Laplace Transform aad Transfer Funchens
In differenhal equahoas, the Laplace duasfm is singly a fol
foc selving lintan ODEs. We'll review Mis use aad Hen
explore mort intuifve Interpretations.
De Finition : F@®= Liter? _ fw eg (i)
The Laplace trashem takes a function of Hime (say fi) and
opecaks on it, genecatiay a signal (F(s)) in He s-demain,
where “s" is a complex number, £4.39 i's a linear operator ,
Webedy actually performs the inkgrakoa ja GC); fastead me
use tables of pre-compaked inkgls, Lets do a simple
case? we H(t), Ye Heaviside (uart skp)
fe % £56 a function
O else ie :
‘the unit skp (or a skp of a moa cunity magrity de) if a vec
common Het int te apply fo a syskim fe “kek” fs response,
00
= ost re
FEHR Pye ye ee
: s ° >
recall: Soak
>
The following smatt bable lists eI : é
~ few wsebel trasshorms &fe en F(s) i a oe cent tant,
Xf} and all Funchons of Hae
at nem fr +20.
H® —_
(unit step) ¥
a: Fley a: F(s) t definition »# operntor
f+ 5th FGs)+ Gs) Ueeteay,
lo 5° FOS) - 6
Te 5) - £(0)
see s* FG) - st) -1£()
dee dt
eat 1
€ SHA
I ene t
(I> ) S(sta)
Excample, Solving _aa_ODE
Examplt, Solving an OPE.
Cotitce ) ea (Eruise Coates”
me tbe FE) FO oe example 5
‘9
force ) lineacit.
take L243 of both sibs of equation : yee eee di
dimy+bvy- L{fol = Lf{mvz+ efbvi = Fis)
am aSeg + bafyy = FG) & m(s-Vis) - ver) + bVUS = Fis)
2 VG)[ms +b] = FG) + mve)
mv(o)
> VG)= FG): =e eer can use fable
Solve for alt) with inital coadjHen Ce) pow apply
aud iapt fry = fohigy a ed lavese Laplace
2 Fis) = = tans feo aaa
we Solve foe ack)
eee ees
VG) = 3 Set) * tna -
ewe &% -e**) + eme™*| 420
s w(t) = (i-e™") + vr@e
LES ‘fee ER Ue ye]
a,
Particular solufen homogeneous Solution.
ore relets not consider taitsal conditions fre now. there ts
ne loss of generlity becanse Heir homogenous rer Ponse
can always be found Sepamlely and added to Me
foccech ces ponse. (for linear systems) .
Looting at Hu previews example, bat with a0) =.
VG) = FG): Sr draw as: Fe) lesen f-> Ve
eee oe
We call Wis phe rahe ae
di »
teanshe Panchen ee
In geneml , we'll use G(s)
to denote Me tranche Puncher +
Vis) = FG): Guy
Nele tat we Caan alse weite ils fo date tre TE:
Gee ue “output a Laplace domain ”
Fos) “input ia Laplace clomata "
Formal de fraitions !
1. TF only defind for LTX sy stems (ery importang !)
2. Connects 09€ input to
3.
one output
TF ctpesents input -output role Heacleip whee all initial
conditteas are te,
1 Gee Yor 2 Fivey xf nate) Sa} wm {
uey LLueHy i
V (Tes 20)
uo—feo}> Yod=
Uls)- G(s)TF exanple # F
k Pee)
mitbx tkx = FD Prt
dfx thx rkax 3 = XffoR b =
> ms*Xs) + bs XG) + KX() = FG)
NN weve set
Fach :
al Tic. ferns
XO (mstebs¢ k) = FO b ten,
42s
Gs) = X@ &
at st
fe ie
t
Do you recognite fre denomiaahr as chacractets Ke
eguaton 2
TF example €2
mitherkesbutku a
| #83 (ne ie
X(ms*ths rk) = U(bs +b) deeplacenent)
> fotr= bse Rf polynemial in numera tom
ja dene uiantor
maps ko OdE LHS ~> related
fe elements of sysknw,
@
7
Ur reek related to conByumton
1 (ee ae
polynomialMieramde oe 2
Recall DC meter (L#o): [iia
: eee a
tdi 4 Re = Vt) - Kye at LsT+eE-Vs -KN
Joe po = Kt > TR spn KL
> T(LstR)=Vs-G& 2 > r= YE - Ke
Ls+e istR
3 (Tes +B) GL ———
> 2(Ts+B6) = Kivs Soke kee
Le +e, Lsfe
2 V(Ts+ B)(LS+R) + Kei 2 = Ke Vs
* HC Tis* + (ve+grds + oe) = ely
yan
TL + (TReBLy& + Rw = Ke Vel)
go much easier ia Laplace domata /
ln geet, its easier to manipulate sysiems of eguations
1A Laplace domaine Try to convert to s-demam sooner
retther than (ater,
Ke
~ Sis* + (Tp rBLys + BR
2 =
GW) =
Vs (5)lnterpee bay £93 and “S" variable
HL tfpmy- [poe de
consider solution pf Utd order mab-k system with
no Forced put (homogeneous solution) !
me eb pk UE AO
Noker that soluboar must be Aurctionr xt) such tat
oe xe) or AH oe eck) So Hat fe
ie
thos LHS forms Can cancel ont, What fractions hove
ddd
dé
Hals property ?
apt at ds = weoswt
= =e Ceade ol,
ie & i te
-w*smwe
Se, sines, @sints, and expormbal fynctoas have Hse properkes,
look at We kee 6 in PGP, Note thst since
5 is complex, we Gn write gs r+ jw (o real &
an imagiaecy part, 6,WE R) And recat’ Euler s
z, °
Formula < € = cosO 4 j Sia ®
- -jwt -rt
=> ‘ote ev fe! En (cos Bt ea)
Se, essentially, He Laplace frnsfrm “embeds Enews
parts of soluboas of LT syskms, Addinenally , whim LE}
is appied te RHS/pae rapat, it jategmtes oer al Kme, and
duns also embeds a gense of the tote) impact of Me input
on Ue sg skm. o#L Compare £§-% fo de Pouce fanhrm iS
eo -st
Lhwy = Fli)= St fw eo" oft
= f oo ajut
(4% = ect
ee al, fue” dé
€ (acvitreny constant )
Yee Vimits of D7L-3 are diffeeent as if is offen used
br integerle over space instead of just Hme. dfrerwise ,
Wey ace almost He same, wit just the
di fherence * ert -jwt
fwe e
-jwt ai i
pe 2 Paver
2— Laplace
w
Thee fre, we cat ta many Cases Yaink of Sas
a frequency Fir example , recat fap Lfunit xp & = =
Ibe rink 06 "5" cougnly as Repuneg) we ste dhat o
unit skp “har spechu! power” acess all Gequencies, @MHough
He power dimbalshes at higher frequencies ~v Veg.
But walike TPZ, abet admits a sense of sheay a )
so we can Haine of "s" as velated te modes of oscillator
nat have a chamcteriste frequency andl cps mie Fane
constant Yo of decay. (mole Maat Le] = time).
®Final Noles /thoagtts on £23 and TEs.
Its fFaly okay to apply Z£-3 te aa eguaion Hat
has tagger forms. We use +
t
[tin 282, Fo-d hic is why
,
simaline displays an eget block [P] as Ef.
1
Recall cur fist TE: Gls) =VRGD .
F&s) mstb
What if we wangt Peston rather Mau veldeity as our
2 :
output 2 pole: ve) > fre) => VG)= s-X@)
Hz
Vis of x” | or, if ve-wetten, XU5)2 VG), or
“xis fof v". Grphically + va) xe)
fae
Se whet is new TE 6s ie 5
(s)
Ne aud te redenve! Ser Mat algebraically G(s) = XG). VG) X@
FFG) VO)
t
| 1
>,
KO ie ast a > 6,6) = X@ _ ;
Sth S — s(mstby
ard VG)
FG)
warr!
Anybedy notice Hat + fHug = f
t
ant LLL Poo = 2 FG). How can mean
both an tateyrmtor and a slep Lancken??To understend Hair we reed anvtier “lest iapat”
Lancer, Yee unit impulse , SU | Here ie pre
definition : Ce lee
with areazdt,
becoming infwailely
sail i widdr and
inPiaik(y tally bak
° all t#0
SP" fedé = 2
00
Sle) =
arta always cenuainiag
At some time 4, we can have an 1.
impulse, and me wrrde If graphically as
+
be
H's prethy easy fo show Mat LL SF = 1. (se Ogatm
textbook )
Conceptmally om perch /idenl unit impulse has Spectn!
Power at all Begueneier , Wik eguel Sheagth In tuts
way its He ideal fest inpnt, becance i+ eweites al!
possible
Vibratory modes oF 4 Syskem
equally.
0
what is S se dt 7? Think a minute and see ft js
%
He unit step ! Ye ie f E
t
\
ONG
wil
Hise é
So (F we have a system with Tr, Gte)= Yes) and
UG
we choose WG) = 1 (S-fasction) , thet :
Gis) = Y¢sy
in otter words, de TF fe tne inap alse ease
Se for an integrator $y Joe impale respose ip Ww
ualt skp / ae Ye
@