Name: MASLA ZAINOR M.

BLOCK, 5 3RD YEAR

Subject: JUVENILE DELIQUENCY AND JUSTICE SYSTEM

PRE- ASSESMENT

In the second edition of the book titled the cycle of juvenile justice the late Thomas J Barnard
and Megan Curley check assert that there is a cyclical pattern in juvenile justice where the same
sequence of policies has been repeated over three times in the last 200 years. in fact the authors argue
that future policy changes regarding juvenile justice can actually be predicted by closely examining this
cycle . the authors also argue that the behaviors that we describe as juvenile delinquency today.

first appeared in the United States in Western Europe around 1800 and persists, to this day they
attribute juvenile delinquency to urbanization ,industrialization and the breakdown of traditional social
controls .

Since 1800 there are numerous aspects of juvenile delinquency which have stayed the same , for
example they assert that young males have always committed more crime than members of other
groups , while the overall incidence and rate of crime may change what remains constant is that young
people especially young males are disproportionately involved in crime in their book Bernard and
Curley.

Juveniles for the most part are often punished less severely than adults they traced this back to
the Code of Hammurabi which was written over 4000 years ago . Juveniles were treated more leniently
than adults also they examine Roman law with the Twelve Tables where there was absolute immunity
from punishment for children below a certain age today according to the authors and most states within
the u.s. Young offenders below the age of 18 are sent to the juvenile court nevertheless there are states
which have lowered the maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction. The juvenile can be waived to an
adult court and in some states certain offenses which are very serious such as murder may automatically
be waived to an adult court. Juvenile crime is high or low many people tend to believe that it is worse
than before. Therefore people always tend to believe that we are right in the middle of or on the verge
of a juvenile crime.

Many people blame juvenile justice policies for the supposed juvenile crime wave as either
being too lenient or too harsh, this explains both the creation of the first juvenile institution as well as
the development of the juvenile justice. 1825 there was no juvenile institution instead there were only
adult facilities to send juvenile offenders to so naturally judges juries and prosecutors. To avoid sending
juvenile offenders to adult institutions as a result , many juveniles got off scot-free. First juvenile
institution in New York City in 1825 . The first juvenile court in Chicago also emerged in a very similar
manner it was established in 1899. the adult courts were believed to be too lenient with juveniles as a
result of the creation of the juvenile court system .

The 20th century they too confronted the problem of juvenile delinquency, this is a
phenomenon which no country really experienced as a traditional agricultural society population
growth. The juvenile justice system was created to capture young underprivileged people and shape and
mold these individuals into productive people so that they would not steal the property from the
wealthy members of society. The juvenile justice system on the other hand was used to mold young
people from the lower classes who were deemed to be the most dangerous.

The first juvenile institution was created in 1825 in New York . America made its transformation
from a rural to an urban society these men believed the young immigrant youths were creating havoc in
the cities. When youths were caught committing crimes they also noticed that judges and juries often
refused to convict them and it would entail sending a young person to the penitentiary so as a result
youthful offenders often got off scot-free. Wealthy Protestant men decided to build a juvenile institution
which was focused on reform rather than punishment. Juveniles were committed to this House of
Refuge until they were 21 years of age. Virtually all of the juveniles who resided within this institution
were immigrants the children of Irish Catholics soon. Inside this institution so youths were sent to work
on farms in the newly settled states such as Ohio Indiana and Illinois.

Juvenile court which hit which had civil rather than criminal jurisdiction would be used as a tool
to control children who were deemed to be among the dangerous class that threatened. The first
juvenile institution had been founded by man the first juvenile court was largely the result of the work
of women, these women were the wives and daughters of prominent Chicago politicians and
businessmen. Juvenile court was a social welfare agency and children who had needs of any kind could
be brought into the juvenile court. After the first juvenile court was established the law provided court
workers with virtually unlimited power over poor children, because the juvenile court was a civil court
rather than a criminal one young people. The US Supreme Court would make key rulings which would
provide juveniles with important due process safeguards.