1.

INTRODUCTION Most of the current seismic design codes belong to the category of prescriptive
design procedures (or limit-state design procedures), where if a number of checks are satisfied
then the structure is considered safe since it fulfils the safety criterion against collapse. A typical
limit-state based design can be viewed as one (i.e., ultimate strength) or two limit-state
approach (i.e., serviceability and ultimate strength). Existing seismic design procedures are
based on the principal that a structure will avoid collapse if it is designed to absorb and dissipate
the kinetic energy that is induced during a seismic excitation. Most of the modern seismic norms
express the ability of the structure to absorb energy through inelastic deformation using a
reduction or behaviour factor that depends on the material and the construction type of the
structure.
Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a
building (or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural
design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering) in
regions where earthquakes are prevalent.

The earliest provisions for seismic resistance were the requirement to design for a lateral force equal
to a proportion of the building weight (applied at each floor level). This approach was adopted in the
appendix of the 1927 Uniform Building Code (UBC), which was used on the west coast of the United
States. It later became clear that the dynamic properties of the structure affected the loads
generated during an earthquake.

*since earthquake forces are random in nature and unpredictable, static and dynamic
analysis of the structure become the primary concern of the civil engineering

* the main paramaters of the seismic analysis of the structures are load carrying
capacity, ductibility, stiffness, damping and mass.

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

The seismic analysis type that should be used to analyze the structure depends upon

- External action
- The behavior of structure or structural materials
- The type of structural model selected

Different analysis procedure are

*linear static analysis

*nonlinear static analysis

*linear dynamic analysis

 *nonlinear dynamic analysis

3.1 Linear time history analysis methods Although simple elastic linear methods may seem antiquated
by modern research standards, they define, by overwhelming majority, the current standard-of-practice
for seismic design.

3.2 Nonlinear time history analysis Nonlinear dynamic analysis is undoubtedly the most realistic and
accurate analysis method available. It is also referred as “nonlinear time history analysis”, “nonlinear
response history analysis”, or according to ASCE 41-06 (2007) as “nonlinear dynamic procedure” (NDP).
Earthquake loading is taken into consideration as a natural or a synthetic ground motion on a structural
model that incorporates elements with inelastic (inelastic and nonlinear are typically used
interchangeably for seismic applications) force-deformation relationships and at least a first-order
approximation of geometric nonlinearities