Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (2021) e00508

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Case Studies in Construction Materials

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Case study

Integration of CFRP strips as an internal shear reinforcement in

reinforced concrete beams exposed to elevated temperature
Rajai Z. Al-Rousan
Civil Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: In this study, an innovative application was implemented in which CFRP strips were
Received 8 January 2021 integrated as internal shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete beams. The intent was to
Received in revised form 2 February 2021 assess the CFRP strips' contribution to the shear strength and thus evaluate the
Accepted 8 February 2021
effectiveness of using them as main or supplemental shear reinforcement before and
after exposure to elevated temperature. Internal application of CFRP strips does not require
Keywords: an epoxy for attaching them, as they can be cut without difficulty to any width/length and
CFRP strips
then attaching them to the main steel bars. Similar to the steel shear stirrups, the CFRP
Elevated temperature
Shear span
strips work integrally with the beam concrete and steel reinforcement as the concrete
Reinforced concrete beams confines them. The proposed technique applies only to new reinforced concrete (RC)
Carbon fiber elements and not as retrofitting existing members' strategy. Instead, externally bonded
Debonding CFRP strips represent a popular strategy for structural retrofitting purposes. The
investigated parameters include the area and number of layers of CFRP strips and
different elevated temperatures. By demonstrating an outstanding structural performance
with significant enhancement in the ultimate strength, ultimate deflection, stiffness, and
toughness, this paper's findings strongly attest that CFRP strips can be effectively utilized as
internal shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams exposed to elevated temper-
atures. A new guideline is proposed for predicting the damage level and shear strength of
heated damaged RC beams internally reinforced with CFRP composites taking into
consideration the influence of the number of CFRP strips and elevated temperature
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

CFRP materials are frequently used in structural engineering applications for the repair and strengthening of existing
concrete structures. The CFRP composites gained popularity as a leading strengthening/repairing technique due to their high
strength to weight ratio, durability, ease of application, and short time of installation [1–5]. Externally bonded CFRP
composite is used to strengthen concrete beams in flexure and shear [6–10]. Many experimental observations indicated that
the debonding at the interface between concrete and CFRP is a typical failure mode of reinforced concrete beams
strengthened with externally bonded CFRP [11,12]. CFRP composite materials have come to the forefront as promising
materials and systems for structural retrofit. The performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams in terms of flexure, shear, or
both; can be significantly improved through the attachment of CFRP composites to the beam's outside surface [13–15]. CFRP
composites' performance as an effective strengthening/repair method depends largely on the bond's quality with the

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rzalrousan@just.edu.jo (R.Z. Al-Rousan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00508
2214-5095/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
R.Z. Al-Rousan Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (2021) e00508

concrete surface. Despite using a special adhesive according to the manufacturers’ recommendations, debonding problems
are frequently encountered, especially at the CFRP composites' ends or near the highly stresses/cracked regions [16–21].
The shear design in most codes entails higher safety factors than the design for flexure due to the brittle nature of the
shear failure compared with the ductile flexural failure mode. In the shear stirrups design of RC beams according to the ACI
318 Code [22], strict measures are imposed to prevent shear failure and to ensure ductile failure mode by specifying a low
concrete shear strength reduction factor of 0.65, limiting the maximum spacing between stirrups to one half the effective
depth (d/2), and the requiring a minimum area of shear stirrups in any region with ultimate shear force exceeds one half the
shear strength of concrete. When a beam deteriorates or suffers damage, it must be repaired to upgrade its shear and/or
flexural strength to the pertinent standards. The usage of the structure may change, leading to higher applied loads. Also, the
removal of columns will result in higher shear and moment forces in the beams. Moreover, flexural strengthening of RC
beams needs to be accompanied with shear strengthening to maintain a ductile failure mode [23].
Elevated temperatures cause severe damage to reinforced concrete (RC) structures, such as RC beams. RC beams have
been reported to loss strength and stiffness with relatively large permanent deformations because of exposure to high
temperatures [24]. These harmful effects could be attributed to the deterioration of concrete and steel rebars' mechanical
characteristics and the redistribution of stresses within the beam due to the elevated temperatures [24,25]. Currently, the
most commonly used technique to repair the heat-damaged RC beams is using CFRP composites. These sheets are advanced
materials that can be easily applied to the structures and characterized by outstanding mechanical and corrosion resistance
characteristics. Various studies were performed to investigate the flexural behavior of RC beams wrapped with CFRP. The
results showed that externally bonded CFRP sheets and laminates have the ability to enhance the flexural behavior of the
beams and recover, to a certain limit, the flexural strength of heat-damaged beams. The strengthening level of recovery
depends on several factors such as bond behavior [26,27], elevated temperature [28–30], fiber type [31–33], analysis type
[34–38], energy integrity resistance [39], anchored system [40], heating condition [41,42], degree of beam’s damage and
geometry and type of fiber sheet [43], and safety factors for CFRP strengthening of bridges [44].
Reinforcing concrete structures are often subjected to heating cycles–cooling such as in chimneys, concrete foundations
for launching rockets carrying spaceships, concrete near to the furnace, clinker silos, and nuclear power plants, or those
subjected to fire then extinguished using water. Temperature cycles are critical to concrete structures' stability and require
considerations upon design [45,46]. As well stipulated, the mechanical properties of concrete are preserved for exposure
temperatures below 300  C, yet are decreased considerably as the temperature exceeds 500  C. Additional damage results
from rabid cooling such as in the case of distinguishing of fire with cool water due to creation of temperature gradient
between concrete core and its surface. This results in tensile stresses on the concrete surface that are high enough to crack
concrete. This is considered another source of damage resulting from incompatible expansion and contraction of aggregate
and surrounding cement paste. The magnitude of damage is influenced by many factors such as the size of concrete
members, the type of cement and aggregate, the concrete moisture content and the predominant environmental factors,
represented in heating exposure time, rate, and type of cooling, and maximum temperature attained. Different types of
materials and techniques were used to strengthen and retrofit existing concrete structures such as steel plates bolting,
reinforced concrete jackets, pre-stressed external tendons, and most recently CFRP composite which has been used on a large
scale in different countries. CFRP composites have many advantages over conventional methods represented in ease of
application, high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent mechanical strength, and good corrosion resistance, especially that
most structures are damaged due to dynamic loads, corrosion of steel, and freeze-thaw cycles [47–49].
Accordingly, this study investigated the viability of utilizing CFRP strips as internal primary or supplementary shear
reinforcement in RC beams exposed to elevated temperature. The intent is to eliminate the debonding and anchoring
problems since no epoxy is needed and alleviate potentially congested stirrups before and after exposure to elevated
temperature. Internal application of CFRP sheets does require an epoxy to attach them, as they can be easily cut with a scissor
to any width/length and attach them to the main steel bars with ease. Then the CFRP strips work integrally with the beam
concrete and steel reinforcement as the concrete confines them. Potential applications of this technology may include: 1)
supplemental shear reinforcement at the time of casting the beams, especially when congested reinforcement and stirrups
are encountered such as in the beam-column joints of special moment frames, 2) in beams that are exposed to high shear
forces, and 3) strengthening/repairing of damaged/deteriorated beams exposed to an elevated temperature that require
jacketing; the new jacketing can be reinforced internally with CFRP sheets. In this study, an experimental program was
carried out to find the improvements in the strength and ductility behavior of shear deficient RC beams strengthened
internally with CFRP sheets. The main parameters studied were the number of CFRP strips (1, 2, 3, and 4 strips) and elevated
temperature (23  C, 150  C, 250  C, and 500  C).

2. Materials and methodology

2.1. Fabrication of specimens

Fifty (two beams were made from each type) beams were casted and tested as simply supported under four points’
loading as shown in Fig. 1. The beams had a cross-section of 100  150 mm and a total length of 1100 mm. The beams were
reinforced with 2w16 bottom bars and 2w12 top bars (Fig. 1). Only four w8 stirrups were used in each beam to hold the
bottom and top bars in place, as shown in Fig. 1. The CFRP (one to four strips) was cut in 50 mm strips, which were attached to

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Fig. 1. Specimens dimensions, reinforcement, test setup, and instrumentations.

the beams bottom and top bars within the shear span of 300 mm from the face of the supports on both sides, as shown in
Fig. 2(a) for internal strengthening and Fig. 2(b) for external strengthening.
The beams were designated to reflect the exposed temperature, type of strengthening, number of CFRP strips, as shown in
Table 1. For example, SB1T23 1S-E indicates a beam in the first set exposed to the temperature of 23  C (Room temperature),
strengthened with one CFRP strip applied externally. The investigated parameters in this study are the number of CFRP strips
(1, 2, 3, and 4 strips) and elevated temperature (23  C, 150  C, 250  C, and 500  C), and position of strengthening (External,
Internal) as shown in Table 1.

2.2. Material properties

One concrete mix was used to cast all the concrete prisms and was designed according to the ACI mix design procedure
[50] using Type I ordinary Portland cement, tap water, crushed coarse aggregate and crushed fine aggregate in order to obtain
28-day compressive cylinder strength and tensile strength of 50 MPa and 4.31 MPa at room temperature of 23  C,
respectively, as well as a slump of 80 mm as shown in Table 2. The used steel bars were Grade 60 steel with yielding strength
of 420 MPa. CFRP sheets (SikaWrap1 -300 C) and adhesive epoxy (Sikadur1-330), manufactured by SIKA were used in the
preparation of specimens. The physical and mechanical properties for the CFRP sheets and adhesive epoxy provided by the
manufacturer (SIKA) are shown in Table 3, respectively.

2.3. Heat treatment method

Cylindrical specimens and blocks were subjected to heat treatment for two hours at temperatures from 150 to 500oC
before allowing them to cool inside the special electrical furnace. The furnace is equipped with an electronic panel to
automatically control exposure and the temperature (maximum of 1200  C). Fig. 3 shows the time-temperature schedule for
the furnace.

2.4. Bonding of CFRP sheets to the concrete beams (Group #1)

The concrete beams were demolded after 24 h of casting and cured in a lime-saturated water tank for 28 days. Firstly, the
concrete bonded area was roughened and brushed with a steel wire cup brush in order to provide leveled contact between
CFRP sheets and concrete. Secondly, any dust and lose particles were removed from the bonded area by using an air vacuum
cleaner, and then the bonded area was marked. At the same time, the un-bonded area was covered with plastering tape to be
free of epoxy. Based on investigated parameters, the CFRP composite sheets are cut into sheets with a width of 50 mm and
different lengths. Thirdly, the epoxy compounds (parts A and B) were prepared by using a low-speed electric drill for at least
3 min to get a homogenous epoxy mixture. Fourthly, the epoxy first layer was applied uniformly over the bonded area, and
then the CFRP composite sheet was placed onto the epoxy. A plastic roller was used along the fiber direction in order to

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Fig. 2. Attachment of the CFRP strips to the beam reinforcement (strip width = 50 mm).

remove any entrapped air bubbles. Finally, the epoxy second layer was applied over the CFRP sheet bonded area to make sure
homogeneous epoxy distribution. Internal application of CFRP strips does not require an epoxy for attaching them, as they
can be cut without difficulty to any width/length and then attaching them to the main steel bars. Similar to the steel shear
stirrups, the CFRP strips work integrally with the beam concrete and steel reinforcement as the concrete confines them.

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Table 1
The details and results tested shear beams.

Group Specimen T, oC Strengthening Position CFRP Configuration Pu, kN Du, mm eCFRP eCFRP/efu (%)
1 SB1T23 0S-E 23 External None 70.7 5.65 0 0.0
SB1T23 1S-E 1 Strip of CFRP 77.0 6.00 5796 34.1
SB1T23 2S-E 2 Strips of CFRP 81.2 6.21 6116 36.0
SB1T23 3S-E 3 Strips of CFRP 82.1 6.54 6467 38.0
SB1T23 4S-E 4 Strips of CFRP 89.3 6.83 6760 39.8
2 SB2T23 0S-I 23 Internal None 71.0 5.86 0 0.0
SB2T23 1S-I 1 Strip of CFRP 78.8 6.53 8820 51.9
SB2T23 2S-I 2 Strips of CFRP 90.6 6.88 9307 54.7
SB2T23 3S-I 3 Strips of CFRP 96.2 7.43 9842 57.9
SB2T23 4S-I 4 Strips of CFRP 108.1 7.63 10,287 60.5
3 SB3T150 0S-I 150 None 68.9 5.69 0 0.0
SB3T150 1S-I 1 Strip of CFRP 77.5 6.21 7426 43.7
SB3T150 2S-I 2 Strips of CFRP 85.4 6.56 8011 47.1
SB3T150 3S-I 3 Strips of CFRP 94.1 7.04 8232 48.4
SB3T150 4S-I 4 Strips of CFRP 101.9 7.36 8882 52.2
4 SB4T250 0S-I 250 None 66.5 5.59 0 0.0
SB4T250 1S-I 1 Strip of CFRP 77.0 5.94 7349 43.2
SB4T250 2S-I 2 Strips of CFRP 85.5 6.29 7516 44.2
SB4T250 3S-I 3 Strips of CFRP 90.4 6.63 7855 46.2
SB4T250 4S-I 4 Strips of CFRP 98.5 6.86 8048 47.3
5 SB5T500 0S-I 500 None 54.4 5.26 0 0.0
SB5T500 1S-I 1 Strip of CFRP 64.2 5.60 6148 36.2
SB5T500 2S-I 2 Strips of CFRP 69.9 5.72 6531 38.4
SB5T500 3S-I 3 Strips of CFRP 80.1 5.98 7077 41.6
SB5T500 4S-I 4 Strips of CFRP 88.2 6.18 7357 43.3

Note: Pu: Ultimate Load, Du: Ultimate deflection, T: Temperature ef = CFRP strain, eCFRP is the strain in CFRP strips and efu is the ultimate strain in CFRP strips
of 17,000 me..

Table 2
Mixture Proportions of Concrete.

Material Mix# 1 (50 MPa)

Cement 422 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate 706 kg/m3
Fine Aggregate 621 kg/m3
Water 147.6 kg/m3
Superplasticizer As required

Table 3
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sika CFRP Sheet and Sika Epoxy.

Sika CFRP Sheet Fabric Thickness 0.167 mm (based on fiber content).

Fibre Density 1.82 g/cm3
Tensile Modulus 230,000 N/mm2
Tensile Strength 4000 N/mm2
Elongation break 1.67 %
Sika Epoxy Tensile Strength 30 N/mm2 (7 days at +23  C)
E-Modulus Flexural: 3800 N/mm2 (7 days at +23  C)
Tensile: 4500 N/mm2 (7 days at +23  C)
Break Elongation 0.9 % (7 days at +23  C)

2.5. Test setup and instrumentation

All specimens were tested as simply supported in a four-point loading configuration, as shown in Fig. 1. The simply
supported span was 1000 mm, and the shear span (a) was 300 mm. The shear span to depth ratio (a/d) was set at 1.7 to ensure
that the beams would fail in shear within the shear span [51,52]. The loading was applied using a special actuator, servo-
controlled using a special data acquisition system. The mid-span deflection was measured using a linear variable
displacement transducer (LVDT). At one beam end, two strain gauges were attached to the central CFRP strip on both sides to
collect the strain values, as shown in Fig. 1.

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Fig. 3. The time-temperature schedule.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Effect of elevated temperatures on strength residuals of concrete

The effect of exposing specimens to elevated temperatures is demonstrated in Fig. 4, which depicts the residuals for
compressive and slitting strength versus temperature. The curves followed almost similar trend behavior represented in a
slight decrease at a temperature of 150  C followed by a significant decrease at higher temperatures. The detrimental effect of
high temperatures greater than 250  C on both strengths can be referred to as thermally induced cracks and/or
decomposition of cement binding materials (beyond 250  C). The damage by heating caused map type cracking, which
increased with elevated temperature without being accompanied by an apparent surface alteration. The residual strengths
(compressive, splitting) is (91 %, 89 %) at 150  C to (45 %, 43 %) at 500  C, as can be deduced from Fig. 4.

3.2. Failure modes

To enable a more detailed analysis of the structural shear behavior of the beams, the development of the crack was
documented at several load steps during the experimental procedure. The failure modes of the control beam, as well as the
beams with CFRP strips, are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Each beam without shear reinforcement (Control) exhibited an initial
flexural crack at the center of the specimen and subsequent flexural cracks away from that section. As the applied load was
increased, one of the flexural cracks extended into a diagonal crack near one of the supports, or a diagonal crack formed

Fig. 4. Residuals for compressive and splitting strengths versus exposure temperature.

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Fig. 5. The effect of temperature on failure mode of the control specimen.

Fig. 6. The effect of strengthening location on failure mode.

abruptly at the mid-height of the beam within the shear span area. Furthermore, a diagonal crack appeared near the supports
and propagated upward toward the loading plates. The shear cracks widened with increasing applied displacement. Finally,
after the diagonal crack formation, failure occurred by splitting along the tension reinforcement, as shown in Fig. 5. All
failures occurred within the shear span as was intentionally designed with inclined failure planes. Fig. 5 reveals that the
diagonal shear crack's width increased with the increase of the exposed temperature. Also, the catastrophe of the shear
failure's brittleness increased with the increase of the exposed temperature, as shown in Fig. 5.

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The occurrence of a diagonal crack within the shear span allows for a reasonable estimation of the CFRP strips'
contribution to the concrete's shear strength (Fig. 6). Formation of web-shear cracks was observed during loading; the
number, as well as widths and lengths of the web shear cracks, increased as the loading increased. At ultimate, a sudden
crushing within the shear span was observed after the development of major multiple web-shear cracks. The loads at which
concrete crushing occurred were different, reflecting the contribution and effectiveness of the CFRP strips in providing shear
resistance (Fig. 6). On some occasions for internal strengthening, at failure, a significant portion of the concrete shattered
from the shear span exposing the CFRP strips which also showed some rupturing, as shown in Fig. 6(a).
The main failure of the external strengthening occurred after the external CFRP Strip's debonding in which the
delamination occurs between the strips-adhesive-concrete at the strip-end region of the strengthened beam (Fig. 6(a)). This
failure resulted from the maximum stresses in the adhesive being not greater than the bonding strength between strip-
adhesive-concrete at the strip-end region, as shown in Fig. 6(b). The shear regions from both beam ends are experiencing
almost similar shear stressed. This failure (a combined flexure-shear interaction) is sudden and once it happens, it causes
large inclined cracks accompanied by a loud sound. This typically occurs at either one of the beams ends due to very slight
variation in the beam or loading after a deflection. Compared with the control beam, the shear span experienced less intense
shear cracks, with the inner core remained nearly intact. This is attributed to the alleviation of the intensity of the web-shear
stresses and the consequent cracking by the CFRP strips that resisted the induced stresses.

3.3. Failure loads and corresponding deflection

Table 1 shows the ultimate strength and ultimate deflection of each beam. The failure load and corresponding deflection
for all tested beams are normalized with respect to control ones, as shown in Fig. 7. For the beams reinforced externally with
CFRP strips, using 1, 2, 3, and 4 CFRP strips improved the ultimate strength by 9%, 15 %, 20 %, and 26 %, respectively (Fig. 7(a)).
The corresponding increase in the ultimate deflection was 6%, 10 %, 16 %, and 21 %, and this almost equal to 73 % of the
ultimate strength improvement percentages (Fig. 7(b)). For the beams reinforced internally with CFRP strips, integration of 1,
2, 3, and 4 CFRP strips improved the ultimate strength by 11 %, 28 %, 36 %, and 52 %, respectively, and this equal to 1.71 times
the improvement percentages of the externally CFRP technique (Fig. 7(a)). The corresponding increase in the ultimate
deflection was 12 %, 17 %, 27 %, and 30 %, and this equal to 1.69 times the improvement percentages of the externally CFRP
technique (Fig. 7(b)). These results are very promising and indicate that the use of CFRP strips as internal reinforcement
effectively increases the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams than the use of CFRP strips as external reinforcement.
Therefore, the external reinforcement was not as effective as the internal reinforcement in terms of failure load for all cases;
i.e. the use of two CFRP strips (SBT23-I2S) as internal reinforcement next to each other within the shear span is better than
using two CFRP strips at the same location in external reinforcement (SBT23-E2S). This could be due to the external CFRP
strips debonding before reaching the failure load, in which the internal CFRP strips showed some rupturing at failure load,
which is participating effectively as the external CFRP strips.
The average failure load reduction percentage (Fig. 7(a)) for tested beams with respect to beams exposed to 23  C is 6%, 9%,
and 29 % for 150  C, 250  C, and 500  C, respectively. Therefore, a reduction in concrete compressive strength of 9%, 18 %, and
55 % for 150  C, 250  C, and 500  C caused a reduction in failure load of 6%, 9%, and 29 %, respectively. While, the average
failure deflection reduction percentage (Fig. 7(b)) for tested beams with respect to beams exposed to 23  C is 4%, 9%, and 16 %
for 150  C, 250  C, and 500  C, respectively, and this equal to 0.66 times the reduction percentages in failure load.

3.4. CFRP tensile strain

The tensile stresses develop in the CFRP composites; once the diagonal crack is initiated in the concrete due to shear force,
the curve can be divided into two parts. The first part is where the CFRP sheet strain is almost negligible; hence, stresses
generated in beams are considered to be within the elastic domain. The second part is where the FRP sheet strain increases
sharply with little increase in the load. The rate of increase in CFRP strain during this loading stage is very rapid because when
diagonal cracks develop and propagate, concrete can no longer provide shear resistance and the resistance is provided
entirely by the sheet. Furthermore, the maximum tensile stresses occurred close to the middle of the CFRP composite that
intersects diagonal cracking near the beam cross-section's mid-height.
In the pre-cracking (diagonal shear crack) stage, CFRP strain development was equal to zero. After the creation of a
diagonal shear crack (the shear strength exceeds the concrete shear strength) within the shear span, the CFRP strain
increased rapidly and continued to increase until the beam failure. It is evident that the maximum stresses were
concentrated at locations of concrete diagonal cracking without any contribution of the top and the bottom bonded part of
the sheet. This means that in order to get the most efficient repair system, CFRP reinforcement should be intensified at the
middle of the high shear zone. The measured strains indicate that the beams experienced shear failure way before reaching
the ultimate tensile strain capacity of the CFRP strips, which is confirmed through the observed failure in which the CFRP
strips remained intact without rupture. Only on few occasions, a slight portion of the CFRP strip was ruptured. This indicates
that for larger beam cross-section and consequent larger shear strength capacity of a reinforced concrete beam, the CFRP
strips can provide a much larger contribution. In general, the intensity of the shear cracks at failure was higher as the load-
carrying capacity increased, which can be attributed to the sudden release of the higher stored energy. It can be observed that
the strain in the CFRP developed at a high rate as the bond surface area increase. The results also indicated that the beams

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Fig. 7. Residual load carrying capacity and corresponding deflection for various beams.

strengthened with grooved four strips CFRP sheet had the highest impact on the CFRP strain. It is noticed that all tested
beams had CFRP strain below the maximum value of 17,000 me as shown in Table 1 as a percentage of CFRP ultimate strain.
Inspection of Table 1 reveals that the strengthening location had a significant impact on the efficiency percentages of CFRP
strips in which the use of CFRP composite as external shear reinforcement had a percentage (eCFRP/efu (%)) of 34.1 %, 36.0 %,
38.0 %, and 39.8 % for one, two, three, and four strips, respectively, with an average percentage of 37.0 %. While the use of CFRP
composite as internal shear reinforcement had a percentage of 51.9 %, 54.7 %, 57.9 %, and 60.5 % for one, two, three, and four
strips, respectively, with an average percentage of 56.3 % and this equivalent to 1.52 of the using of external CFRP composite.
This means that the tensile forces developed in the internal CFRP composite at the location of a diagonal shear crack within
the shear zone were transferred from the concrete, signaling a full composite. The results also indicated that internal CFRP
strips are much more effective than external bonding and that internal CFRP strips were more effective than external CFRP
bonded strips. Furthermore, internal CFRP composites were strained to the higher portion of their ultimate strain; hence are
considered more economical than external CFRP used for a similar configuration. In short, strengthening reinforced concrete
beams with an internal CFRP sheet is the most efficient technique in terms of ultimate recorded strain and cost and failure
mode.
Table 1 shows that elevated temperature had a moderate impact (compare with the impact of strengthening location) on
the efficiency percentages of internal CFRP strips. The percentage of beams exposed to 150  C with respect to the ultimate
strain of CFRP strips of 43.7 %, 47.1 %, 48.4 %, and 52.2 % for one, two, three, and four strips, respectively, and this equivalent to
0.85 of the beams strains exposed to 23  C. Also, the percentage of beams exposed to 250  C with respect to the ultimate
strain of CFRP strips of 43.2 %, 44.2 %, 46.2 %, and 47.3 % for one, two, three, and four strips, respectively, and this equivalent to
0.80 of the beams strains exposed to 23  C. Finally, the percentage of beams exposed to 500  C with a percentage with respect
to the ultimate strain of CFRP strips of 36.2 %, 38.4 %, 41.6 %, and 43.3 % for one, two, three, and four strips, respectively, and
this equivalent to 0.71 of the beams strains exposed to 23  C.

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3.5. Load-deflection behavior

Fig. 8 shows the load-deflection behavior for all tested beams. The plots of Fig. 8 reveals that the load-deflection curves for
tested beams consist of a pre-cracking straight segment followed by a change in the slope of the curves reflecting post-
cracking behavior. The tested beams reinforced internally and externally with CFRP composites showed improved load
carrying capacity over the control beam. Beams with a larger CFRP bonded area (four CFRP strips) showed better
performance than those with smaller CFRP bonded areas (One CFRP strip), showing the stiffest load-displacement curves.
Comparing the results of the specimens inserted with CFRP strips with the control beam indicates that the CFRP strips
improved the stiffness of the beams, increased the ultimate strength, and increased the ultimate deflection. These
enhancements are more pronounced non-proportionally as the number of CFRP strips increased. Also, for a similar number
of CFRP strips, the use of internal CFRP strips showed higher stiffness as well as higher ultimate strength and ultimate
deflection than external CFRP strips.

3.6. Evaluation of another mechanical characteristic

In addition to ultimate load capacity, rehabilitation design engineers would be interested in determining other
mechanical characteristics for rehabbed beams. Those include stiffness and toughness. The stiffness of a beam is determined

Fig. 8. Load-deflection curves.

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as the slope of the linear elastic portion of the corresponding load-deflection curve (k = p/d), with the area under which
represents energy ductility (toughness) as shown in Table 4. In order to provide a quantitative measure of stiffness and
toughness degradation or improvement, the values were normalized with respect to those of control beams before
represented graphically in Fig. 9. For the beams reinforced externally with CFRP strips, using 1, 2, 3, and 4 CFRP strips
improved the elastic stiffness by 19 %, 33 %, 45 %, and 55 %, respectively (Fig. 9(a)). The increase in the toughness was 26 %, 47
%, 69 %, and 88 %, and this almost equal to 160 % of the elastic stiffness improvement percentages (Fig. 9(b)). For the beams
reinforced internally with CFRP strips, integration of 1, 2, 3, and 4 CFRP strips improved the elastic stiffness by 21 %, 48 %, 63 %,
and 85 %, respectively (Fig. 9(a)). The increase in the toughness was 39 %, 80 %, 115 %, and 152 % (Fig. 9(b)). It is obvious that
internal CFRP strips helped improved elastic stiffness and enhanced the toughness significantly with a percentage of 155 %
and 172 %, respectively, with respect to external CFRP strips because the internal CFRP strips contributed to the highest
concrete confinement and diagonal crack-arresting, and this reflected positively to the toughness.
The CFRP composites restricted the diagonal cracks' growth by its ability to bridge and carry stresses across the diagonal
crack, which increased crack resistance and delayed the onset of initial flexural and shear cracking. This led to a better
performance of reinforced concrete beams under service load conditions represented in enhanced ultimate and shear
cracking load as well as stiffness and toughness, as discussed earlier. The reduction in concrete compressive strength of 9%, 18
%, and 55 % for 150  C, 250  C, and 500  C caused a reduction in elastic stiffness of 8%, 14 %, and 25 %, respectively. This means
that a reduction of 1% in concrete compressive strength caused a reduction of 0.45 % in elastic stiffness (Fig. 9(a)). While, the
average toughness reduction percentage (Fig. 9(b)) for tested beams with respect to beams exposed to 23  C is 12 %, 21 %, and
47 % for 150  C, 250  C, and 500  C, respectively, and this equal to 1.88 times the reduction percentages in elastic stiffness.

3.7. Evaluation of performance

The ultimate load limit and serviceability states can be defined, in this case, as the ultimate load capacity and the
corresponding deflection of an undamaged control RC beam. The terms deformability factor (DF) and strength factor (SF) can
then be defined as the deflection and the ultimate load capacity, respectively, of the strengthened beam, compared with the
control beam. The repaired composite beam's overall structural performance can thus be evaluated by a performance factor
(PF), defined as DF multiplied by SF. The terms stiffness factor (STF) and toughness factor (TF) can then be defined as the
stiffness and the toughness, respectively, of the strengthened beam divided by the stiffness and the toughness of the control
beam. Therefore, the CFRP composite materials' effect is evaluated by the SF, DF, STF, PF, and TF for different strengthened RC
as shown in Table 4. Inspection of Table 4 reveals that the values of performance factor, stiffness factor, and toughness factor
increased with the increase of the number of CFRP strips for internal and external reinforcement. Thus, the use of CFRP strips
as internal reinforcement effectively increases the performance factor, stiffness factor, and toughness factor of reinforced

Table 4
Characteristics of load-deflection behavior.

Group Specimen T, oC Stiffness, kN/mm Toughness, kN.mm SF DF PF STF TF

1 SB1T23 0S-E 23 12.9 204 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SB1T23 1S-E 15.4 257 1.09 1.06 1.16 1.19 1.26
SB1T23 2S-E 17.3 300 1.15 1.10 1.26 1.33 1.47
SB1T23 3S-E 18.8 344 1.20 1.16 1.39 1.45 1.69
SB1T23 4S-E 19.9 382 1.26 1.21 1.53 1.54 1.88
2 SB2T23 0S-I 23 13.0 219 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SB2T23 1S-I 15.7 305 1.11 1.12 1.24 1.21 1.39
SB2T23 2S-I 19.3 394 1.28 1.17 1.50 1.48 1.80
SB2T23 3S-I 21.2 472 1.36 1.27 1.72 1.63 2.15
SB2T23 4S-I 24.0 553 1.52 1.30 1.98 1.85 2.52
3 SB3T150 0S-I 150 12.2 196 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SB3T150 1S-I 15.1 268 1.13 1.09 1.23 1.18 1.37
SB3T150 2S-I 17.7 337 1.25 1.15 1.44 1.45 1.72
SB3T150 3S-I 20.3 417 1.38 1.24 1.70 1.60 2.13
SB3T150 4S-I 22.2 485 1.49 1.29 1.93 1.82 2.47
4 SB4T250 0S-I 250 11.6 180 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SB4T250 1S-I 14.8 243 1.06 1.06 1.13 1.17 1.35
SB4T250 2S-I 17.5 311 1.20 1.12 1.35 1.41 1.73
SB4T250 3S-I 19.3 361 1.28 1.19 1.51 1.58 2.00
SB4T250 4S-I 21.3 417 1.40 1.23 1.72 1.80 2.32
5 SB5T500 0S-I 500 8.5 118 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SB5T500 1S-I 11.2 165 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.14 1.30
SB5T500 2S-I 13.1 199 1.13 1.09 1.23 1.39 1.68
SB5T500 3S-I 15.8 251 1.25 1.14 1.42 1.56 1.89
SB5T500 4S-I 17.7 292 1.32 1.17 1.55 1.75 2.11

Note: SF: strength factor, DF: Ductility factor, PF: Performance factor = SF  DF, STF: Stiffness factor, TF: Toughness factor.

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R.Z. Al-Rousan Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (2021) e00508

Fig. 9. Normalized characteristic factor for various beams.

concrete beams than the use of CFRP strips as external reinforcement. At the same time, these factors decreased with the
increase of temperature (Table 4).

3.8. Profitability index of the CFRP strips number

The CFRP strips' contribution to the shear strength was estimated by subtracting the strength of the control beam from
the strength of the beams with CFRP strips. This estimation is reasonable since all of the beams were cast with a similar
concrete mixture and similar steel reinforcement. They were fabricated and tested in a similar manner by the same research
team. To evaluate the efficiency of various CFRP composites strengthening techniques in terms of the amount of CFRP
consumed, profitability indices were computed. The profitability index is defined as the CFRP contribution ratio in shearing
capacity to the total CFRP bonded area within the shear span of strengthened beams [52]. Fig. 10 shows the profitability
indices for the different strengthening techniques. Inspection of Fig. 10 reveals that the profitability index was decreased
with the increase in the number of strips and temperature. An increase in the CFRP bonded area (number of CFRP strips)
reduces the calculated profitability index, hence delaying CFRP debonding (External CFRP strips) and, consequently,
increases the ultimate load failure. These results can serve as evaluation criteria for the efficiency of using CFRP strips as
internal and external reinforcement in terms of the amount of CFRP consumed. The average profitability index for using
bonded CFRP as internal reinforcement is 2.21 MPa (2.45 MPa and 1.96 MPa as maximum and minimum profitability index,
respectively). This 68 % enhancement percentage regarding the average profitability index for using bonded CFRP as external
reinforcement. While the enhancement percentage for a beam with internal CFRP is 68 %, 65 %, 57 %, and 50 % for 23  C, 150  C,
250  C, and 500  C, respectively. This means the internal CFRP strips are more effective that externally bonded CFRP strips
even they are exposed to elevated temperature while the externally bonded strips are treated under room temperature of 23

C. For example, referring to Fig. 10, for specimens exposed to 500  C and reinforced with internal CFRP strips, the CFRP's
resulting contribution to the shear stress would be 1.97 MPa, which is equal to 1.5 times the contribution of externally
bonded CFRP strips treated under room temperature of 23  C.

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R.Z. Al-Rousan Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (2021) e00508

Fig. 10. Profitability index of CFRP strips.

Fig. 11. Ultimate load, concrete shear strength, and CFRP composites contribution versus heat damage.

3.9. Effect of elevated temperature extent on load capacity

The ultimate shear capacity (Vu), concrete contribution in shear (Vc), and CFRP contribution in shear (VF) are plotted
against elevated temperature extent as evaluated in terms of the reduction in compressive strength of concrete, as shown in
Fig. 11. The parabolic trend behavior of ultimate shear capacity is referred to as the contribution of concrete shear strength,
Vc, and the fact that CFRP contribution to shear (VF) had almost the same tendency as Vc ultimate shear capacity (Vu).
Furthermore, Vf's parabolic trend behavior reflected degradation in the bond between CFRP composites and elevated
temperature deteriorating concrete. The ACI440 08 code [1] introduces certain reduction factors to consider the effect of
varying environmental degradation levels in CFRP composites action when designing for rehabilitation. It stipulates
reduction factors of (0%–5%) for interior exposure, (5%–15%) for exterior exposure, and (15%–50%) for aggressive
environment for CFRP composites. The results of Fig. 11 indicates that the reduction factors in the contribution of Vu, Vc, and
VF for beams exposed to a temperature less than 200  C is ranged from 0% to 5% (interior exposure). The damage level in the
CFRP composite contribution to shear capacity is exterior exposure for beams exposed to temperature ranged from 200  C to
400  C and aggressive environment for beams exposed to temperature more than 400  C. Also, the damage level in the
ultimate shear capacity is that exterior exposure for beams exposed to temperature ranges from 200  C to 340  C and an
aggressive environment for beams exposed to temperature more than 340  C. The damage level in concrete contribution to
shear capacity is exterior exposure for beams exposed to a temperature ranging from 200  C to 300  C and aggressive
environment for beams exposed to a temperature more than 300  C. These results are consistent with those of ACI 440 08
[1]; hence the data of Fig. 11 may be employed in the future for guiding engineers in designing efficient rehabilitation
schemes with CFRP composites for heated-damaged and shear deficient RC beams.

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R.Z. Al-Rousan Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (2021) e00508

4. Conclusions

Based on the results, the following conclusions are drawn:

1) Integration of CFRP strips as internal shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams can be conducted with ease,
which eliminates the need for bonding epoxy or anchoring systems. The CFRP strips can be cut to any width and
attached to the top and bottom steel using regular tape; small care must be taken during casting of the concrete to
avoid dispositioning the CFRP strips.
2) The loads at which the beams experienced sudden shear failure after the formation of major web-shear cracks
throughout the high shear zone was different, reflecting the shear resistance provided by the CFRP strips; the
failure load was higher as the number of CFRP strips increased.
3) This investigation indicated that bonding of CFRP strips and sheets using epoxy resin represents an acceptable
technique for enhancing the loading capacity of shear-deficient reinforced and thermally damaged RC beams after
taking into account the debonding issue.
4) The use of CFRP strips as internal reinforcement effectively increases the strength, serviceability, performance
factor, stiffness factor, and toughness factor of reinforced concrete beams than the use of CFRP strips as external
reinforcement.
5) Subjecting RC beams to thermal shock had a minor and major impact on its mechanical properties and structural
behavior represented in reduced shear capacity and stiffness at a temperature less than 150  C and more than 250

C, respectively. It created extensive cracking in their concrete without spalling.
6) The use of two internal CFRP strips next to each other showed more enhancement than using two CFRP strips
simultaneously as externally bonded strips. The beams experienced shear failure way before reaching the CFRP
strips' ultimate strain capacity, indicating that the CFRP strips can provide much larger contribution for the beam
with internal CFRP strips.
7) A new guideline is proposed to predict the damage level in the ultimate, CFRP strips, and concrete in shear that can
help engineers design to obtain efficient rehabilitation schemes with CFRP strips for heated-damaged and shear
deficient RC beams.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jordan University of
Science and Technology under Grant number 2020/122.

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