Welding Technologies

General concepts
Welding benefit in comparison with other joining processes, including:
- Reduce weight to cast version (example car chassis, bearings);
- Increase strength and tightness of the assembly by screw or rivet;
- Decrease manufacturing time and can manufacture products unique oversized or
small series production;
- Increased productivity;
- Remediation and maintenance welding parts is easy.
Welding, Definition, classification.
Welding means the permanent joining process provides a link between networks
crystalline elements forming welded structure.
Welding processes are classified as the mechanism leading to the formation seam into
two classes:
- Fusion welding - common crystalline structure solidified molten metal results in local
heating of components to be welded.
Depending on the form that is inserted in the heat of welding, fusion welding can be
done by:
one arc - to processes for coated electrode welding, MIG / MAG, TIG, plasma and so
on;
strongly exothermic chemical reaction given by:
§ burning a gaseous fuel with oxygen - acetylene welding;
§ powdery components - Welding aluminothermy
- Pressure welding - common crystalline structure arises by strong pressing
components that are to be welded, welding temperature when being lower than the
melting temperature of the components. The more welding temperature is lower, the
required strength or higher pressing times.
We present fusion welding processes in order on usage and every process we refer to
features, advantages, disadvantages, filler materials and equipment used.
Finally we present manufacturing processes utilization before or after welding to which
we can work together with manufacturers of welded structures.

Welding with coated electrodes

Principle process: primed arc between the electrode and the work piece to be welded
coated material of the work piece and the electrode tip, melts forming molten bath is
protected from atmospheric gases by liquid slag layer and gas, from the electrode
coating. After solidification of the liquid metal, welded joints are formed.
Welder arc power ensures constant maintenance by controlling arc length.
Advantages:
- It has the best accessibility (equipment for welding electrode tongs are lightweight and
have low overall);
- It can weld in all positions;
- It can weld most materials and metal alloys;
- Investment in equipment for welding are minimal.
Disadvantages:
- Tag losses in the electrodes, slag or splatter (about 35%);
- Low productivity;
- Low penetration;
- Weld quality depends heavily on qualification, welder conscientiousness and ability to
work 8 hours.
Technological features:
- Coated electrode diameters - 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.2, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0
- Welding current 40-500 A;
- Welding voltage 15 to 35 V
- It can weld thickness from 1 to 200 mm;
- Can weld most metals and metal alloys. Exceptions are active or refractory metals
(magnesium, titanium, tungsten);
- Can be welded together in a way to get in and thickness up to 3 mm, for higher
thickness using point in V.
- Welded ranks are:
pulled without swinging - used root layer or when you want to reduce stress and
deformation.
- Swing - ensure better heat-edge piece and a reduction in the rate of solidification bath.
Oscillation amplitude is a between electrode size and triple the size.
- Joints are standardized shape and size and they are chosen according to the type and
thickness of the base material, joint type and welding position.
- When welding in several layers, the first layer (root layer) is deposited with electrodes
of 2.5 or 3.2 mm and the other layers (layers of filling) shall be deposited with electrodes
4, 5 or 6 mm
Welding equipment
When welding with coated electrodes are used for welding sources characteristic
downward.
Equipment for welding with coated electrodes can be divided into the following classes:
Transformers Welding - Advantages: cheapest welding equipment. Disadvantages: can
not weld basic electrodes, welding behavior limited; heavy.
Welding rectifier diode - to the transformer, welding electrodes allow basic.
Welding Rectifiers Thermistor - diode rectifier to allows continuous adjustment of
welding current and allows automatic cycles using feedback to improve behavior in
welding.
Inverters and welding sets - are heavy equipment maintenance requirements as motors
and generators special moving parts (bearings, brushes)
Welding inverters. Advantages are lightweight (about 10 times lighter than transformers)
liked the welding behavior is due to the reverse reaction and welding characteristic
modulation depending on the application, saving on power consumption due to power
factor compensation. Disadvantages: high price of purchase, is easily damaged if the
conditions of use.
Inverter welding speeds, large welding supply response and possible modulation of
behavior welding (performed using microprocessors) were introduced adjustments or
special features, including:
Arc force - describing source behavior when short-circuiting arc welding and as the
parameter value is higher, the short circuit current is higher in comparison with welding
current choice. This feature is useful for electrodes basic and rutile electrodes do not
need to.
Hot start - function increases the welding current for a limited time after the start of the
welding process. This is useful when welding thick plate because it ensures early
penetration welding, the song is cool. Using this function to avoid thin pieces it can
penetrate.
Drop weld - specific function that helps ESAB welding equipment stainless steel by
repeatedly interrupting the arc. Equipment Welder notifies intention to discontinue the
sudden lengthening arc welding and welding current disconnects before spring tension
to increase greatly. Avoids overheating and track defects (marginal grooves).
Arc Plus - depending seen ESAB equipment which results in a concentrated and stable
arc, with improved weld appearance (scales are smaller and uniform).
Filler materials for welding with coated electrodes
This process using coated electrodes are formed from a metal rod coated with an order
following functions:
- Facilitates the priming;
- Stabilized arc burning;
- Protects the molten metal from the atmosphere through the slag and gas activities
resulting from melting coating;
- DE oxidation and ally deposited weld metal;
- Reduce the cooling rate of the weld;
- Modeling profile by influencing molten bath surface tension;
- Avoid spilling molten metal to weld into place.
Welding electrodes are coated rod diameters of 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.25, 4.0, 5.0 or 6 mm, rod
length can be 200, 250, 300, 350 or 450 mm. The diameter is in the thickness of
electronic parts to be welded and length is chosen taking into account accessibility,
accuracy and economy.
Depending on the composition of the coating, welding electrodes can be coated:
- Acid:
Metal bath fluid; 
 It can weld with sea currents and high deposition rate;
Weld surface is flat, smooth and clean ;
Easy slag removal; 
Tend to hot cracking. 
- Rutile:
transfer of metal droplets is high with out splatter ;
weld penetration is high; 
 welding surface is smooth and easy slag removal;
it can weld in continuous current or alternating ;
can be used in all positions except vertical-downward  position.
- Base:
can be used in all positions, with the exception  vertical-downward position.
Current can only weld  continues;
Slag removal difficult than rutile electrodes; 
 be used when requirements are stringent quality welded joint.
Mandatory prior to welding. 
When choosing the electrode, it follows that the deposited metal present chemical
composition and mechanical characteristics as close to the base material.
Classification and symbolization coated electrode is standardized for each group of
materials have the following standards:
EN 759: 1998 - Welding. Technical delivery conditions for wekding addition methods.
Type of product, dimensions, tolerances and markings.
Non-alloy steel:
SR EN 499: 1997 - Welding. Covered electrodes for manual arc welding for manual arc
welding of non alloy and fine grain steels. Classification.
Low alloy steels
SR EN 1599:1999 - Welding. Covered electrodes for manual arc welding of heat
resistant steels. Classification
SR EN 757:1998 - Welding. Covered electrodes for manual arc welding of steels with
high yield. Classification
Stainless steels (stainless steels)
SR EN 1600:2000 - Welding. Covered electrodes for manual arc welding of stainless
and heat resistant steels. Classification
Charging Overhaul or hard layers
SR EN ISO 14172:2004 - Welding. Covered electrodes for manual arc welding of nickel
and nickel alloys. Classification

TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas)

TIG welding is an arc welding process in inert protective gas with fusible electrode.
Principle process: electric arc between the electrodes primed song welding fusible and
produce local melting of the parts to be welded. In the welding filler material can be
introduced as a wire that will melt in the arc and falls in metal bath. During solidification
of liquid metal, the weld is protected by inert gas blown into the area.
Advantages:
- High quality for welded joints;
- The welding slag is left;
- Can weld in any position welding;
- Lines can take root without defects;
- Can weld most materials or metal alloys.
Disadvantages:
- Reduced productivity;
- Need welders trained and conscientious;
- Expensive equipment.
Technological features:
- Tungsten electrode diameters 1.0, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2, 4, 5, 6.3 mm;
- Welding current: 10-300 A;
- Arc voltage: 10 to 30 V;
- Gas flow protection: 5 to 15 l / min;
- Welding speed: 10 to 30 cm / min;
- Diameter of filler material: 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2, 4.0 mm.
- Minimum wieldable thickness: 0.5 mm;
Welding equipment
Equipment for MIG / MAG welding torch see composed of source and welding.
Welding source.
TIG welding is used for welding sources characteristic downward.
Compared to a rectifier or inverter for welding with coated electrodes, TIG welding
power source has the following additional components or functions:
- Gas control solenoid and circuit protection;
- The module that generates high frequency current and voltage contactless ignition of a
welding process;
- Some equipment can adjust parameters specific secondary TIG welding (slope of
increase or decrease in welding current, gas purge time protection before or after
welding and so on).
When choosing equipment is useful to consider the types of welding process that can
provide equipment:
- Continuous welding current - is the basic version of the process and can be
successfully applied to low alloy steels or alloy.
- Continuous welding current pulse - because pulsars current between a base current
(while the song is cool) and peak current (during which ensures penetration and melting
filler material) reduces the amount of heat required welding which can lead to welding
thin materials or to reduce stress and strain.
- AC welding - welding aluminum is used in terms of productivity and advantageous
form of welding.
TIG welding equipment are available following settings and functions:
- During gas flow before welding
- Time after welding gas flow
- Slope of increasing welding current - electrode heating necessary
- Decreasing trend welding current - eliminates craters that would form the end of the
welding process;
- Current base current pulse during the base current and pulse - pulse when welding
- Frequency and amplitude ratio of the two alternations (balance) for AC welding - weld
shape influences.
Welding torch
Welding torch is designed to run at electricity and gas welding protection under the
conditions of handling, positioning tungsten electrode, high temperature resistance and
dissipation of excess heat.
Welding torch can be:
- Cold air - cooled torch is mainly in ambient air, which is why this type is used for
currents up to 200 A;
- Liquid cooled - because additional cooling, these torches can be used for high current
(400A) while maintaining an acceptable overall.
Most important components of the welding torch and their influence on the welding
process:
Power cable - TIG welding torch cables are 4 or 8 m Avoid using more than 8 m torch
as it affected high-frequency current used to ignite the arc.
Torch body - is the most important part because it determines what mode you can use
the welding torch and the supplies can be used.
Ceramic gas nozzle - gas safety guide to hot areas of the piece. Must resist heat and
provide visibility. Nozzle diameter and length is chosen according to availability in the
welding and the degree of protection desired.
Tweezers - formed with the cover fastening system of tungsten electrode. Tweezers to
pick the same size as the electrode used. Port-tweezers may be standard or gas lens.
Port-tweezers with gas lens is used when you want improved gas protection. Tweezers
or wear Port-tweezers lead to overheating of gas torch or reduce protection.
Cover - the song which is performed by tightening tihtening the tweezers tungsten
electrode. Inside the lid is tungsten electrode

Materials used in welding

TIG welding filler materials are required, protective gas and fusible electrodes.
Welding materials
Filler materials consist of wire rods 1m and thicknesses of 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 3.2, 4.0 mm.
Classification and symbolization coated electrode is standardized for each group of
materials have the following standards:
EN 759: 1998 - Welding. Technical delivery conditions for welding addition methods.
Type of product, dimensions, tolerances and markings.
SR EN 1668:2000 - Welding. Rods, wires and deposits for TIG welding of non alloy and
fine grain steels. Classification
SR EN ISO 21952:2008 - Welding consumables. Wire electrodes, wires, rods and weld
metal arc welding with protective gas of creep resistant steels. Classification
SR EN ISO 18273:2004 - Welding. Wire electrodes, wires and rods for welding of
aluminum and aluminum alloys. Classification
Protective gas
TIG welding using argon, helium, argon and helium or mixtures of argon up to 10%
hydrogen.
Argon gas is most commonly used in Romania as:
- Is cheaper than helium;
- May be due to the phenomenon of micro-welding alumina produced by argon ions;
Helium or mixtures of argon and helium for use in automated welding arc is greater
power and provides increased welding speeds.
Hydrogen Argon welding used to weld stainless steels and nickel alloys.
Shielding gases are standardized by SR EN ISO 14175:2008 - Welding consumables.
Gases and gas mixtures for fusion welding and allied processes
Fusible electrode for TIG welding
Tungsten electrodes are standardized - SR EN ISO 6848:2005 - Arc Welding and
Cutting. Non-consumable tungsten electrode. Classification
Fusible electrodes for TIG welding is done from pure tungsten or tungsten oxide of
thorium, cerium, lanthanum and zirconium. The advantages and limitations of each
class of electrodes are:
- Pure tungsten - although less resistant than those with oxide, they are used for
welding in alternating current and magnesium aluminum as arc stability is very good.
- Tungsten thorium - priming characteristics and improved life. Weld preferably
continuous current. Are slightly radioactive.
- Wolfram wax - are welded into continuous or alternating current, have lower
evaporation rate than thorium and are not toxic, wax is not radioactive.
- Wolfram lanthanum - are similar to the wax, are mainly used in plasma welding.
- Tungsten Zirconium - AC is welded, the danger of contamination of the molten bath
tungsten impurities is reduced.
Tungsten welding electrodes have diameters of 1.0, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2, 4.0, 4.8 mm.
Depending on the type of material to be welded and polarity used tungsten electrode is
processed by grinding and will end in the form:
- Sharp - for welding low, medium or high alloyed with direct, new ESAB equipment can
weld aluminum with sharp electrodes because they function tungsten electrode
preheating;
- Spherical - AC welding of aluminum;
- Tapered - to weld aluminum with reverse polarity current argon environment.

MIG-MAG welding
Principle process: electric arc between an electrode fuse is burning in the form of
welding wire and welding piece. Welding is carried out in a shielding gas, gas
characteristic function of the process is divided into:
- MIG (metal inert gas) - if inert gas (Argon, Helium or Argon mixed with helium);
- Welding MAG (metal active gas) - in the case of active gas (carbon dioxide or inert gas
mixtures with carbon dioxide or oxygen).
Advantages:
Advantages MIG / MAG welding process welding compared with coated electrodes:
- productivity by:
Spin Welding (20 - 100 cm / min front of 6 -  20 cm / min);
eliminating the need slag; 
can weld thickness 1 mm  be needed to interrupt the arc;
- Reduce costs by:
eliminate data loss ends electrodes  drops ;
welding wire is wrapped  than electrodes.
- As improved by:
reduce the splashes ;
welding regular bead appearance; 
 Reduced stress and strain;
- increase conditions work thanks reducing the Smoke;
- Improve, control of metal which is covered by;
- One of wire diameter can weld a wide range of thicknesses (0.8 mm wire can weld
plates from 1 to 5 mm).
Disadvantages:
- Reduced flexibility - standard welding torch has lengths up to 5 m;
- May occur at the beginning of welding related defects;
- Are welded hard site conditions because the process is sensitive to drafts which
corrupts protection spray.
Technological features of MIG-MAG welding.
Welding stable regime is accomplished by choosing the two main parameters: Wire
feed speed and welding voltage source. If these parameters are correctly chosen, the
welding process is self-regulating.
Peculiarities of arc burning material and transfer liquid through the welding arc depend
on how shielding gas and welding current value. The most used methods of transfer
are:
Transfer by:
- Intermittent arc burns, it turns off when the wire electrode touches the liquid bath.
- Suarez with low current occurs in all types of gas;
- Is used to weld thin sheet or position;
Intermediate Transfer
- Arc burns almost continuously, occasionally it can be extinguished due to the
formation of liquid metal bridges;
- Transfer of liquid metal droplets is through large, multi spray;
- Bathroom is bulky and can be welded only horizontal or horizontal position with vertical
wall;
- Intermediate transfer arises for average welding current.
Transfer spray (spray arc):
- Spray transfer Argon-rich gas mixtures at high currents;
- Continuous arc burn and transfer are done with small drops.
- Metal bath is voluminous and can be welded only horizontal or vertical horizontal.
Pulse transfer:
- It can only be achieved with pulsed current welding equipment;
- Mixture of argon gas with high content;
- The correct choice of welding parameters, arc transfer one drop of liquid for each
current pulse.
- Transfer pulse arises in the intermediate transfer and the specific advantages spray
transfer, plus stress and strain smaller.

Welding wire
Welding wire diameter is usually 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6 mm and is supplied in rolls wound.
MIG welding wire composition is chosen close to the base material and MAG wire for
welding contains manganese and silicon.
Classification and symbolization coated electrode is standardized for each group of
materials have the following standards:
SR EN 440:1996 - Welding consumables. Wire electrodes and weld deposits arc
welding shielding gas environment with fusible electrode of non alloy and fine grain
steels. Classification
SR EN 758:1998 - Welding. Tubular wire arc welding with or without shielding gas of
non alloy and fine grain steels. Classification
EN 12072 - solid wire, for arc welding of stainless steels and high temperature resistant.
Classification

Wires for MIG / MAG can be:

- Welding solid wire - the wire used is EN 440 - G3Si1,
- Tubular wire welding
with rutile core - has greater penetration and produces fewer drops than solid wire, is
position welding with high currents you can not handle welded piece. Has low resilience.
With core base - is used when special conditions are required for welded joints (use low
temperature or low-hydrogen); behavior is more difficult than welding wire with rutile
coating (look irregular and more drops).
with metal core - reduced splash and spray transfer occurs at lower currents, is used to
weld appearance or increase productivity in horizontal position welding vertical or
horizontal wall.
A wire tubular self - wires that can be used without protective gas and is used usually in
site conditions (welding pipes, rails restoration, combining beams etc.)

Welding equipment
Welding equipment consists of source welding wire spooler advance system of wire;
welding torch and gas supply system consists of cylinder and pressure reducer.
Equipment can be compact or performed separately.
Welding power source
Welding power source must be a rigid feature to provide an approximately constant
voltage welding current for any choice.
MIG-MAG welding sources can be divided into the following classes:
- By setting the stage for welding voltage. These are rectifying diodes and voltage
control is possible through the primary and secondary transformer plugs.
- The continuous adjustment. These sources are inverters with transistors.
- Synergy. Unlike classical sources to be adjusted simultaneously both wire feed speed
(welding current) and the voltage source, the source must be set synergistic only one of
the two parameters, the other is automatically calculated and adjusted equipment.
Equipment has power correlations welding / welding intensity for each variant material,
gas and wire size to be specified before the welding process.
- Synergy pulsed. Ensure synergy and a stable regime including the current pulse.
- QSet - specific regime ESAB equipment that is required to introduce a single
parameter representing the arc power, the other parameters being set by measuring
equipment fast continuous welding parameters. It is not necessary to specify secondary
parameters before welding.

Wire spooler of wire feed system.

This system can be integrated into the welding power source (compact) or can be
ordered separately and linked to the source via a cable package and tubes to ensure
power supply for welding / gas control and protection (separate equipment ). Package
hose lengths can be from 0.5 to tens of meters.
In included advance system of wire, wire reel and rewind control board with the
parameter setting panel.
The Wire feeders can be two or four rollers advance. The four rollers can develop a
greater force to deform without wires. The four rollers are required to weld thicker wire
of 1.2 mm, tubular wire welding or welding of aluminum and copper.
Rewind control board can be powered independently from the power source can
communicate and control the power supply parameters.
Regulate MIG-MAG equipment can meet the following parameters or functions of
equipment:
- Welding current or wire feed speed - main parameter;
- Welding voltage - main parameter;
- Burn back time - during arc burning without end wire feed welding process in order to
facilitate the restart of welding wire length reduction of power coming out of the nozzle;
- Creep home - reduce feed rate to the commencement of welding wire until reaching
piece of wire to remove that occur when you start welding;
- Spot welding - welding points - use when you want UNINTERRUPTED welding
process after a period of time measured priming precise welding process. Usually used
in thin sheet.
- Crater filling - end welding process is through a gradual reduction of welding current
terminal crater to fill out before solidifying metal bath and without cracks in the crater.
- QSet - specific function that allows adjustment of new equipment ESAB Welding
regime in the short transfer by specifying only welding current.
MIG-MAG welding torch
Welding torch is to place an order with start / end of the welding process to take the
scroll and to transmit to place protective gas welding and electricity.
Depending on how the gun has cooled, it can be:
- Cooling air - cooling by dissipating heat is mostly outdoors, it is reasonable to use
current up to 300-350 degrees at higher currents greatly increase the gauge torch;
- Liquid cooled - heat from the torch is eliminated primarily by fluid flowing through the
torch inside, it is reasonable to use large currents or rough regimes.
In compiling torch enter the following components:
- Torch cable - standard length is between 3 and 5 m in push-pull cable can have length
of about 10 m the cable is longer, wider spread greatly enhances maneuverability and
thrust same problems in the welding site.
- Liner - is the piece that guides the welding wire to advance out of the device until the
power nozzle. Wear liner causes stiff wire or short and fast speed changes instead of
welding wire which splashes and splashes deter emphasis.
- Current nozzle is the last piece that guides the wire weld pool and provides transfer to
the electrode wire welding current. When the nozzle wears, the number of nozzles and
torch heats more. When welding with harsh regimes is rational use of nozzles with Cr or
Zr alloy because compared with electrolytic copper nozzles, wear less high temperature
(high temperature hardness of copper decreases to 0 and wear very quickly).
- Gas Nozzle - provides laminar flow of protective gas welding area. Wear gas nozzle
gas void time protection of atmospheric air entrainment.

Oxy fuel welding

Principle process: welding heat input required is provided by burning a fuel in oxygen
gas (welding oxy-gas) or air (welding aero-gas). Welding is performed with or without
the use of filler material.
Advantages:
- Simple and inexpensive equipment;
- Can weld in areas without electricity;
- Are welded in very good position;
- Easy accessibility;
- Reduced stress after welding;
Technological features:
- The method is suitable for welding in any position on most metallic materials to
thicknesses of 0.2 - 100 mm;
- Welding speed has values of 0.2 to 0.7 m / min;
- Procedure applies in particular to the execution of on-site welding, pipe welding and
welding to make reshuffles the thickness of 6 mm.
- Welding parts below 2 mm is made without filler material
- You can use one of the following welding techniques
Welding one left (pushed burner) - applies to thin plates
Welding right one (with burner fired) - applies to thick pieces
Materials
When welding using oxy fuel gas, oxygen and filler material.
Gas used in welding - gas fuel choice is made by melting temperature of the parts to be
welded, acetylene used for welding and propane or butane is used in brazing and
heating parts.
Welding - Welding materials used as wires and fluxes.
Wires are chosen so that the material to be deposited welds chemical composition as
close to the base metal.
Flows are introduced for deoxidizing bath of molten solder to form solidified slag layer
covering the seam and protects against oxidation. The most common use borax-based
flows.
Oxy-fuel welding equipment
Oxy-fuel welding equipment consists of:
Source of gas - cylinder or cylinders batteries;
Pressure reducer - is connected to the cylinder to reduce cylinder pressure to working
pressure.
Sleeves distribution - have blue for oxygen and red for fuel gas.
Burner for gas welding - is what ensures the formation of a homogeneous mixture of
gas and flame adjustment easy and accurate. Depending on how mixing gas burner
pressure can be equal or oil burner.

Principle process: welding heat input required is provided by burning a fuel in oxygen
gas (welding oxy-gas) or air (welding air-gas). Welding is performed with or without the
use of filler material
Procedures for the preparation margins - chamfering
Depending on the type of material, its thickness and the degree of accuracy claimed
work piece, cutting or beveling metallic materials can be mechanically or thermally.
Mechanical cutting and dimensional accuracy achieved adequate quality under
moderate cost for small thickness (10 to 15 mm).
Thermal cutting is characterized by simplicity, productivity, flexibility and acceptable
costs.
Mechanical preparation margins:
- Mechanical saw cutting;
- Cutting guillotine;
- Cutting by punching
Thermal processes for the preparation of edges:
- Flame cutting;
- Cutting arc;
- Plasma cutting;
- Laser cutting.
Beveling cutting machine using specialized equipment
Machines for tubes or plates are chamfered.
Chamfering machines for use as tools for chamfering, milling.
Advantages:
- Cutting thickness from 5 to 3000 mm;
- Economic process;
- Acceptable quality of cut surface;
- Moderate investment;
- Easy mechanization;
- Improved productivity;
- Universal application
Gas used in cutting:
Oxygen - Oxygen purity must be higher than 99.7% as oxygen consumption decreases
with increasing purity of (reduced to 1% oxygen purity oxygen consumption leads to
duplication)
Combustion gases:
- Acetylene
one provides faster heating of the edges;
greater accuracy for small thick plates;
one is more expensive than metal
- Propane, butane or propane-butane mixtures
Cutting speed is ensured by 6-8% lower than the oxyacetylene flame;
one is cheaper than acetylene;
Cutting equipment (cutting)
Cutting equipment consists of source gas pressure reducers, sleeves cut distribution
and burner.
Burner for cutting (cutting)
Depending on where the oxygen gas mixture is achieved fuel burners can be:
- The mixture in the burner body - receives oxygen cutting nozzle cutting oxygen + fuel
gas mixture that combines the burner.
One disadvantage: it can be used only for fuel gas burner that is made, phase failure
sensitive to the cutting process
- Mixed in nozzle cutting - cutting nozzle cutting receives oxygen, combustible gas and
oxygen gas fuel mixture past two components realizing the cutting nozzle.
One advantage: it can be used for more gas; risk of accidents or damage to the burner
is lower when not observed cutting phases.
Cutting (Cutting) mechanized oxy
Mechanized cutting surface provides superior dimensional accuracy and reproducibility
conditions, higher productivity and lower cost of the process.
Mechanized cutting equipment provides positioning and movement along burners in the
mechanized cutting path.
Corresponding degree of mechanization and automation of the cutting process, the
equipment can be:
- Tractors for cutting (cutting)
- Stationary gantry;
- Equipment portal or CNC cutting tables
Tractors for cutting, cutting - are strollers that can carry and hand position while cutting
and cutting head is maintaining the materialized path cutting a path running (for cutting
linear) or mark made on the track.
CNC cutting tables are provided with a space where sheet metal is positioned below
and to debit the possibility that this space is to move the cutting head after materialized
path entered in a drawing to computer serving cutting process.
Meals cutting (cutting) to customize by specifying the following parameters:
- Opening and race it - is chosen according to the maximum sheet length and width that
is intended to be processed;
- Number of cutting heads with oxygen plasma - are chosen depending on the desired
productivity and the type of joint you realize it away (for in X requires two or three
cutting heads);
- Maximum thickness cut her car, with or without initial drilling and dimensional
tolerances for cut edge, these parameters are useful for choosing head oxy-fuel or
plasma cutting (maximum current and if applicable for high-definition cutting head) ;
- Need for exhaust pollutants, in which case the cutting will exhaust compartments will
in operation when the cutting head is in their area;

Cutting (Cutting) plasma

Plasma cutting is done by local melting and material removal to high speed due to the
action of an electric arc between an electrode burning piece of fusible and cut arc is
forced mechanically with gas nozzle Plasma cutting.
Advantages:
- Cutting speeds because energy of plasma arc cutting is higher than the flame;
- No need to preheat the material;
- Stress and strain smaller than the flame;
- Can cut all metal materials;
Disadvantages:
- High cost of the equipment;
- High energy;
- More pollutants;
Plasma gas:
- Air:
one the cheapest and most affordable Plasma gas;
one high oxygen content provides additional oxidation of the material which increases
cutting speed;
Surface produces
- Argon:
reduced wear electrode and nozzle;
acceptable temperature plasma arc
- Helium:
one is used for medium and large streams;
one increases the plasma temperature;
one operating speeds;
one nozzle wear prematurely due to high temperatures;
one great price.

Equipment for plasma cutting - is composed of:

- Plasma gas source:
compression when using air as Plasma gas;
one cylinder or cylinders for technical gases batteries;
- Power supply for cutting (cutting), plasma
- Torch cutting (cutting), plasma
There range of plasma cutting equipment, equipment with high frequency, HF (Jackie
equipment) and equipment using common blowback from Hyper thermic technology.
Air plasma cutting used to be clean because:
- Traces of water lead to premature consumption of electrode and nozzle;
- Traces of oil degrades plasma torch irreversible and can lead to burn it.
Plasma torch and power source must comply with the same maximum cutting power.
Plasma cutting torch consumables is described below. When their change is made if:
- Nozzle Cutting constrain arc, is must replaced if the hole is oval, burned or if the cut
slope;
- Electrode for plasma cutting: power is transferred in the arc, is used consider IF crater
depth produced by arc cutting head is greater than 1.5 to 2.0 mm;
Choosing cutting head nozzle is chosen depending on the thickness of chopped
material as tables:
Selection of cutting head nozzles current recommended cutting head: 1.4 mm / 70-80A
1.7 mm / 110-130 A
1.9 mm / 120-150 A
Cutting maximum playing thickness, depending on the material (mm)
Steel 45 (max. 50) to 140 A
35 (max. 45) to 120 A
Stainless steel 35 (max. 40) to 140 A
30 (max. 40) to 120 A
Aluminum 30 (max 35) to 140 A
25 (max. 35) to 120 A
IF current is higher than recommended for a type of nozzle, can produce damage of
nozzle, IF the cutting head Direct current is less than the recommended power density
is too Lesser and cutting head is realized defective.