الصوتيات العربية و الفونولوجيا

‫ح من�صور حممد الغامدي ‪1436 ،‬هـ‬
‫فهر�سة مكتبة امللك فهد الوطنية �أثناء الن�شر‬

‫الغامدي‪ :‬من�صور حممد‬
‫ال�صوتيات العربية والفونولوجيا‪ / .‬من�صور حممد الغامدي ‪ -‬ط‪-..2‬‬
‫الريا�ض ‪1436 ،‬هـ ‬
‫‪� ..‬ص ؛ ‪� ..‬سم‬
‫ردمك‪978-603-01-8321-0 :‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اللغة العربية ‪-‬الأ�صوات ‪ -2‬اللغة العربية ‪ -‬النطق �أ‪.‬العنوان‬
‫‪1436/5286‬‬ ‫ديوي ‪411.5‬‬
‫رقم الإيداع‪1436/5286 :‬‬

‫ردمك‪978-603-01-8321-0 :‬‬
‫املحتويات‬ ‫ال�صوتيات العربية والفونولوجيا‬
‫املحتـويات‬
‫‪ .1‬املقدمة ‪1 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2‬تطور ال�صوتيات ‪3 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .2‬الل�سانيات ‪3 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .2‬م�ستويات اللغة ‪6 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .1 .2‬امل�ستوى الفونولوجي ‪9 ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .1 .2‬امل�ستوى الأ�صواتي ‪11 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .2‬ال�صوتيات‪11 ............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .2 .2‬ال�صوتيات النطقية ‪13 .....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .2 .2‬ال�صوتيات الأكو�ستية ‪13 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .2 .2‬ال�صوتيات ال�سمعية ‪15 .....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .2‬اخلال�صة ‪16............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ال�صوتيات النطقية ‪17 ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .3‬اجلهاز التنف�سي ‪20 ....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .3‬اجلهاز ال�صوتي ‪25 .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .2 .3‬احلنجرة ‪27 .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .2 .3‬التجويف احللقي ‪31 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .2 .3‬التجويف الأنفي ‪32 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .2 .3‬التجويف الفموي ‪33 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .4 .2 .3‬ال�شفتان وال�شدقان ‪34 ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .4 .2 .3‬الأ�سنان ‪34 ...............................................................‬‬
‫هـ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪ .3 .4 .2 .3‬الل�سان ‪34 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .4 .2 .3‬احلنك ‪36 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .4 .2 .3‬الفك الأ�سفل ‪36 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .3‬اخلال�صة ‪37 ............................................................................‬‬
‫‪� .4‬أ�صوات العربية ‪39 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .4‬اخل�صائ�ص الأ�صواتية للأ�صوات اللغوية ‪39 ........................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .4‬ال�صوامت ‪42 ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .1 .4‬م�صدر الطاقة ‪42 .......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .1 .4‬خمرج ال�صوت ‪45 ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .1 .1 .4‬كيفية النطق ‪56 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .4‬ال�صوائت ‪60 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .4‬الت�ضعيف ‪63 ....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .4‬املقطع ‪63 .......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .4‬الفوقطعي ‪65 ...................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .4‬اخلال�صة ‪67 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5‬الدرا�سات الأ�صواتية القدمية عن �أ�صوات العربية ‪69 ...................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .5‬جهاز النطق ‪70 .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .5‬الأ�صوات اللغوية ‪73 ....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .2 .5‬الأ�صوات اجلامدة ‪73 ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .2 .5‬خمارج احلروف ‪74 .....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .2 .5‬كيفية النطق ‪74 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .2 .1 .2 .5‬اجلهر ‪75 .............................................................‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪ .2 .2 .1 .2 .5‬الهم�س ‪75 ............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .2 .1 .2 .5‬ال�شدة ‪75 .............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .2 .1 .2 .5‬الرخاوة ‪75 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .2 .1 .2 .5‬بني ال�شدة والرخاوة ‪75 .............................................‬‬
‫‪ .6 .2 .1 .2 .5‬الغنة ‪76 ..............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .7 .2 .1 .2 .5‬التكرار ‪76 ............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .8 .2 .1 .2 .5‬االنحراف ‪76 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .9 .2 .1 .2 .5‬اللينة ‪76 ..............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .10 .2 .1 .2 .5‬الهاوي ‪76 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .11 .2 .1 .2 .5‬الإطباق ‪76 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .1 .2 .5‬ال�صفات املح�سنة ‪77 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .2 .5‬الأ�صوات الذائبة ‪77 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .5‬االختالف ‪77 ...................................................................‬‬
‫‪� .4 .5‬إحياء ال�صفات امليتة ‪81 ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .5‬اخلال�صة ‪83 ............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ال�صوتيات الأكو�ستية ‪85 .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .6‬املوجات ال�صوتية ‪85 ...................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .6‬املوجات ال�صوتية اخلارجة من اجلهاز ال�صوتي ‪88 ................................‬‬
‫‪� .3 .6‬أكو�ستية الأ�صوات اللغوية ‪90 ..........................................................‬‬
‫‪� .1 .3 .6‬أ�صوات بدون �صوت ‪91 .....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .3 .6‬الأ�صوات الوقفية املهمو�سة ‪93 .........................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .3 .6‬الأ�صوات الوقفية املجهورة ‪96 .........................................‬‬
‫ز‬
‫‪� .2 .3 .6‬أ�صوات ذات ترددات غري منتظمة ‪97 ...................................‬‬
‫‪� .3 .3 .6‬أ�صوات ذات ترددات منتظمة ‪101 .......................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .3 .3 .6‬ال�صوائت ‪101 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .3 .3 .6‬ال�صوائت الق�صرية ‪102 ............................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .3 .3 .6‬ال�صوائت الطويلة ‪102 ..............................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .1 .3 .3 .6‬ال�صوائت الثنائية ‪102 .............................................‬‬
‫‪� .2 .3 .3 .6‬أ�شباه ال�صوائت ‪103 ....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .3 .3 .6‬ال�صوت اجلانبي ‪105 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .3 .3 .6‬الأ�صوات الأنفية ‪105 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .3 .6‬النطق امل�شرتكة ‪106 .......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .3 .6‬الت�ضعيف ‪106 ..............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .6 .3 .6‬الرتدد الأ�سا�س ‪109 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .6‬اخلال�صة ‪110 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ال�صوتيات ال�سمعية ‪111 ......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .7‬ت�شريح اجلهاز ال�سمعي ووظائفه ‪112 ................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .7‬الأذن اخلارجية ‪113 .......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .7‬الأذن الو�سطى ‪114 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .1 .7‬الأذن الداخلية ‪114 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .7‬امل�شعرات ال�صوتية ‪116 .......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .2 .7‬املدة الزمنية ‪117 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .2 .7‬توقيت بداية الت�صويت ‪119 ............................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .2 .7‬الرتدد ‪121 ..................................................................‬‬
‫ح‬
‫‪ .3 .7‬اخلال�صة ‪123 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ال�صوتيات التطبيقية ‪125 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .8‬ال�صوتيات والقر�آن الكرمي ‪126 .......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .8‬ال�صوتيات والل�سانيات ‪127 ............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .8‬ال�صوتيات واكت�ساب اللغة الأم ‪128 ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .8‬ال�صوتيات وتعلم اللغة الأجنبية ‪129 .................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .8‬ال�صوتيات وعالج عيوب النطق وال�سمع ‪130 ........................................‬‬
‫‪ .6 .8‬ال�صوتيات والتعدي على املاركات امل�سجلة ‪131 .....................................‬‬
‫‪ .7 .8‬ال�صوتيات والأدلة اجلنائية ‪133 ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .8 .8‬ال�صوتيات واالت�صاالت ال�سلكية والال�سلكية ‪135 ..................................‬‬
‫‪ .9 .8‬ال�صوتيات وتوليد و�إدراك الأ�صوات اللغوية �آلي ًا ‪136 ..............................‬‬
‫‪ .10 .8‬اخلال�صة ‪137 .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪� .9‬أجهزة الأ�صواتيني ‪139 .......................................................................‬‬
‫‪� .1 .9‬أجهزة لها عالقة بال�صوتيات النطقية ‪139 .........................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .1 .9‬مقيا�س التنف�س ‪139 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .1 .9‬مقيا�س ان�سياب الهواء ‪139 ................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .1 .9‬منظار احلنجرة ‪142 .......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .1 .9‬مكهار الع�ضالت ‪142 ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .1 .9‬الأ�شعة ال�سينية ‪143 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .6 .1 .9‬ر�سام احلنك الإلكرتوين ‪143 .............................................‬‬
‫‪ .7 .1 .9‬ر�سام احلنجرة الإلكرتوين ‪144 ..........................................‬‬
‫ط‬
‫‪� .2 .9‬أجهزة لها عالقة بال�صوتيات الأكو�ستية ‪145 .......................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .2 .9‬عار�ض الذبذبات ‪145 ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .2 .9‬املطياف ‪145 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪� .3 .9‬أجهزة لها عالقة بال�صوتيات ال�سمعية ‪147 ................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .9‬اخلال�صة ‪148 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .10‬الفونولوجيا ‪149 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .10‬النظام ال�صوتي ‪149 .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .10‬ال�صفات املميزة ‪149 .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .10‬القوانني الفونولوجية ‪155 ............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .10‬تطبيقات علم الفونولوجيا ‪170 .....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .10‬اخلال�صة ‪171 .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .11‬الكتابة والرموز ال�صوتية ‪173 .............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1 .11‬الكتابة ‪173 ................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2 .11‬احلرف العربي ‪176 ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .11‬عالمات الت�شكيل ‪180 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .11‬الكتابة ال�صوتية ‪187 .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5 .11‬اخلال�صة ‪217 .........................................................................‬‬
‫املراجع ‪219 ....................................................................................‬‬
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& B
Teeth . . . .
B ' 8@ / .H *1 '

N&- 8N@ .

:3 < *1 . &#
.*&
)
& 8
.
.
#
-#
N /
8HB
.7 `^ 3 - - m&
N
N N RB3 < C <1 *1 6

..@- K K

7K RB C : 6# 6K# K # ,/ . B
RNB
./$/
N RB & K & @ *'& 1 .
G&
.&
& K & <' J
+
/>/ ://:/C/

Tongue . . . .
AN&# N3 / 8N .*
9 *1 A (2-# <6# &
9
S 6' # < :& &K G& &U1 . G& &- &
"*N- ! " *1 8
'1 .69/ 8=
&
,/ !& *

‐
.

!G
# < G& )# (mother tongue) 9&3 *1 8'
: - !G # )#
,
.!N +
*1 &
G& * (langue) & *1
.

.
G&
A *1
& &- / 5
!N (9

/ 12/ )
$
8B 7 79 8 &
N N 8N H2 -

.*'& $
*1

N *N1 K
# RB3 ! (9 5
# !
N !NT1 (.W .` 8@ )
./A/
*1 .& / /C/
N
:front & <' :tip & $ : (9# .- / & <'
(N2-# & 8'
.root & :back & B% :center &
$ 8' :8K 8 &1 :. 8 ,
1 :*
9 EB#
.& 5 & B% 8'
:K &
*&N 5 B # )# .!
*& 5 8 &
.*
&- :!-
& B / % !-
.N& < 8B # 8@ &- H2- 0# & 8@ *1 <
<>N HN2 F6 .!2B

# !1
# !2
# ! H2 F6 <
'
- 8 *6 :A

72B
71 A - 1
N& N
'
& 1 0 / :/ D /
A
.< RB (
& 7'2 7
12 . (Y J5; Z2 $4 &+ &; / < . * , "+ , #I .()
. & % 4H :(
AB $ J5;H \#I $4
‐

.
Palate . . . .

.

!" # $ "% & '
(
."

:*NK
(hard palate) &N 5 :8
:+ / 5 <'
/ .)
N $N
' *1 0' & 5 1 .(soft palate) & 5
palate NG / ://
RB *
alveolar K&
& 5 0' ./)/

A C 5 .' ' *6
EU ) < *6
..& & 5 *
.)
$
.B% *1
.!1 - < *1 7
N
!N&- *6
:& 5&
$=>
E/ # A +
.N& N# /5/

RB3 & 8' !# . '& & 8+
./A/ :/S/ :/l/
RB1
Mandible . . . .

AN N1 .)
$
< '
# .9 *1 8 5 -
:8K
A - 0 *& 5 B E $ 8K

N 8N 5 B *1
0
' 6
./)/
.5

‐
.

!"# . .
(N2-# N N#
# $
- .- 3 - *
9
9
. &B 7
# C1 = RB (

. +& * 9 &- G& <> *1 *

)
N

G&
G D . 8K
:*N
:*'& – EB KHK $
<
' .
'+
N- N DN &- K? (2-# !
– )

# 56
.
.-
# RB/ 1 .
'+
0N2
&- /
:
B *1
'+ &- ,
G

(
2 & @
& EB A (2-#
.

A (K# C 6
.

& 0
‐

.

‐
.

.
8N *N1 N NG&
# - ' ! - C # 8+
N N
N
G&
k $ # # !& :DB
N
N N& 7HB 5
:C *
>
.* 8 *1 '
$ % !& ! '(!# . .

9N 5N *1 '
- A 8 *1 C
*N1
.
G&
RB *
:3 - *

*
N 9N& $N
N AN 8 *1 &- 8 6
N
G&
k
M=B <' * !

(2-
.# G&

# &- 5 *1 '
.
G&
k *

<' P2
# 6
+
:(consonants)
:8
:= + / <'
G&
1
N# :.../R/ :/C/ :// :// :8K
1 .(vowels) =
:*K
.NN
:/ NuN / 2
:/ NvN / :*1 G& *1 =

&
2
: +
7 #
/ NvNvN / &

:/ NwN /
(
/ NwNwN / &
.
: 2 +
7

/ NuNN
u /
N
#
N6 =
N

D A
.. +

5 &( /F . %0 4

/& "<" " " "" B > * ,&( .()
%0 4 H ?K . #I * %0 4
% 4
/& "<" " "
. %0 4
/& 5 \#I G4 %0 4 AB2
‐

.
N RB (
& < $+
/ )% A )
2- '
N A )
2- + T1 =
# :!1 2
# =
.
A *1 8 5 8+# 2
$N N <G $HB &-
G& n $
56

NN
& N N> N2
'NN1
NNG&
&-
NG& *N1
0 79
(International Phonetic Association)
(International Phonetic Alphabet)

. . . – . . IPA

# / .* B *1 MB 02
")" (
"
"

&
N :
# ,/ .* B - =
#
/
/
:"<
N" *1 /)/ 8K :syllable 0'
# & *1 +
/
(.` .a 8

) .D D 'U / =
:"
" *1
.. G&
# $
. B
7 7 "+ .()
. J $ G $ 2 .()
‐
.

. .
‐

.
*# Front *

Central *&B Back
A&G Close
A&G Close-mid
P Open-mid
P Open
.

. . :
. . .
:!
"#!

. . . .
:*6 KHK *
9 + # A 8 *1
)
= .١
) .٢
*' .٣
‐
.

.

$ " $ &'( " "# $ % !
."$ ")* "$ & +# , ) - ,- "
‐

‐

!"
# .
.
. (& %&" $ **
' %&" $ *)

.
.

. . . .
&- !1
*
9 )# *1
RB 0' #
.
N '+ (
@ 7(
5 *

2- 8+
.! RB ) <
$

!"#$ %& ' () * % +,# $ -) .(

!"#$ ' %&
' /0,
! 2,
3
' .(
.
/,
:' +,#
.N@ N RB * *6
:bilabial sounds
.
//
:(.# .W .a 8N@ ) /</ N6
N N *1

.(. .W .a 8@ )
N& K RB
:labiodental sounds
.
/$/
N6 N N

N N *N1 RNB
.& @
.(.# .^ .a 8@ )
RB *
*6
:interdental sounds
.
/>/ :// :/C/ : *NN6
:NN& $NN
NN& NNK NN NN
.(. .^ .a 8@ )
‐

.

.// () . .

. /!/ (!)
"
#$%$ $& & ' *
%+ *
, " * -$0
.
1 #$ " *
"
*
,
‐
.

./2/ () . .

./-/ 4/5/ 4/3/ (!)
4/5/ 8 9 *

*#
: !5,5 ./-/ *6
# 7
./3/ 9 *,5,5 0 /-/
‐

.

87 ./;/ 4// 4// 4// 4// 8 8 () . .

./;/ 4// : *
8#, *
*6
#
*,58,5 0 4// 4/;/ 4// & *

*#
: !5,5
.// 4// 9
./*/ (!)

‐
.

.// () . .

8
# 7 ./>/ 4// 4/=/ (!)
./>/ *6
‐

.

./?/ () . .

*
*#
: !5,5 4/A/ 4/@/ (!)
./@/ 9 *,5,5 0 /A/ 9
‐
.

./B/ () . .

.// (!)
‐

.

*
8 *#
: !5,5 ./D/ 4/C/ () . .

./C/ & *,5,5 0 /D/ &
*
*#
: !5,5 ./F/ 4/E/ (!)
./E/ 9 *,5,5 0 /F/ 9
‐
.

8& *8%
8
, " 4/8'/ 4// () . .

*$6
, K G *#H 5I J *

*
#
:
. 9

, ,
./8L8/ (!)
‐

.

./8M8/ () . .

./8N8/ (!)
K 8
# RB
:alveo-dental sounds
.
RB 6 RB
.& <'
# $
K& &
/M/ :/9/ :/D/ :// :/8/ :// :// :// :// ://
.(.a .a
.` .a H@ )
RB *
*6 :palato-alveolar

.
.(.Y .a 8@ ) /R/ :/x/ : *6
:& $ 0 K&
G
N&
RB )

6
:palatal

.
.(.Y .a 8@ ) /)/
6
:G
‐
.

N N RNB *

*6
:velar sounds
.
/5/ NN *NN1 NN RNNB
.NN& B%NN
NN& 5NN
.(.# .s .a 8@ )
B%
.& +
' *6
:uvular sounds "
.!
/S/ :/l/ :/A/ : NNN
NNN NNN RNNNB
.NNN&
.(.# .Z .a
. .s .a H@ )
N RB * '&
:pharyngeal sounds #
.
N-
N 6 RB
.(. .Z .a 8@ ) /J/ :/o/ *6 A&
N9 N N NB 0'1 *'& 9 '
.*'&
/N6/ :/(/
. RB :glottal sounds #
.
+

6
9
6 RB
(.# .p .a 8@ )
.
'+
/
/
N G& *1 .RB K# *1 5@
# 56
*N@ !
# .! +
*1 *' 72#
*@ !? !
)
N& B% J, 5 1 7' !
#
:!' (K# @ ., 5 1
.& 5 !+
# 0N ) !B
8
RB .- 56 # P2 <'
N# *#
K 8
#
6 :8K 8 &- :// :// A 1 .! F9
7N1 D (place of articulation)
RB/ # ,/ .*@1 BI
.
B // :/</ N
1 .
G&
0 9
‐

.
6
2 -
RB
9 EB# / R
.A
*?
Manner of Articulation
. . . .
*N1 . N&B A
:
RB
# .- RB #
N6

RB RB
# .@- :8K 8 &- :
<NK
.A *1 &B ' 8
&B
#
*#
K&
: = / ' '
$ !T1

'+ 1
*
*6 :voiced $ "% .
*6 G& *1 .

. P '
:// :/>/ :// :/</ :// N
N / 12/ =
0 :
./J/ :/S/ :/R/ :/
/ :/)/ :// :// :/8/ :/9/ ://
N'+ N1
N *
*6 :voiceless %"% .
*N1 N

.6 P , -

:/A/ :/5/ :/x/ :// :/M/ :/D/ :// :/C/ :/$/ : *N6 N
..

-
0 )# :/(/ :/N6/ :/o/ :/l/
4 !
5 /,2
$ 6
.stops
.
5 /,2 ,
7
9
$ ;(6 /0 !<= .7 8
#
.6
.7 !

> +) ?@ 7 8 !

:A

$
(
N 1 0 *
*6
:nasal stops ' : &
N AN - $ RB !
< - R
B
.// :/</ 6
*1
. '&
‐
.

N1 RNB , *N

*6 :oral stops %) ' : (

N- R
NB (
0 )# .< ,
$ (

AN&G
:N& 5N '& 1 A&G1 .*
9
R
B 0 #
# .@
# & / < 8B (
E
*N1 8 *6
'+ A&G1 9 - (

:// : *N6 N G& *1
+

..9
./(/ :/A/ :/5/ :// :// :// ://
*1 @ 7 !# ,/ ' 6 +

# <
+

"
" N +

/

N6 *1

6 A
BH
." +

" N

" N#
#" & ?
@
A
B

N N- .-
J
6 :affricates *% .
*N1 DN
.! RB
B / *
J
@ / *+
:.N N& *1 > !# :

G&
‐

.
N
N +# !#

. *1 <
*1 F1
!N
N /
N N K 6 5 &1 ; ' <& .
.<& P *

(NK# G& *1
#
:emphatic %+% .
*1 56
.A& !+, 12/ & B% J '
.y(H 6 <
7+/ 6 K 1 B F6

F6 A (K# ) - + , )9&3 P&
N N& B%N + )# "A&" * (pharyngealization) &1

('
6
F6 A (K# C ) .*'&
N
K
'
.A& / 12/ (velarization) & B%
B%N # N
# - 8 @
B
# # 5 ; 7= *' , !# ,/ *'& ' 7= &
P&N B + */ C
.Y 8
*1 " A& " 9 <B#
*TN1 :A3 Q &- , / 12/ /5/
&- ,& A3
:/>/ : *6 *1 B

. 6 *1 <H
/ 12/ :// :/M/ ://
AN
2- 8 1 *
*6
:trills * .

N
6
i //
A *1 .. K# BQ A
2
' K& @- i + +
K& & $ 8 i )
K& - 8 <K // A $+
& @ 7H@ i
. ! AH
&+ < 5 G&+ ! .()

‐
.

.N6
:ENB# . K& 8, /
<K * !2
/ 7=-
.//
6 *1
)
T1

6
N *
*6
.laterals .!
# A -
(
& o 0 <
*1 (
E $+
:-

F6
.&
# & *

:lateral approximants

! " # $ % &
!%
./2/ ( ,- / 0-
# .'( )* +

1
*
*6
:lateral fricatives **# i

N> PN N 5N N + 6H
# & * #

: F 2 '

G& $
'
.(
*1 2
.7B 7 7 //

N ' 1
*
*6 :approximants .
2 # RB (
& 1 o * D
A )
2-
=
5
1 i ,
A - *6 i
: -

F6
..
B / ,

FHN-# 6 * *6
:lateral approximants i
.

'
*6
:central approximants i

N
.&
A
1 = RB (
1 *
N
N' /)/ A 1 ./
/ :/)/ : 6 G& *1 '
‐

.
.N2
*1
' T1 /
/ *1 # .5 ' &
.& B%
& 5 *K
:@ 8

Vowels
. . .
.FN AN :

=

@ G #
# /
=
N N *1 .
- 8+# =
-

:B =
9
.7 @-
K
(quantity)
#
.(quality)
:/ NNuNN
u / :/ NNvNvN / : 7H
N N/ =
: C 1
N# # *N 6
./ NwN / :/ NuN / :/ NvN / : 7+
# / NwNwN /
(N2-# ' :BQ ..' =
# 8
# &
=

AN - &
=
A - 8
# .
02
*1 A
=N # "zN{{"
"z{{" : & A A 1 ..' =

*N1 N
.8
K & *1 F> +
& *1 8

7' ! 8
=
8 8' .+ =
KHK
N# NK !@ 6 1 .7' ' A )# :' =
N9 $N2 N NG& *1 &
=
9 m&
.G1
*N1 *6
.( &
& K& Wsc
.'& K& pc) .' =

,/ :N 9 *1 <H - K%
BQ / C $&B 0+
. K !@ ' #

.)
$
8@ +H- B F6 . *6 K B

'+ )
$
8B

(

‐
.

*N I N@B +

*1 (
!@ 6
(harmonics)

:D
<
' 1
1 :
'
:
:'
$9
.N
N

N N+
.
1 +
*1

(
#

:$&B Q 8 O
# ,/ .
5 &- $9 '
.*=
A
<
8@ $HB,
5 *1
<N K? <&
8 *1 H& D[ 56
(N 0N2
<NK <
B? 5
. &- (

7&B 7 * !T1 D? 8 1 J+ -
.
&B
.7
7H&+ (
& !T1 *
.!&B ' (

.

'+ 1 .)
$
8B ! C
.)
N $
8@ *1 $HB, # ,/ := )# A - 7'
N6
:7N2B !& &
/ NvNvN /
# / NvN / = A 1
# / NNwN / AN N-

.7N )
$
8B (
< 8
N *N' (9 8> 5 F 0 & <' T1 / NwNwN /
B%N T1 / NuNN
u /
# / NuN / A - # .) !2
*1 &
# :) !2
*1 & <' 8> & 5 ' &
# N N6
. 5
= 6 A *1 @ @
/ .7N# 5 5 *1 !@ :=
*1 G 6# & 02

N&B =
N RB/ !- O
< 8B (
<
8@ <
'
.(. .X .a / . .p .a 8@)
N N# .N' '
B $
#
/ NNvN / =N 1 .< 8B & 02
&- ( $ T1 =
&
‐

.
/ NuN / =

.& < B, 7> :(low) 72B
!N
N& B% !B 5
:(back rounded) 7
7&B
!NB :(front) *# !&- A&1 / NwN / = # .@&

.& <'
: N6 " " & A1 :& *1 = 0
AN&
.N
0N' *1 = 0 $ 1
/ NwN NvN /
&K
.(diphthong) *=K =
# F6 *1 R
9 = &-
NNuN NvN D/ "$
" : EB#
9 =
8 * & &-
./$ NwN NvN o/ "$ " :/A NuN NvN $/ "A
1" :/$
!"#

!- , & + .()* ! $% & '& $%
!- $ -2 !"# !% .1- !"# !/ 0
!"# 4$ 4/ 3 . #* "# % !"# 3+
& + / 7 / !"# 90 !"# 3+ 4% 0 / 7 8 / 52
2 -* !"# = 2 . 40& / :
;<
./o/ ? 2 !"# 3+ /> 8/ 52 !"# 4% ./ Ε /
/ = 9 @ ?- !
(%+ !"#
2 -A + =+ ./ / B2 -A 1$ !"#
- 9@ 4- E - 9/% – $& & "# CD 9

F% =& * G= .'+ ? / 3% &
@ #
B?/ !0 . != 1$ !"# H/ :
‐
.

J ) "# # - I -

.:* ( phonemic) J< *
Gemination
. .
0N
.8
N# 7#
(-/
#
A
6 $2
# g )# ..+
# / :A *1 G&
#
*N6
: &

# /
:.
(' !- -
#

N& *1 /8/ 1 ..' 6=> # $2 7
6#
#
J/ <N|&z- " :8K & *1 F :+ / < NvN 8 NvN J/ "<{&z-"

N 0N &- A .6> F6 .7H
7 /< NvN 8 8 NvN
. G& *1 *
1 # $2 1 :A =

Syllable
. .
N& 1 .0N' / =9 7 T1 G& *1 & 0' -
8NK N&
./ NNvN / :/ NvN / :/ NvN 5/ (K# ' "z{{"
N3 #
N
G& N
'
./ NvN / :/5 NvN </ ' "{} z"

N) N
1 N
N 0N' F6 .0' / & L9
8@
+
8@ .
.' 0'
+
.(=

C AC(
CB %# X( *B * I> & * > * H % 4H .()
C4+ /)/ (Y % 4 "" $! * \& / B * , // % 4 . phonemes
*C & ; /p/ % 4 $! //% 4 &+ M . "" A( _
B %# X(

%C 7 ?J5; /p/B / "# . "" D , * B4 "I % 5;` >
. , #F "" $! % B * & ,a B
‐

.
N&- )
+
:=

1 , 0' 0 # ,/ .
. )# &- )
, +
K#
#
: 8@
G& *1 0'

:() + = + .١

."z{{" & *1 /NvN / :/ NvN / :/NvN 5/ 8K
: (:) 8
= + .٢
."+" & *1 / NvNvN </ :/ NvNvN A/ 8K
:(‫ ) ص‬+ + = + .٣
."{} z " & *1 / NvN / :/5 NvN </ 8K
:(‫ ص‬:) + 8
= + .٤
"" & *1 / NvNvN D / 8K
:(‫ ) ص ص‬+ + + = + .٥
." [ z- " & *1 / NvN J/ 8K
.0' / G& *1 & <' FH-# $ <B 0
NNvN / :/D NwN (/ : 0'

"<6
" & 1
./< NuN N6/ :/ NuNN
u </ :/ NuN / :/ NvN / :/5
N 0' 0 * M=B *6 0' / & <'
:*6
.

.0' *1 =

, (١
.
# 0' (٢
*B * (vowel) V 5 4 *B * (consonant) 5;` * C 5 .()
.?@ ?04 V: ?4 ?04
‐
.

7'&G
# * , )# (open) 7
0'
# (٣
.
# * )# (close)
!' ) 0' 0 $ # & *1 >H
"N" 8 BQ 5 - 5 8K .7H' 7' [

!T1 5U / #
NU / # ./ NvN / :/ NvN / :/ NvN 5/ KHK
0' - T1
N :.@ $
& 8 5
./vi/:/i
v 5/ : K 6- T1
0' A&1
:K
8 T1 "[-" & *1
./ NvNvN / :/ NvN J/ :*K 0' A&1 K
8

Prosody
. .
*N6 ENB# N9&/ N& 7N1 7N# <BN P&N 6
M=NB N&- 8N 6H
.BI 8@# 8

(suprasegmental)
N
(pitch / intonation) <NG 8NK !
9
*

N '+ +H-
<G 1 .(tempo) <H -
(stress)
.7

# :76
# :7- :/ && <G
'1 :<H (K#
- B # . - 3 3 : $K
% % .) - B@' ./
=+ ;/ :/ # : "/ 5-2" 4$ - @
.F% M) @' : ?
@ & B%%# ) ='
BN *N1 G& $&B
. &
# 0' &-
!T1 #
& # / .*
1 5
1 G / )% 9&3 *1 .&
N1 .1 0+
&- ( 7H1
# 7
# (decrease) 8K
‐

.
0' &-
-
:7
T1 (de) 8
0' &-

5N1 *1 5 @ , 56
.7H1
T1 (crease) *K
:I & *1 9 & A A1
.8
9
.8 9
*N1 <N *6
"9" /NvN )/ 8
0' &- 0' # 1
*6
"9" / NwNwN9/ *K 0' &- 0' .
&
,/ ' & 0+
*1 A 6 <
. K & *1 81
( & A , ! 5 ;7
1 *1 , #
NT1 .N "9" &+
&1 .A *1 6
' /
0+
&-
. 2
# H 8
& *1 8
= &- 0'
1 . K !@ .
! *1
=N 5N6 / 8

= &-
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e Ee ‫ה‬ ‫هــ‬
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z Zz ‫ז‬ ‫ز‬
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k Kk ‫כך‬ ‫ك‬
l Ll ‫ל‬ ‫ل‬
m Mm ‫מם‬ ‫م‬
n Nn ‫נן‬ ‫ن‬
ks, h poss.
p Xx ‫ס‬ ‫س‬
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IPA Unicode Description

" 0062 Bilabial voiced stop
# 0074 alveolar voiceless stop
dental voiceless
> 0275
fricative
post alveolar voiced

! C 0292
fricative
pharyngeal voiceless
"# $ L 0127
fricative
uvular voiceless
% & J 03C7
fricative

' $ 0064 alveolar voiceless stop

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6 0072 alveolar voiced trill

, A 00A alveolar voiced fricative
alveolar voiceless
@ 0073
fricative
alveopalatal voiceless
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fricative
0073+0 alveolar voiceless

/0 1 @M
2C1 emphatic fricative
234
/0 026E alveolar voiced lateral
5 QM
+02C1 emphatic fricative
0074+0 alveolar voiceless

/0 6 #M
2C1 emphatic stop
00F0+0 dental voiced emphatic

/0
7 ?M
2C1 fricative
pharyngeal voiced
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8 M 0295
fricative
%
9 K 0281 uvular voiced fricative
labiodentals voiceless
: < 0066
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% ; + 0071 uvular voiceless stop
"<= > ) 006B velar voiceless stop

234 ? W 006L alveolar voiced lateral
@- A . 006D bilabial nasal
@- B 0 006E alveolar nasal
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glottal voiceless
)C# DE N 0068
fricative
labial-velar voiced
"<=
F"+ G w 0077
approximant
palatal voiced
-
F"+ U 006A
approximant
)C# H - 0294 glottal stop
I ] ! 0070 bilablial voiceless stop
'+ I\ | % 0288 voiceless retroflex stop

'+ I' < & 0256 voiced retroflex stop
- I8 ’ ' 0063 palatal voiceless stop
-
I$ ( 025F palatal voiced stop
"<=
I? * 0261 velar voiced stop
%
I [ , 0262 uvular voiced stop
@- I> : / 0271 labiodentals nasal
'+ @- I 1 0273 retroflex nasal
- @- IB ! 2 0272 palatal nasal
"<= @- I " 3 014B velar nasal
% @- IA / 4 027B uvular nasal
)*+ J 5 0042 bilabial trill
% )*+ J9 7 0052 uvular trill
" I } 8 027E alveolar tap
'+ " J 9 027D retroflex tap
bilabial voiceless
JK : 0278
fricative

JH ; 03B2 bilabial voiced fricative
labiodentals voiced

I: # = 0056
fricative
alveopalatal voiced
-
4L = = $C 02A4
affricate
‐

.

retroflex voiceless
'+ J. D 0282
fricative
retroflex voiced
'+
J, E 0290
fricative
palatal voiceless
- I DE ÷ F 00E7
fricative
-
I! > G 029D palatal voiced fricative
"<=
I9 $ I 0263 velar voiced fricative
"<= I& × H 0078 velar voiceless fricative
)C#
J DE O 0266 glottal voiced fricative
alveolar voiceless
234 J5
P 026C
lateral fricative
alveolar voiced lateral
234
J1 WC 026E
fricative
labiodental voiced

F"+ JG R 028B
approximant
alveolar voiced

F"+ N % S 0279
approximant
retroflex voiced
'+
F"+ JN T 027B
approximant
velar voiced
"<=
F"+ J V 0270
approximant

234 F"+ retroflex voiced lataral
JO ‫ا‬ X 026B
'+ approximant
palatal voiced lataral
-
234 F"+ J? Y 028E
approximant
velar voiced lataral
"<=
234 F"+ J Z 029F
approximant
‐

.
(IPA)

. . :

(AIPA) (Unicode)

."#"
"

!"
#"
$%&

P3 "Q"= R? l 0298 bilabial click
P3 "Q"= R m 007C dental click
"Q"= R n 0021 alveolar click
- "Q"= RB o 0023 palatal click
alveolar lateral
P<34 "Q"= RA / p 0146
click
:S TUVW Y & Implosive

UVW & \ 0253 bilabial implosive
UVW & ^ 0257 alveolar implosive
- UVW & ` 0284 palatal implosive
"<= UVW & b 0260 velar implosive
% UVW &[ ˝ 029B uvular implosive
` ( ' 00B3 ejectives, such as
T:Z" [ L
in:
:] ^
(] p' bilabial stop
]Z_
ejective
‐

.

(IPA)
. . :
#"
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(AIPA) (Unicode)
."#"
"

!"

ab K ) i 0069 close front
G ab JB y 0079 rounded close front
ab cG d * e 0065 close-mid front
rounded close-mid
G ab cG R= + O 00F8
front
$ cG I7 + E 025B open-mid front
$ cG rounded open-mid
Re _ œ 0153
G front
$ f< I, . ª 00E6 semi-open front
$ , • 0061 open front
G $ R \ | Ø 0276 rounded open front
ab f< IK ~ ¤ 026A semi-close front
rounded semi-close
G ab f< R' < ¥ 028F
front
ab L^) Id ‘ ¢ 0268 close central
rounded close
G ab L^) IN - £ 0289
central
ab cG L^) Je ° 0258 close-mid central
ab cG L^) rounded close-mid
J> ¨ 0275
G central
QG L^) I6 " § 0259 mid central
$ cG L^) J= = « 025C open-mid central
$ cG L^) rounded open-mid
JA ® 025E
G central
$ f< L^) J © 0250 semi-open central
‐

.

ab f< Ig { ¦ 028A semi-close back
ab J: ¡ 026F close back
G ab g 1 ™ 0075 rounded close back
ab cG J; F 0264 close-mid back
rounded close-mid
G ab cG O 2 ˜ 006F
back
$ cG J Ÿ 028C open-mid back
$ cG rounded open-mid
J' — 0254
G back
$ J& – 0251 open back
G $ IO 3 Å 0252 rounded open back
‐

.

(IPA)
(
)* .
. :

(AIPA) (Unicode)

."#"
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!"
#"
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I • 00B4 voiceless

I I § 00B5 voiced
hE I H 00B6 aspirated
i)G+ )^ I J ¶ 00BD more rounded
i)G+ S_ I R 7 00BE less rounded
A" I j ¿ 00BF advanced
)k I l À 00C0 retracted
L^) J Á 00C1 centralized
L^) cG I ` ~ 00C2 mid-centralized
mQ" I n Ñ 00D1 syllabic
iPmQ" oP I p Ò 00D2 non-syllabic
Ph b<[ R( ’ 00C5 rhoticity
q ) 4 I Y & – 00B7 breathy voiced
))[ ) 4 IJ º 00B8 creaky voiced
B J J — 00B9 linguolabial

"Ast" I5 W 00C6 labialized
- p J palatalized
"<= I Ï velarized
"# IH ≥ pharyngealized
velarized /
"# / "<= I( Ú
pharyngealized
Smv JR Ï raised
w0 Jj Ð lowered
advanced tongue
A" Bv Z4 Jl Ã
root
‐

.

retracted tongue
)k Bv Z4 JY Ä
root
J`
º dental
v :)= Jn » apical
v A" Jp ¼ laminal
)
@- Rp Ê nasalized
?x @- I. < nasal release
?x 234 : lateral release
z yU ?t J( | no audible release
‐

.

(IPA)
+"
. . :

(AIPA) (Unicode)

."#"
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!"
#"
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{3 R ! » primary stress
3| {3 RI @ « secondary stress
S= RJ # á long
$
iP<v3 S= RR â half-long
%
^)# } )z_ Rj ( extra short
~mQ" ~W ;) Rl ^ ` syllable break
3| U
RY & ñ minor (foot) group
major (intonation)
P U
R` * Ñ
group
linking (absence of
Sz Rn ( ç
a break)

‐

.

(IPA)
,-/
. . :
$%&

(AIPA) (Unicode)
."#"
"

!"
#"
[ $ F)U IPA Unicode Description

voiceless labial-
Jd e
"<= velar fricative

F"+ voiced labial-velar
G f
"<= approximant
voiced labial-

F"+
Jg g palatal
-
approximant
voiceless epiglottal
J$ h
Lv fricative

voiced epiglottal
J8 j
Lv fricative
Lv J! i epiglottal plosive
voiceless alveolo-
J r
- palatal fricative
voiced alveolo-
-
J7 s
palatal fricative
234 " J6 q alveolar lateral flap
simultaneous B
&+. J / \ k
and H
‐

.

(IPA)

. . :
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(AIPA) (Unicode)
."#"
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i4 ?U R1 ñ extra high
?U R ò high
c R; ó mid
w0 R: ô ô low
i4 w0 R9 õ õ extra low
4' w0 R. õ downstep
4' +) R ã upstep
U[ R8 ’ û rising
cWE R DE ÷ ü falling
U[G ?U R& × ý high rising
w0
R$ þ low rising
U[G
cWE U[ R! > ÿ rising-falling
] U[
R [ è global rise
f
f
] cWE R ] é global fall
‐

.
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. . :
5 5$
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"78
9
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: 9
."#"
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W* ] A0v+ RK ~ [ used for phonetic
~3" ] G P+[ transcription or in
U O P43 phonolological
RH ]
P } v rules to indicate
Q<+) series of options
used in
W* ] A0v+ phonological
/Pv" G P43 \ \ / 002F transcription or to
P43 ~3" devide a
phonological rule
Rg { { 007C used in
~3" ] A0v+
phonological rules
} PV P43
R } } 007D to select one of
'm
series of options
used to indicate the
B U O A0v+
symbles between
, 0v ,) RO " 0022
them are used in
W*
the writing system
RN ( 0028 used in
~3_ ] A0v+
phonological rules
B U O P43
Rd ‘ ) 0029 to indicate the
P E
context is optional
beginning or end of
G * W RG # 0023
word
~3" ] <z R7 ⇐ ⇒ 222 become (in the
‐

.

P43 R6 ← → 174 phonological rules)

aP_)+ I; Light
released with
("" ] ^) ) n
audible sound

/P0+ I Emphaticness

HVm IH uvelarization

~^)#= I duration=2 sounds

^)# J = J duration

^)# R = R duration

^)# j = j duration

^)# l = l duration
alveolar voiced

4L e
affricate
= alveolar voiceless
4L I=
affricate
alveopalatal
- 4L Ie
voiceless affricate
‐
‐

.(Shift ) kacstaipa1
. . :
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&'*/ &3 + 01 2 !
"# $% &'* +! %
+, -" /
‐
.(Shift &%) +*4 kacstaipa1
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.
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\\ \"=\ \\ "7"
:9'75; < -=' -' )*

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\~
"\ “arrive”
\ #\ “league”
\~\ “thing”
9
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5
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B9 K H A 9
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8

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. 9! +# - "-# I# +-" ($EH) K -2 &!9

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$ :?? -4 N < < .& , 14 -## -
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#, &!
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&!7 # – E O :P 9 3
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$4

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:- - &J !
" (/0C ) +9 #- ?
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X "!

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‐

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.8 & 3# - ($CE) -,

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-" (. .-) -- Z-4
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3# $4 ">5
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.8
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@ 12 +-" ($ER)
>?B
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.>'<
S +# 4 < # "#" ($/ ) &, -, #- +
.8 4#<U !
!* 6,
- 4
‐

‐

Ahmed M. S. (1984) An experimental investigation of "emphasis " in
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‐

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‫ح من�صور حممد الغامدي ‪1436 ،‬هـ‬

‫فهر�سة مكتبة امللك فهد الوطنية �أثناء الن�شر‬

‫رقم الإيداع‪1436/5286 :‬‬

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*N 9  #  .S

N  *1 - 8+# D &- 

. ‫ ا ا   ا ع

 7 !G < ,  :D (K# ) $

N  *N1 %pc  (

+  + !+ >  01! 

Vocal Tract 

( ( ,-  ( !-  .(/0  1

A   ;!  B .( .< .9 .8 7&5) (,

!,  <*=  /F ?

A +  !+- &- 

< 7 A ;

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DN , 6N- <N < B (

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/ 12/ G& '& ' * H2 K

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F6 *1 <- (

N- 7NB 79/ *& 1

:ENB# / &B

$N # N NK# 8+

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N&- @ ' *1

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: (.W .^ :8@ ) <H .@ +H- S *1 A 0# 56

.(Wernicke's area) 5

.(motor cortex) * < ' .a

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(phonetic level)

% #5

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.

8N *N1 FN% #

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(acoustic phonetics) NN

.(auditory) (phonetics)

. ; 7 + 4H + #I .()

JN N6 T1

. $47 J* AB 1 $47 K .()

() () () () (

=

<N N9 – = / (

*1 ' F6 <B @ G $g , !# ,/ A@ (K# 7

RB/ *1 = +& EB# <B G 56

Respiratory System

N )N M' <

.B%N *N1 8N J

*N1 =N FN

& F6 .&-# / D

N N $&B BQ / MB@ * 9 $&B

*N 9 # .S

N *1 - 8+# D &-

. ‫ ا ا ا ع

7 !G < , :D (K# ) $

N *N1 %pc (

+ + !+ > 01!

Vocal Tract

( ( ,- ( !- .(/0 1

A ;! B .( .< .9 .8 7&5) (,

!, <*= /F ?

A + !+- &-

< 7 A ;

* 2 +

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+ I !4 . #H / AB 8 CD

- 81 .D

DN , 6N- <N <B (

'+N

Pharyngeal Cavity

N- &

Nasal Cavity

Oral Cavity

(*N@ !1 A (2-# - C T1 )

Lips and Cheeks . . . .

N N 8N H2 -

<>N HN2 F6 .!2B

& 5 0' ./)/

.N& N# /5/

Mandible . . . .

$ % !& ! '(!# . .

.# G&

5 &( /F . %0 4

. . . – . . IPA

# Front

A&G Close-mid

P Open-mid

"#!

.

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