CHAPTER# 1

WIRES AND CABLES

CABLE:
A communication line containing twisted insulated wire laid under ground or an
ocean bottom is called cable.
Or “An insulating conductor consisting of or several strands used to transmit electric
power from one place to another is called cable”.

WIRE:
Any wire which consists only of one conductor which ma insulated or without
insulation is called wire.

CONDUCTORS:
Those materials which conduct heat and electricity are called conductors. Eg
copper, silver, aluminium, gold, etc
TYPES OF CABLES:

Cables are classified in four main groups.

1) Types of cables with respect to Insulation
2) Types of cables with respect to cores.
3) Types of cables with respect to Voltage grade.
4) Types of cables with respect to Current Caring Capacity.

TYPES OF CABLES W.R.T. INSULATION:

1) Vulcanize Rubber Insulation (V.R.I).

Wit sulpher is added with and ten use for insulation is known as V.R.I.

2) Tough Rubber Sheathed (T.R.S)

When V.R.I cable is insulated with tough rubber sheathed then the cable is
known as T.R.S cable.

3) Poly Vinyle Chloride Insulated Cable.

The most commonly used insulation for cable is P.V.C insulation. P.V.C
Insulation is several times better then the rubber insulation. P.V.C cable
can be used up to 700. For continues operation and 1300C for a short
period approximately. 4 hr. it offers a high resistance for heat and cease to
burn after isolating from the source of ignition there fore the risk of
spreading fire is eliminated P.V.C insulation has no chemical action with
oil, acids, grease, and chemicals. It can be buried directly in plaster
without conduit.
4) Lead Sheathed Cable.
That type of cable in which conductors insulated with rubber. But the
outer most layer or sheath is made up of lead is known as lead sheathed
cable.

5) Weather Proof Cable.

Tat type of cable which safe from external environmental effect is called
weather proof cable.

6) Impregnated Paper Insulated Cable.

That type of cable which is insulated impregnated paper which is rubbed
in mineral oils. These types of cable have less capacitance there fore use
for high power.

7) Mineral Insulated Cable.

That type of cable in which conductor keeps under a copper sheath and te
free between conductor and sheath is field with magnesium oxide with
high pressure. There for it is known as Mineral insulated cable.

8) Varnish Cambric Insulated Cable.

That type of cable which is insulated wit cotton cloth the cotton cloth is
firstly rubbed in varnish and ten uses for insulation there fore this type of
cable is known as Varnish cambric insulated cable.

9) Armored cable.
That Type of cable in which after the rubber steel use for insulation is
known as armored cable

10) Flexible Cord or Flexible Cable.

That type of cable in which two or several conductor twisted and then
insulated with plastic is called Flexible Cable. Eg 10/.0076 in this cable 10
represent the No. of Conductors and 0.0076 represent the diameter of
conductor in inches.
TYPES OF CABLE W.R.T CORE:

1) Single core Cable:

One solid or several stranded conductors having insulation is called single
core cable.

2) Twin Core Cable:

It is a cable with two single cores, insulated from each other and then
enclosed in a common sheath is called twin core cable.

3) Twin Core Cable With E.C.C:

That type of twin cable in which a conductor pass in the same sheathing
for earthing process is called twin core cable with earth continuity
conductor.

4) Multi Core Cable:

that type of cable in which several single cores, insulated from each other
and then enclosed in a common sheathing is called multi core cable.

TYPES OF CABLE W.R.T VOLTAGE GRADE:

1) Low Volt Grade Cable:

Low volt grade cable represents that the cable can be used in a system
where the voltage to earth is not greater than 250 V and between lines not
greater than 440 V low volt grade cable is used with a single phase A.C.
supply of 250 V and below. This cable can also be used with 3 phase A.C.
440 V system where the natural point is earthed.

2) Medium Volt Grade Cable:

When the thickness of insulation designed greater then the cable is use for
high voltage there fore the cable is known as medium volt grade cable.

CURRENT:
The rate of flow of electron (charge) is called current.

CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF A CABLE

The property of a cable to carry current from one place to other place is called
current carrying capacity of cable.
It depends on the following factors.

1) Cross Sectional Area.

Smaller the cross sectional area smaller will be current carrying capacity.
Greater will be the current carrying capacity if the cross sectional area is
greater.
 2) Temperature.
In case of high temperature the flow of current will be low and if the
temperature is low then the flow of current will be high.

3) Voltage drop.
When electron flow in a conductor it collide with other electrons due to
this collision the cable become hot and voltage drop increasing, and the
flow of current become low.

WIRING SYSTEM:
“The system of convoying cables in buildings is known as wiring system”. Or
“The network of wires or cables which supply the electric power to different home
appliances is called wiring system”.
There are four main systems of wiring

1) CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM:

Definition:
That system of wiring in which cleat use for convoying wires is called
cleat wiring system.

Explanation:
The cleats are made up of Porcelain, Plastic or hard wood. Cleats are
screwed to rawl plugs at an interval of aboute3ft. Cleats are manufactured in
different patterns but basically cleat consists of two parts, lower part and upper
part.
The lower part has different grooves such as 1, 2 or 3 etc. in this system
V.R.I and P.V.C. cables are use for wiring.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGES:
a) This is a simple cheap method of wiring.
b) It is a very easy method of wiring.
c) It is perfect for temporary wiring.
d) It is also used in industries and buildings during construction.
e) The inspection of this wiring is easy.
DISADVANTAGES:
a) It is totally open and the risks of mechanical injuries are always present.
b) This system is not safe from external effects.
c) This system can not be protected chemicals, acids etc.
d) It is only use for low voltage.
e) The dangerous of electric shock are very high.

2) BATTEN WIRING SYSTEM:

Definition:
That type of wiring system in which battens and clips use for wiring is
called batten wiring system.

Explanation:
In this type of wiring, the single core, twin core or three core cables can be
used. The T.R.S cables are sufficiently chemical proof, water proof, steam proof
but are slightly affected by the lubricant oils. The T.R.S cables are run on well
seasoned, perfectly straight and well varnished teak wood batten of thickness at
least 13 mm. the available sizes of batten in the market are 13, 19, 25, 31, 38, 44,
51, and 63 mm with the common thickness being 13 mm.
In this type of wiring the batten is fixed to the wall by means of screws
and wooden plug and the wires are held on the help of brass clips.
.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGES:
a) It is a simple and easy method.
b) It is cheap with respect to other methods.
c) It is durable wiring system.
d) The inspection of this wiring is easy.
e) Faults can easily be traced.
DISADVANTAGES
a) It is open there fore mechanical injuries are always present.
b) This system is not safe from environmental effects.
c) This system can not be protected chemicals, acids and moisture etc.
d) It is only use for low voltage up to 250 V.
e) It is not fire proof.

3) CASING CAPPING WIRING SYSTEM:

Definition:
That type wiring system in which wooden tape which consists of two parts
lower part (casing) upper part (capping) use for wiring is known as casing
capping wiring system.

Explanation:
In this system cables are drawn in the grooves of wooden casing which is
fixed into plugs on the surface of wall by flat headed wooden screws and casing is
then covered by wooden cap. Cables are completely covered by casing and
capping.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGES:
a) Wood casing system is light and easy to manipulate.
b) The whole wiring is easy to examine at any time by removing the capping.
c) Faults can easily be traced.
d) Extensions are made easily.
e) It is durable wiring system.

DISADVANTAGES:
a) This system neither damp-proof nor fire proof.
b) It is easily damaged mechanically.
c) It is very expensive method of wiring.
d) It is not use in moisturize areas.
e) Its installation is very difficult
 4) CONDUIT WIRING SYSTEM:
That type of wiring system in which conduit and saddle use for
wiring is known as conduit wiring system.
Explanation:
In this type of wiring system, insulated cables are drawn in to
metallic or non metallic pipes. The metallic sheets are rolled in the
shape of pipe or

5) P.V.C CONDUITE WIRING SYSTEM:

SAFETY RULES

ELECTRICITY RULES-1937:

Rule No. 25 Precautions against leakage before connection.

1. A licenses shall not connect with his works the apparatus on the
premises of any applicant for a supply unless he is reasonably
satisfied that the connection will not at the time of making the
 connection cause a leakage from that apparatus exceeding one five
thousand part of the maximum supply demanded on the applicant’s
premises.

2. if a license decline to make a connection in accordance with sub-

rule (1), he shall serve upon the applicant a notice stating his
reason for so declining.

Rule No. 28 Declared pressure of supply to consumer.

Before commencing to supply energy to a consumer, a license shall

declared to the consumer the pressure at which he undertakes to supply
energy and he shall not without the written consent of the consumer or the
previous sanction of the Provincial Government permit the pressure to
vary there from by more than 5 percent and in case of low pressure 12
percent pressure provided.

Rule No. 29 Declared Frequency of Supply to Consumer.

From the time of commencing the supply of energy to a consumer by

means of an alternating current a license shall declared to the consumer
the frequency at which the undertakes to supply energy and the license
shall not without the written consent of the consumer or the previous
sanction of the Provincial Government permit the frequency to vary there
from by more than 4 percent.

Rule No 32 Sealing of Meters.

1. A license may affix one or more seals to any meter, maximum

demand indicator, or other apparatus placed upon a consumer’s
premises according with section 26, in any cut-out place upon a
consumer’s premises in accordance with rule 40, and no person
other than the license shall break any such seal.
2. The consumer shall use all reasonable means in his power to
ensure that no such seal is broken otherwise than by the license.

Rule No. 40 Cut-out on Consumer’s premises.

A license shall provide a suitable cut-out in each conductor of every

service line within a consumer’s premises, in an accessible position as
close as possible to the point of entry. Such cut-out shall be contained
within an adequately enclosed fire proof receptacle.

Rule No. 46 Instruction for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock.
1. Instructions both in English and the vernacular of the district, for
the restoration of persons suffering from electric shock, shall be
affixed by the owner in a conspicuous place in every generating
station and sub-station, and every factory in clause (j) of section 2
of the factories ACT, 1934,[XXV of 1934], in which electricity is
used, and in such other premises where electricity is used as the
inspector may, by notice served on the owner, direct.
2. Copies of the instructions shall be applied on demand by every
inspector at a price to be fixed by the Provincial Government.