Corr Part 2-2022 - S (B&W)

Theme
WET CORROSION
ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta
WET CORROSION
1. o Electrochemical Reaction
Definition
o Components of Electrochemical Reactions

Anodic Reaction
Cathodic Reaction
o Corrosion of Iron
in sea water
water free of oxygen
o Anodic and Cathodic Sites
1
2. o Anodic and Cathodic Reactions
o Electrode Potential/Daniell Cell
o EMF and Galvanic Series
o Nernst Relationship
3. o Pourbaix Diagrams
o Polarization
Activation Polarization
Concentration Polarization
Resistance Polarization
o Evans Diagrams
o Exchange Current Density
o Mixed Potential Theory
4. Passivity
o Definition and discovery

o Theories
o Graphical representation
o Breakdown and prevention
2
Electrochemical Reaction
Definition: A chemical reaction accompanied by flow of
current i.e. exchange of electrons.
Components:
Anodic: Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e- <- Dissolution Reaction
Cathodic: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- --> 4OH-
Overall: Fe2+ + 2OH- --> Fe(OH)2
Fe3+ + 3OH- --> Fe(OH)3
This also represents the corrosion of iron in water or seawater. It may

be noted that other ions such as sulphate, phosphate, acetate and
chloride ions do not participate in electrochemical reaction*.
*Corrosion Engineering: M.G. Fontana and N.D. Greene, Chapter 2, 1982
Corrosion of Fe in Deaerated Water
Anodic: Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-
Dissociation: 2H2O = 2H+ + 2OH-
Cathodic: H+ + e- --> H
H + H --> H2
Now since H+ ions are destroyed OH- will be in excess and the following
reactions become feasible.
Overall: Fe2+ + 2OH- --> Fe(OH)2
Fe3+ + 3OH- --> Fe(OH)3
3
Anodic and Cathodic Sites
Electrochemical principles of corrosion states that anodic and
cathodic reactions should occur simultaneously in order for the
reaction to proceed. Anodic and cathodic areas may form in the
real life as a result of:
1. Contact of dissimilar metals

coupling of Fe and Zn base materials
EoZn = - 0.77V
(Anode)
EoFe = - 0.44V
(Cathode)
Lawrence H. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 1989, Chapter 14
Galvanized I-beam
Corrugated galvanised iron roofing

in Mount Lawley, Western Australia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_galvanise
d_iron (Sept 2007) Galvanized angle iron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanizing
4
A Royal Navy Sea Harrier with nose-wheel collapse due to coupling of
stainless steel bearings and the magnesium alloy wheel.
2. Variation in Oxygen Concentration
Ships in sea water. At the water surface the oxygen concentration will
be higher (promotes cathodic reactions) when compared to a few
millimeter below the water surface (promotes anodic reactions). This
type of corrosion is also known as water line corrosion.
-
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- --> 4OH
Cathode
Anode
Fe --> Fe 2+ + 2e-
5
https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=images+of+water+line+corrosion&biw=1477
&bih=814&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFifqJ6OjPAhUMto
8KHYnADboQ7AkINA&dpr=1#imgrc=6MOdNDICkofUcM%3A
https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=images+of+water+line+corrosi
on&biw=1477&bih=814&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=
0ahUKEwiFifqJ6OjPAhUMto8KHYnADboQ7AkINA#imgrc=Vu5jeLU
zjpYPMM%3A
ME 2151: Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials A/Prof M. Gupta
3. Variation of Concentration of Metal Ions or Other Species
EoFe = - 0.47V EoFe = - 0.44V

(Anode) (Cathode)
Under these situations, Fe in dilute solution will serve as an

anode and will corrode.
6
4. Variation in Stress
More stressed area such as cold worked area -> anode
Less stressed area such as annealed area -> cathode
Anode
Cathode
5. Variation in the Homogeneity of the Metal Surface

Macro-level -> pits, scratches
Micro-level -> presence of various phases
Pearlite
Ferrite
7
SEM micrograph showing the grain SEM micrograph showing the
morphology exhibited by etched pure distribution and clustering of SiC
Magnesium. particulates in Mg-SiC specimen.
Grain boundary zone may be
Corrosion rate is low when there is a
considered stressed as the atoms are
single phase and increases with the
not in their low energy positions.
presence and increasing presence of
Grain boundary will thus serve as an
second phase.
anode.

Corrosion rate
Number of Galvanic Cells
A. The results also suggest that corrosion of age hardenable materials must
increase till the peak aging conditions and may reduce following that.
B. It may be noted that an increase in corrosion rate with increase in number of

cells may not always follow a linear behavior. However, an increase in
number of galvanic cells will lead to increase in corrosion.
8
Microstructural Inhomogeneity - Electronics Industry – Corrosion
An E-mail Communication (2007)
Recently, we faced some problem on die metallization having Al-Si-Cu

alloy. Cu has <0.2% solid solubility in Al and hence it precipitates out as
either Cu or CuAl2 on the grain boundaries and in the presence of moisture
makes a galvanic cell and causes micro-corrosion on the surface
of the die metallization. We are talking of just 100 micron sq. area.
This causes serious wire bonding reliability issue as rough surface would
not give a very good bonding. There are other several issues related to Vss
and Vdd pads on the semiconductor dies that can also cause galvanic
coupling due to differential doping on these source and ground pads.
You would find many such cases from electronics industries as corrosion
is a very common problem in wafers. However, the basics are always
same.
Case – 1 : Strengthening Concepts
What makes an anode and what makes a cathode?

A water containing iron pipe was laid underground in a residential area. The pipe
was mostly covered with soil of good permeability except for a section where
pipe has to pass through the paved road. The situation is schematically shown in
figure below. Which part of the pipe will corrode preferentially: a) the one below
the road or b) the part below the soil?
9
Anodic and Cathodic Reactions
Anodic Reactions
M --> Mn+ + ne-

Na --> Na+ + e-
Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-
Al --> Al3+ + 3e-
The metal that shows anodic reaction is the one that is

corroding by dissolution in the wet media and subsequently
forming oxides.
Cathodic Reactions
1. 2H+ + 2e- --> H2
(Hydrogen Evolution; Acidic solution; 0.00 V)
2. O2 + 2H2O + 4e- --> 4OH-
(Oxygen Reduction; Neutral/Basic solution; 0.40 V)
3. O2 + 4H+ + 4e- --> 2H2O
(Oxygen Reduction; Acidic solution; 1.23 V)
4. M3+ + e- --> M2+
(Ion Reduction)
5. M+ + e- --> M
(Metal Deposition)
10
11
Electrode Potential
Half Cell: Consider iron in aqueous solution
Fe <--> Fe2+ + 2e-
In order to make a complete cell, attach a Standard Hydrogen Electrode. It

comprises of gaseous hydrogen, H2, at unit activity, in contact with
specially prepared platinum electrode.
Complete Cell
Please note that the standard electrode potential reported require an

electrolyte that is a 1 molar solution (25°C) or the unit activity w.r.t
metallic ions.
Key Point: Comparatively more positive potential means that
material is more noble or cathodic.
12
Daniell Cell
Potential of the Cell
Ecell = Ecathode - Eanode

Ecell = + 0.34 - (-0.76)
Ecell = 1.10 V
Corrosion Criterion
Ec – Ea > 0 Corrosion will occur.

Ec – Ea < 0 Corrosion will not occur.
13
Question: Will copper corrode (E0 = 0.34V) when immersed in acidic
solution containing no oxygen?
Anodic: Cu --> Cu 2+ + 2e-
1. 2H+ + 2e- --> H2

(Hydrogen Evolution; Acidic solution; 0.00 V)
2. O2 + 4H+ + 4e- --> 2H2O

(Oxygen Reduction; Acidic solution; 1.23 V)
EMF Vs Galvanic Series

EMF series represent the listing of Electrode potential of the
various metals against that of standard hydrogen electrode at
25°C.
Galvanic series represent the listing of metals and alloys tested in

unpolluted sea water.
EMF Series
Characteristics
o Only for pure metals.
o Values of electrode potential correspond to equilibrium
conditions only.
14
Cathodic
(Noble)
Interpretation
a. Regarding +ve and –ve values.
b. Coupling of metals wide apart in

this series.
Anodic
(Reactive)
Electrode Potential of Al alloys and Other Metals
15
Effect of Alloying Elements on the Electrode Potential of Aluminum
That is why 7xxx series

alloys are corrosion prone.
Galvanic Series
First proposed by International

Nickel Company, Harbor Island,
N.C.
Interpretation
o Elements in brackets.
o Active and passive
stainless steel.
o Coupling of dissimilar
metals/alloys.
16
Nernst Relationship
This equation describes the variation in potential with
concentration and temperature.
where
E= Half cell potential
Eo = Standard half cell potential
R= Gas constant
T= Temperature
n= Number of electrons transferred
F= Faradays constant
aoxid = Activity of oxidized species
ared = Activity of reduced species
Simplified Version
Cu --> Cu 2+ + 2e-
aoxid = C = Concentration of solution
What will happen if aoxid(Fe2+) = 0.1M

E = - 0.47 V instead of - 0.44 V
Question: Will the iron in dilute solution will corrode relatively

faster?
The iron in dilute solution will corrode faster as it has more negative
electrode potential.
17
Pourbaix Diagrams
o Electrode Potential vs pH diagrams.
o Delineates areas corresponding to corrosion, immunity
and passivation.
Horizontal Line: Eq. reaction involving electrons but not H+

and OH-.
Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-

Above the line corrosion will proceed while below it will not.
Vertical Line: Eq. reaction involving H+ and OH- but not

electrons.
Fe3+ + H2O --> Fe(OH)2+ + H+ (Hydrolysis Reaction)
18
Sloping Line: Reductive dissolution of ferric oxide to ferrous ions in
the liquid.
Fe2O3 + 6H+ + 2e- --> 2Fe2+ + 3H2O
Above the line formation of cation and the solid reaction product becomes
possible. However, as soon as the solid film is formed, the entry of Fe in the
solution is restricted and hence passivation is achieved.
Triangle
The small triangle on the right side represent the formation of Ferroates in a
strongly alkaline solution.
Fe + 2H2O --> FeO2H- + 3H+ + 2e-
This type of corrosion is negligible at room temperature.
Immunity Vs Passivation
Immunity: Energy consideration.

Passivation: Geometrical obstruction.
Limitations
a) Does not tell about rate of reaction.
b) Does not tell about protective nature of oxide.
c) Does not take into account the presence of dissolved

species which can condense during corrosion process.
19
Pourbaix Diagram for Cu in Contact With Water at 25 °C.

__________________________________________________________
Region Interpretation
__________________________________________________________
Cu+2 and CuO2-2 Soluble species are stable and
hence there will be a tendency
for corrosion.
CuO and Cu2O Solid oxides of the metal are

stable. The corrosion will be
dependent on the passivating
tendency of the oxides.
Cu The metal is stable species.

Corrosion is impossible.
__________________________________________________________
When Cu is exposed to an aqueous solution, the conditions will be

equivalent to a point between line a and b.
20
Polarization
Overview
Half cell potentials are normally used to determine spontaneous
reaction directions but not the corrosion rate.
The corrosion rate is governed by certain other environmental

factors and understanding these factors forms the scope of
polarization.
Hence understanding polarization assists us in determining/

predicting corrosion rate of a system.
Materials Science and Engineering: W. D. Callister, 1994, Chapter 18

Corrosion Engineering: M.G. Fontana and N.D. Greene, 1982, Chapter 2.
21
Polarization
Deviation of electrode potential from its equilibrium value to
some other value as a result of the flow of current.
Schematics
Cu <--> Cu 2+ + 2e-
Zn <--> Zn 2+ + 2e-
Cu is less negative than zinc.
Zn is more negative = -0.76V
= 0.34V
Once connected, electrons will flow from more negative electrode (Zn) to less
negative electrode (Cu) and the potential will settle at an intermediate value.
Events at anode on dissolution - Potential shifts towards noble end.
Events at cathode - Potential shifts towards the active direction.
Steady current is established when the potential difference between the

cathode and the anode becomes equal to IR drop through the electrolyte.
22
Finding Overvoltage
Magnitude of the deviation in potential is known as overvoltage.
Suppose Fe is connected with platinum electrode and shows a voltage of

- 0.30 V. The equilibrium voltage of iron is -0.44V. The overvoltage will be:
 = E – Eo
= - 0.30 – (- 0.44)
= 0.14 V
iron Platinum
Fe --> Fe 2+ + 2e- 2H+ + 2e- --> H2
Types of Polarization
 Activation Polarization
 Concentration Polarization
 Resistance Polarization
Refers to change in potential controlled by the reaction sequence at the
metal-electrolyte interface. These may include adsorption, film formation,
ease of release of electrons etc.
Example: H2 evolution reaction H2 bubble
i) Formation of H+ ions
ii) Adsorption at metal surface
iii) Electron transfer reaction
iv) Formation of H2 molecule
v) Formation of H2 bubble
23
Activation Polarization (Cont'd)
The speed of overall reaction process will depend on the slowest step. In the
rate determining step or the slowest step the potential required to activate the
reactants to form unstable complex is called as the activation overpotential or
activation polarization.
Expression
Activation Overvoltage = ηa = + β log I / Io
β = Tafel slope (~0.1V).
I = Rate of oxidation / reduction in terms of current density.
Io= Exchange current density.
Materials Science and Engineering: W. D. Callister, 1994, Chapter 18

Corrosion Engineering: M.G. Fontana and N.D. Greene, 1982, Chapters 2 and 9.
A plot of overvoltage and current density results into straight line segments.
The line segment with +ve slope correspond to oxidation half-reaction and the
one with –ve slope corresponds to reduction half-reaction.
+ve
Oxidation Reaction
Overvoltage/Overpotential
Reduction Reaction
io ( M / M + )
-ve
Current Density (logarithmic Scale)
Overvoltage = Overpotential
Measurement Unit = Volts
24
The plot further suggests that:
 at all potentials that are more noble than reversible potential, net
oxidation will take place
 at all potentials that are negative to reversible potential, net reduction

will take place
 at reversible potential, or at 0 overvoltage, there is no net oxidation

or reduction reaction as both the rates are equal at intersection point.
Retardation of anodic and cathodic reactions as a result of processes
occurring within the bulk of solution.
Schematic: Consider the following reduction process
Please note that the rate of reaction is dependent on the diffusion of the M+
ions from the bulk of the solution to the electrode/electrolyte interface. Hence
here the processes occurring in the bulk of the solution control the reaction
rate rather than at the electrode/electrolyte interface.
25
Concentration polarization is only significant for the reduction reaction and
can be considered negligible for the dissolution reactions. This is because
there is always an infinite supply of metal atoms for dissolution.
Expression
ηc = 2.303 RT log (1 - I / IL)
nF
IL
c
Current Density (logarithmic Scale)
The figure illustrates that overvoltage is independent of current density until net
reduction current density approaches the limiting diffusion current density. At
this point overvoltage will be infinity.
Representation of Activation + Concentration Overpotential
It can also be inferred that at low corrosion rates activation polarization

dominates while at high corrosion rates concentration polarization dominates.
26
How to avoid concentration polarization?
Stirring the solution will increase the diffusion rate and thus can minimize the
concentration polarization.
Polarization caused by the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte. Greater

resistance to the flow of current leads to reduction in corrosion rate. Degree
of resistance polarization may change as the composition of electrolyte
changes during corrosion*.
The Science and Engineering of Materials: DR Askeland, 1996, Chapter 22
Total Overpotential
Total overpotential/polarization can be shown as the sum of the three type of

polarization i.e.
ηT = ηa + ηc + ηR
For anodic dissolution
ηT = ηa + ηR
if solution has good electrical conductivity the above expression reduces to

ηT = ηa
For reduction process

ηRed = -  log I/Io + 2.303 RT log (1 - I / IL)
nF
where
I = actual current density
Io = exchange current density
IL = limiting current density
27
Exchange Current Density
At equilibrium or reversible potential the rate of oxidation and reduction are
equal and hence there is no net reaction. The current density for anodic and
cathodic reactions under these conditions is called exchange current density.
Hence
Io = Iox = Ired at reversible potential
The value of the exchange current can be found by extrapolating to Eo as

shown in the following figure.
Standard Hydrogen Cell
Point of intersection, η = O
Overvoltage
Current Density = Exchange

Current density, io
Overvoltage = 0
(system is in equilibrium)
Electrode Reaction Rate = io / nF
The term exchange current density is a misnomer, because there is no net

current. It is merely a convenient way of expressing the rates of oxidation and
reduction at equilibrium. Some of the values of exchange current density are
given in the following table.
28
Evans Diagram
These are the potential vs. electron current diagrams. They illustrate the
various ways in which the corrosion rate is controlled.
i) Controlled by reaction at anode - Anodic control
See also: http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c02-corrosion.htm
ii) Controlled by reaction at cathode - Cathodic control
iii) Controlled by both cathodic and anodic reaction
29
iv) Resistance Controlled
Practical Importance of Polarization
Polarizing an electrode reaction is synonymous with limiting the corrosion rate.

Higher the polarization, steeper the curve and the slower the corrosion rate.
Inhibition of Anodic Reaction
30
Inhibition of Cathodic Reaction
Please note that for low corrosion rates the anodic and cathodic polarization
curves must intersect at low values of corrosion current.
Mixed Potential Theory

This theory is based on the fundamental concept introduced by Wagner and
Traud in 1938:
 Any electrochemical reaction comprises two or more partial oxidation

and reduction reactions.
 There can be no net accumulation of electrical charges during an

electrochemical reaction: in other words, the total rate of oxidation is
equal to the rate of reduction during the corrosion of an electrically
isolated metal sample.
 The potential at the entire surface of an isolated electrode should be

same.
31
Consider Zinc immersed in HCl. Zinc will be corroded and the reactions
will be
Zn --> Zn2+ + 2e-
2H+ + 2e- --> H2
The schematic representation is as follows
Under equilibrium conditions
Zn electrode with Zn2+ ions: Eo = -0.76 V
Evolution of hydrogen: Eo = 0.00 V; io = io H+/H
When Zn is dipped in HCl

corrosion potential = Ecorr
rate of reaction = current density = icorr
io H+/H depends upon nature of metal and its surface condition. Hence io H+/H
will vary from metal to metal and this will influence the rate of corrosion.
Consider dissolution of iron in HCl. Standard electrode potential of Fe is -0.44
which is nobler than Zn. Hence its corrosion should be less. However, io H+/H
on iron electrode is much more and hence actual rate of iron dissolution is
more than that of the Zn in HCl.
32
This concept can also be understood from the following schematic diagram:
It can be noted that higher the exchange current density (io) or the rate
of hydrogen evolution, higher will be the mixed potential (E) and higher
will be the overall corrosion rate (i).
33
Effect of Oxidizers (high valence ions)
 Metal M is corroding.
 Acidic Environment.
 Fe ions are impurities.
Note that the addition of oxidizers (iron ions) shifts the corrosion potential
and increase the rate of corrosion.
It may however be noted that the addition of oxidizing agent is dependent on

 redox potential
 exchange current density
The oxidation of Metal, M, increases as a result of relatively noble redox

potential of Fe3+/Fe2+ half cell and its relatively high exchange current density.
Consider the following figure:

In this case there is no
change in the corrosion
potential (Ecorr) because
the exchange current
density for the
ferric/ferrous (Fe3+/Fe2+)
half cell on Metal, M, is
very small.
34
When One or More Reduction Process is Under Diffusion Control
Follows same principles as discussed before. Consider a metal, M, immersed

in weak acid:
Reduction of hydrogen is initially

under activation control.
As the acid is weak, it becomes

diffusion control – Concentration
Polarization.
Current becomes limiting as the

diffusion becomes steady under
the given conditions.
Note that
 Anodic dissolution of metal, M, is under activation control.
 Cathodic reaction is under diffusion control (Concentration

Polarization).
 icorr = iL = Corrosion rate of the system determined by the

intersection between the total reduction rate and total oxidation
rate.
35
Passivity
Definition
Loss of chemical reactivity of certain materials under some specific
environmental conditions.
Examples: Fe, Si, Ni etc.
Faraday's Experiment: Conducted sometime between 1830-1840.
(a) (b)
Scratch Iron Piece
Passivity can be destroyed.
WHY we get passivity - Formation of thin film of ferric oxide!
36
Schematic Behavior
We see that Fe becomes passive

E when the oxidizing power of the
acid is increased to fall within
certain range.
Current Density
Passivation and Activation Polarization

Passivation is a special case of activation polarization. It involves the formation
of surface film on the corroding material. This film acts as a potent barrier
between the corroding solution and the material resulting into protection.
Other Examples
Stainless steel (18% Cr - 8% Ni)
Cr2O3 is formed. Self healing in presence of oxygen.
Question: Should you recommend the use of stainless steel in deep sea
applications or in reducing conditions (such as in the presence
of carbonaceous gases)? How about in sea water?
Theories
i) Formation of thin oxide films of less than 50 A°.
ii) Due to adsorbed/chemisorbed film of oxygen.
iii) Initially it is attributed to the adsorbed film of oxygen which later on
transform into a stable passivating oxide film.
Breakdown of Film
 Mechanical action:
Tensile stresses.
Impact of foreign object.
Scratching.
 Chemical action:
Presence of aggressive ions such as halides.
37
Avoiding Breakdown of Film
Alloying: Addition of Mo to S.S improves its resistance towards

halides.
Heat Treatment: To avoid compositional inhomogeneity.
Designing: Proper designing can avoid or minimize tensile

stresses.
Processing: Non-conventional processing techniques can

improve the quality of the films formed on the
materials. For example an amorphous film made on
the surface of the material will have higher resistance
towards the diffusion of aggressive ions when
compared to the crystalline film.
SUMMARY -WET CORROSION
o Electrochemical Reaction
Definition
Components: Anodic Reaction
Cathodic Reaction
o Corrosion of Iron
in sea water
water free of oxygen
o Anodic and Cathodic Sites

contact of dissimilar metals
change in oxygen concentration
variation in concentration
variation in stress
metallurgical heterogeneities
o Anodic and Cathodic Reactions
o Electrode Potential/Daniell Cell

E = Ec-Ea
38
o EMF and Galvanic Series
selection of elements
active and passive stainless steel
o Nernst Relationship
o Pourbaix Diagrams
o Polarization
o Evans Diagrams
Practical implications of Polarization and Evans Diagram
o Exchange Current Density
o Mixed Potential Theory
Criteria.
Schematic conception.
Corrosion rate and current density (io)
Zn in HCl
Fe in HCl
Effect of oxidizers.
o Passivity
Definition.
Faraday’s Experiments.
Schematic representation.
Theories.
Breakdown.
Prevention of breakdown.
39

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Theme

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

o Components of Electrochemical Reactions

o Anodic and Cathodic Sites

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

o Electrode Potential/Daniell Cell

o EMF and Galvanic Series

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

o Exchange Current Density

o Mixed Potential Theory

o Definition and discovery

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

Anodic: Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e- <- Dissolution Reaction

Cathodic: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- --> 4OH-

Overall: Fe2+ + 2OH- --> Fe(OH)2

Fe3+ + 3OH- --> Fe(OH)3

This also represents the corrosion of iron in water or seawater. It may

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

Corrosion of Fe in Deaerated Water

Anodic: Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-

Dissociation: 2H2O = 2H+ + 2OH-

Overall: Fe2+ + 2OH- --> Fe(OH)2

Fe3+ + 3OH- --> Fe(OH)3

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

1. Contact of dissimilar metals

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

Corrugated galvanised iron roofing

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

2. Variation in Oxygen Concentration

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

ME 2151: Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

3. Variation of Concentration of Metal Ions or Other Species

EoFe = - 0.47V EoFe = - 0.44V

Under these situations, Fe in dilute solution will serve as an

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

5. Variation in the Homogeneity of the Metal Surface

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

Number of Galvanic Cells

B. It may be noted that an increase in corrosion rate with increase in number of

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

Recently, we faced some problem on die metallization having Al-Si-Cu

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

Case – 1 : Strengthening Concepts

What makes an anode and what makes a cathode?

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

M --> Mn+ + ne-

The metal that shows anodic reaction is the one that is

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

(Hydrogen Evolution; Acidic solution; 0.00 V)

2. O2 + 2H2O + 4e- --> 4OH-

(Oxygen Reduction; Neutral/Basic solution; 0.40 V)

3. O2 + 4H+ + 4e- --> 2H2O

(Oxygen Reduction; Acidic solution; 1.23 V)

4. M3+ + e- --> M2+

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

In order to make a complete cell, attach a Standard Hydrogen Electrode. It

ME 5506: Corrosion of Materials A/Prof M. Gupta

Please note that the standard electrode potential reported require an