellent chemical resistance, good crush resistance and impact strength.
- Functional up to 123˚F in non-pressure system and 180˚F in pressure system.
Color: Blue (Potable Water)
Uses:
DWV System
Length: 10ft
Standard: ASTM D2665-20, ASTM D 2949, ASTM F 891.
Rubber Modifies Styrene (SR)
- Has good crush resistance, fair impact strength and moderate chemical
resistance. It is lightweight but brittle at low temperatures.
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)

Plumber’s Putty – Material applied under the flange for installation on a lavatory or sink.

Plumbing Fee’s
1 Unit = P5.00
1 Water closet = P7.00
Plumbing Appliance– Any one of a special class of device or equipment intended to perform a
special plumbing function.
Plumbing Appurtenance – A manufactured device or prefabricated assembly or an on-the-job
assembly of components parts, and serve as adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing
fixture.

Plumbing Fixtures
Definitions
- A part that is attached to a system of pipes that carry water through a building.
- A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water or
waste may be collected for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
Battery Fixture – Two or more similar adjacent fixture which discharge into a
common horizontal soil or waste branch.
Section 401 Materials and General Requirement
- Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of dense, durable and non-absorbent
material.
- Water closet bowls for public use shall be elongated bowl type equipped with
open-front seats.
Section 402 Material Alternatives
- Special use fixtures may be made of soapstone, chemical stoneware, lined with
lead, copper base alloy, nickel-copper alloy, and corrosion-resisting steel.
- Restaurant kitchen and other special-use sink may be made of approved-type
bonderized and galvanized sheet steel of not less than Gauge No. 16 U.S. B&S or
1.6mm thick.
Section 403 Overflows
- The overflow pipe from a fixture shall be connected to the house or inlet side of
the fixture trap.
- Water closet and urinal flush tank overflow shall discharge into the bowls or
wares serve by them, but it shall be unlawful to connect such overflows with any
other part of the drainage system.
Section 404 Strainers and Connections
Strainers
- All plumbing fixtures except water closets and siphon action washdown
and blowout urinals, shall be equipped with approved strainers.
Area of Perforation
Serving shower stalls: Equal to the outlet pipe area
Roof gutter drains: 1.5 times the outlet pipe area
Flat roof drains: 2 times the outlet pipe area
Connections
- Fixture having concealed slip joints connection shall be provided with an
access panel or utility of at least 0.3m in its least dimension.
- Continuous waste and fixture tailpiece where exposed or accessible may be of
seamless draw brass not less than Gauge No. 20 B&S (0.8mm thk).
- Each such tailpiece, continuous waste or waste and overflow shall not be less
than 38mm O.D. for sinks, dishwashers, laundry tubs, bathtubs, urinals and
similar fixtures and not less than 32mm O.D. for lavatories and similar small
fixtures.
- Brass or copper shall not be used for urinal tailpiece or trap.
Section 405 Prohibited Fixtures
- Use of water closet having invisible seals or unventilated space.
- Water closet and through urinals which might permit siphonage of the contents
of the bowl back in the water tank.
- Drinking fountains shall not be installed inside public toilet rooms.
- Fixed wooden, concrete, cement, or tile washtrays or sink for domestic use
shall not be installed.
- No sheet metal lined wooden bathtubs shall be installed or reconnected.
- No dry or chemical closet (toilet) shall be installed unless first approved by the
Health Officer.
Section 406 Special Fixtures and Specialties
Water Connection
- Baptistries, ornamental and lily ponds, aquaria, ornamental fountain
basins and similar constructions when provided with water supplies shall
be protected from back-siphonage.
Wastewater Drain
- “Sacrarium” cupsink at church altar and Baptistries font outlet shall
discharge directly to the ground and not connected to the sanitary drainage
system.
Section 407 Installation
Cleaning – Plumbing fixtures shall be installed in a manner to provide easy access
for repair and cleaning. Where practical, all pipes from fixtures shall be run
parallel and close to the nearest wall or building line.
Joints – Joints between the fixture and wall or floor shall be made watertight.
Securing Fixtures – Floor outlet or floor mounted fixtures shall be rigidly secured
on the drainage connection and floor when so designed with the used of
adequately-sized screws or expansion bolts of copper, brass or other equally
corrosion-resistant material.
Wall-hung Fixtures – Shall be supported by metal supporting members or
chairs so that no bending or pullout stain is transmitted to the wall.
Supply Fittings – Supply lines or fittings for every plumbing fixture shall be
installed to prevent backflow.
Section 410 Plumbing Fixtures Required
- Every building intended for human habitation occupancy or use.
Bathtub
- Usually, rectangular container which you fill with water and sit in to wash your
body.
- Initial phase of discharging waste into the drain pipe produces very sudden and
heavy surge with appreciable shock effect in another fixture.
- Needs individual vent.
- Not a sanitary ware.
- Recommended size of waste pipe: 38mm-50mm
Trip Lever
- Part of an apparatus that allows the stopper to be opened or
closed.
- Found in bathtubs.
 Whirlpool Bathtub
Shall comply in the following:
- Removable panel of sufficient dimension shall be provided for access of
the pump.
- The circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trap.
- The pump and the circulating piping shall be self-draining to minimize
water retention.
- Suction fittings on whirlpool baths shall comply with the listed
standards.
Bidet
- A plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially
genitals. It is also known as the Sitz bath.
Setting:
Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375m
Bidet center to center: minimum of 0.75m
Drinking Fountain / Water Fountain
- Drinking fountain or bubble when they are located in the building may be
connected to the pipe that terminate into waste pipe.
- Has a bubbler.
- Shall not be installed inside public toilet rooms.
Floor Drain
- Shall be provided with an approved type hinge strainer plate having the sum of
the areas of the small holes of the strainer plate or gross waterway equivalent to
the cross-sectional area of the tailpiece.
- Shall be of an approved type, the body provided with integrally-cast water stop
outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulked outlet to
provide a watertight joint in the floor.
- Floors of public shower rooms shall be drained so that wastewater from one
bather will not pass over areas occupied by another bather.
- Gutters in public or gang shower rooms shall have rounded corners for easy
cleaning and shall be sloped not less than two (2) percent towards the drains.
- Drain in gutters in public shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.90m
apart.
- The trap of the floor drain shall be place not more than 30cm below finished
floor line to facilitate cleaning.
Scupper Drain – Receptacle installed at corner that collect rain water from a
balcony.
Flush Tank
- Fixtures containing flush tank shall maintain a minimum pressure of 55KPa
(8psi).
- Can be install with insulating jacket.
- Can be replaced by automatic flushometer valves.
Sink
Bar Sink (Island Sink/ Prep Sink/ Entertainment Sink) – Offers a place for
convenient hand washing or rising to occur during food preparation and can
streamline the workflow in the kitchen.
 Laundry Tub (Utility Sink) - a rugged, large-capacity sink used primarily for
cleaning or soaking clothing.
Lavatory
- A fixture design for washing of hands or face, sometime called wash
basin.
Counter Top – A sink basin that sits on top of a counter. Design for group
use.
One Piece
Pedestal – A lavatory with a pedestal under the drain to support the sink
and conceal the plumbing.
Wall-hung
- Attached and mounted directly on the wall.
Setting Height: 22”
Wash Fountain – Large, circular or semicircular wash basins that allowed
several people to simultaneously wash their hands.
Accessories:
Mack washer – Seals the bottom of a lavatory bowl.
Splash-Back – A panel behind a sink or lavatory that protects the
wall from splashes.
Kitchen Sink – Used for washing dishes and preparing food.
Drop-in Sink – Most common type of kitchen sink, has a visible lip around
its perimeter that rest flat on the countertop.
Ledge-Back Sink – Have a built-in ledge that creates a custom track for
holding kitchen accessories.
Undermount Sink – The edge of the sink is below the level of the
countertop.
Scrub Sink – A plumbing fixture usually located in the operating room in a
hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure.
Scullery Sink – Used for washing dishes and other dirty household works.
Slop Sink – The sink used as a rule for janitorial services.
Shower Compartments
- Shall have a minimum area of 0.6sq.m. and shall be capable of encompassing a
762mm diameter circle.
- The minimum area and dimension shall be maintained from a point above the
shower drain outlet to a height of 1.78m with no protrusions.
Exception: Special shower compartments for wheelchair use may
eliminate the curb or threshold. The required slope and depth shall be
maintained from the door entry to the drain opening. The minimum
distance between the door to the drain opening shall be 1.2m.
Shower Receptors/Interceptors
- Shall be constructed of vitrified China or earth ware, ceramic tile, porcelain-
enameled metal or such other material.
- Shall be constructed to have a finished dam, curb or threshold of at least
25.4mm lower than the outside floor.
- In no case shall any dam or threshold be less than 51mm (2”) nor more than
228mm (9”) in depth when measured from the top of the dam or threshold to the
of the drain.
- The finished floor of the receptor shall slope uniformly from the sides towards
the drain by not less than 20mm/m (2%) but not more than 40mm/m (4%).
- Threshold shall be of sufficient width to accommodate a minimum of 559mm
wide door.
Built directly on the ground:
- Shall be adequately reinforced, provided with an approved flanged floor
drain designed to make a watertight joint in the floor.
- Each receptor built directly on the ground shall have firm bed.
Built above ground:
- When built above ground, the sub-floor and rough side of walls to a
height of no less than 76mm above the finished dam or threshold shall be
first lined, with sheet lead or copper or with other durable and water tight
material.
- All lining material shall be pitched at a slope of 2% or 20mm/m.
- All folds, laps and reinforcing webbing shall extend to at least 101mm in
all direction from the corner and all webbing shall be of approved type and
mesh, producing a tensile strength of not less than 0.9 kg/mm in either
direction.
- Lead and copper sub-pans or linings shall be installed from all
conducting substances other than their connecting drain by 6.8kg asphalt
felt.
- No lead pan or liner shall be constructed of material weighing less than
19.6kg/m2.
- Thickness of copper pans or liner shall be at least GA 24 B&S (0.5mm).
- Joints in lead pans or liners shall be burned.
- Joints in copper shower pan lines shall be soldered or brazed.
- Shall be test by filling with water to the level of the rough threshold.
Urinals
Automatic Flushing Tanks – Tanks flushing more than one urinal shall
be automatic in operation. Automatically controlled flushometer valves
may be substituted for automatic flush tanks.
Flushometer Valves – No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be
used to flush more than one urinal.
- A plumbing fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flashing
away urine.
- Every water supply to a urinal shall be protected by an approve vacuum
breaker.
- Shall be flushed by means of an approved flush tank or flushometer
valves.
- Uses a flush valve.
Recommended size of waste pipe: 50mm
Setting of Urinals
Center to Center: 0.6m
 Center to side wall: 0.3m
Types of Urinals
Wall-hung Urinal – This urinal can have a built-in water seal trap
or a P-trap with a washdown or siphon-jet flushing action. The
hushing device for a wall-hung urinal is a flushometer valve.
Stall Urinal – A type of urinal that rest on the floor and which
bowls is elongated. The front piece conceals the internal elements
of the urinal located at the lower part of it.
Through Urinal – A long, narrow urinal designed for use by
several men at the same time.
Flushing Action
Blowout – Have a hole at the entrance to the trap that jets water
through.
Siphon Jet – Uses a concentrated stream of water to fill the lower
bowl portion of the urinal and create a siphon action through the P-
trap.
Washdown – Use less water than any other type. Releases water
through ports in the top of the urinal.
Water Closet
- A water-flushed plumbing fixture designed to received human excrement
(solid waste) directly from the user of fixture.
- Approve non-corrosive screws or bolts shall be secure water closet and
urinal flush tanks and similar appurtenances.
- Shall be flushed by means of an approved flush tank or flushometer
valves.
- Minimum size for water supply for water closet flush valve: 1”
Latrine
- A toilet or outhouse, especially a communal one in a camp or
barracks.
- A water closet consisting of a continuous through containing
water.
Types of water closet base on design:
Siphon Washdown
- Least efficient, noisiest, least expensive, and with bulging
front.
- The trap is at the front of the bowl, and the bowl is flush
by small streams of water running down from the rim.
Reverse Trap
- Efficient but moderately noisy, more expensive than
washdown.
- Water enters through a rim punchings and through a jet
that fills the rear trapway completely, creating a siphon
action and resulting in quick withdrawal of water from the
bowl. A water jet is located at the inlet of the trapway.
Siphon Jet
- More efficient, quiet flushing action, and moderate cost.
 - Water enters through rim punchings and jets placed in an
up-leg of the rear trap, filling the trapway and creating an
instant siphon action without rise of water level. The result
is quick water withdrawal. Large water surface provides an
efficient and clean operation. Most popular residential
model.
Siphon Vortex
- Most efficient, extremely quiet but expensive. Most
sanitary.
- Water enters through diagonal punching around the rim of
the bowl, creating a vortex that draws the water down into
the rear trap with a swirling action that scours the walls of
the bowl. Water strikes two parallel ridges and folds over
forming a jet, producing siphonic action.
Blowout – A water closet that uses a non-siphonic bowl with an
integral flushing rim. Flushing action requires flushometer.
Types of water closet base on flushing action:
Flush Tank
- Holds a supply of water for flushing water closet
which flusher 3 to 6 liters.
- Water supply inlet setting height from the floor: 6”
- Minimum capacity of the water tank for water
closet needed for a complete flushing is 12L.
Ballcock / Float valve
- An automatic fill device, most commonly
found in toilet tanks.
- Shall be installed to prevent the tank from
overflow.
Flushometers
- A valve design to supply a fixed quantity of water
for flushing purposes.
- Requires a flow pressure of 69KPa to 138KPa (10
to 20 psi).
Type of water closet base on how it is made:
One-piece water closet (Integral flush tank) – The bowl and the
tank are molded into single unit.
Closed-coupled water closet – Flush tank is separate but is attached
to the bowl. A two-piece model.
High flush tank – The flush tank is located above the bowl.
Pail flush water closet – A water closet comprising only of a bowl.
Squat bowl water closet – Known as “eastern type”. The users
assume a squatting position rather than a sitting position.
Type of water closet base on shape:
Round Front – Intended for installation on a limited space.
Elongated Front – More comfortable but occupies a larger space.
Installation
 - Wall mounter water closet shall be securely bolted to a carrier
fitting.
- Fixture connections between drainage pipes and water closet
shall be made with flanges.
Flange
- Fittings installed at the bottom of the water closet.
- Shall have 4 bolts.
Floor Flange Gasket – New technique of installing floor
mounted water closet with the end in view of assuring
cleanliness, leak proof and convenience.
Setting:
center to side wall: 0.375m
center to center: 0.75m (30”)
Insanitary Type of Water Closet
- Pan Type
- Hooper Type
- Plunger Type
Water Heater
- Electric water heaters are manufactures based on Underwriter
Laboratories (U.L.) standards [U.L. 174].
- Every passageway to an attic water heater shall have a solid continuous
flooring not less than 600mm (24”) wide.
- The distance between a water heater and union on the water lines shall
not be more than 12 inches.
- A water system containing water heater shall have a pressure relief
valve.
- Shower water heaters shall be adjusted to deliver hot water with a
maximum temperature of 48.89˚C or 120˚F.
Steam – A common heat source for indirect water heater.

Plumbing System
Plumbing – The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in
buildings used by humans.
Plumbing Appliance – Any one of a special class plumbing fixture which is intended to
perform a special plumbing function.
- All water supply, drainage, venting and all fixtures and their traps complete with their
connection.
Level 1
 - Referred for water service that use individual shallow well with hand-pump
installations.
- A protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without distribution
system, generally adaptable for rural areas where the houses area thinly scattered.
Normally serves 15-25 households and its outreach must no be more than 250m
from the farthest user. The yield discharge is generally from 40 to 140 liters per
minute.
Level 2
Level 3 – A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network and
household taps. It is generally suited for densely populated areas. This level of facility
requires a minimum treatment of disinfection.
Level 4 –

Plumbing Tools and Equipment

Closet Auger – Use for more stubborn clogs.

Force Cup (Plunger) – Considered as the plumber’s friend.
Hammer
Ballpeen Hammer
HILTI
- In instance of failure when using Hilti powder actuated fasting tool, the first
thing you should do is keep the tool in position and wait for 30 seconds.
Seat Dressing Tool – Use to remove pits or rough surfaces from valve or faucet seats.
Shovel

Snap Cutter – Most efficient tool for cutting cast iron pipe.

Power / Energy
Pour Index Horsepower: 33,000

Pressure
- The normal force exerted by homogenous liquid or gas per unit area on the wall of the
container.
- The force required to move water inside pipe.
- The force per unit area.
Atmospheric Pressure
- Pressure that comes from the amount of air that was drag along with friction by
flowing down the wall of a stack.
Back Pressure – Air pressure in drainage pipes that is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Excessive Water Pressure
- A condition in the distribution system where it could damage, or create
condition that will damage component of the distribution system or crease a
nuisance.
- Greater than 551KPa (80psi)
 Pressure Regulator – Shall be installed when pressure exceeds 551KPa (80psi).
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Minus Pressure – Results in siphonage.
Normal Pressure – Refers to the pressure range measured over a period of 24 hours.
Plus Pressure – In excess of atmospheric pressure.
Pressure Loss/Friction Loss/Head Loss/ Energy Loss – Loss of pressure generating
between the moving water and inner surface of pipes.
Residual Pressure
- The pressure available at the fixture or water outlet during maximum demand
period.
- The pressure remaining in a pipe during flow conditions.
Static Pressure – Existing pressure without any flow motion.
Suction Head – The available head at the suction nozzle of the pump.
Suction Lift – Negative suction head when the liquid level in the suction vessel is below
the center line of the pump.

Pumps
- Same flow rate pumps can be connected in series.
Centrifugal Pump
- Most practical circulating pump for use in hot water system.
- Delivers water under pressure.
Piston Pump
- Used on a smaller distribution system for elevating water in wells or other
sources.
Forced Pump – Used to deliver water at a point higher than the position of the pump
itself. When the plunger descends, the valve is closed and the water in the cylinder is
forced out through the valve and up to the storage.
Submersible Pump – used in underground.
Well Pump
- Minimum size of suction pipe is based on the size of the inlet opening of the
pump.
Speed of Pumps
Peripheral Speed – The speed at which an exact model of the pump would have
to run if it were designed to deliver 1gpm against 1ft head per stage.

Quality and Weight of Materials, Plumbing Materials and Referenced Standards

Section 1401 Minimum Standards
- All materials used in any plumbing or drainage system shall be free from defects
and shall be as listed or labeled.
- Label, Cast or Stamped:
- Length
- Weight
- Quality
- Manufacturer’s Logo (or Name)
- All such markings shall be done at the factory. Field markings shall not be
acceptable.
 Section 1402 Iron Pipe Size (IPS)
- Iron, steel, brass and copper pipes shall be iron pipe size (IPS) with the
appropriate weight.
Section 1403 Use of Copper Tubing
- Copper tubes for underground and above ground drainage and vent piping shall
have a weight of not less than that of copper drainage tube, type DWV
specifications.
- Copper tube shall not be used for piping carrying chemical or industrial waste.
- Copper tube for water supply piping shall have a weight of not less than type L.
- Type M copper tubing may be used for water piping when piping is above
ground inside or atop a building, or underground outside of structures with
outside protective coating.
- All hard drawn copper tubing shall be marked by means of a continuous and
indelibly colored stipe at least 6.4mm in width.

Receptor – adequately receive the discharge from indirect waste pipes, constructed and located
to readily cleaned.

Rigging – Is securing equipment or materials preparation for lifting by means of rope, chain or
web sling.

Roughing-in – The inspection of a piping system prior to covering or concealing of such pipe.

Saw
Hacksaw – Use in cutting plastic pipes.
Soil Pipe Cutter – Best method of cutting cast iron soil pipe that is rigidly in place.

Seepage – Term applied to water which enters sewer through poor joints, cracked pipes and
walls.

Self-Scouring (Self-cleaning) – A way of flushing out of solid wastes in the pipe with the flow of
waste water.

Sewage Disposal System

- Interconnection of sewer service pipe into a sewer main is made by punching the sewer
main a hole on top of the sewer main to fit the sewer service.
Main Sewer – A sewer line or system directly controlled by public authority.
Sewage – Includes the discharge from latrine, urinals, bathrooms, kitchen and stables.

Sewage Ejector Pump / Pneumatic Ejector

- Suitable for pumping sewage from the deep basement floor into the sewer line.
- Uses backwater valve, swing check valve and gate valve for its
ejector pump.
Sewage Grinder Pump – macerate wastewater consisting in part of sewage.
Skimming – Removal of scum that floats on top of partially treated sewage.

Site Drainage System

Catch Basins – Receptacle in which waste water are retained for sufficient period to
deposit suitable materials.
Drain Inlets
Manholes

Smelting – A form of extractive metallurgy, its main use is to produce metal from its ore.

Sovent System
- Introduced by Fritz Sommer of Switzerland.
- A single stack drainage system. Eliminate the use of ventilation line while maintaining
the balance atmospheric pressure required inside the pipe.
- Function to change the solid nature of effluent by scattering them into drops or small
blobs to fall like liquid in a shower.
- Suitable for tall buildings.
- Uses copper material for its aerator and de-aerator fittings.
Aerator – Used as a terminal of the soil branch in each floor.
De-aerator – Installed at the bottom portion of the soil stack where the house drain is
connected to receive the discharge from aeration.
De-aerator fitting consists of:
- Air separation chamber with internal nose piece.
- Stack inlet
- Pressure relief outlet at top.
- Stack outlet at the bottom.

Stainless Steel – Has a high resistant to corrosion and high temperature.

Stainless Steel Fixtures – Manufacture base on Commercial Standard and Product
Standard (CS and PS).
Tuberculation – Process in which steel and wrought iron pipe rust.

Stop Box – An adjustable cast iron box that is flash with grade and is capped with removable
iron cover.

Storm Drainage System

Section 1101 General
- A piping system designed to control and convey excess rain water to a suitable
location.
- Storm drainage is required for roof areas, courts and courtyards to collect storm
water.
Section 1102 Rainwater System
- Rainwater downspout or conductor piping within the interior of a building inside
shall be made of:
 - Cast iron
- Galvanized steel
- Iron
- Brass
- Copper
- Lead
- Schedule 40 ABS
- DWV
- Series 1000 PVC-DWV
- Rainwater downspout or conductor located on the exterior side of a low height
building shall not be less than Gauge 26 galvanized sheet metal.
- Rainwater piping located within a medium height building basement area shall
be made of:
- Galvanized iron pipe
- Schedule 30 Cast iron soil pipe type SV
- Type DWV copper tube
- Schedule 40 ABS
- Series 1000 PVC-DWV
Section 1103 Connections and Installation
- Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.
- Rainwater piping shall be protected.
- Roof drains, overflow drains and rainwater piping shall be tested.
- Roof joints shall be watertight.
Section 1104 Roof drain
Materials:
- Cast iron
- Copper
- Corrosion resistant materials
- Roof drains shall be equipped with strainers extending not less than 102mm
above the surface of the roof.
- Dome type strainers shall have a minimum total net inlet area of one and one-
half (3/2) times the area of the outlet pipe to which it is connected.
- Roof deck strainers shall have a total net inlet area not less than two (2) times
the area of the outlet pipe which the drain is connected.
- In all cases the outlet connections are inside-caulk or female screwed.
Section 1105 Sizing of rainwater piping
- Vertical rainwater piping shall be sized based upon maximum depth in mm or
rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meter.
- Normally, a 102mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Manila.
Vertical Wall Areas
- For one (1) wall: +50% Wall area
- For two (2) adjacent walls: +35% Wall area
- For two (2) opposite walls on same height: +0%
- For two (2) opposite wall on different height: +50% Diff of areas
- Three (3) sides walls: +50% Lowest wall
- For (4) sides walls: 0%
 - The area of the side of a tall building exposed to rain is taken as one-half of the
gross area.
Sizing Factors
- Pitch of the roofing.
- Rainfall Inventory in the locality.
- Roof area of the building.
3 Major system for collecting storm water:
The Independent System (Separate System)
- Storm drain and house drain are separately conveyed into different
disposal terminals.
The Combined System
- Storm drain and house drain are jointly conveyed into one disposal
terminals. Prohibited by Administrative Authority.
The Natural System

- A system without using any roof gutters or downspouts. Rainwater is

collected by natural means of collection such as open tanks or cistern.
Parts of Storm Drainage System
Ridge Roll – Folded sheet installed at the ridge (intersection) of the roof.
Flashing
- Used to make at the roof water tight.
- A piece of metal fitted under another piece of that metal or wood over
which water is expected to run.
Gutter
- Usually come in circular bottom shapes and built around the perimeter of
the roof.
- A box like collection device which is location on the exterior of the
building and receives storm water on one side.
Roof Drain – Usually made from dome-type strainers and prevents objectionable
materials to enter the downspout.
Leader – A pipe the conveys rainwater from the roof to downspout or storm drain.
Downspout
- Vertical pipe conveying the storm waste water from the gutter into the
catch basin.
- Shall be protected by installing packing materials to cushion possible
impact.
- Maximum spacing of 23m (75ft).
Inside Storm Drain – Located under the basement floor withing the wall of the
building.
Shoe / Splash pans – Directly pointed into the catch basin and lowers striking
effect of the waste water into the ground.
Area Drain – Use to collect surface run-off or storm water.
Storm Line – Connects to each catch basin.
Catch Basin – Terminals of downspouts that deliver water to the sewers in the
street via gravity.
 Storm Sewers – Carries only rainwater collected from the storm drain or from the
streets. Require manholes to serve as clean-out and to make sewers accessible for
inspection and repair built at depths of about 2 to 3 meters; diameter ranging from
0.6m to 1.2m
Storm drain pipe size formula
Sizing of Downspout
D = 1.86 (A x i)3/8 at
Sizing of Horizontal Rainwater Pipe
1% D = 1.86√2 (A x i)3/8
𝑖
2% D = 1.86√2 (A x )3/8
√2
𝑖 3/8
4% D = 1.86√2 (A x 2)
Sizing Gutter
0.5% D = 4.25 (A x i x √2)3/8
1% D = 4.25 (A x i)3/8
𝑖
2% D = 4.25 (A x )3/8
√2
𝑖 3/8
4% D = 4.25 (A x 2)
Size of Vertical Rain Water Pipe
D = 2.04 (A x i)3/8
Rainwater Harvester (Water Tank Computation)
V = 0.125 x Catchment Area x 25%

Stress
Tensile Stress – Greatest stress without a permanent deformation after release of stress.

Swaging Tool

Thermoplastic Resin
- Can be heated and reformed repeatedly.
- Shall bot be used for toxic fluids or oxygen, flammable liquids or gases above ground.

Thermosetting Resin – Cannot be melted after it is formed and cured in its final shape.

Threads
Machine Lubricating Oil – Use for threading purposes.
Teflon Tape – Applied to a thread of a pipe to compensate workmanship in a screwed
joint.
Thread Grease – Other term for pipe thread lubricants.

Tile Trim – A plastic or metal strip installed at the edge of a tile works.

Transpiration – Process by which water escape from the leaves of plant due to heat from the
sun.
Traps and Interceptors
Section 1001 – Traps required
- Each plumbing fixture, except those having integral traps, shall be separately
trapped by an approve-type water seal trap.
- One trap may serve a set of not more than three (3) single compartment sinks or
laundry tubs of the same depth or three (3) lavatories immediately adjacent to
each other where waste outlets are not more than 0.75m apart and the trap is
centrally located where three (3) compartments are installed.
- Each food waste disposal unit for restaurant, commercial or industrial use shall
be separately trapped.
- Each domestic clothe washer and laundry tub shall have a separate trap.
- The vertical distance between a fixture outlet and trap weir shall be as short as
practicable but in no case the tailpiece from any fixture exceeds 0.6m in length.
Section 1002 Traps protected by vent pipes
- Each plumbing fixture trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-
pressure by a properly placed vent pipe.
- A trap arm may change direction without the use of a cleanout when such
change of direction does no exceed ninety (90) degrees.
- The developed length between trap of a water closet and vent shall not exceed
1.8m.
Section 1003 Traps prescribe
- Each trap except one for an interceptor shall be self-cleaning.
Traps shall be made of:
- ABS
- Cast brass
- Cast iron
- Lead
- PVC
- No more than one approved slip joint fitting may be used on the outlet side of a
trap.
- The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is connected.
Section 1004 Prohibited traps
- S Trap
- Bell and crown vented traps
- Double trap
- Drum trap without a vent
Section 1005 Trap seals
- Each fixture shall have a water seal of not less than 51mm and not more than
102mm deep.
Section 1006 Floor drain traps
- Floor drain shall connect into a trap so constructed that it can be readily cleaned.
Section 1007 Trap seal protection
Trap Seal Primer / Trap Primer – A device and system of piping that maintains
a water seal in a remote trap.
Section 1008 Industrial Interceptors (Clarifiers) and Separators
 - Necessary for handling of liquid waste containing grease, flammable wastes,
sand, solids, acid or alkaline substances.
- An eating place serving 100 meals per day shall have an interceptor.
- Shall have a water seal of not less than 152mm deep.
- Each interceptor shall be properly vented.
- Shall be readily accessible.
Section 1009 Slaughter houses, packing establishments, etc.
- Every slaughter house, packing establishment and other shall be connected to
and shall drain or discharge through a screening device and thence into grease
interceptor.
Section 1010 Minimum requirements for auto wash rack
- Every private or public wash rack and or floor slab used for cleaning machinery
or machine parts shall be adequately protected against storm or surface water and
shall drain or discharge into an interceptor.
Section 1011 Grease Traps
- Not required for individual dwelling units.
- Shall have an approved rate of flow.
- No individual grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an approve rate
of flow of more than 3.4liters per second nor less than 1.3liters per second.
- Shall have an approved water seal of not less than 51mm in depth or the
diameter of its outlet, whichever is greater.
- Required to restaurants and other establishment where sewage covers large
amount of grease.
- Each fixture discharging into a grease trap shall be individually trapped and
vented.
- Shall be placed closest to the fixture served.
Section 1015 Laundries
- Laundry equipment that does not have integral strainers shall discharge into an
interceptor having a wire basket or similar device.
Section 1016 Sand Interceptors
- Whenever the discharge of fixture or drain may contain solids or semi-solid
heavier than water that would be harmful to drainage system, shall be through a
sand interceptor.
Section 1017 Construction and Size
- Sand interceptors shall be built of brick or concrete, prefabricated coated steel or
other watertight material.
- Sand interceptors shall have a minimum dimension of 0.2m2 for the net free
opening.
Interceptors – A device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious,
hazardous or undesirable matter form normal wastes and permits normal sewage or
liquid wastes to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity.
Trap
- Prevent the passage of bad odor and gasses from the sewer system to the
building.
- Provides a liquid seal to prevent emission of sewer gasses.
 - Fitting so installed that prevent passage or air, gas and some vermin through the
pipe.
- Trap seals are measured by the distance of crown weir to top dip.
- All traps shall be set level to protect their trap seal.
Types of permissible traps
Common P-Trap – Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs and
urinals.
Deep Seal P-Trap – Water seal is about twice the size of the common P-
trap. Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater.
Stand Trap – Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are usually built in
low in the ground, leaving a very little space for a foundation and a trap.
Serves as a water seal and structural support for the fixture.
Running Trap – Used within the line of the house drain.
Drum Trap – Has a large diameter (around 0.16m). Used for fixtures that
discharge large amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains).
Water Seal – The vertical distance between the dip and the rim.

Tube – Has a relatively thin wall and the listed size correspond to the outside diameter.

Types of Pipes
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
- Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon.
- Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installation where acid
wastes are being discharge.
- Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs have to be supported at every
1.50m interval to prevent sagging.
Asbestos Cement Pipe
- Also known as transite pipe.
- Thickness of pipe is twice of that standard cast iron pipe.
- Not recommended for water supply system installation.
- Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties.
Material: Asbestos fibers and Portland cement.
Uses: Soil, waste, ventilation and downspouts.
Joint:
- Shall be made with sleeve coupling with same material as the pipe.
- Sealed with neoprene rubber rings or joined by an approved type
compression coupling.
- Mechanical Joint.
Standard: ASTM & PNS
Rating: Class 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 [kg/cm2]
Brass Pipes
- Shall be used for urinal, tailpiece or trap
- Most expensive pipe.
- Resistant to acid and has smooth interior surface.
Material: 85% Copper and 15% alloy or zinc.
Joints: Screwed or Soldered
 Standard: ASTM B 43, ASTM B 135

Cast Iron Soil Pipe

- Also known as Gray Cast Iron Pipe.
- Shall not be used above ground in oil or other flammable liquid service nor in
compression gas service.
- Most popular and generally used specified material for drainage installation.
Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
- Affected to some extend by corrosion by acid formed by carbon.
Varieties:
Standard Pipe – Use for well fitted hub and spigot connection.
Single Hub – Use when length of a pipe needed is more than 1.5m and
cutting is not necessary.
Double Hub – Preferred when the pipe needed is shorter than 1.5m long.
Hub Less – Use in lieu of single hub to do away with caulking joints.
Joints:
- Caulked Joints
- Screwed Joints
- Compression Gasket (Neoprene Rubber Sleeves)
- Shielded Coupling.
Length: 1.5m and 3m.
Diameter: 50mm – 100mm
Standard: ASTM A 74, ASTM A 888, CISPI 301, PNS
Classification:
Service Pipe (SH/SV) – For building installation
Extra Heavy Pipe (XH/XV) – For underground installation
Concrete Pipe
- Not recommended for use in water supply system.
Copper Tubes/Pipe
- Used for hot and cold, sanitary (DWV) system.
- A seamless tube made from almost pure copper (99.9%) and is available only in
drawn, soft form with plain ends.
- Soft copper water tubing shall be expanded with a proper flaring tool.
- The ends are cleaned to a bright shine with an emery cloth.
- Outside dimension is always 1/8” bigger than their inside diameter.
- Remarkable for hot water line installation.
- Susceptible to damage from water that contains calcium carbonate.
- Easy to handle and install.
- Manufactured in rigid (hard temper) and are available in lengths and other type
is flexible (soft temper) which is manufacture in coils ranging from 30-60ft forms.
Annealed Copper – Soft Copper Tubing
Drawn Copper – Hard Copper Tubing
Pipe Classification
Type K
Material: Heaviest, can be flexible and rigid
Color: Green Printed
 Uses:
- Can be used in underground installations.
- Use in municipal residential application.
Length: 10- and 20-foot lengths or 60- and 100-foot coils.
Diameter: 1/4” to 1”

Type L
Material: Medium wall, can be flexible and rigid
Color: Blue Printed
Uses:
- Used in residential water lines.
Length: 20ft lengths or 60 to 200 ft coils.
Diameter: 1/4” to 1”
Type M
Material: Light walls, can be rigid
Color: Red Printed
Uses: Recommended for light domestic water lines.
Joint: Flared Joints
Length: 20ft lengths
Type DWV
Color: Yellow
Joint:
- To repair DWV copper joints, you should cut and unscrew at the
joint.
Diameter: 2” to 6”.
Length: 20ft
Type ACR (Air Conditioning Refrigeration)
Length: 20ft length and 50ft coils.
Galvanized Steel Pipe
- Shall be kept at least 152mm above ground.
- Commonly measured by its inside diameter.
Material: Made from mild steel that is drawn through a die and welded then
dipped in molten zinc.
- Easily corroded by Alkaline and Acid water.
Types of Galvanized Steel
Seamless Pipe – A steel made by piercing a solid cylindrical steel billet
with a series of mandrels while passing the billet through the rollers.
Welded Pipe/Butt-Welded/Continuous Weld Pipe – A steel pipe
manufactured by drawing a flat steel strip through a die to form a
cylindrical shape.
Standard: ASTM A 53
Rating:
STD = Standard (SCH 40)
XS/XH = Extra Strong (SCH 80)
XSS/XXH = Double Extra Strong (SCH 160)
Lead Pipe
 - Made from 99.7% pig lead.
- Used for connections to floor mounter water closets, radioactive wastes, and for
special laboratory services.
- Is one of the oldest plumbing materials and very suitable for underground
installations.
- Became less popular piping material because in contains lead.
- Rarely used in modern plumbing system since medical findings showed that the
used of this material has harmful effects to human.
Vitrified Clay Pipe
- Also known as Teraccota.
- Commonly used for storm as well as sanitary sewer installation.
- Made of clay to which water has been added and cast into lengths of 2’6”.
Resistant to most acids and is well fitted for underground wor.
- Not allowed above ground for building drain or sewer and shall be at least
300mm below finished ground level.
Standard: ASTM & PNS

Unconfined Space – A room or space having a volume equal to at least 1.4cu.m. per 1000Btu/hr
of the aggregate input rating of all the fuel burning appliances in that space.

Units
Electrical System
𝐶
Ampere (A) [ 𝑠 ] – SI unit of electric current.
Coulomb (C) [A⸱s] – SI unit of electric charge.
𝑽
Ohm (Ω) [𝑨] – SI unit of resistance.
𝐽
Volt (V) [𝐶] – SI unit of electric potential.
Physics
Decibel (dB) – Unit of sound intensity.
𝑊
Intensity [𝑚2 ] – SI unit of wave intensity.
Joule (J) [N⸱m] – SI unit of work.
Poise (P) [𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠] – Physical unit of Dynamic viscosity.
𝑚2
Stokes (St) [ ] – Physical unit for Kinematic viscosity.
𝑠
𝐽
Watt (W) [𝑠] – SI unit of power.

Valve
- Valves small than 2” in diameter shall be threaded.
Types of Valves
Backwater Valve – A device installed in a drainage system to prevent reverse
flow.
Ball Valve
- Quick opening valve.
- Flow of fluid is controlled by a rotating drilled ball.
Check Valve
- Prevent reversal of flow in the pipe.
- Usually operates without manual control.
Types of Check Valve
Lift Check Valve
- Check the lift disk if not working properly.
Control Valve – Required a head of each water supplied appliance, each slip
joints or non-metallic connection.
Corporation cock/stop
- Installed on a water service to turn on or off the flow of potable water in
the building.
- Place on water mains to which the water service of the building is
connected.
Flushometer / Flush Valve
- A flushometer is a commercial flush valve.
Bypass Orifice – Partially plug bypass orifice will cause long flush cycle
in flushometer.
Flush Valve – A device located at the bottom of the tank for the purpose
of flushing water closet and similar fixtures.
Foot Valve – Installed at the suction line of the pump to prevent the loss of prime
of the pump.
Gate Valve
- A full-way valve used to regulate fluid flow in which a threaded stem
raises and lowers a wedge-shaped disk.
- Can control two or more outlet in a cold-water supply line.
- Gate valve used in drainage work having a 102mmØ or larger shall have
cast iron bodies.
Types of Gate Valve
Flexible Wedge Gate Valve
Solid Wedge Gate Valve
- A one-piece solid bronze wedge fits against the seat to restrict the
flow.
- The most common and widely used gate valve.
Split Wedge / Parallel Disks Gate Valve
- Two pieces bronze wedge fits against the seat to restrict the flow.
Double-Disk Gate Valve
- 3” double-disk gate valve takes 7.5 turns to operate.
- 4” double-disk gate valve takes 14.5 turns to operate.
- 6” double-disk gate valve takes 20.5 turns to operate
- 8” double-disk gate valve takes 27 turns to operate.

Type of Gate Valve base on body, bonnet connection.

Bolted Bonnet – Most popular design.
Pressure-Seal Bonnet – Use for high pressure and temperature
application.
Screwed Bonnet – Simplest and cheapest.
 Welded Bonnet – Popular design where disassembly is not
required. Lighter than Bolter Bonnet.
Globe Valve – Actuated by stem screw and hand wheel, suited on installation that
calls for throttling.
- Typical compression type tap is based on globe valve.
- Has the highest frictional coefficient value.
Meter Valve – Shutoff or control the amount of water that flow into the building.
Plug Valve – Adaptation of ball valves.
Stop Valve -

Vents and Venting System

- Waste water will not flow out properly if there is no air supply from the vent on the
roof.
- For acid waste system, it is best to use plastic pipes as vent pipes.
- Used to provide continuous circulation of water.
Open Pipe Vent System – Called as the traditional vent piping system.
Crowfoot – Found in venting system.
Vent Pipe – A pipe that ventilates the drainage system.
Section 901 Vents required
- Each plumbing fixture trap.
Section 902 Vents not required
- May be omitted in an interceptor when such interceptors act as primarily settling
tank and discharge through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary
interceptor. The second interceptor shall be properly vented.
- Traps serving sinks which are part of the equipment of bards, soda fountains and
counters can omit vents. When such condition exists, it shall be discharge by an
indirect waste pipe.
Section 903 Materials
Vent pipes shall be:
- Cast iron
- Ductile cast iron (DCI)
- Galvanized steel
- Galvanized wrought iron
- Lead
- Copper
- Brass
- Schedule 40
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
- Series 1000 PVC – DWV
- No galvanized wrought iron or galvanized steel pipe shall be used underground
and shall be kept at least 152mm above ground.
- Horizontal and vertical vent lines and vent stacks shall be copper, cast iron,
galvanized wrought iron or polyvinyl chloride pipes.
Vent fittings shall be:
- Cast iron
- Malleable iron
 - Galvanized steel
- Lead
- Copper
- Brass
- ABS
- PVC
- No galvanized malleable wrought iron or galvanized steel fittings shall be buried
underground and shall be kept at least 152mm above finish ground level.
Section 904 Size of vents
- Shall be determined from its length and the total number of fixture units
connected.
- The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32mm nor less than
one-half (1/2) the diameter of the drain to which it is connected.
- The length of horizontal portion of a vent may exceed one-third (1/3) of the total
length specified provided that such vent is increase to one pipe size larger to its
entire length.
Section 905 Vent pipes grades and connections
- Shall be free from drops or sags, and shall be graded and connected to drip back
by gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
- Unless prohibited by structural conditions, each vent shall rise not less than
152mm above the highest flood level rim of the fixture serve before offsetting
horizontally.
Section 906 Vent termination
- Shall terminate vertically not less than 152mm above roof nor less than 0.3m
from any vertical surface nearby.
- Vents near window, door opening, air intake or vent shaft shall not be less than
3m distance away and shall be at least 0.9m height above.
- Vents shall not be less than 0.9m away from lot lines.
- Vent pipes shall be extended separately or combined not less than 152mm above
roof or fire wall.
- Vent pipes near roof that is used for other purpose shall extend not less than
2.1m above and shall be at least 3m away on such roofs.
- Joints at the roof around stack vent pipes shall be made watertight by the use of
approved flashing material and installation.
- Flag-poling of vents is prohibited except where the roof is used for purposes
other than weather protection.
Section 907 Vent stack and relief vents
- Each soil or waste stack which extends ten (10) or more stories above the
building drain shall be served by a parallel vent stack.
- Yoke vent shall be provided at every fifth floor at a point below the horizontal
soil or waste branch connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above the
same floor to provide relief vent.
- The size of yoke vent shall not be less than either the soil or vent stack
whichever is smaller.
- The yoke vent connection with the vent stack shall be placed not less than 1.0m
above the floor level.
Types of Vents
Circuit Vent / Loop Vent
- A group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture
connection on horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
- A vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a
point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal
line at above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected.
- Serves as battery of fixtures.
- Up to 8 fixtures.
- Circuit vent if connected to the vent stack.
- Loop vent if connected to the stack vent.
Continuous Vent – A vertical vent that is continuation of the drain to which it is
connected.
Dry Vent – A vent that does not carry liquid waste or water-borne waste.
Exhaust Pipe – Vent pipe installation in the building which has no connection
whatsoever with the plumbing fixture.
Group Vent – A branch vent that perform its function for two (2) or more traps.
Individual Vent/ Back Vent
- Can be connected to a branch vent
- A pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that connects with the vent system
above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.
Local Vent
- A pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to
the outer air.
- Vent for fixtures intended to ventilate the foul odors and remove air from
adjacent area.
Looped Vent
- One type of ventilation used on fixtures in a room away from partitions.
Main soil and waste vent (Vent Stack)
- The “backbone” of the entire sanitary system.
- Connected to the main soil and waste stack.
- Continues to the roof, the portion penetrating the roof is call the vent
stack through roof (VSTR)
Main Vent/Collecting Vent Line
- The principal artery of the venting system which vent branches are
connected.
- Serves as support to the Main Soil and Waste Vent.
Relief Vent
- Is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the connecting
branches rather than the fixture traps.
- Vent pipe in plumbing that serve the building drain and building
sewer.
Stack Vent – The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal
drain connected to the stack.
Stack Vent Through Roof – The uppermost end of stack vent above the roof as
vent termination.
 Unit Vent/Dual Vent/Common Vent – An arrangement of venting so installed
that one vent pipe serve two (2) traps.
Vent Stack Through Roof – The part of vent stacks that extends through the roof
as vent termination.
Wet Vent
- Vent pipe through which liquid waste flow.
- A vent which also serves as a drain.
Yoke Vent or Bypass Vent
- A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the
floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stack

Vice
Bench Yoke Vise – Yoke and base are mode of strong, dependable iron. It has hardened
ally steel jaws and convenient pipe rest and bender.
Portable Tristand Chain Vise – It has internal legs and tray hat folds in easy carrying
and set up. Large vise base overhangs front legs for clear tool swing.

Water Qualities, Properties, Types, Specification, Sources, Problem and Treatment

Types of Water
Ground Water
- Water that occurs below the surface of the Earth, where it occupies
spaces in soils or geologic strata.
- Water that is available from wells.
Aquifers – The water bearing strata formation of the ground.
Reclaimed Water – Use for irrigation, flushing, watering of plants and other
domestic use that does not involve human consumption.
Rain Water
- Rainwater for domestic use is commonly collected on roofs.
Subsoil Water – collected and carried to a sump.
Surface Water
Sources of Water
Hydrological Cycle – Refers to continuous exchange of water within the
hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, ground surface, underground surface and
water surface.
Water Cycle
Precipitation
Drizzle – Smallest form of precipitation.

Water Quality Problems

- Hardness in water is objectionable because of scaling of boilers.
- Hardness of water is measured by unit of ounce of hardness.
Contaminated Water – Presence of substance in water that should not be there.
 Polluted Water – Contamination that that affects the quality of water and can
result in adverse biological effects to resident communities and affects the health
of an individual.
Turbidity – The measure of degree of cloudiness or muddiness of water cause by
suspended matter or microorganism.
Water Treatment
- Before water from any source will be adopted for domestic water supply, it
needs to be examined by chemical and bacteriological.
- The common method and estimation of coliform organism in a given sample
where in most probable number (MPN) of coliforms present is counted in
multiple tube fermentation.
Aeration – Process of exposing water in their films to the oxygen of the atmosphere in
order to remove neutralize the taste, odor and dissolved oxygen.
Coagulation – The process of water supply purification which consists of applying
certain chemicals in particles too small to be removed by plain sedimentation.
Aluminum Sulfate – Material Introduce in the coagulation process.
Floe – The jelly like substance being formed in the process of coagulation.
Desalination
- Process whereby salt content in water is removed thereby rendering the water
potable.
- It is done by heating seawater then pumping water into low pressure vessels
where water is partially vaporized.
Chlorination
- Kills bacteria.
Chlorine – Used disinfections in large public water supplies.
Contact Time – Length of time water supply is held in direct contact with a
treating agent.
Disinfection – Designed to destroy disease-causing microorganism. Often assessed by
measuring the coliform group of indicator organism.
Filtration – Remove silt and dirt.
Flocculation – A water treatment process that promoted aggregation of small particles
into larger particles that can be subsequently removed by sedimentation and/or filtration.
Marble Stone Filtration – Use to neutralized water acidity.
Ozonation – Less aesthetic than aeration but more certain oxidation process. Commonly
used in cooling tower treatment.
Reverse Osmosis – Allows pre-filtered water to be forced through a semi-permeable
membrane to separate impurities from our drinking water.
Sedimentation
- Chief factor in clarification of still water since particles of solid materials will
settle more readily in still than flowing water.
- A treatment process in which suspended matter in sewage subsides and is
deposited by gravity.
Slow Sand Filter – Removes iron or manganese. Chlorine chemically oxidizes the iron
and manganese.
Water Softening
- Process of removing the hardness causing minerals from water.
 - Physical or chemical process of reducing the concentration of divalent cations in
water supply.
Zeolite Process – Method used to turn hard water into soft water.

- Water taken from background sources usually contain compound of calcium and
magnesium which render its convenient for domestic use because it precipitate salt from
within pipe that reduces the diameter.
- Physical characteristics of sewage is determined by turbidity, color and odor.
- Less viscous than oil, glycerin and molasses.
- A combination of two elementary substances which is very essential to life.
pH Value – Water nature through acidity or alkalinity.
Acceptability – Physical or chemical quality of water that conform to the appearance,
taste and odor of drinking water that satisfy the consumer.
Algae
- Causes the bad taste and odor of water.
- Any various chiefly aquatic, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organism. Ranging in
size from single celled forms to the giant kelp.
Contamination – Term referring to the introduction of materials not normally found in
water.
Drinking Water – Water intended for direct human consumption.
Infiltration – The movement of water to the surface of a soil and into the soil below the
surface.
Hard Water
- The classification of water when it contains dissolved salts of calcium and
magnesium.
- Diminishes the capacity of water to form lather with soap.
Laminar Flow – The flow of water which has gradual and regular variation over time
and space.
Pollution – An impairment on the quality of water to a degree which creates hazard to
the public health and adversely affects the aesthetic and potable qualities of water for
domestic use.

Water Supply and Distribution System Codes and Standards

Section 601 Running water required
- All plumbing fixture shall be provided with a supply of potable running water
and shall be protected against backflow or cross-connection.
Section 602 Unlawful Connection
- All connection of potable water supply shall be protected against back-
siphonage or backflow.
- Connection between pipes and public or private water service system shall be
made with an approve backflow prevention device.
- No private water supply system shall be interconnected to city water supply
system without approval.
Section 603 Cross-connection Control
Critical Level
 - marking on a backflow prevention device or vacuum breaker that is a
point conforming to approved standards and established by the testing
laboratory.
- Determines the minimum elevation above the floor level rim which
where the backflow prevention device may be install.
- When a backflow prevention device does not bear a critical level
marking, the bottom of the vacuum breaker, combination valve or bottom
of any such approved devices shall constitute as the critical level.
Backflow Prevention Devices, Assemblies and Methods
- Shall be installed at the outlet side of the control valve.
Air Gap, Water Distribution
- The unobstructed vertical distance between the faucet and the
flood level rim of fixture.
- Side walls, ribs or similar obstruction do not affect airgaps when
spaced from the inside edge of the spout opening a distance of:
For single wall:
- Greater than three (3) times the diameter of the effective
opening.
- Greater than four (4) times the effective opening.
Intersecting walls:
- Greater than four (4) times the effective opening.
- The effective opening shall be the minimum cross-sectional area
at the seat of the supply pipe which feeds the device out. It two or
more lines supply one outlet, the effective opening shall be the sum
of the cross-sectional areas of the individual supply lines or the
area of the single outlet, whichever is smaller.
- Airgap less than 25mm shall only be approved as a permanent
part of a listed assembly that has been tested under actual backflow
condition with vacuums of from 0 to 635mm of mercury.
Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker (AVB)
- Consist of a body, a checking member and an atmospheric
opening.
- Install in upright position.
Double Check Valve (DC)
- Consist of two independently acting internally or externally
loaded check valve, four properly located test cocks with
connectors and two isolation gate valves.
- Install in horizontal position.
Pressure Vacuum Breaker (PVB)
- Consist of loaded air inlet valve, an internally loaded check
valve, two properly located test cocks and two isolation gate
valves.
- Install in upright position.
Reduce Pressure Principle (RP)
 - Consist of two independently acting internally loaded check
valve, a differential pressure relief valve, four properly locates test
cocks and two isolation gate valves.
- Install in horizontal position.
General Requirement:
- Access and clearance shall be provided for the required testing. A
minimum of 305mm space is required between the lowest portion of the
assembly and the grade, floor or platform.
- Installation elevated more than 1.52m above floor shall be provided with
a permanent platform.
- Direct connections between potable water piping and sewer-connected
wastes shall not exist with or without backflow protection.
- If potable water is discharge to the drainage system, it shall be by means
of an approved airgap of two (2) pipe diameters from the supply outlet and
the top surface of the drainage inlet, but in no case shall the gap be less
than 25mm.
- Connections may be made to the inlet side of a trap provided that an
approved atmospheric vacuum breaker is installed not less than 152mm
above the flood level rim of such trapped fixture.
- Backflow prevention devices for hot water over 43.3˚C shall be listed
type assembly to operate at a temperature of 43.3˚C or higher.
Specific Requirements
- Water closet and urinal flushometer valves shall be equipped with a
listed atmospheric vacuum breaker. It shall be installed in the discharge
side of the flushometer valve with the critical level at least 152mm.
- Water closet and urinal tanks shall be equipped with a listed ballcock.
The ball cock shall be installed at least 25mm above the full opening of
the overflow pipe.
- Water closet flushometer tanks shall be protected against backflow.
- Inlets to tanks, vats, sumps and swimming pools when protected by
atmospheric vacuum breaker, shall be installed in the discharge side of the
last valve with critical level of not less than 152mm.
- Lawn sprinkling system shall be equipped with listed atmospheric
vacuum breakers installed on the discharge side of each of the last shut off
valve.
- Potable water make up connections to steam or hot water boilers shall be
provided with a listed backflow prevention assembly.
- No drinking or domestic outlets shall be connected to non-potable water
line.
- Each outlet for non-potable water line shall have label of “DANGER-
UNSAFE WATER”
- Backflow preventers shall not be located in any area containing fumes
that are toxic, poisonous and corrosive.
Section 604 Materials
Water pressure pipes (Cold water distribution)
- Brass
 - Copper
- Centrifugal Cast Iron
- B & S ends / F & F ends
- Ductile Cast Iron (DCI)
- Galvanized wrought iron
- Galvanized steel
- Polyethylene and Polyvinyl Chloride
- CPVC water pipe and tubing may be used for both how and cold-water
distribution within a building.
- Cast iron fittings up to and including 51mm in size, when used in connection
with potable water piping shall be galvanized.
- Water pipes and fittings with a lead content that exceed 8% shall be prohibited
and not used in potable piping system.
Section 605 Valves
- Valves up to and including 51mm in size shall be brass or other approved
material.
- Sizes over 51mm may have cast iron or brass bodies.
- Each gate valve shall be full way type.
- Full way gate valve controlling all outlets shall be installed on the discharge side
of each water meter and on each unmetered water supply.
Fullway Gate valves required:
- Separate for each building that has a common water supply pipe.
- Supply piping to a single-family residence and building accessories.
- Discharge piping from water supply tanks.

- Cold-water supply pipe to each water heater near the water heater.
- Each apartment or dwelling occupied by more than one family.
- Valves use to control two (2) openings shall be fullway gate valve.
- In addition to the main supply shutoff valve for each apartment, individual
shutoff gate valves shall be provided for each fixture.
- Control gate valves shall be installed before each water-supplied appliance slip
joint, supply piping for non-metallic fixture and appliance.
- All required shutoff or control valves shall be accessible.
- A single control gate valve shall be installed in a water supply line ahead of any
automatic metering valve which supplies a battery of fixtures.
Section 606 Gravity Supply Tanks
- Elevated storage tank for potable water supply shall be tightly covered.
- The cover for the tank shall be vented with a return-bend vent pipe having an
area not less than the area of the down-feed riser pipe.
- The vent shall be screened with openings not less than 14 nor more than 18 mess
per 25mm.
- Potable water inlets to gravity tanks shall be controlled by a float valve.
- Gravity tanks shall be provided with a valved drain pipe and an overflow pipe.
Section 607 Water pressure, pressure regulators and pressure relief valves
Inadequate water pressure: less than 103Kpa. Shall use hydro-pneumatic tank,
elevated tank and booster pump to provide adequate pressure.
 Excessive water pressure: greater than 551Kpa. Shall use approved type
pressure regulators.
- Any water distributing device with a pressure regulating device, check valve, or
any system containing storage water heating equipment shall be provided with a
pressure relief valve with approved drain.
- In addition to pressure relief valve, an approve expansion tank design for
intermittent operation for thermal expansion control shall be installed.
- Each pressure relief valve shall be set at a pressure not more than 1033Kpa.
- Nothing shall prevent the use of an approve combination temperature and
pressure relief valve (CT & PRV).
- Relief valves located inside a building shall extend from the valve to the outside
of the building not more than 0.6m or less than 152mm above the ground and
pointing downward.
Section 608 Installation, Inspection and Testing
- Burred ends shall be reamed to the full bore of the pipe.
- All water service pipe shall be at least 0.3m below the finish ground level.
- Water supply pipe shall not be run or laid in the same trench as building sewer
or storm drainage piping unless below conditions are met.
- The bottom of the water pipe at all points shall be 0.3m above the top of
the sewer or drain line.
- The water pipe is placed on a solid shelf beside the sewer or drain line
with a minimum horizontal distance of 0.3m
- Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe shall be laid a minimum of
0.3m above such sewer or drain pipe.
- Copper tubing shall be installed without joints if possible, when joints are
needed, they shall be brazed and fittings shall be wrought copper.
- Unions shall be installed in the water supply piping within 0.3m away from
regulating equipment, water heater, conditioning tank and similar equipment.
- Ferrous piping shall have an outside protective coating of an approve material.
- Copper tubing shall be fully externally protected with bitumastic coating and
fiberglass wrapping and installed inside a split rigid casing, whenever installed
underground.
Section 609 Size of potable water piping
- The size of water piping shall be based on the total water demand.
- Water filters, water softener, backflow prevention device or similar devices shall
be installed with diameter equal or greater than the diameter of the water supply
pipe.
- The quantity of water required to be supplied shall be represented by Fixture
Unit (FU).
- No building water service pipe shall be less than 19mm in diameter.
Size of Branch
- The number of fixture units handled by a branch shall determine the size
of that branch.
Section 612 Hangers and Support Abrasion
- Pipe exposed to damage by shard surfaces shall be protected.
Section 613 Support
 - At intervals not more than 1.2m (4ft), at end branches, and at change of direction
or elevation.
- Support shall allow free movement.
- Vertical piping shall be supported at each story or floor level.
Section 614 Thrust Blocking
- Required to resist the impact of water hammer due to high pressure.
- It shall be installed at following locations:
- Changes in direction, as at tees and bends
- Changes in size, as at reducers
- Stops, as at dead ends
- Valves, where thrust may be expected
- Thrust block sizes shall be based on maximum line pressure, pipe size and kind
of soil.

Water Supply Distribution System Parts and Classifications

Water Distribution System - A system to deliver water to consumer with appropriate
quality, quantity and pressure. Used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply
water from its source to the point of usage.
Types of Public Water Distribution
Direct Pressure Distribution – Water is obtained through a large intake installed
on the lake basin and extended into deep water. Pressure is provided by city water
mains.
Indirect Pressure Distribution – Water is taken from a drilled well or underground
water.
Types of Domestic Water Distribution System
Cold-water Distribution System
Purpose:
- Drinking
- Cooking
- Sanitary
- Washing
- Gardening
Parts of Cold-water distribution system:
Water Main – Conveys potable water from the municipal water
supply source.
Corporation Stop / Cock – A stop valve placed at the connection
of the water service pipe to the water main.
Service Pipe / Water Service – A pipe extending from the
corporation cock to the water supply distribution system.
Curb Stop / Cock – A water service shut off valve located in a
water service pipe near the curb and between the watermain and
the building. The valve is usually operated by a wrench or valve
key and is used to start or stop flows in the water service line to a
building.
 Curb Box – A vertical cast iron sleeve, accessible from the public
way, housing the shut-off valve (curb cock / curb stop) for a
property’s water service line.
Water Meter – Device used to measure the volume of water that
passes through the water service.
Horizontal Supply Main / Distribution Pipe – The principal
water distribution pipe running from the water meter from which
the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken.
Riser - a water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one full
story or more to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing
fixtures.
Fixture Branch – The water supply pipe between the fixture
supply pipe and the water distributing pipe
Fixture Supply – The water supply pipe connecting the fixture
with the fixture branch.
Types of cold-water distribution system
Direct System (Upfeed System) - Water is provided by the city
water companies using normal pressure from public water main.
Advantages:
- Eliminates extra cost of pumps and tanks.
Disadvantages:
- Pressure from water main is inadequate to supply
tall buildings.
- Water supply is affected during peak load hours.
Air Pressure System (Hydro Pneumatic System) – When pressure
supplied by city water supply is not strong enough. Compressed air
is used to raise and push water into the system.
Advantages:
- With compact pumping unit.
- Sanitary due to air tight water chamber.
- Economical (smaller pipe diameter)
- Less initial construction & maintenance cost
Disadvantages:
- Water supply is affected by loss of pressure inside
the tank in case of power interruptions.
Downfeed (Overhead Feed) or Gravity System – Water is pumped
into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the
fixtures by means of gravity.
Advantages:
- Water is not affected by peak load hour.
- Not affected by power interruptions.
- Time needed to replace broken parts does not
affect water supply.
Disadvantages:
- Water is subject to contamination
- High maintenance cost.
 - Occupies valuable space.
- Requires stronger foundation and other structure
to carry additional load of tank and water.
Types of domestic water tanks
Cistern Tank – Made in concrete, underground and connected
with pump
Pneumatic Water Tank / Pressure Tank – 1Creates water
pressure by using compressed air to bear down on the water. When
a valve is opened, water is pushed out by the compressed air in the
tank. 2 Used in the air pressure system, often used with a pump and
also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure
automatically if necessary.
Overhead Tank – Installed above the roof or by separate tower.
Primitive Tanks
- Earthen Jars
- Bamboo Container
- Wooden Jars
Hot Water Distribution System
- Delivers hot water from the water heater to the end use points withing
the building.
- Safety mechanism should work automatically.
- When heat is applied to water; molecular activity intensified and such
particles expand itself, followed be the change in behavior and increase
the volume.
- Cold-water supply delivered into the hot water tank by means of boiler
tube; this tube has a hole within 6” from the top of the tank serve as dip
tube or vacuum breaker.
- Hot water supply shall be located at left side of the combination fittings.
Types of hot water distribution system:
Up-feed and Gravity Return System
- Used in small residential houses.
- Hot water rises on its own and does not need any pump
for circulation. Large pipe is installed at the bottom of the
riser and the diminishing sizes passes through the upper
floors of the building.
Advantages:
- Provides constant circulation of water.
- Hot water is quickly drawn from the fixtures at
any time desired.
- Provide economical circulating return of unused
hot water.
- Eliminate waste water.
Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System
- Usually in building of extreme heights.
- Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing
system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closes pipe
 system). Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser and
the diminishing sizes passes through the lower floors of the
building.
Advantage:
- Water distribution is dependent on the expansion
of hot water and gravity.
- In a closed pipeline system, water rises up to the
highest point of the installation when heated.
- The natural force of gravity returns the water into
the storage tank.
- Water will circulate, even if there may be defect in
the mechanical construction.
Pump Circuit System
- Relies on mechanical devices to circulate hot water.
- Recommended for large buildings.
- Usually, centrifugal type of pump is used.
Types of Hot water tanks (HWT)
Range Boiler
- Small hot water tank.
- Made of copper of stainless-steel sheet.
- Cylindrical in shape with concave ends.
- Installed in either vertical or horizontal position.
Storage Boiler
- Large hot water tank
- Made of heavy-duty stainless-steel sheet.
- Installed in either vertical or horizontal positon.
Parts of Hot water tanks
Anode Rod – Use as a sacrificial rod to corrodes in place of the
tank.
Boiler Blowoff – Part on a boiler that permits emptying or
discharging of sediment.
Circulating Tank/Pump
- Boost the water pressure of hot water.
- A machinal device used to circulate heat water to the plumbing
system.
Expansion Tank – It allows the volume of the water in the system
to change to maintain working pressure.
Storage Heater – Used when the demand has large volume
changes.
Problems in Water Supply Distribution System
Back Siphonage – Contaminated or polluted water from plumbing fixtures or
vessel to water supply pipe due to a negative pressure.
Expansion/Contraction – Pipes expand and contracts due to continuous changes
in temperature.
Friction Head Loss – Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipes
make contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow.
 Greater friction head loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes and high
number of valves and fittings.
Water Hammer – Rumbling sound and sever shock when water flow is halted
abruptly by rapid closure of valve or faucet.
Devices to prevent Water Hammer
Air Chamber – A pressure surge-absorbing device.
Gooseneck – Shall be 0.3m and 0.9m.

Wells
Artesian Well – A well that passes through one or more source impervious strata and
penetrates a water bearing stratum in which water is held under pressure and water rises
the well.
Jetted Well – Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations
in the vicinity. Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes
referred to as “Sand-Point Wells”.
Flowing Well – The top of the well is lower than that the high position of the previous
stratum from which the water is obtained and water will rise through entire length of the
well and way flow from the wall without pumping.
Dug Well / Shallow Well
- A well that is less than 50ft (15m) deep.
- Most likely susceptible to contamination.
Driven Well – Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron rod and well screen. Depths
at 10-15m.
Deep Well
- A well that penetrates the earth to depths of not more than 100ft.
- A well in which the water level is at a depth exceeding 22ft (6.71m) beyond
which the ordinary suction pump does not operate satisfactorily.
Bored Well
- Constructed using an auger driven in by hand or with power tools.
Seldom hand driven below 15m, but can reach 40+ meters with power tools.
- Usually less than 30m (100ft) deep and is dug with earth augers. This type of
well us used when earth to be bored is boulder free. The diameter ranges from 2-
30 inches. The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
Drilled Well – Used for drilling oil and mining. Can reach up to 1000m.
Wrench
- The two most common sizes of pipe wrenches are 18” and 24”.
Type of Wrenches
Allen Wrench – A wrench with hexagonally shaped recess in its head.
Basin Wrench
- It has right angle bar with one end for square nuts and other for octagonal.
- Recommended for removing assembling of lavatory fittings.
Basket Stainer Wrench – Use to tightened the nut that secure the basket to the sink.
Chain Wrench – Features a heavy sprocket chain that is slipped around a pipe then
attached to the wrench handle. It is used on piping work especially large size pipe metal
pipes and in areas that is not easily accessible.
Compound Leverage Wrench – Turning force applied is multiplied.
End-pipe Wrench – Fast and easy grip used on constricted spaces or close to a wall.
Hex Wrench – With hexagonal jaw, use to provide secure grips on nuts.
Offset Pipe Wrench – Featuring a jaw opening parallel to the handle and a narrower
hook jaw which provided easy entry into tight space.
Rap Wrench – May occasionally be use as a hammer.
Spud Wrench – Used for screwing bolt and insert for valve with hexagonal end.
Stillson Wrench – with a swiveling serrated jaw and knurled control knob.
Strap Wrench – Used in working with plated or high-finish materials and in place with
two small to admit pipe wrench.
Torque Wrench – Use to assemble hub less joint.

All Premises Supply of pure and wholesome water

Plumbing Fixtures Sufficient volume
Plumbing (System) Minimum quantity of water
Devices for heating Prevent Dangers
Every Building Connected to public sewer system
Each Dwelling Unit Kitchen Type Sink + Three-quarter Bath
Plumbing Fixtures Made of smooth non-absorbent materials

Drainage system Safeguard

All Piping Approve NAMPAP materials
Each fixture Trap Seal
Drainage piping system Circulation of air

Vent Terminals Extend to outer air

Plumbing System Test
Pipes Clog
Fixture Protection against backflow of sewage
Water Closet Location
Plumbing Fixture Connected to private sewage disposal system
Drainage System Overflow (sewage)
Plumbing System Maintain in serviceable condition
Plumbing Fixture Installed properly spaced
Plumbing System Preservation of strength of structural members
Plumbing System Deleterious sewage
Basic Principles

Principle No. 1 – All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be
provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe water
supplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.
Principle No. 2 – Plumbing Fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in
sufficient volume and at pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactory and without
undue noise under all normal condition of use.
Principle No. 3 – Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water
consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
Principle No. 4 – Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
Principle No. 5 – Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human
habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting on a street, alley or easement where there is a
public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system.
Principle No. 6 – Each family dwelling unit or premises abutting on a sewer or with a private
sewage-disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. Further, a
lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirement of sanitation and
personal hygiene.
Principle No. 7 – Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from
concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
Principle No. 8 – The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arrange
that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
Principle No. 9 – All piping of plumbing system shall be of durable NAMPAP approve
materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master
Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
Principle No. 10 – Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with
a water-sealed trap.
Principle No. 11 – The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation
of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Principle No. 12 – Vent terminals shall be extended to the outer air and installed to preempt
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
Principle No. 13 – Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all
leaks and defects in the workmanship.
Principle No. 14 – No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy
the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.
Principle No. 15 – Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device
or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
Principle No. 16 – No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not
properly lighted and ventilated.
Principle No. 17 – If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where
there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of
the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as septic
tank.
Principle No. 18 – Where plumbing drainage system may be subject to a backflow of sewage,
suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflowing in the building.
Principle No. 19 – Plumbing system shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered
Master Plumber.
Principle No. 20 – All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for
their intended use.
Principle No. 21 – Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard
to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls
and other surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22 – Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to
surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway,
unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

Master Plumbers Code of Ethics

1. Act in an unprofessional manner and demand any renumeration other than his/her
original charges except for additional services not covered in the basic contract.
2. Supplant another Registered Master Plumber after definite steps have already been taken
toward his/her being commissioned to perform the contract.
3. Underbid another Registered Master Plumber by reducing his/her professional fees after
being informed of the fees charged by the other Registered Master Plumber.
4. Take the advantage of a salaried government position to compete unfairly with a
practicing Registered Master Plumber.
5. Allow the use of his/her license as Registered Master Plumber for a fee to an unlicensed
Master Plumber in plumbing works without his/her personal supervision.
6. Injure falsely or maliciously, directly or indirectly, the reputation of another Registered
Master Plumber by reviewing his/her work for the same client unless the professional
services of the former have been officially terminated and all professional fees have
been fully paid by the client;
7. Advertise in self-laudatory language, act in any manner and engage in any practice which
tend to bring dishonor to the dignity of the Registered Master Plumber, the National
Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) and the plumbing
profession.
Tables and Charts
Minimum Air Gaps for Water Distribution
Table 6-1
Backflow Assemblies, Device and Methods
Table 6-2
Maximum Pressure Drop
Table 6-3
Maximum Trap Loading Discharge Capacity
Table 7-1 Table 7-3

Max Fajardo
Fixture Unit Value for Waste Pipe

Kind of Fixture Fixture Unit

Bathtub 2
Floor Drain 1
Kitchen Sink 2
Residential Sink 1.5
Lavatory or Wash Basin 1
Laundry Tub 2
Shower Bath 2
Slop Sink 3
Sink, Hotel or Public 2
Urinal 5
Water Closet 6
Combination Fixture 3
One bathroom group consisting of
water closet, lavatory, bathtub and
8
overhead shower or water closet,
lavatory and shower compartment
For every 15sq.ft. roof drain 1
Minimum Trap Diameters and Drainage Fixture Unit Values
Table 7-2

Maximum Fixture Unit Loading and Maximum Length

of Excreta Drainage and Vent Piping
Table 7-5
 Max Fajardo
Size of Horizontal Fixture Branch and Stack (Waste pipe)

Maximum number of fixture unit that may be connected to

Diameter of
Stack with 3 or more
Pipe
One Branches Intervals
Not over 3
Horizontal In one
Branches Total in
mm inch Branch Branch
Stack
Interval
32 1 1/4 1 2 1 2
38 1 1/2 3 4 2 8
50 2 6 10 6 24
63 2 1/2 12 20 9 42
20
75 3 30 20 60
100 4 160 240 90 500
125 5 360 540 200 1100
150 6 620 960 350 1900
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400
Equivalent Water Supply Fixture Units
Table 6-5
 Minimum Sizes of Fixture Water Supply Pipes/Inlets
Minimum Pipe Size
Fixture (Inch)
Bathtubs (60" x 32• and
smaller) 1/2

Bathtubs (larger than 60”x 32”) 1/2

Bidet 3/8
Combination sinks and tray 1/2
Dishwasher, domestic 1/2
Drinking fountain 3/8
Hose bibbs 1/2
Kitchen Sink 1/2
Laundry 1, 2 or 3
1/2
compartments
Lavatory 3/8
Shower, single head 1/2
Sinks, flushing rim 3/4
Sinks, service 1/2
Urinal, flush tank 1/2
Urinal, flush valve 3/4
Wall hydrant 1/2
Water closet, flush tank 3/8
Water closet, flush valve 1
Water closet, flushometer tank 3/8
Water closet, one piece 1/2

Recommended Hot Water Supply

Hotel Lavatory = 5 GPH.

Hotel Washing Machine = 10 GPH.
Therapeutic Bath = 75 GPH.

Water Quality Problems and their Corrections

PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
Passing the water
Corrosion of non- through a bed of
Entrance of Carbon ferrous pipes. crushed limestone to
Acidity
dioxide and Oxygen. Rusting and clogging achieve alkalinity.
of steel pipes. Adding sodium
silicate.
Boiling
Presence of Clogging of pipes.
Introduction of water
Hardness magnesium and Impaired laundry and
softeners made up of
calcium salts. cooking.
zeolite.
Silt or mud in surface Discoloration.
Turbidity Filtration.
of water. Bad Taste.
Chlorination.
Presence of Iron and Discoloration of
Color Oxidizing filter.
manganese. fixtures and laundry.
Contamination by
Pollution organic matter or Disease. Chlorination.
sewage.

Minimum Pipe Size of Indirect Waste Pipe Carrying Refrigeration Waste

Pipe Size Classification
32mm One (1) inlet serving not more than 2.8m3 of refrigeration space;
51mm 4 to 12m3, 32mm inlets or the equivalent refrigeration space;
76mm 13 to 36m3, 32mm inlets or the equivalent refrigeration space.
 Cleanout size
Size of Pipe (mm) Size of Cleanout (mm) Threads per 25.4mm
38 38 11 1/2
51 38 11 1/2
64 64 8
76 64 8
102 & larger 89 8

Effective Thread Length of Screwed Steel Pipes

Pipe Size Length
1/4” 3/4”
3/4” 1/2”
3” 1-1/2”

ANSI B1.20.1T – NPT – American National Standard for Taper Pipe Threads

Pipe Size (Inch) Threads per Inch

1/16 27
1/8 27
1/4 18
3/8 18
1/2 14
3/4 14
1 11-1/2
1-1/4 11-1/2
1-1/2 11-1/2
2 11-1/2
2-1/2 8
3 8
3-1/2 8
4 8
4-1/2 8
5 8
6 8
8 8
10 8
12 8
14 8
16 8
 Horizozntal Distance of Trap Arms
(Except for Water Closets and Similar Fixtures)
Table 10-1

Grease Traps Capacity

Table 10-2

Horizontal Distance of Trap arm

Table 10-3
 TABLE 4-1
MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES

Bathtubs
or
Urinals
Water Closet Lavatories (Fixture per Showers Drinking
Type of Building or Occupancy (Fixture per
(Fixture per Person) Person) (Fixture Fountains
Person)
per
Person)
Male Female Male Person

1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 15 0: 1 – 9 1: 1 – 40
2: 16 – 35 3: 16 – 35 1: 10 – 50
3: 36 – 55 4: 36 – 55
Assembly Places (Theaters,
Auditoriums, Convention Halls,
Add one (1)
Etc.) for permanent employee use
fixture for
Over 55, add 1 fixture for
each
each additional 40 persons
additional 50
males

Male Female Male Person Person

3: 1 – 50 1: 1 – 100 1: 1 – 200 1 per 75

1: 1 – 100
4: 51 – 100 2: 101 – 200 2: 201 – 400
2: 101 – 200
Assembly Places (Theaters, 8: 101 – 200 3: 201 – 400 3: 401 – 750
3: 201 – 400
Auditoriums, Convention Halls, 11: 201 – 400 4: 401 – 600
Etc.) for public use
Over 400, add 1 fixture for
Over 600,
each additional 500 males Over 750, add 1 fixture for
add 1 fixture
and 2 for each additional 300 each additional 500 person
for each
females
 additional
500 males
Male Female Male Persons Persons

1 per 10 1 per 8 1 per 25 1 per 12 1 per 8

Dormitories
Over 150, Over 150, add 1 fixture for
School or Labor Add 1 fixture for each
add 1 fixture each additional 20 males and
additional 25 males over 10
for each 1 fixture for each 15
and 1 for each additional 20
additional 50 additional females
females over 8
males
Male Female Male Persons Persons

1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 15 1 per 50 1 per 40 1 per 8

2: 16 – 35 3: 16 – 35
Dormitories for staff use
3: 36 – 55 4: 36 – 55

Over 55, add 1 fixture for

each additional 40 persons

1 per dwelling 1 per dwelling 1 per

1 per dwelling or apartment 1 per dwelling or apartment dwelling
Dwellings
unit unit 1 per
Single Dwelling
dwelling
Multiple Dwelling or
or
Department
apartment
unit

Hospital Waiting Rooms 1 per room 1 per room 1 per 75

Male Female Male Male Female

Hospital for employee use
 1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 15 0: 1 – 9 1 per 40 1 per 40 1 per 75
2: 16 – 35 2: 16 – 35 1: 10 – 50
3: 36 – 55 3: 36 – 55

Add 1 fixture Over 150, add 1 fixture for

Over 55, add 1 fixture for for each each additional 20 males and
each additional 40 persons additional 50 1 for each additional 15
males females
Hospitals
Individual room 1 per person 1 per room 1 per room
1 per 10 patients 1 per 20 1 per 75
Ward room 1 per 8 patients patients

Male Female Male Male Female Persons

1 per 25 1 per 20 0: 1 – 9 1 per 10 1 per 10 1 per 8 1 per 75

Industrial other than Hospitals or 1: 10 – 50
Penal Institutions (on each
occupied floor) Add 1 fixture
for each
additional 50
males
Male Female Male Male Female Persons

1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 15 0: 1 – 9 1 per 40 1 per 40 1 per 8 1 per 75

2: 16 – 35 3: 16 – 35 1: 10 – 50
Industrial other than Hospitals or
3: 36 – 55 4: 36 – 55
Penal Institutions (on each
occupied floor) for employee use
Add 1 fixture
Over 55, add 1 fixture for for each
each additional 40 persons additional 50
males
Office or Public Buildings Male Female Male Male Female
 1: 1 – 100 1: 1 – 200 1: 1 – 100 1: 1 – 200 1: 1 – 200 1 per 75
2: 101 – 200 2: 201 – 400 2: 101 – 200 2: 201 – 400 2: 201 – 400
3: 201 – 400 3: 401 – 750 3: 201 – 400 3: 401 – 750 3: 401 - 750
4: 401 – 600

Over 600,
Over 55, add 1 fixture for add 1 fixture
Over 750, add 1 fixture for
each additional 500 males for each
each additional 500 persons
and 2 for each 55 females additional
300 males
Male Female Male Male Female

1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 15 0: 1 – 9 1 per 40 1 per 40 1 per 75

Office or Public Buildings 2: 16 – 35 3: 16 – 35 1: 10 – 50
(For Employee use) 3: 36 – 55 4: 36 – 55
Add 1 fixture
for each
Over 55, add 1 fixture for additional 50
each additional 40 persons males
Male Female Male Male Female

1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 15 0: 1 – 9 1 per 40 1 per 40 1 per 75

2: 16 – 35 3: 16 – 35 1: 10 – 50
Penal Institutions – For employee 3: 36 – 55 4: 36 – 55
use
Add 1 fixture
Over 55, add 1 fixture for for each
each additional 40 persons additional 50
males
Penal Institutions – For prison use
1 per cell 1 per cell
Cell 1 per cell
block floor
 1 per exercise 1 per exercise room 1 per
room exercise
Exercise Room 1 per exercise room
room

Male Female Male Male Female

1: 1 – 50 1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 50 1: 1 – 150 1: 1 – 150
2: 51 – 150 3: 16 – 35 2: 151 – 200 2: 151 – 200
Restaurants, Pubs and Lounges 3: 150 – 300 4: 36 – 55 Over 150, 3: 201 – 400 3: 201 – 400
add 1 fixture
for each
Over 300, add 1 fixture for Over 400, add 1 fixture for
additional
each additional 200 persons each additional 400 persons
150 males
Male Female Male Male Female

1: 1 – 15 1: 1 – 15 1 per 50 1 per 40 1 per 40

Schools – For staff use 2: 16 – 35 3: 16 – 35
All schools 3: 36 – 55 4: 36 – 55

Over 55, add 1 fixture for

each additional 40 persons
Schools – For student use Male Female Male Male Female

1: 1 – 20 1: 1 – 20 1: 1 – 150 1: 1 – 25
2: 21 – 50 2: 21 – 50 2: 26 – 50 2: 26 – 50 1 per 75
Nursery
Over 50, add 1 fixture for Over 50, add 1 fixture for
each additional 50 persons each additional 50 persons

Elementary 1 per 30 1 per 25 1 per 75 1 per 35 1 per 35 1 per 75

Secondary
1 per 40 1 per 30 1 per 35 1 per 40 1 per 30 1 per 75
Others (Colleges, Universities,
1 per 40 1 per 30 1 per 35 1 per 40 1 per 30 1 per 75
Adult Centers, Etc.)
Male Female Male
Worship places
1 per 75 1 per 25 1 per 2 water closets 1 per 75
Educational and 1 per 125
2: 76 – 125
Activities Unit 2: 126 – 250
3: 126 – 250

Male Female Male

Worship places
Principal
1 per 150 1 per 75 1 per 150 1 per 2 water closets 1 per 75

Note: Whenever urinals are provided, one (1) water closet is subtracted from the number specified on the table, except that the
number of water closets in such cases shall not be reduced to less than two-thirds (2/3) of the minimum specified.
 Algebra Digit Problems
- Let h = hundreds
Linear Equation and Graph t = tens
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦 −𝑦 u = units
Slope (m) = 𝑟𝑢𝑛 = 𝑥 2− 𝑥1
2 1
Or by using line equation: Roman Numerals
y = mx + b I = 1
where: m = slope V = 5
b = y-intercept. X = 10
L = 50
Distance between two points: C = 100
Dp1-p2 = √(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 D = 500
M = 1000
Distance between a point and a line:
|𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦+𝐶|
DP-L = √𝐴2 2 Mixture Problems
+𝐵
Always formulate two equations:
a. From the sum of the amount of each
Exponents
mixture (volume or weight).
am ● an = am+n
am b. From the sum of the amount with
= am-n corresponding percentage composition.
an
am(n) = amn
a m am Ration and Proportion
(b ) = 𝑎 𝑦
bm =𝑏 a:x = y:b
n
am/n = √ am 𝑥
1 where: a and b are called extremes and x and
a-1 = y are means.
a
a0 = 1 (where a cannot be 0) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
If = 𝑑 then 𝑐 = 𝑑
𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
Radicals If = 𝑑 then 𝑎 = 𝑐
𝑏
𝑛 𝑛 𝑚 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝐶+𝑑
√𝑎 𝑚 = ( √𝑎 ) If 𝑏
= 𝑑 then 𝑏
= 𝑑
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝐶−𝑑
√𝑎 ● √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 If = 𝑑 then =
𝑛 𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
√𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
𝑛 = √𝑏 ; b ≠ 0 If = 𝑑 then 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑐−𝑑
√𝑏 𝑏
𝑚 𝑛
√ √𝑎 𝑚𝑛 y varies directly as x: y = kx
= √𝑎 𝑘
𝑛 𝑛 y varies indirectly as x: y=𝑥
( √𝑎 ) = a

Clock Problems Progressions

- If minute hand moved by a value of x, Arithmetic Sequence
𝑥
the hour hand will move by a value of 12 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
- 1 Revolution = 360˚= 12hrs = 60mins
- Create equation base on problems. where: 𝑎1 = first term
𝑎𝑛 = last term (nth term)
n = number of terms
Age Problems d = common difference
- BASIC! 𝑆𝑛 = Sum of all terms
Geometric Progression Combination and Permutation
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑛!
Combination: 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!
𝑎1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = if r < 1 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 1 (If taken all)
1−𝑟
𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 −1) 𝑛!
𝑆𝑛 = if r > 1 Permutation: 𝑛𝑃𝑟 = (𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑟−1
𝑎1
𝑆= 𝑛𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛! (If taken all)
1−𝑟
𝑎𝑛
r=𝑎
𝑛−1 Probability
where: 𝑎1 = first term # 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑎𝑛 = last term (nth term) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
n = number of terms
r = common ratio Trigonometry
Rate Problems Trigonometric Functions
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑑) 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑣) = sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠 cscθ =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠
Work Problems cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠 secθ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Work = Work rate (r) x time (t) 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
If 1 work is completed we can say that tanθ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 cotθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
1 = Work rate (r) x time (t)
1 Pythagorean Theorem
∑ 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑟) =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

Factoring and Simplifying Sin Law

𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) Cos Law
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
(𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶

Significant Figures Tangent Law

- All non-zero figures are significant. 𝐴−𝐵
𝑎 − 𝑏 tan 2
- Zeros between to non-zero figures are =
significant. 𝑎 + 𝑏 tan 𝐴 + 𝐵
2
- Leading zeros are not significant. 𝐵−𝐶
[0.0054 has only 2 SF) 𝑏 − 𝑐 tan 2
=
- Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal 𝑏 + 𝑐 tan 𝐵 + 𝐶
are significant. [87.00 has 4 SF] 2
- Trailing zeros in a whole number with no 𝐶−𝐴
𝑐 − 𝑎 tan 2
decimal shown are not significant =
𝑐 + 𝑎 tan 𝐶 + 𝐴
[720 has 2 SF] 2
- For a number in scientific notation, all
digits comprising are significant
[ 6.05 x 105 has 3 SF]
 𝐴−𝐵 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑎 − 𝑏 tan 2 tan 2 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = =√1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑎 + 𝑏 tan 𝐴 + 𝐵
2
𝐵−𝐴 Sum of two functions
𝑏 − 𝑎 tan 2 1 1
= sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) cos (𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝑏 + 𝑎 tan 𝐵 + 𝐴 2 2
2 1 1
cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 2 cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) cos (𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝐶−𝐵 2 2
𝑐 − 𝑏 tan 2 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
= tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 =
𝑐 + 𝑏 tan 𝐶 + 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
2
𝐴−𝐶 Difference of two functions
𝑎 − 𝑐 tan 2 1 1
= sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝑎 + 𝑐 tan 𝐴 + 𝐶 2 2
2 1 1
cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = 2 sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)
2 2
Trigonometric Identities sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵 =
Reciprocal Identities cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
1 1
sin 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 csc 𝐴 = sin 𝐴
Product of two functions
1 1
cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 = cos 𝐴 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
sec 𝐴
1 1 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 = tan 𝐴 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) ∓ cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
cot 𝐴

Sum and Difference of Angles Elements and properties of Triangles

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 1
Area = 𝑏ℎ
cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 2
1
tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
2
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
where s = 2
Pythagorean Relations
sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴 = 1 Triangle inscribed in a circle
𝑎𝑏𝑐
1 + cot 2 𝐴 = csc 2 𝐴 Area = 4𝑟
1 + tan2 𝐴 = sec 2 𝐴 Triangle circumscribe a circle
Area = 𝑟 ∙ 𝑠/t
Double Angle Identities
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 Analytical Geometry
cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴 Distance between two points in space
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan2 𝐴 𝐷𝑝1−𝑝2 = √(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2
Half Angle Identities
𝑎 1 − cos 𝐴
sin =√ Slope of a line (m)
2 2
For parallel lines: m1 = m2
1
𝑎 1 + cos 𝐴 For perpendicular line: 𝑚1 = 𝑚
cos =√ 2
2 2
 Angle between two lines 20 Icosagon
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 100 Hectogon
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 1,000 Chiliagon
10,000 Myriagon
Distance between two parallel lines
𝐶1 − 𝐶2 For 21–99-sided polygon: Start with the
𝐷𝐿−𝐿 =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 prefix for the tens digit, followed by “kai”
(Greek work for “and”), then followed by
Lines the prefix for the unit’s digit, and finally add
General equation: Ax + By + C = 0 “gon”.
Point-slope form: y-y1 = m(x-x1)
Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b For 100–999-sided polygon: Start with the
Circle prefix for the hundred digit taken from the
Circumference (C) = 2𝜋𝑟 “unit’s digit” followed by “hecta”, then
Area (A) = 𝜋𝑟 2 continue naming as before.

Ellipse Tens Digit Units Digit

Area (A) = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 20 = icosi 1 = hena
𝑎2 +𝑏2 30 = triaconta 2 = di
Perimeter (P) = 2𝜋√ 2 40 = tetraconta 3 = tri
where: a = semi-major axis 50 = pentaconta 4 = tetra
b = semi-minor axis 60 = hexaconta 5 = penta
70 = heptaconta 6 = hexa
Polygons 80 = octaconta 7 = hepta
90 = enneaconta 8 = octa
Naming Polygons 9 = enneagon
Number
Name of Polygon
of Sides Regular Polygons
3 Triangle or Trigon Perimeter (P) = ns
4 Quadrilateral or Tetragon Central Angle (θ) =
360°
5 Pentagon 𝑛
𝑠
6 Hexagon Apothem (a) = 180
2 tan
𝑛
7 Heptagon 180(𝑛−2)
Interior Angle =
8 Octagon 𝑛
9 Nonagon or Enneagon Sum of Interior Angles = 180(𝑛 − 2)
𝑛
10 Decagon Number of Diagonals = (𝑛 − 3)
2
11 Undecagon or Hendecagon 𝑛𝑠2
Area (A) = 180
12 Dodecagon 4 tan
𝑛
13 Triskaidecagon Where: n = number of sides
14 Tetradecagon s = length of side
15 Pentadecagon
16 Hexadecagon Quadrilaterals
17 Heptadecagon Rectangle:
18 Octadecagon Area (A) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
19 Enneadecagon Perimeter (P) = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
Square: Dodecahedron
Area (A) = 𝑎2 Faces: 12
Perimeter (P) = 4𝑎 Edges: 30
General Quadrilateral: Vertices: 20
1
Area (A) = 2 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃 Area (A) = 20.65𝑎2
Volume (V) = 7.66𝑎3
A = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐸
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 Icosahedron
S= Faces: 20
2
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴+𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵+𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐷 Edges: 30
E= =
2 2
Vertices: 12
Area (A) = 8.66𝑎2
Parallelograms
Volume (V) = 2.18𝑎3
Area (A) = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐴
Prism
Rhombus
Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = Ph = Pe
Area (A) = 𝑎2 sin 𝐴
Total Surface Area (TSA) = LSA + 2B
Volume (V) = Bh (Right Prism)
Trapezoid
1 V = 𝑅 ∙ 𝑒 (Oblique Prism)
Area (A) = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ R = 𝐵 sin 𝜃
Where: P = Perimeter at right section
Solid Geometry e = Length of lateral edge
h = Altitude
Type of Polyhedron and their properties B = Area of one base
Tetrahedron R = area at right section
Faces: 4
Edges: 6 Cylinder
Vertices: 4 Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = Ph = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
Area (A) = √3𝑎2 Total Surface Area (TSA) = LSA + 2B
Volume (V) = 0.12𝑎3 Volume (V) = Bh = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (Right Cylinder)
Hexahedron: V = 𝑅 ∙ 𝑒 (Oblique Cylinder)
Faces: 6 R = 𝐵 sin 𝜃
Edges: 12 Where: P = Perimeter at right section
Vertices: 8 e = Length of lateral edge
Area (A) = 6𝑎2 h = Altitude
Volume (V) = 𝑎3 B = Area of one base
Octahedron R = area at right section
Faces: 8
Edges: 12 Pyramid
1
Vertices: 6 Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = 2 𝑃𝑙
Area (A) = 2√3𝑎2 Total Surface Area (TSA) = LSA + B
Volume (V) = 0.47𝑎3 1
Volume (V) = Bh = 3 𝐵ℎ
Where: P = Perimeter at right section
l = Slant height
h = Altitude
B = Area of the base
 8.314𝐽
R = °𝐾∙𝑚𝑜𝑙
Cone
Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
Fluids
Total Surface Area (TSA) = LSA + B
1
Volume (V) = 3 𝑏ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density (r) = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Where: r = radius of the circular base 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
l = slant height Unit Weight (γ) = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
h = Altitude Specific Gravity = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
B = Area of the base
Unit Weight of Water (γ)
Physics = 9.81 KN/m3
= 62.4 lbs/ft3
Forces and Motion Power = QP = QγH
Force (F) = ma Discharge (Q) = Av
𝑉
Weight (W) = mg Discharge (Q) = 𝑡
where: m = mass
Pressure (P) = γH
a = acceleration
g = gravitational constant
g = 9.8 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2 Engineering Economy

Work, Energy and Power Simple Interest

Work = Force ● Displacement 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
Potential Energy = Wh = mgh F=𝑃+𝐼
1 F = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖𝑛)
Kinetic Energy = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 Ordinary Simple Interest (Banker Year)
where: W = weight 1 Banker Year =360 Days
g = gravitational constant 𝑑 𝑑
𝑛 = 360 ; 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑖 (360)
h = mass
v = velocity Exact Simple Interest (Exact Number of
∆𝑊 𝐹∙𝑑 Days)
Power = ∆𝑇 = 𝑇
1 Year = 365 Days
1 Leap Year = 366 Days
Gas Laws 𝑑 𝑑
𝑛 = 365 𝑜𝑟 366 ; 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑖 (365 𝑜𝑟 366)
Charles’ Law
𝑉1 𝑉 where: I = Interest
= 𝑇2
𝑇 1 2 P = Original amount borrowed
Boyle’s Law i = Interest per period
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 n = Number of interest period
Ideal Gas Law d = Number of days
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃 𝑉
= 2𝑇 2 F = Future worth
𝑇 1 2
PV = nRT
𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 Compound Interest
n = 𝑤 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
𝑟
where: P = Pressure 𝑖= 𝑚
V = Volume 𝑟 𝑚
T = Temperature E.R. = (1 + 𝑚) − 1
R = Universal Gas Constant 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑡
For Continuous Compounding Declining Balance Method
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 𝑛 𝐹𝐶
E.R. = 𝑒 𝑟 − 1 𝑘 = 1 − √𝑆𝑉
where: F = Future worth 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐹𝐶(1 − 𝑘)𝑚
P = Principal Amount 𝑆𝑉 = 𝐹𝐶(1 − 𝑘)𝑛
E.R. = Effective Rate 𝑑𝑚 = 𝐹𝐶(1 − 𝑘)𝑚−1 𝑘
i = Effective interest per period Sum-of-Years Digit
n = Number of compounding 𝑛(𝑛+1)
𝑆=
r = Nominal interest rate 2
𝑛−𝑚+1
t = Number of years 𝑑𝑚 = (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉) ( )
𝑠
m = Compounding period 𝑚(2𝑛−𝑚+1)
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉) [ ]
Monthly = 12 2𝑆
Bi-monthly = 6 where: FC = First Cost
Quarterly = 4 SV = Salvage value
Semi-annually = 2 n = Useful life
Annually = 1 d = Depreciation Charge
Dm = Total depreciation in “m” years
Annuity BV = Book Value
𝐴[(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1] k = Constant Percentage
𝐹= 𝑖 m = Number of years in a certain period
𝐴[(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1]
𝑃= S = Sum of years digit
𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑛
𝑟
𝑖= 𝑚
𝑛 = 𝑚𝑡
Perpetuity Annuity
𝐴
𝑃=
𝑖
where: F = Future worth
A = Annuity of uniform payment
P = Principal Amount
i = Effective interest per period
n = Number of compounding
r = Nominal interest rate
t = Number of years
m = Compounding period

Depreciation
Straight Line Method
𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉
d=
𝑛
𝐷𝑚 = 𝑑 ∙ 𝑚
𝐵𝑉 = 𝐹𝐶 − 𝐷𝑚
Sinking Fund Method
(𝐹𝐶−𝑆𝑉)𝑖
d = (1+𝑖)𝑛−1
𝑑[(1+𝑖)𝑚 −1)
𝐷𝑚 = 𝑖
𝐵𝑉 = 𝐹𝐶 − 𝐷𝑚