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Inquiries,
Investigations, and
Immersion Quarter 3: Module 1-4

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Republic of the Philippines
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g io n
Department of Education
Sc h o o l s D i v is i o n O f f ic e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

 WRITERS: JUDY MAE G. PANTOLLA, MT I MARK ANTHONY
C. MAMON, MT I JOVELLANO V. ONTOG, T III
EVANGELINE C. BEDRERO, HTIII
REGIN ADRIAN V. SUBA, T III
MANDIE S. ESTRADA, TIII
JOHN CARL P. CABARLES, EPS II
GERAME H. TURA, T II
NATHALIE GAILE R. PANTOJA, SST I

CONSOLIDATOR: JOVELLANO V. ONTOG, T III

LANGUAGE EDITOR: MAE CHRISTINE S. DIANA MT I

CONTENT LEILANIE A. BRIZA, T III VALIDATORS LOUISE

A. FERRER, MT I MARY ANN M. GUEVARRA, T III
MARJORIE A. NARIZ, MT I

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO Education

Program Supervisor

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Module 1 Conceptualizing a Research Study

Most Essential Learning Competency

• Prepares a plan and a focus on issues and ideas in their respective field.

What’s In

Conceptualizing a Research Study

As you go on conducting a research, the process begins with a research topic.
There are ways to consider in developing a good one. What are some actions
considered in proposing a research topic?
This module will bring you to the foundation of the research agenda and how to
develop the idea for the research project. The research project has three phases: the
conceptual phase, the empirical phase, and the interpretative phase. The conceptual
phase is the process that determines which questions are to be addressed by the
research and how research procedures are to be used as tools in finding the answers
to these questions. Conceptualization involves bringing together several considerations
to identify a good research idea, for instance an answerable research question that is
worth answering. Components of this process include, 1. Conducting a thorough
search of the peer-reviewed literature; 2. Finding a research mentor; 3. Considering
the methodology and study design; and 4. Assessing feasibility (Jain, Lindley & Rosen,
2013).
Conceptualization is guided by the theoretical framework, research perspectives
or approach in the research study. According to Moyer (2011), conceptualizing
research topic would include:
1. Finding your focus. Which aspects of your discipline interest you most? What have
you observed that you have questions about? What articles have you read that raised
questions in your mind?
2. What are the gaps in literature? By topic, by method, populations, or comparisons?
3. Where to start? Read, detailed literature searches, attend seminars, conferences
and presentations, discuss subject areas with peers, listen and ask questions.
4. Refining research topics. Discuss with fellow researchers and stakeholders.
Assess what is most critical to learn and available resources.
5. Questions to ask yourself. Is this a good idea? Who cares? Can it be addressed
using appropriate research methods? Will it stimulate interest by others and the
sponsors? Is it feasible, practical and doable? Is it fundable?

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Concept Mapping
A structured approach that groups can use to map out organize their ideas on
any topic is called concept mapping. This can be used by research teams to help them
clarify and map out the research issues in an area, to help them operationalize the
programs on interventions on the outcome measures for their study. The concept
mapping method is not the only method around that might help researchers formulate
good research problems and projects. Some of the methods that might be included in
the toolkit for research formulation might be: brainstorming, brain writing, nominal
group techniques and focus groups (Trochim, 2006).
According to Katsumoto, 2005 (cited in de Belen, 2015) concept mapping is a
general method with which you clarify and describe people’s ideas about some topic in
a graphical form. By mapping up concepts in pictorial form you can get a better
understanding of the relationships among them. Concept mapping encourages the
participants rather than on the planner or evaluator.
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Developing a Research Topic
In conducting your research, you should have a topic to pursue. The following
guidelines can help you to determine the viability of the research topic you want to
develop.
1. Check on the resources related to your topic from available books, journal and the
internet. If you think the topic you chose is so broad or vague, you need to reduce
its scope. For example, pandemic is a broad topic. You can consider a particular
subject such as the Covid-19, Positive cases in a particular city, or the effects of
pandemic to students’ attitude towards learning and or to local economy.
2. Expanding the scope of the topic if it is so specific. A limited or specific topic gives
you access to more available resources.
3. Do not try to conduct research about the topics that you do not have any knowledge
at all.
4. Consider the availability of sources.
5. Be sure to choose a topic that is not vague, intangible, or debatable or is not easily
answerable. Always check your available resources or the internet to determine if
you have the necessary sources to collect data over a period of time.

Developing a Working Title Based on the Research Topic Agenda

It is important to develop a tentative or working title of the research. The
American Psychological Association (2001) provides the following tips on developing a
working title for a research paper.
1. The title should encapsulate the main idea of the research.
2. The title should be in the form of a concise statement that explains the essence of
 the topic.
3. The title should identify the actual variables or theoretical issues being studied in
the research.
4. The title should be self-explanatory.
5. A good research title must be clearly phrased. It must not be vague or wordy.
6. Avoid titles that do not provide any useful purpose.
7. Do not develop a very long title because it can mislead the readers. 8. Do
not begin the title with phrases like “A Study of” or “An Experimental
Investigation of”.
9. Do not use abbreviations in the title. Spell out all the words and acronyms used.
10. The recommended length of a research title is 10 to 12 words.

Examples of Approved Research Titles

• Effects of Transformed Letters on Reading Speed

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• Effects of Outside Employment on High School Student’s Academic
Achievement
• The Impact of Parental Involvement on the Academic Achievement of 3 rd Grade
Students

Here are the basic questions asked about the research title.
● Does the title describe what the study is all about?
● Does the title contain high specificity level?
● Is the title academically phrased?
● Is the title within the twelve (12) substantive word requirement of the American
Psychological Association (APA)?

What’s More
Activity 1. Research Topics
Directions: In the space below, list down at least four (4) research topics that are of
great interest to you. Indicate the subtopics related to your chosen research topics.
Example:

Topic: Blended / Modular Learning

Subtopics:
• Problems related to blended / modular learning
• Difficulties in blended / modular learning due to internet connectivity •
Challenges faced by students and teachers in blended / modular learning
 Topic: _________________

Subtopics:

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Topic: _________________

Subtopics:

Topic: _________________

Subtopics:

Topic: _________________

Subtopics:

Activity 2. Brainstorming for Research Topics

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Think all about the research topics that interests you or maybe something you
always wondered about. Write your ideas on the space below.
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
___________________________________________________________________

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2. Select three (3) of the ideas above that you like best.
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. From the three (3) ideas in Item no. 2, which one interests you most as your chosen
research topic? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
____

Activity 3. What do I know about this topic?

Directions: From the given possible research topics in the table below, write the
information that you know about the research topic, and the gaps in the literature.
Possible Research Topics Information I Know Gaps in the
literature

1 Social Life during Pandemic

2 History of Las Pinas River

Drive

3 The Psychological Effects of

Distance Learning

4 Impact of Modular Learning

at Home to Students’
Motivation

5 Increasing Covid-19 Positive

Cases
 6 Effects of computer game
addiction to academic
grades of SHS students in
Las Piñas City

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7 Learning styles and skills of
students under the STEM
track

8 Public transport system in

the Philippines: is it good or
bad?

9 The extent of student

engagement in Philippine
politics

10 The advantages and

disadvantages of Social
Security Reform

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the statement by identifying the guidelines on how to choose
appropriate research topic.
I have learned that in choosing the appropriate research topic
____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the given question:

What are the things that you have learned in this lesson that you can apply in real life?

1.
________________________________________________________________
 ______ 2.
________________________________________________________________
______ 3.
________________________________________________________________
______ 4.
________________________________________________________________
______

Issue or concern Background of the study describes the existing

Module 2 Identifying the condition of and
Problem phenomena.
Asking It can be discussed from
general to specific or macro to micro approach.
the Question Background of the study states the current
practices. Based on the review of previous literature,
researchers explain the research gap and
Most Essential Learning Competency introduces the objective of the current study.
• Formulates clearly the statements of research
problem. Automated Solar Powered Security System Via
GSM Technology Las Piñas National High School -
SHS
Lead Researcher: Paul Vincent D. Custodio
Research Adviser: Judy Mae G. Pantolla

What’s In
Background of the Study
(2017) Robbery is a very common crime incident all
over the world. The world’s

Current situation Research Analysis Center (CRAC) security system that is controlled by a
recorded 29, 953 incidences of crimes mobile phone. This security system
against property depicting high rate of uses Arduino and GSM (Global
Current practices
robbery in the country (Comparative System for Mobile Communication)
total robbery was estimated at 2.15
Crime Statistics- National Level, 2016. Shield…
million numbers. As stated by Kneoma Robbery cases in the world
(2017), that the robbery rate as of Present security systems (macro to micro discussion
2014 shows that Argentina is the top provide manual securities, Bluetooth approach)
country by robbery in the world that and application operated securities
has 483, 929 recorded incidences and the presence of Closed-Circuit
(23.53 %of the world’s robbery). In Television (CCTV) cameras.
Southeast Asia, Malaysia was However, this system is limited with
recorded to have highest crime index short distances and it is only
with 68.55 (Numbeo, 2016). accessible with 1-meter diameter area
Philippines also experience burglary in of security system (Kamelia, 2014). In
households, stores, offices, and lined with this, the researcher
different establishments. Crime conceptualized a digital and portable Objective of the current study
technology that creates a safer

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Cited literatures are related to the following:
1. Robbery – from the literature of Kneoma (2017), Numbeo (2016) and
Comparative Crime Statistics- National Level, (2016)
2. Current Practices – (the used of CCT) from the literature of Kamelia (2014) 3.
Innovation - (objective of the study is to develop a digital and portable
technology security system that can be controlled by mobile phone). To prove
the feasibility of the study, the researcher cited the literature of Suparaja (2014).
 Conceptual Framework

Service Quality
1. Tangibility
2. Reliability
Customer
Satisfaction
3. Responsiveness
4. Confidence
5. Communication

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework illustrates the relationship of service quality to

customer satisfaction. The independent (predictor) variable is the service quality
with dimensions such as tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, confidence, and
communication. On the other hand, the dependent (criterion) variable is the
customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is the extent of customers'
perception of what they received or experienced.

Statement of the Problem

Statement of the problem consists of general and specific problems. General
problem is usually the introductory statement which is based on the research title. It is
followed by the specific problems which are normally the variable that can be found on
the title or it can be other factors related to your study that you want to research.

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Sample statement of the problem of the study entitled “Relationship of Service
Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the hospitality industry in Las Piñas City is
presented below.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the relationship of service quality and customer
satisfaction in hospitality industry in Las Piñas City. Specifically, the study aims to
answer the following problems:
1. What is the level of service quality in hospitality industry in Las Piñas City in terms
of:
a. tangibility;
b. reliability;
c. responsiveness;
d. confidence; and
 e. communication

2. What is the level of the customer satisfaction in hospitality industry in Las Piñas
City in terms of:
a. tangibility;
b. reliability;
c. responsiveness;
d. confidence; and
e. communication

3. Is there a significant relationship between service quality and customer

satisfaction in hospitality industry in Las Piñas City?

Definition of Terms
Definition of terms help the readers to understand the terminologies used in the
study. Operational definition is describing a term depending on how the researcher
apply it in the present study. Sample definition of terms of entitled “Relationship of
Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in hospitality industry in Las Piñas City is
presented on the next page. Remember that your defined terms must be in
alphabetical order.

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What’s More
Activity 1. Background of the Study
Directions: Identify the (1) existing performance of the students in Science, (2) current
practices in teaching Science (3) cited literature/s related to the current practices, (4)
research gap and (5) objective of the study. Box and label your answer.

Computer Video Game in Assessing Students' Recall and Discovery-Oriented Skills in

Teaching Chromosomal Disorders
Princess Jane Gabriola, Angela Nalda, & Michael Angelo Nulla

Background of the Study

Filipinos have not yet been observed for their scientific ability as indicated from an
international survey. The World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Competitiveness Report rating
for quality of science education in 2017-2018 reveals that the Philippines’ rank among 137
countries is 85th which is far behind in the neighboring countries such as Malaysia (14th) and
Singapore (1st). Furthermore, similar local findings have also highlighted such poor
achievement by learners (reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness -report-2018/).
The same unsatisfactory findings appeared in the 2016 National Achievement Test
(NAT). results showing low performance from students. Mean Percentage Score (MPS) in
Science subject were generally lower than in other subjects, such as Araling Panlipunan and
Filipino. This previous result started before the implementation of K-12 curriculum and
continuously happens until now.
Chromosomal mutation and genetic information as part of the DepEd K-12 Grade 8
Science curriculum expects students to learn to differentiate the kinds of chromosomal
disorders. Chromosomes and genetic engineering were regarded as one of the Science topics
that learners have difficulty and trouble in understanding (Balan, 2018). Students’ achievement
and performance are adversely affected by problems in understanding concepts (Ching, 2018).
To address this problem, several researches have been carried out on how to enhance
the students' performance, to further alter their motivation towards the Science Subject.
Whereas, teachers are using powerpoint presentation in teaching their topics, yet, other ICT
interactive approaches such as videos, software, video games and other applications are less
utilized (Onaifoh and Ekwueme 2017, 8)
In this regard, the researcher created the Operation Cardo, a science-based game
about the chromosomal abnormalities which will then be utilized as a learning intervention to
enhance the critical thinking, assessing of reasoning and discovery skills of the students that
struggle in engaging and learning in Science. This study is designed to evaluate the
effectiveness of the computer video game as a learning intervention in teaching Science
specifically in chromosomal disorders.

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Activity 2. Background of the Study
Directions: Based on the study given in Activity 1, write a possible Statement of the
Problem, Significance of the Study, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, and Definition
of Terms in a separate sheet/s of paper
Long-Term Impacts of School Closures on the Social-Emotional Development of
Kindergarten and Elementary Students

A. Statement of the Problem

_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________

B. Significance of the Study

_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________
 C. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________

D. Definition of Terms (at least 8 terminologies)

_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________

Activity 2. Conceptual Framework

Directions: Identify the conceptual framework of each study. Write your answer before
each number.
_________ 1. Human Resource Management Practices and Their Impact on Construction
Organizational Performance

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_________ 2. Manifestation of Internal Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee Engagement:
Mediating Role of Organizational Trust
_________ 3. Business Ethics In Human Resources Management Practices And Its Impact On The
Organizational Performance
_________ 4. Effect of Human Resource Capability and Technology on Organizational performance
_________ 5. Exploring Influential Factors on Music Piracy Across Countries

A. B.
C. D.

E.

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What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the statement below:

I have learned that in formulating the statement of the research

problem_____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________

What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the given question:
What are the things that you have learned in this lesson that you can apply in real
life? 1.
___________________________________________________________________
___ 2.
___________________________________________________________________
___ 3.
___________________________________________________________________
___ 4.
___________________________________________________________________
___
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Module 3 Selecting and Citing Related Literature

Most Essential Learning Competency

• Selects, cites, and synthesizes related literature.

What’s In
Related Literature and Related Studies
A review of related literature is the process of reading, collecting, and
selecting books and journals, encyclopedias, magazines and newspapers in order
to be included among the facts and principles that are related to the study. In reviewing
related literature, you should look for the major concepts, conclusion, theories and
arguments that underlie the work. This is difficult when you first start reading but
should become easier the more you read about the topic. One should start reviewing
related literature as early as the conceptualization of the research project. In this
manner, you would already be guided from the start on the definition of the research
problem by noting the key variables specified in the objectives of the study, The
theories that are needed to explain the research problem are used as basis in
analyzing relationships between variables can be generated from the review of related
literature.
Read with a purpose: you need to summarize the work you read but you must
also decide which ideas or information are important to your research, and which are
less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. The format of a
review of related literature may vary from one institution to another and from discipline
to discipline. In presenting it, it is important that you present the concepts in such a
way that there is a continuity as if you are recounting what the different authors said in
a continuous manner. You might start by saying that “Mendoza (2011) defines…”
For the next paragraph, you might continue with “On the other hand (Cruz, 2016)
included…”. The third paragraph would continue with “Reyes (2007) corroborates
Cruz’s idea emphasizing that…” You can continue using several phrases indicating
continuity of the concepts and ideas of the different authors until you reach the last
author by saying “Finally,…was given emphasis by Ramon (2009) with a very clear
presentation of….” You may use your creativity in presenting the related literature but
be careful not to violate the basic rule in thesis writing which is the use of friendly and
simple terms.
Just like the review of related literature, review of related studies should be
done at the beginning of the conceptualization of the research project. In this manner,
you would be aided in determining the variables to be included, the direction of the
study,

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and to determine whether there is still a need to conduct the research along that
time. You should organize your related studies using time or author as the organizing
system. You may use time to arrange your reviewed studies chronologically if
developments over time are crucial to explain the context of your research problem.
Present and organize the related studies alphabetically by author name if your intention
is to show the relationships between the work of different researchers and your
work by looking for similarities and differences.
In presenting related studies, as in the related literature, do it in such a manner
that you are recounting the findings and concepts with continuity. Look for the major
concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments that underlie the work, and look for
similarities and differences with closely related studies and your study. Terms like
agrees, substantiates, upholds, corroborates, backs up, supports, confirms,
emphasizes, nevertheless, similarly, on the other hand, however, refute,
contests, contradicts, validates, further, insists, stresses, underlines, highlights,
underscores and many more may be used to establish continuity and emphasize the
similarities and differences.
Remember, you are not doing a review of related literature and studies for the
purpose of showing what other authors and researchers have done. You are doing it for
the reasons as already indicated above. Make sure that your references are the most
recent for both literature and studies. As a rule, there should be no citations of
more than ten years ago.
There is a vast literature on the issues of proper citation, academic honesty, and
the potential pitfalls of plagiarism, and the list of references for further reading at the
end of this module offers a few suggestions:
1. Citation makes you a better researcher.
Some of the hallmarks of good research include attention to detail and the ability
to discern patterns and make connections. Good citation practices can help with both.
The proper attribution of sources entails many details, such as correct page numbers,
the spelling of author names, and of course, the accuracy of facts that you are
presenting in your own article or other work.
Becoming detail-oriented in one aspect automatically instills good habits across
the board in your research. As for the ability to spot trends and patterns, preparing a
good bibliography trains you for this task because of the vast amount of information it
condenses into a short space.
2. Good citation practices make you a better writer.
All of us aspire towards that elegant paper in which the prose is as compelling as
the content and good attribution habits build a strong foundation towards that goal.
Citing

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specific sources for the various facts that we present removes the hallmarks of
intellectual laziness, vague thinking, and sloppy writing as generalizations, clichés, and
outright false claims, examples are, as when the phrases, “everyone knows” or “they
say,” are replaced with specific sources.
When you cite sources properly, you leave no question in your readers’ minds
regarding your point. Furthermore, by citing, you can easily use active language and
avoid raising the dreaded red flag of passivity to journal editors and reviewers. Cite
well, and you may forever expunge the phrase “It is said” from your academic paper.
3. Citation enables better verification of your work.
 Any piece of academic writing gets vetted several times over before it finally
makes it into print or onto a website. Whether one is a peer reviewer, editor, or editorial
assistant whose job is simply to track down sources in the bibliography and make sure
that the citations are accurate, life is simply easier when there is less busy work. So,
your paper is much more likely to be passed through these multiple rounds of editing
with minimal criticism and positive feedback if you have already taken the trouble to
attribute your information correctly and cite all your sources.
4. Careful citation practices will build your credibility as a scientist or scholar.
This point is a simple corollary of the previous one. Indeed, showing off
scholarship is simply the icing on the cake of what a well-cited article has to offer. A
deeper, more meaningful role that a good bibliography plays for researchers is to
establish a writer‘s credibility among peers in their field. The better documented your
research and arguments, the more credible you are to your scientific colleagues.

Citing or documenting the sources used in your research serves three purposes:

1. It gives proper credit to the authors of the words or ideas that you incorporated
into your paper.
2. It allows those who are reading your work to locate your sources, in order to learn
more about the ideas that you include in your paper.
3. Citing your sources consistently and accurately helps you avoid committing
plagiarism in your writing.

A good citation makes it easy for the reader to figure out the who, what, when, and
where of the source. In MLA style, a citation also often indicates how it was accessed.

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Within MLA style, the format of the citation also tells you "what"--that this source
is a journal article that you accessed through an online database.

What’s More
Activity 1. Complete Me!
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle below by finding terms commonly used in
conducting review of related literature.

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Across
4. deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite.
6. confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.
7. a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one
based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.

Down
1. provide evidence to support or prove the truth of.
2. check or prove the validity or accuracy of (something).
3. a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very
demanding circumstances.
4. the end or finish of an event or process.
5. prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove.

Activity 2. Fill in the Blanks!

Directions: Write the correct term being asked in each statement by choosing the
correct answer from the word bank.

A review of related literature is the process of ________, _________, and

selecting books and _________, encyclopedias, magazines and newspapers in order to
be included among the facts and principles that are related to the study. In reviewing
related literature, you should look for the major concepts, _________, theories and
_________ that underlie the work. This is difficult when you first start reading but should
become easier the more you read about the topic. One should start reviewing related
literature as early as the _____________ of the research project. In this manner, you
would already be guided from the start on the definition of the research problem by
noting the key variables specified in the objectives of the study, The theories that are
needed to explain the research problem and used as basis in analyzing relationships
 between variables can be generated from the review of related literature.

journals arguments conclusion

collecting reading conceptualization

Activity 3: Making a Bibliography

Directions: Use this template to construct your bibliography for your research paper

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Book

_____________, ______________. ________________________________________________.

Author’s last name
Author’s first name Title of the book (Underline the book title.)

___________________: ___________________________. ________________.

Copyright year
Place of publication Publisher

Internet Article

_____________, _____________. “_______________________________________________”.

Author’s last name
Author’s first name Title of the article (put the title in a quotation marks)

___________________ ___________________________. ________________.

Date of internet publication Htto://address/file Date of document or downloaded name

Interview

_____________, _____________. Personal interview. __________________.

Name of person interviewed (last name, first
name)

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the statement below:
Date

I have learned that in selecting and citing

literature______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
____

What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the given question:

What are the things that you have learned in this lesson that you can apply in real life?

1.
________________________________________________________________
______ 2.
________________________________________________________________
______ 3.
________________________________________________________________
______ 4.
________________________________________________________________
______

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Module 4 Citing Related Literature

Most Essential Learning Competency

• Selects, cites, and synthesizes related literature.

What’s In
Citation Style Guide
A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual
works that you utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate sources
and combat plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date,
location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the
information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting. There are many
ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style sometimes depends on
the academic discipline involved and it can be utilized when writing professionally or
academically. You will need to use one of these standard styles in writing your
researches or any academic paper, thus it is important that you at least have a
familiarity with them. You will need to consult with your professor to determine what is
required in your specific course/strand.

American Psychological Association (APA)

This citation style is commonly used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.
The APA 7th edition was published in October 2019. Please check with your instructor
about which edition should be used for your work. Most of these examples came from
the Reference Examples page on the APA website.
Material Type In-text Citation Bibliography
Book (Sapolsky, 2017) Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The
biology of humans at our best and
worst. Penguin Books.

Chapter in an (Dillard, 2020) Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the

edited book study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A.
A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media
effects:

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(If the chapter is Advances in theory and research (4th
from an authored ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.
book, use the
book citation)

Article in a print (Weinstein, 2009) Weinstein, J. (2009). “The market in

journal Plato’s Republic.” Classical
Philology, 104(4), 439-458.

Article in an (Grady et al., 2019) Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G.,
electronic journal Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019).
Emotions in storybooks: A comparison
of storybooks that represent ethnic and
racial groups in the United States.
Psychology of Popular Media Culture,
8(3), 207–217.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Website (Bologna, 2019) Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why
some people with anxiety love
watching horror movies. HuffPost.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/
anxiety love-watching-horror
movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e

Modern Language Association (MLA)

This citation style is commonly used by the Humanities. MLA style features brief
parenthetical citations in the text keyed to an alphabetical list of works cited that
appears at the end of the work. These examples came from the University of Pittsburg
Library System on MLA.
Material Type In-text Citation

Author's name in text Magny develops this argument (67-69).

 Author's name in reference This argument has been developed
elsewhere (Magny 67-69).

Two authors' names in The most notorious foreign lobby in Washington

reference is the "Sugar Mafia" (Howe and Trott 134).

24
Quotation found in indirect The philosopher Alain states that "admiration is
or "secondhand" source not pleasure but a kind of attention. . ." (qtd. in
Magny 66).

With MLA style, you must include a Works Cited page at the end of your paper.
A Works Cited page is an alphabetical listing of the resources cited in your paper.
Below are some examples of MLA style citations. Note: Some instructors may require
access dates for websites or other pieces of information. Please check with your
instructor if you have any questions.
Material Type Works Cited

Book in print Card, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil. Oxford
UP, 2005.

eBook Gaither, Milton. Homeschool: An American History.

Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. SpringerLink, doi
org.pitt.idm.oclc.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95056-0.

Article in a Doggart, Julia. "Minding the Gap: Realizing Our Ideal Community
print journal Writing Assistance Program." The Community Literacy Journal,
vol. 2, no. 1, 2007, pp. 71-80.

Article in an Sherrard-Johnson, Cherene. "'A Plea for Color': Nella

electronic Larsen's Iconography of the Mulatta." American Literature,
journal vol. 76, no. 4, 2004, pp. 833-869, doi: 10.1215/00029831-76-
4-833.

A Page on a "Stunning Lakeside View on Lake Erie." VisitPA, Commonwealth

Website with of Pennsylvania, 7 June 2018, www.visitpa.com/article/stunning
no author lakeside-views-lake-erie.

A Page on a Del Castillo, Inigo. "How Not to Kill Your Houseplants, According
Website with to Botanists." Apartment Therapy, 29 Jan. 2020,
an author www.apartmenttherapy.com/houseplant-tips-botanists-36710191.

Chicago Style
Chicago is a documentation style that has been published by the Chicago
University Press since 1906. This citation style incorporates rules of grammar and
 25
punctuation common in American English. This style is generally used by Business,
History, and the Fine Arts. Typically, Chicago style presents two basic documentation
systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two
often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources cited, as each system is
favored by different groups of scholars.
This module will only focus on the author-date system. In this system, sources
are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of
publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full
bibliographic information is provided. These examples came from the official Chicago
Manual website.
Author/ In-text Citation Bibliography
Date Style

A book (Pollan 2006, Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s

99– 100) Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals.
New York: Penguin.

An article in (Weinstein Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in

a print 2009, 440) Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology
journal 104:439–58.

An article in (Kossinets and Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts.

an Watts 2009, 411) 2009. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving
electronic Social Network.” American Journal of
journal Sociology 115:405–50. Accessed February
28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.

A website (Google 2009) Google. 2009. “Google Privacy Policy.”

Last modified March 11.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

26
Synthesizing information recurring themes, trends and areas of agreement or
disagreement within your research field.
You will probably find more sources than you can
use and writing a literature review involves
analyzing and synthesizing these sources. In a
literature review, you will notice the synergy
between analysis and synthesis as you zoom-in to
closely analyze an individual source, then zoom-out
to consider it in relation to the broader field. After
analyzing a range of sources, you should synthesize
the relevant sources, connecting, linking, and
positioning them against each other, to identify the Figure 1. image illustrating the relationships among resources A, B, C and D and
how they could be synthesized

Let us look at an example of analysis and synthesis. After reading and analyzing
individual sources, you have identified a key concept relating to your research topic as
well as a key resource (A) relating to that concept. The argument in resource A is
 supported by another article (B), which is in turn supported by article (D). However, you
have also found article C, which contradicts the argument presented in resource A.
Refer to Figure 1. One way to synthesize these texts, is to group together the texts
supporting your key resource (articles B and D) and explain that article C presents
contradictory results. Then, you would need to examine the methodological differences
or any other possible reasons for the contradictory results.
Another way of managing
sources and arguments
presented in them is to use
a literature review matrix
(also called synthesis
matrix). Literature review
matrix is a table in which
you can represent the
views, ideas, or data
Figure 2. An example of a synthesis matrix in the form of a table
according to thematic categories that correspond
to your research project. Refer to Figure 2. As you fill out your matrix, you will begin to
get a clearer view of how different sources are related and recognize patterns that may
not have been immediately visible before. For example, you may see a correlation
between sample sizes and types of conclusions, or between specific kinds of aims and
the methods chosen to address them.

27
Because information is arranged in thematic columns, you can get a useful
overview of all aims, or all methods briefly. You can add new columns as your
understanding improves. Thus, the review matrix can also be a powerful tool for
synthesizing the patterns you identify across literature, and for formulating your own
observations.

What’s More
Activity 1. APA Citation
Directions: Write the correct APA citation in reference listing of the following research
journal articles
1. Title: COVID-19 and Remote Learning: Experiences of Parents with Children
during the Pandemic
Authors: Amber Garbe, Uzeyir Ogurlu, Nikki Logan, and Perry
Cook Year Published: 2020
Research Journal: American Journal of Qualitative Research
Volume Number: 4
Issue Number: 3
Pages: 45 – 65

APA Citation – Reference List:

_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________
 2. Title: A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and
Learning
Authors: Sumitra Pokhrel and Roshan Chhetri
Year Published: 2021
Research Journal: Higher Education for the Future
Volume Number: 8
Issue Number: 1
Pages: 133 - 141

APA Citation – Reference List:

_______________________________________________________________
________
_______________________________________________________________
________

28
Activity 2. MLA Citation Checking
Directions: Read each bibliographic citation. If it is written in correct MLA style, write
“correct” on the line. If it is incorrect, write an X on the line.

1. _________________ Alton stated that the effect of food deserts reaches farther
than the immediate nutritional deficiencies found in the
people who live in them. (263).
2. _________________ No other performer “has had such an impact” (Jones 324).
3. _________________ As described by Fiona Herman, in those days “Congress
was a scary place to work.” (Fiona Herman 32).
4. _________________ According to Ryan Martin, at that time in history all roads
did, in face, lead to Rome (4).
5. _________________ Masterson states that in those days, few women had
money of their own (Masterson, “Women and Power”).

Activity 3. MLA In-text Citations

Directions: Choose the letter of the bibliographic citation that is written in correct MLA
style.
1. __________ A. “It was years before the law’s effects could be seen” (Mitchell
“The Lost Law” 210).
B. “It was years before the law’s effects could be seen”
(Mitchell 210).
2. __________ A. At that point in history, only 15% of women worked outside the
home (Cole 326).
B. At that point in history, only 15% of women worked outside
the home (Herbert Cole, Women in the Workplace, 326).
3. __________ A. On page 26, the author states that the number of deaths from
that battle was never officially determined (Sullivan).
 B. On page 26, the author states that the number of deaths
from that battle was never officially determined (Sullivan,
“The Great War).
4. __________ A. No other poet ever came close his achievement. (Salk 42) B. No

other poet ever came close his achievement (Salk 42).

5. __________ A. Peters stated that Churchill was not a man known to

compromise (54).
B. In his book, The Real Churchill, Peters said Churchill was
not a man known to compromise. (Peters, 54)

29
Activity 4. Chicago Style Format
Directions: Read each given citation. If it is written in correct Chicago style, write
“correct” on the line. If it is incorrect, write its correct form on the line.
______________________ 1. Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax
Deum.” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April):
165–76.
______________________ 2. (Satterfield 2016, 170)
______________________ 3. Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A
Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life.
New
York: Simon & Schuster.
______________________ 4. Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter
F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access
in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate
Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of
Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34.
https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
______________________ 5. Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.”
Accessed May 1, 2017.
https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the statement below:
I have learned that in citing research journal articles and books
_____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
 What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the given question:

What are the things that you have learned in this lesson that you can apply in real
life?
1.________________________________________________________________________
_____ 2.
___________________________________________________________________
___ 3.
___________________________________________________________________
___ 4.
___________________________________________________________________
___

30

Answer Key
 Answers may vary

1 MODULEAnswers May vary 2 MODULE

31
6. conceptualization https://www.yale.edu/aboutAccessed May 1, 2017.
5. arguments Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” 5.
4. conclusion . https://doi.org/10.1086/690235
3. journals 10, - 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9 Human Capital Journal of Quality and
2. collecting Income Inequality,"
reading 1. 2014: Effects on Graduate - Taiwan, 1978
F. Orazem, "Expanding College Access in Hung Lin, and Peter - Hsun Keng,
Activity 2: Chun - Shao 4.
RRECT CO 3.
CORRECT 2.
refute 5.
76. – 165
Conclusion 4.
111, no. 2 (April 2016): Classical Philology
Stresses 3.
Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” 1.
Validates 2.
Substantiates 1.
Down ACTIVITY 4

7. theories A 5.
6. corroborates B 4.
4. contradicts A 3.
Across A 2.
Activity 1: B 1.

ACTIVITY 3
3 MODULE
X 5.
CORRECT 4.
X 3.
CORRECT 2.
X 1.

ACTIVITY 2

141. - 8(1), 133 for the Future,

Higher Education on Teaching and Learning.
andemic 19 P - Review on Impact of COVID
Pokrel, S. & Chhetri, R. (2021). A Literature 2.
65. – (3), 45 4, Qualitative Research
American Journal of the Pandemic.
facts. - yale/yale -
Experiences of Parents with Children during 19 and Remote Learning: -
(2020). COVID , U., Logan, N., & Cook, P. Garbe, A., Ogurlu 1.

ACTIVITY 1
4 MODULE

32