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SHRIMP FARMING

by Donald M. Allen

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction • • • . . . • • • . • . . 1
General life history of shrimp 2
Culture methods • • . . . • . • . 2
Pond site and construction ••.•••••.•.•••.•••.•. 2
Preparation for stocking • • . . • . • . • . • . . . • . . • • . . . • . . . . • . 2
Acquisition of seed shrimp • • . . • • . • . . . . .• . • • • . • . . . . • . . 3
Management of the shrimp crop • . • . • . . . • • • . • . • . . . • . • • .. 4
Harvest •••••••••.•.•••• 4
Recommendations • • • • • • • . • • . • . . . . • . • . • • • • . . . .•. •.•.• 5
Conclusions. • . • . • . • . • . • ••••. . •. • . . . ••. 6
Bibliography .••.•••••.•.••• .•.•••.•.•• ..• . • . . . . • • . 6

INTRODUCTION estuarine waters. By constructing ponds,

The idea of shrimp farming, or cultiva-
tion of shrimp under controlled conditions
in salt- or brackish-water ponds, has
aroused much interest in the United States
in recent years. Shrimp appear particularly
desirable for artificial cultiva tion because
of their rapid growth and high market
value. The ex-vessel value of shrimp to
United States fishermen in 1962 was $73
million for the 191 million pounds landed.
In addition to their worth as human food,
shrimp are in great demand seasonally as
live bait for sport fishing.
Methods used in shrimp farming take
advantage of the ability of certain shrimp
to survive and grow rapidly in shallow
the shrimp farmer alters t he natural en-
vironment so t hat the poundage of shrimp
normally harvested from the estuarine
areas is greatly increased. It is antici-
pated that by prop e r tim ing, a shrimp
farmer may control the development of
his stocks, so that abundant live bait shrimp
of appropri a te size can be harvested at the
peak of demand.
The culture of shr imp and other marine
animals is an important industry in cer-
tain maritime coun tr ies of Southeast Asia .
Shrimp farming in t h e Uni ted States is still
in its infancy, however, and extensive re-
search i s required to determine i ts biologi-
c al and economi c feas ibility.

lContribution No. 166. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Biological Laboratory. Galveston. Tex.
Note,--Donald M. Allen. Fisher y Biologist, Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory. U.s. Fish and Wild-
life Service. Galveston. Texas.
This leaflet giyes an account of shrimp
culture as it i s practiced in Southeast
Asia and suggests possible applic a tlOn of
techn i ques developed t her e to shrimp farm -
ing in the United States.
 GENERAL LIFE HISTORY OF SHRIMP
The majority of shrimp cultivated in
salt-water ponds in the Far East are
mar in e shrimp which inhabit s hallow,
brack i sh estuaries during a large porbon of
their lives. They are well adapted to this
environment and can tolerate considerable
change in salimty and temperature. A
generalized account of their life history
will suffice for most of the .:;pecies with
which we are concerned here .
Female shrimp spawn their eggs freely
ln the ocean, each releasing several hundred
thousand eggs. After hatching and whlle
passing through several larval stages, the
tmy shrimp move toward the coast. Upon
entenng the shallow and brackish msho re
waters, the young shrimp sEttle to the
bottom and grow rapldly. As maturation
app roac he s, they gradually move off shore
toward the spawning grounds m the ocean
and the life cycle is repeated. Depending
upon the species, the hfe spa n may range
from about 1 to 3 years and th e maXlmum
size in terms of length, from about 4 to 12
inches.
Along the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts
of the Unlted States, there occur four
speCles of marine shrimp whlch may be
suit a ble for pond cultu re. These a re the
w h 1 t e (Penaeus seliferus), p 1 n k rP. duorarum) ,
brown (P. aztecus), and Canbbean brown
(P.brasiliensis) shrimps, all similar in
appearance and habits to their relatives,
the cultured shrimp 0_ Southeast Asia.
These North Arneric ..... n shrimp live 1 to 2
years and reach a size of about 9 inches.
In addition to marine shrimp, the southern
United States has several species of large
river shrimp ('rfacTobrachium spp.) that should
be considered for pond culture. These
shrimp are generally found m fresh or
brackish water. The eggs are not released
directly into the water but remain attached
to the underside of the "tail" of the female
unti l they hatch into young shrimp.
CULTURE METHODS
Pond Site and Construction
In Southeast Asia, shrimp farms are
constructed in shallow, brackish, estuarine
areas where shrimp occur naturally. The
ponds are situated in suc h a way that tidal
2
action provldes the needed water exchange.
Areas where salinity is only slightly less
than that of sea water are preferred. The
soil is usually clay with a mixture of sand
and 0 r g ani c detritus. Experience has
demonstrated that ponds constructed in
regions of excessive fresh water or with
s andy substrate are poor producers.
Salt marshes, shallow lagoons, and man-
grove swamps a re conver ted into shrimp
ponds by exc avatlon and dikmg. In Japan,
a bandoned solar-salt beds have been con-
verted to modern shnmp reanng ponds.
A pond system used m the Phihppmes (fig . l)
conslsts of £lve main sectlOns, separated by
dlkes- -two nursery ponds, two rearing
pond s, and a catch pond. The tops ofthe dikes
are about 20 .nches above the maXimum ex-
pected tlde heights. SlUlce gates connect
the catc h pond to a bdal stream and al so
to the rearmg ponds and nurseries, so that
water may be exchanged. Wate r level and
movement are controlled by bdal flow and
adjustable drawboards m the sluice gates.
The entire pond unlt slopes toward the
main sluice gate so that all sectlOns can ,
1£ necessary, be drained at low t ide . Drain -
age is fac litated by a system of d i tches in
the pond bottom which lead to t h e mam
sluice gate. ThiS particular pond system
covers about 25 acres .
ExtenSive estuanes along the Gulf and
South Atlantic coasts of the Umted States
may also be sUltable for farmmg shrimp,
although the cost of gaming control over
such property will be prohibibve in certain
areas. Excluding the cost of leasing or
purchasing suitable property, the cost of
pond construction m the United States may
range from $35 to $600 per acre, I depend-
ing upon the size of the project and local
conditions.
Preparation for Stocking
Before a nursery pond in the Philippine s
is stocked with shrimp fry, it i s drained ,
cleaned, thoroughly sun dried, and then
refilled with 1 to 3 inches of tide wate r
that has been screened to prevent entry of
undesirable organisms. Besides eliminating
most predators, this entire process serve s
to enc our age the growth of "lab -lab," a
Philippine term for a complex mass o f
small bottom-dwelling plant and animal
llnformation concerning pond construction costs may be found
in an addendum to Lunz, 1958.
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Figure 1.--Layout of Philippine shrimp pond. (After Delmendo and Rabanal. 1956).

life which is a prime source of food for young shrimp entering the estuary from
young shrimp . After a good growth of the sea will be swept into the pond. When
"lab-lab" is established, the water depth the tide turns, t he slui c e gate is screened,
is increased to about 12 inches, and the thus retain ing the young shrimp in the
s eed shrimp are introduced. pond. This proc ess m a y be repeated on each
tide. Of cou rse, many other marine
The shrimp grow from juvenile to adult
organisms, some obje c tionable, are intro-
stage in a large rearing pond. Prior to
duc ed i nto the pond with th e shr i mp when
being stocked with juvenile shrimp from the
this met h od is used.
nursery pond, the rearing pond is drained,
cleaned, and dried before refilling to a
Neither method described above supplies
depth of 3 to 4 feet with s c reened tide-
a cons i stently adequ a te supply of seed
water.
shrimp. Th e most highly developed methods
of shrimp culture are those now practiced
Ac quisition of Seed Shrimp in Japan, where kuruma shrimp (P . japonicu s)
To obtain a successful harvest of shrimp, are reared from egg to adult stage under
it is necessary that the pond be adequately closel y c ontrolled conditions. Although de-
st ocked. Consequently, much effort is di- tails are lacbng, the process may be
re c t ed toward the critic al problem of ob- described generally . Eggs obtained from
taining a supply of seed shrimp (fry). captive spawnin"g shrimp hatch and develop
into larvae in a hatching tank. Since spe-
In the Philippines and Formos a, clusters cial food is required by certain larval
o f ma r ine plants are strung across tidal stages of the shrimp, minute marine
c ree k s and shallow bays. The young shrimp organisms, including diatoms, are arti-
enter i n g the estuaries from the sea gat her ficially cultured and fed to the tiny shrimp
On t h e plants, from which they are netted at this time. Upon completion of the last
at inter val s . These f ry a r e transported to larval stage, the young shrimp are trans-
n urser ies in earthenware containers. ferred to a nursery tank. Thus, in Japan,
the problem of obtaining a reliable supply
N urs eries are not used where seed s h rimp of seed shrimp has apparently been solved.
a r e obtained by ent rapment from incoming
sea wat er. The sluice gate (fig. 2) is opened In the United States, captive white shrimp
on a rising tide so that the swarms of have spawned successfully in large tanks

3

/,
" feeding may serve t o promote g rowth and
Figure 2.- - Diagra m of a sluice gate , showlnp. drawboaris and
screen.
cont aining shallow salt v,'ater. By dddmg
nutrient s to t h e wat er , J. supIJly of smdll
marine pl a nkt on organisms .vas maintained
as food f o r th e la r val s hrimp, which were
succe ss fully r eare d t hrough the JuvenIle
sLlge . El sewh ere m thi s c ountry, c apt i v e
pInk s h ri mp hav e s pawned t heir egg s m
glas s a quaria, a ft e r which t he r e s ultant
larvae w ere confIned In sm all cont aine r s .
He r e, s e p a r ately cultur ed mlC r o s coplc
marine algae we r e p r ovided as f o od untIl
t he beginning o f the juvenil e st age . In
neith e r case, however, has t h e method
been s uffIc lently developed to p r ovi de seed
s h r imp on a commercial scale. P r esent
t echniques fo r obtalnIng s eed shrimp rely
eithe r upon t heir tId( -associated move -
ments int o pond s , 01 ,.. pon capt u r e b y tr awl
and plankton net . T he llmit e d pr o duc t ion of
a fe w d omesti c s h r imp far m s can be a t
lea s t pa rt i al ly at t r i buted t o madeq uat e
stock s o f young s h r imp .
Management of the Shrimp Crop
In Southeast A Si a , pond w a t e r i s
per io dically rene w ed w it h screened tide
w ater during the p er i od shrimp are con-
f in e d. Sinc e losses of shrimp occurring
t h rough hol e s in dikes and screens a re
pa rticular l y common during periods of
waterfl o w, continued maintenanc e of the
pond un i t i s required.
While confined in the nurseries, seed
shrimp feed upon bottom plant and animal
life that is occasionally supplemented with
rice bran. After several weeks, the young
shrimp are transferred to the rearing ponds.
4
There they consume small living and dead
org a nIsms swept through the slUlce gates
by the tid e and also organIc Inatter pro-
duc ed wit hm t h e pond. In addition to natural
foods, and de pe nding upon lo c al practices ,
s u p p lement al fo o d Inay i nclude such diverse
or ganic mat erial a s water and lan d p l ants,
silkworm pupae, f i s h , a nd s h e llhs h . In the
absence of adequat e nat u r al fo od, artifi Ci al
survival.
Even m the ponds whe r e the m t ak e w ater
IS screened, the Yield of sh r i m p may be
reduct'd .,y predators or compe t ito rs. T he se
pests may Include fish, birds, reptiles , and
mammaJ.s. Some may be r emoved by t r ap -
pIng. In Formosa, saponin, a compound e x-
tracted from tea seeds, has been us e d to
kill £Jsr , apparently without affecting s hri mp
contained In the same pond . Rotenone in
sUitable concentrations may also be u s e fu l
for thiS purpose. Growth and s u rv iv al oj
cult Hed shnmp can also be affe c t ed b-y
dseases and pdrasltes , f or which nc
mett'ods of control are ye t p r ac tic e d.
Harv e s t
The length of tlme t hat s h ri m p a re h elc
belore h a r ve s tin g depends up on l ocal
p r act 1 c e s and rat e of s hrimp g r owt h.
Shrimp may be held f r om a few mont h s tc
a yec.r. TC'lree methods of har v e st used lr
Southeast Asia merit de s c r ipt ion:
1. Bamboo screen tr ap (fig . 3) - t h i~
t ra p consists of a fence o r leader extend-
Ing a t r ight angles from t h e dik e and l eadinl
int o a heart - shaped catch cham b er. M OVInl
shrimp meet the fence whil e Cl r ch ng thE
borde r s of the pond and foll o w t h e fencE
int o t he cat ch chambe r . Li g h ts are some·
t i mes used t o a tt ract s hn mp to the trap.
2 . Bag n e t - t hi S n et I S fastened ove]
the downstre a m side o f t h e sluice gate. A:
l o w tide t h e water w h ic h h as been coniine(
In the pond i s a ll o w e d to flow out, flus h in!
the shrimp into the net.
3. Draining - the pond is drained OJ
outgoing tide and the shrimp are collecte(
by hand.
None of these methods is completel:
efficient because some shrimp avoid th,
screen traps and others bury in the mue
when the pond is drained.
 i----------------------------I
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IFEET
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Figure 3.--Diagram o f bamboo sc reen sh r imp trap, shO\ving leader and catch chambers. (After
Delmendo and Rabanal. 1956.)

The rate of production in shrimp ponds (Metapf'nnf'lI S masters1i) , which spawns

varies markedly, being dependent upon local
pr a ctices and biological conditions. Annual
yields of more than 600 pounds of heads-
off s h r imp per acre have been reported in
Sout h east Asia.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Information derived from shrimp cul-
tural practices in the Far East, particularly
in Japan, could be useful to prospective
s h rimp farmers in the United States. The
following basi c problems, howeve r, 3hould
be resolved before comme rcial shrimp
farming is undert aken in this country.
1. The current method of obtaining
seed shrimp is unsatisfactory. If, in cap-
tivity, the local marine shrimp will not
regularly spawn and the young cannot be
reared through their larval stages by t he
use of Japanese culture te c hniques, then
other shrimp species should be considered.
Following preliminary experimentation and
observing necessary precautions, it may
be feasible to transplant kuruma shrimp,
which are successfully cultivated in
Japan, or the Australian greentail prawn
naturally in est uarlne waters. Finally, the
possibility t t river shrimp may be SUlt-
able for pon 1 culture should not be over-
looked.
2. The maximum production of cul-
tured shr imp can be obtained only when
optimum conditions are established in
shrimp pon ds. An understanding of the
physical , chemical, and biological factors
that control shrimp growth and survival
are ne cessary for successful pond manage-
me nt. The need for research must be
emphasized.
3. The present methods of harvesting
shrimp from ponds by trapping and drainage
are not satisfactory. It may be more effl-
cient to drag the ponds with frame trawls. 3
Possibly, the use of artificial light as a
shrimp attractant can be more fully de-
veloped. In addition , chemical and electri-
cal shrimp collecting techniques should be
in ve stigated .
4. The expected yield of shrimp per
acre per year in the United States cannot
3 Small drag nets with rigid, metal-frame opening and roller.

5
even be c onje c tured, but it would be of
prime impor t ance to the prospec t ive shrimp
farmer. Prior to investment in a large -
scale shrimp farming operation, realistic
production rates s houl d be determined from
pllot experiments.
CO NCLUSIONS
In the United St a tes, nat ural populations
of shrimp occur in estuaries along the Gulf
and South Atlantic c oasts. This region
appear s well suited for shrimp farming, but
commercial ventures In this f ield have been
unsucces sful. If shrimp culture problems
relating to seed supply, growth, survival,
and harve stmg can be resolved, and proven
methods followed closely, Gulf and Scuth
Atlantic coa stal marshes may supIJ'">rt a
new Industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
\nonymous.
1 Q58. Controlled culture of shrimp seen
on horizen on a comm ercial scale.
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p. 1,9-10.
1962. Prawn farming shows promise.
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60.
1963. t>1arme blOlogy, cultured prawns.
Time, vol. 81, no. 13 (March 29),
p. 43, 45.
Delmendo. M. N., and p. F . Rabanal.
1956. CultivatlOn of 'sugpo' (jumbo tiger
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In the PhIlIppines. Indo - Pa cific
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431.
Dobkm, Sheldon.
1961. Early developmental stages of pink
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waters. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
Ice, Fishery Bulletin 190, vol. 61,
p. 321-349.
Gopmath, K.
1956. Prawn culture in the rice field s
of Tr avanco re-Cochin, India . Indo -
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mgs, 6th SesslOn, Sections 2 an d 3,
p.419-424.
6
H edgpet h , Joel W .
1 9 4 9. The Nor th American species of
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1942. Rep r o duction, development and
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and Kenne t h D. Woodburn .
1959. In ve sti gat ions on t he parasites and
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August, p. 1 - 5 .
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1956. Propagation of the whit e shrimp,
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no. 6, p . 175 - 190 .
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(L in n a e us). Tulane Studies in
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1962. P r eli minary experime nts on the
re a ring of the fresh water shrimp ,
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c eedings, Annual Session, p. 199-201.
Lindner, Milton J., and William W. Ander-
so n .
1956 . Growth, migrations, spawning and
size distribut ion of shrimp, P ena eu8
setiferus. U.S . Fish and Wildlife Serv-
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Ling, S . W., and A. B. O. Merican.
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of t he ad u 1 t sand 1 a r val stages
of Macro brachium rosenbervi (De Man).
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55 -61.
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1958 . Pond c ultivation of shrimp in Sout h
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Lunz, G. Robert, and Charles M. Bearden.
196 3 . Control of predaceous fishes in
shrimp farming in South Carolina.
Contr ibutions from Bears Bluff Lab-
oratories, No. 36, 9 p. Wadmalaw
Island, South C a rolina.
Manning, S. F.
1963. Problems of sea f a rming aren It
all technical. National Fisherm a n
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man, v ol. 44, no. 1, p. 22-23.
1963. Many factors figure in building of
successful shrimp pond. National
Fisherman combined with Maine
Coast Fisherman, vol. 44, no. 2,
p. 38-39.
Menon, M. K.
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of Tr avancore -Coc hin a n d an exper i -
ment in prawn culture. Indo-Pa cifi c
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135.
P earson, Jo h n C .
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A m e r ic an Penaeidae, chiefly h
c omm er cial shrimp, f'rM u. , rlf,' U
(Lmn .). [U . S . ] Bureau of FI!:>nenc •
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19 62 . Fis h far min g methods In thE'
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19 4 9 . T he culture of lab-lab. the ndhr.ll
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ling s under cultivation. Department
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Schuster, W . H .
1 9 5 2. Fish-culture in bracklsr. water
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Progressive Fish-C ultUrlst, vu~ 2.~,
no. 1 (January), p. 43-45.
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1 951. The cultivation of sUgro ""11(/'.
munod(J/I Fabricius) m the t 'll.!p -
pines. Phihppme Journd: of F S'1-
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Voss, Gilbert L.
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pot entially cornme rc .al snrlT'"1;' of
the family Penaeldae of tJ- e weste rr
Nor t h Atlantic and t e Gulf of. 1eXI o.
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Tee hm cal S e r l e s .. o . 14. 2. ~ p .
WeyrrlOuth, F. W., Milton J. Lindner, and
W. W. Anderson.
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1- 26.
Williams, Aus tin B .
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vol 5, no. 2, p . 116 -14 6.
MS # 1293

Cfeated In 1849 . the Departm ent of th e Tnterlor--Amerlca's Department o f Natural Resou rce s--Is concerned
with the management . co nservati on. and dev el opment of the Nati on ' s wate r . fi sh . wlldlife. mineral . forest. and
park and recreati onal res ources . It also has major r esponslhillti ps for Indian and T errit orial affairs .

As the Nation' s pri ncipal con servation agency. the Department works to assure that nonrenewable re-
sources are developed and used wisely. that park and r ec reational resou rces are conserved for the futu re. and
that renewable res ources make th"lr full contribution to the progress. prosperity. and security of the United
States--now and In the future.

t:NITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE I NTERIOR. Stewart L. Udall . Secretary

James K. Carr , Under Secre tary
Frank P . Briggs, Assistant Sec retary for Fish and If ildlife
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Paulzke, Commissio nu

BUREAU OF COMME RCIAL FISHERIES , Donald L. McKernan, Dire c tor

Fishery Leaflet 551

Washington, D.C. October 1963

GPO 861.7 4 7