WEC Resources Summary-Final 180314 TT

For sustainable energy.
World Energy Resources

2013 Survey: Summary
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL

CONSEIL MONDIAL DE L’ÉNERGIE
Officers of the World Energy Council
Pierre Gadonneix Abubakar Sambo

Chairman Vice Chair
Africa
Marie-José Nadeau
Chair-elect Brian A. Statham
Chair
Younghoon David Kim
Studies Committee
Co-chair elect
José Antonio Vargas Lleras
Leonhard Birnbaum
Vice Chair
Vice Chair
Latin America/Caribbean
Europe
Graham Ward, CBE
Hwan-eik Cho
Vice Chair
Vice Chair
Finance
2013 Congress, Daegu
Wu, Xinxiong
Arup Roy Choudhury
Vice Chair
Vice Chair
Asia
Asia Pacific/South Asia
Taha M. Zatari
José da Costa Carvalho Neto
Vice Chair
Chair
Special Responsibility
Programme Committee
Gulf States & Middle East
Jean-Marie Dauger
Christoph Frei
Chair
Secretary General
Communications &
Outreach Committee
Kevin Meyers
Vice Chair
North America
World Energy Council

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ISBN: 978 0 946121 29 8

Foreword
As energy is the main ‘fuel’ for social and economic development, and since energy-related
activities have significant environmental impacts, it is important for decision-makers to have access
to reliable and accurate data in an user-friendly format. WEC has for decades been a pioneer in the
field of energy resources and every three years publishes its flagship report Survey of Energy
Resources (SER) which is released during the World Energy Congress. World Energy Resources
(WER) 2013 is the new title of this publication and in fact is the 23rd edition for the Survey of Energy
Resources. The survey is recognised worldwide as the premier source of information on global
energy resources. Its reputation and value since the first edition in 1933 rest on two main factors: the
study presents unbiased data and facts from an independent and impartial organisation, and the
second factor is the sheer amount of resource and other key energy data together with analysis of
technological, economic and environmental aspects assessed on global, regional and country
levels.
The 2013 report covers all fossil resources (coal, oil, both conventional and unconventional and
gas, both conventional and unconventional), and the main renewable and transitional resources:
peat, nuclear and uranium, hydro power, biofuels and waste, wind, solar, geothermal and marine
energies. This edition also discusses energy efficiency as a strategic ‘energy resource’ because
every unit of energy saved – a so-called ‘negajoule’ – is less expensive than producing the same
amount of energy.
Each of the 12 chapters is organised in three sections: an introduction covering technical, economic
and market issues; detailed tables with global, regional and country data for proved reserves and
production followed by country notes. The information comes from a variety of international sources,
including the contributions of resource experts and data from the WEC Members Committees. The
new structure of the energy sector post-market liberalisation and privatisation has made it difficult to
access data and other information as companies and other organisations consider the majority of
data as “confidential and commercially sensitive.”
An extra feature of this 2013 survey is a review of the energy resources evolution over the past 20
years. The results of the current WEC work are compared to the projections made by the WEC in its
milestone report, Energy for Tomorrow’s World, published in 1993. The 2013 Summary also looks at
the main factors that have influenced the development of the global energy sector the most over the
past two decades.
The world around us has changed significantly over the past 20 years. The following principal
drivers have been shaping energy supply and use:
 sharp increase in the price of oil since 2001 after 15 years of moderate oil prices
 financial crisis and slow economic growth with drastic reduction in energy consumption in large
economies
 shale gas in North America
 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident
 The volatile political situation in the energy supplying countries in the Middle East and North
Africa, “The Arab Spring”
 lack of global agreement on climate change mitigation
 collapse of CO 2 prices in the European Emissions Trading System
 exponential growth in renewables, in particular in Europe due to generous subsidies for
producers which can become a problem instead of an opportunity
 deployment of ‘smart’ technologies
 energy efficiency potential still remaining untapped
 growing public concerns about new infrastructure projects, including energy projects and their
impact on political decision-making process
I am grateful to all those who have helped to produce the 2013 report, including Study Group
Members, WEC Member Committees, leading energy institutions and individual experts. My special
thanks for the coordination, guidance and management to the WEC Secretariat with excellent and
highly professional contributions from Elena Nekhaev, Director of Programmes, and Paul Benfield,
Senior Project Manager.
Alessandro Clerici
Executive Chair, WEC World Energy Resources
Chair Alessandro Clerici
CESI S.p.A.
Italy
Vice Chair Marcos Assayag

Petroleo Brasileiro S.A.
Brazil
Study Group Members Mostafa Tavanpoor Paveh

Iran
Bongani Thusi
Ministry of Natural Resources Pasquale Monti
and Energy – Swaziland Enel GreenPower
Swaziland Italy
Brigitte Svarich Paul Cheliak

Energy Council of Canada Canadian Gas Association
Canada Canada
Fabian Melon Roland Luebke

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) German Coal Association
Germany Germany
Fabio Emiro Sierra Vargas Sandra Scalari

National University of Colombia ENEL S.p.A.
Colombia Italy
Firouzeh Amini Sylvain Hercberg

Iran EDF Energy plc
France
Gerardo Rabinovich
Argentina Tiina Koljonen
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
Greg Schmidt
Finland
Energy Council of Canada
Canada Uwe Maaßen
Deutscher Braunkohlen Industrie Verein e.V.
Iulian Iancu Germany
Government of Romania
Romania Volker Breisig
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
Jean-Eudes Moncomble Germany
France
Wayne Chodzicki
Jose Antonio Tagle KPMG LLP
IBERDROLA
Canada
Spain
Klaus Hammes
Swedish Energy Agency
Sweden
Luca Lo Re
BNL Clean Energy AG
France
Marc Florette
GDF SUEZ
France
Mark Bohm
Suncor Energy Inc.
Canada
Michael W. Howard
EPRI
United States of America
Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4
What has changed ......................................................................................................5
Coal........................................................................................................................................ 10
Oil .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Natural gas ................................................................................................................................... 14
Uranium and Nuclear ..............................................................................................................16
Hydro Power ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Wind ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Solar PV ..................................................................................................................................19
Bioenergy and waste.................................................................................................................... 20
Energy efficiency ......................................................................................................... 21
Cost of generation technologies ............................................................................. 22
The road ahead ....................................................................................................... 24
Key messages ............................................................................................................. 24

4
Introduction
This summary of the World Energy Resources report is primarily based on the results of the
WEC’s work programme since the World Energy Congress in Montreal in 2010. Focusing on
energy resources, the summary also takes into account relevant insights from WEC Member
Committees and other studies and programmes, such as Energy Efficiency Policies and
Technologies, Performance of Generating Plant, Cost of Energy Technologies conducted
together with Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Energy Trilemma, World Energy Scenarios to
2050 and other reports (www.worldenergy.org/publications).
The World Energy Council has been producing the Survey of Energy Resources report since
1933. This 23rd edition of the Survey will be published under the new title World Energy
Resources (WER). Over decades the report has been the most widely recognised and
authoritative publication on global energy resources and millions of copies of the report have
been downloaded from the WEC website. The survey covers:
Coal Oil
Natural Gas Uranium & Nuclear Hydro Power Bioenergy & Waste
Wind Solar PV Geothermal Peat
Marine Energies Energy Efficiency

World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: A Summary 7
‘The WEC Report presents energy

issues of global importance in
a responsible and balanced
manner, providing a most useful
contribution to the debate on
these topics.’
John S Jennings, Managing
Director, Royal Dutch Shell/Shell
Group
‘This report is a major statement
that not only signals a
broadening of perspectives of
the global energy community,
which the WEC effectively
represents, but also a landmark
in addressing issues of
sustainable development.’
RK Pachauri, Director General,
The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) and Chair of
the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC)
An extra feature of the 2013 report presents an historical perspective on energy resources
and a few important energy issues that are based on the comparative analysis of statistics,
findings and assumptions and their evolution over the past 20 years. The results of the report
are compared to the projections made by the WEC in its milestone report Energy for
Tomorrow’s World published in 1993. That report was produced with significant support from
private companies from WEC Member Committees, public utilities, governments, academia
and prominent individuals, altogether more than 500 experts representing nearly 100
countries including all of the major energy production and consumption markets. Energy for
Tomorrow’s World firmly put WEC on the map of leading global energy bodies.
2013 is a good moment to stop and look back, particularly since this year WEC is celebrating
its 90th birthday. If one had to choose from a number of assumptions which over the past
two decades had influenced the development of the global energy sector most, the majority
would perhaps pick the environment and especially climate change. Renewable energy
would also be at the top of the list of decisive factors. The energy sector looked different until
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
Since then, sustainable development has become one of the principal drivers shaping the
energy future of the world.
The energy sector has long lead times and therefore any long-term strategy should be based
on sound information and data. Detailed resource data, selected cost data and a technology
overview in the main WER report provide an excellent foundation for assessing different energy
options based on factual information supplied by the WEC members from all over the world.
What has changed?

The world around us has changed significantly over the past 20 years. Technology
has become one of the main drivers of economic and social development. The rapid
advancement of Information Technology (IT) all over the world has transformed not only the
way we think, but also the way we act. All aspects of human life have been affected by IT and
the Internet, in particular. Needless to say that practically all technologies run on electricity
and therefore the share of electricity is increasing rapidly, faster than Total Primary Energy
Supply (TPES).
6 World Energy Resources: A Summary World Energy Council 2013
Table 1: Key indicators for 1993, 2011 and 2020

Source: 1993, 2020 figures from Energy for Tomorrow’s World (WEC, 1995). 2011 figures from World Energy
Resources (WEC, 2013). Other renewables 2020 figure from World Energy Scenarios report (WEC, 2013)
% Growth
1993 2011 2020
1993-2011
World Population, billion 5.5 7 8.1 27%
GDP, trillion USD 25 70 65 180%
TPES, Mtoe 9 532 14 092 17 208 48%

Coal, Mt 4 474 7 520 10 108 68%
Oil, Mt 3 179 3 973 4 594 25%
Natural Gas, bcm 2 176 3 510 4 049 62%
Nuclear, TWh 2 106 2 386 3 761 13%
Hydropower, TWh 2 286 3 229 3 826 29%
Biomass, Mtoe 1 036 1 277 1 323 23%
Other renewables*, TWh 44 515 1 999 n/a
Total Electricity production/year, TWh 12 607 22 202 23 000 76%

Electricity production/year, MWh per
2 3 3 52%
capita
Total CO2 emissions/year, GtCO2 21 30 42 44%

CO2 emissions/year, tonne CO2 per
4 4 n/a 11%
capita
Energy intensity, koe/2005USD 0.24 0.19 n/a -21%
* Includes figures for all renewables, except Hydro
Population growth has always been and will remain one of the key drivers of energy demand,
along with economic and social development. While global population has increased by over
1.5 billion over the past two decades, the overall rate of population growth has been slowing
down. The number of people without access to commercial energy has reduced slightly, and
the latest estimate from the World Bank indicates that it is 1.2 billion people.
The only renewable energy resources for which projections were made in 1993 were hydro power
and biomass. The contribution of renewables was not very significant in those days, and the rest
of the renewables were not taken into consideration individually, but combined into one group
called Other Renewables. For comparability, the same resources are included under this heading
for 2011. They are however, presented separately in the full World Energy Resources 2013 report.
Table 1 shows the actual values for a number of indicators recorded in 1993, the status of
these indicators in 2011 and the projections for 2020 made in Energy for Tomorrow’s World,
High-Growth Scenario A to 2020. The comparison demonstrates that future developments
are often underestimated. Even the highest projections made 20 years ago, fall below the
reality. What does it mean? It means that the demand for energy might grow significantly
faster than expected, and if properly managed, energy resources and technologies should
be available to meet this demand.
The changes in the energy industry over the past 20 years have been significant. Looking at
the results of the present 2013 WEC World Energy Resources survey, it becomes evident that
there are more energy resources in the world today than ever before. However, the increase
in resource assessments in 2013, in many cases, can be attributed to new, more efficient
technologies. As the international definition used by the United Nations stipulates:
“Proved recoverable reserves are the quantity within the proved amount in place that
can be recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions
with existing available technology.”
The recent shale gas developments in the United States clearly demonstrate this concept
and the role of technologies. The enormous resources of shale gas have always been there,
but it is only since the introduction of hydraulic-fracturing technology at an economically
attractive price, that the gas market revolution has become a reality.
The general message emerging from the 2013 survey confirms that the main fossil fuels: coal,
oil and natural gas are plentiful and will last for decades.
Total Primary Energy Supply by resource 1993, 2011 and 2020

Source: WEC Survey of Energy Resources 1995, World Energy Resources 2013 and WEC World Energy
Scenarios to 2050
2020
Nuclear
17 208 Mtoe
2%
Fossil
6%
Renewables (other than large hydro)
16%
Hydro (>10MW)
2011
14 092 Mtoe
76%
2% 5%
11%
1993
9 532 Mtoe
82%
2% 6%
10%
82%
The supply and use of energy have powerful economic, social and environmental impacts.
Not all energy is supplied on a commercial basis. Fuels, such as fuelwood or traditional
biomass are largely non-commercial. Fuelwood is playing a leading role in the developing
countries, where it is widely used for heating and cooking.
Universal access to commercial energy still remains a target for the future. In many
countries, especially in Africa and Asia, the pace of electrification lags far behind the
growing demand. It is imperative to address this major challenge without further delays,
in particular taking into account the impact access to electricity has on peoples’ lives and
well-being, economic growth and social development, including the provision of basic social
services, such as health and education.
Establishment of energy infrastructure in the least developed countries will need a major
effort on behalf of the global energy community. It will also require political, legal and
institutional structures, which today do not exist. Rising energy demand, declining public
investment and the evolving role of the multilateral financial institutions need increased
efforts by governments to change their roles in order to create an enabling business
environment to attract private investment, both domestic and international.
Coal
Reserves
<1 000 >200 000

Mt Mt
Annual Annual
Production Consumption
(Mt) (Mt)
R/P ratio (years)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Despite its poor environmental credentials, coal remains a crucial contributor to energy
supply in many countries. Coal is the most wide-spread fossil fuel around the world, and
more than 75 countries have coal deposits. The current share of coal in global power
generation is over 40%, but it is expected to decrease in the coming years, while the actual
coal consumption in absolute terms will grow. Although countries in Europe, and to some
extent North America, are trying to shift their consumption to alternative sources of energy,
any reductions are more than offset by the large developing economies, primarily in Asia,
which are powered by coal and have significant coal reserves. China alone now uses as
much coal as the rest of the world.
The continuing popularity of coal becomes particularly obvious when compared to

the current production figures with those from 20 years ago. While the global reserves of
coal have decreased by 14% between 1993 and 2011, the production has gone up by
68% over the same time period. Compared to the 2010 survey, the most recent data shows
that the proved coal reserves have increased by 1% and production by 16%. The future of
coal depends primarily on the advance of clean coal technologies to mitigate environmental
risk factors, CO2 emissions, in particular. Today Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage
(CCS/CCUS) is the only large-scale technology which could make a significant impact on
the emissions from fossil fuels. It is, however, still at the pilot stage and its future is uncertain,
mainly because of the high costs and efficiency penalty.
Coal is playing an important role in delivering energy access, because it is widely available,
safe, reliable and relatively low cost. One of the major challenges facing the world at present
is that approximately 1.2 billion people live without any access to modern energy services.
Access to energy is a fundamental pre-requisite for modern life and a key tool in eradicating
extreme poverty across the globe.
Coal resources exist in many developing countries, and this report demonstrates that many
countries with electricity challenges, particularly those in Asia and southern Africa, are able to
access coal resources in an affordable and secure way to fuel the growth in their electricity
supply. Coal will therefore play a major role in supporting the development of base-load
electricity where it is most needed. Coal-fired electricity will be fed into national grids and it
will bring energy access to millions, thus facilitating economic growth in the developing world.
Coal reserves: top 5 countries
Reserves (Mt) Production (Mt) 2011 R/P
Country 2011 1993 2011 1993 years
United States of America 237 295 168 391 1 092 858 > 100
Russian Federation 157 010 168 700 327 304 > 100
China 114 500 80 150 3 384 1 150 34
Australia 76 400 63 658 398 224 > 100
India 60 600 48 963 516 263 > 100
Rest of World 245 725 501 748 1 805 1 675 > 100
World total 891 530 1 031 610 7 520 4 474 > 100
High emissions of CO2,

Wide geographic distribution
particulates and other pollutants
Stable and predictable costs Not suitable for peaking generation units
New technologies for coal improve efficiency CCS/CCUS have negative impact
and environmental performance on thermal plant efficiency
Oil
Reserves
<1 000 Mt >200000 Mt
Annual Annual
(Mt) (Mt)
R/P ratio (years)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
North America
Europe
South and Central Asia
1066
650 684 874 183 247
R/P 44
R/P 20 R/P 27
Reserves: 28 669 Mt Reserves: 13 983 Mt Reserves: 4 922 Mt
East Asia
MENA
204 893
LAC R/P 12
Reserves: 2 474 Mt
381 301
R/P >100 Africa
Reserves: 44 379 Mt
342 131
1401 400 Southeast Asia and Pacific
R/P 47 R/P 79
Reserves: 16 088 Mt Reserves: 110 425 Mt 128 242
R/P 20
Reserves: 2 514 Mt
Global reserves
223 454 Mt
Production Mt ConsumptionMt
3 973 4 154.0
R/P 56
The oil crisis in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in long queues outside petrol stations and the
sky-rocketing price of oil. In the following years, heated discussions about “peak oil” were
based on the expectation of the world running out of oil within a few decades. Now in 2013,
the peak oil issue is not making headlines any longer, however since oil is a finite resource
this issue will return in the future. Global oil reserves are almost 60% larger today than 20
years ago, and production of oil has gone up by 25%.
If the unconventional oil resources, including oil shale, oil sands, extra heavy oil and natural
bitumen are taken into account, the global oil reserves will be four times larger than the
current conventional reserves. Oil still remains the premier energy resource with a wide
range of possible applications. Its main use however, will be shifting towards transport and
the petrochemical sector. In future oil’s position at the top of the energy ladder will face a
strong challenge from other fuels such as natural gas. The oil resource assessments have
increased steadily between 2000 and 2009, and about a half of this increase is due to
the reclassification of the Canadian oil sands and the revisions undertaken in major OPEC
countries: Iran, Venezuela and Qatar. Compared to the 2010 survey the proved oil reserves
increased by 37% and production by 1%.
Oil is a mature global industry which offers the market participants opportunities for good
economic returns. The balance between returns on capital and host countries’ interests is
a delicate matter. A number of countries, for political reasons, have limited the access of
international companies.
Crude oil reserves: top 5 countries
Reserves (Mt) Production (Mt) R/P
Country 2011 1993 2011 1993 years
Venezuela 40 450 9 842 155 129 > 100
Saudi Arabia 36 500 35 620 526 422 69
Canada 23 598 758 170 91 > 100
Iran 21 359 12 700 222 171 96
Iraq 19 300 13 417 134 29 > 100
Rest of World 82 247 68 339 2 766 2 338 30
World total 223 454 140 676 3 973 3 179 56
Benefits Drawbacks
Currently indispensable for road transport and

High price volatility
petrochemical industries
Geopolitical tensions related to areas

Leading tradable commodity
of greatest reserves
Market dominated by leading oil producers

Flexible, easy to transport fuel
(OPEC and large NOCs)
Natural gas
Reserves
<1 000 bcm >85000 bcm
Annual Annual
(bcm) (bcm)
R/P ratio (years)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Europe
North America
South and Central Asia

901.6 861.5 974.1 1 114.2
345.7 233.0
R/P 11.3 R/P 54.8
R/P 44.3
Reserves: 10 185.7 bcm Reserves: 32 627.4 bcm
Reserves: 53 099.1 bcm
East Asia
108.0 330.5
R/P 28.6
Reserves: 3084 bcm
MENA
435.7
586.1
LAC R/P >100
202.9 152.8 Reserves: 84 689.1 bcm
R/P 36.3
Reserves: 7 643 bcm
Africa
130.2 75.8
R/P 79.4
Reserves: 9 718.6 bcm Southeast Asia and Pacific
261.2 171.9
R/P 33.3
Reserves: 8 695.1 bcm
Global reserves
209 741.9 bcm
3 509.8 bcm 3 375.5 bcm
R/P 60
Natural gas is yet another fossil fuel resource that will continue making significant contribution
to the world energy economy. The cleanest of all fossil-based fuels, natural gas is plentiful and
flexible. It is increasingly used in the most efficient power generation technologies, such
as, Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) with conversion efficiencies of about 60%. The
reserves of conventional natural gas have grown by 36% over the past two decades and
its production by 61%. Compared to the 2010 survey, the proved natural gas reserves have
grown by 3% and production by 15%.
The exploration, development and transport of gas usually requires significant upfront
investment. Close coordination between investment in the gas and power infrastructure is
necessary.
In its search for secure, sustainable and affordable supplies of energy, the world is turning its
attention to unconventional energy resources. Shale gas is one of them. It has turned upside
down the North-American gas markets, and is making significant strides in other regions.
The emergence of shale gas as a potentially major energy source can have serious strategic
implications for geopolitics and the energy industry. The most credible studies put the global
shale gas resource endowment at 456 tcm. There are about 700 known shales worldwide in
more than 150 basins. At present only a few of these shales have had properly assessed
production potentials, most of those are in North America. The potential volumes of shale gas
are enormous and this is likely to reshape significantly the gas markets and LNG markets
worldwide.
Natural gas reserves: top 5 countries
Reserves (bcm) Production (bcm) R/P
Country 2011 1993 2011 1993 years
Russian Federation 47 750 48 160 670 604 71

Iran 33 790 20 659 150 27 > 100
Qatar 25 200 7 079 117 14 > 100
Turkmenistan 25 213 2 860 75 57 > 100
Saudi Arabia 8 028 5 260 99 36 81
Rest of World 69 761 57 317 2 398.8 1 438 22
World Total 209 742 141 335 3 509.8 2 176 60
Benefits Drawbacks
Cleanest of fossil fuels Fields increasingly off-shore and in remote areas
High upfront investment requirement for

Flexible and efficient fuel for power generation
transport and distribution system
Increasing proved reserves (reassessments Increasingly long supply routes and high cost of
and shale gas) infrastructure
Uranium and Nuclear

The nuclear industry has a relatively short history: the first nuclear reactor was commissioned
in 1954. Uranium is the main source of fuel for nuclear reactors. Worldwide output of
uranium has recently been on the rise after a long period of declining production caused by
oversupply following nuclear disarmament. The present survey shows that total identified
uranium resources have grown by 12.5% since 2008 and they are sufficient for over 100
years of supply based on current requirements.
Total nuclear electricity production has been growing during the past two decades and
reached an annual output of about 2 600TWh by the mid-2000s, although the three major
nuclear accidents have slowed down or even reversed its growth in some countries. The
nuclear share of total global electricity production reached its peak of 17% by the late 1980s,
but since then it has been falling and dropped to 13.5% in 2012. In absolute terms, the
nuclear output remains broadly at the same level as before, but its relative share in power
generation has decreased, mainly due to Fukushima nuclear accident.
Japan used to be one of the countries with a high share of nuclear (30%) in its electricity mix
and high production volumes. Today, none of its 54 reactors is in operation. The rising costs
of nuclear installations and lengthy approval times required for new construction have had an
impact on the nuclear industry. The slowdown has not been global, as new countries,
primarily in the rapidly developing economies in the Middle East and Asia, are going ahead
with their plans to establish a nuclear industry.
Nuclear Power: top 5 countries 2011
Nuclear Installed Capacity (MW) Actual Generation (GWh)
Country 2011 1993 2011 1993
United States of America 98 903 99 041 799 000 610 000
France 63 130 59 032 415 480 350 000
Japan 38 009 38 038 162 900 246 000
Russian Federation 23 643 19 843 122 130 119 000
Korea (Republic) 20 718 7 615 98 616 58 100
Rest of World 119 675 116 726 787 777 722 900
World Total 364 078 340 295 2 385 903 2 106 000
Benefits Drawbacks
High efficiency High CAPEX and rising compliance costs
Moderate and predictable cost of electricity over Public concerns about operation
the service life and final waste disposal
No CO2 during life cycle Liabilities in case of nuclear accident

Hydro Power
Hydro power provides a significant amount of energy throughout the world and is present in
more than 100 countries, contributing approximately 15% of the global electricity production.
The top 5 largest markets for hydro power in terms of capacity are Brazil, Canada, China,
Russia and the United States of America. China significantly exceeds the others, representing
24% of global installed capacity. In several other countries, hydro power accounts for over
50% of all electricity generation, including Iceland, Nepal and Mozambique for example.
During 2012, an estimated 27–30GW of new hydro power and 2–3GW of pumped storage
capacity was commissioned.
In many cases, the growth in hydro power was facilitated by the lavish renewable energy
support policies and CO2 penalites. Over the past two decades the total global installed
hydro power capacity has increased by 55%, while the actual generation by 21%. Since the
last survey, the global installed hydro power capacity has increased by 8%, but the total
electricity produced dropped by 14%, mainly due to water shortages.
Hydro Power: top 5 countries
Hydro Power Installed Capacity (MW) Actual Generation (GWh)
Country 2011 1993 2011 1993
China 231 000 44 600 714 000 138 700
Brazil 82 458 47 265 428 571 252 804

Canada 75 104 61 959 348 110 315 750
Russian Federation 49 700 42 818 180 000 160 630
Rest of World 430 420 338 204 828 437 1 150 750
World Total 946 182 609 264 2 767 118 2 285 960
Benefits Drawbacks
Low operating costs High CAPEX
Significant land requirement for large plants with

No waste or CO2 emissions
dams/lakes
Simple proven technology Public resistance due to relocation or micro

climate effects
Wind
Wind is available virtually everywhere on earth, although there are wide variations in wind
strengths. The total resource is vast; estimated to be around a million GW ‘for total land
coverage’. If only 1% of this area was utilised, and allowance made for the lower load
factors of wind plants (15–40%, compared with 75–90% for thermal plants) that would still
correspond, roughly, to the total worldwide production of all electricity-generating plants in
operation today.
World wind energy capacity has been doubling about every three and a half years since
1990. Total capacity at the end of 2011 was over 238GW and annual electricity generation
around 377TWh, roughly equal to Australia’s annual electricity consumption. China, with
about 62GW, has the highest installed capacity while Denmark, with over 3GW, has the
highest level per capita. Wind accounts for about 20% of Denmark’s electricity production.
It is difficult to compare today’s numbers with those two decades ago.
As governments begin to cut their subsidies to renewable energy, the business environment
becomes less attractive to potential investors. Lower subsidies and growing costs of material
input have a negative impact on the wind industry in recent years. Not all planned projects have
been implemented.
Wind power: top 5 countries
Wind Installed Capacity (MW) Actual Generation (GWh)
Country 2011 1993 2011 1993
China 62 364 15 73 200 –
Germany 29 071 650 48 883 –
Spain 21 673 52 41 790 117
India 15 880 40 19 475 45
Rest of World 62 142 – 74 087 –
World Total 238 049 – 377 613 –
Benefits Drawbacks
Well-known technology, quick

Intermittency
installation and dismantling of onshore
installations
Grid integration challenges
No fuel or waste costs
Reliance on subsidies
Clean solution for remote areas
Solar PV
Solar energy is the most abundant energy resource and it is available for use in its direct
(solar radiation) and indirect (wind, biomass, hydro, ocean etc.) forms. Even if only 0.1% of
this energy reaching the Earth could be converted at an efficiency of 10%, it would be four
times larger than the total world’s electricity generating capacity of about 5 000GW. The
statistics about solar PV installations are patchy and inconsistent. The tables below
presents the values for 2011 but comparable values for 1993 are not available.
The use of solar energy is growing strongly around the world, in part due to the rapidly
declining solar panel manufacturing costs and lavish subsidies, in particular in Europe. For
instance, between 2008–2011 PV capacity has increased in the USA from 1 168MW to 5
171MW, and in Germany from 5 877MW to 25 039MW. The anticipated changes in
national and regional legislation regarding support for renewables are likely to moderate
this growth.
League tables reserves: top 5 countries
Solar (PV) Installed Capacity (MW) Actual Generation (GWh)
Country 2011 1993 2011 1993
Germany 25 039 – 19 340 –
Italy 12 773 – 10 730 –
United States of America 5 171 360 5 260 897
Japan 4 914 – 5 160 –
Spain 4 332 – 7 386 –
Rest of World 16 621 – 5 002 –
World Total 68 850 – 52 878 –
Benefits Drawbacks
High reliability, no moving parts Intermittency
Quick installation and dismantling Grid integration challenges
Suitable solution for remote areas Use of toxic materials in

some models
Bioenergy and waste

Bioenergy is a broad category of energy fuels manufactured from a variety of feedstocks of
biological origin and by numerous conversion technologies to generate heat, power, liquid
biofuels and gaseous biofuels. The term “traditional biomass” mainly refers to fuelwood,
charcoal, and agricultural residues used for household cooking, lighting and space-heating
in developing countries.
The industrial use of raw materials for production of pulp, paper, tobacco, pig iron so on,
generates byproducts such as bark, wood chips, black liquor, agricultural residues, which
can be converted to bioenergy.
In the biofuels area, the two prime examples of Brazil and the United States demonstrate the
possibilities for the use of biofuels in road transport. At present the share of biofuels for mobility
is about 2% of the world total and it is expected to reach 5% by 2030.
Biogas and biomass are traditionally used for heating, but recently a remarkable increase in
their use for electricity production has taken place in some countries, as combustion
technologies become more efficient.
When it comes to waste, the incinerators are primarily designed for reduction of the growing
volumes of waste to alleviate waste disposal, not for production of electricity. Therefore,
waste’s contribution to primary energy supply will remain minimal, although some interesting
applications are emerging, for instance in district heating systems.
The share of bioenergy in TPES has been estimated at about 10% in 1990. Between 1990
and 2010 bioenergy supply has increased from 907 to 1240 Mtoe as a result of growing
energy demand. New policies to increase the share of renewable energy and indigenous
energy resources are also driving demand. However, it is difficult to make accurate
comparisons with earlier figures because of poor availability and low level of standardisation
of data.
Benefits Drawbacks
Domestic resource Transportation and processing implications
Proven simple combustion technologies Need for control of emissions of NOx / SOx
Biofuels as alternative for transport Energy – Water/food aspects

Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency is an important component of the energy economy. It is often called

an “energy resource”, because it helps to decrease the use of primary energy resources
and achieve considerable savings. There is tremendous potential for energy efficiency
improvements along the entire energy value chain. The 2013 WEC report, World Energy
Perspective: Energy Efficiency Technologies provides some quantitative indicators for the
various phases of the value chain and for specific industries. However, energy efficiency
is not just a matter of using efficient technologies; the solutions should also take into
account economic aspects. Energy efficiency technologies will be widely used only when
economically viable, within their lifetime, and when there are no implementation barriers.
Examples of energy efficiency improvement potential for main technology groups:
< In Oil & Gas exploration the energy efficiency of the electric system, which today is 20%,
could be increased up to 50%.
< In power generation the average efficiency of power plants is 34% for coal-fired
installations compared with best available technology of 46% for coal and 61% for
gas-fired units.
< In transmission and distribution electricity losses reach up to 5-12% and above in some
countries.
< Buildings account for nearly 40% of the total energy consumption globally and it is
estimated that potential energy savings in buildings could reach between 20 and 40%.
Global electricity demand by application
Motors
Lighting
Home appliances & consumer electronics 15%

Resistance heating
45% 20%
Trains
12%
Electrochemical
Miscellaneous 3% 2% 3%
Three main sectors which account for approximately 80% of the total electricity consumption
in the industrialised countries:
 motors (45%)
 lighting (15%)
 home appliances and consumer electronics (20%)
In some developing countries with large industries and outdated electrical equipment, the
share of electricity consumed by motors is even higher. Globally electric motors consume
about 9 000TWh/year, but more advanced models could save about 1 000TWh and reduce
CO2 emissions by 1Gt per year. This equals the total annual electricity consumption of a
country like Japan.
Ambitious goals for energy efficiency are reaching beyond purely technical solutions to
encompass cost-effectiveness, financing, acceptance, innovation and environmental
impact assessment. The profitability of investing in energy efficiency technologies is often
questioned. Unbiased comprehensive studies of energy efficiency solutions including cost/
benefit assessments could help to promote understanding of the potential benefits. Energy
efficiency requires a long-term commitment, and the financing framework should take this
into account. The loan terms should cover the entire lifetime of the solution.
Cost of generation technologies
A recent joint WEC-BNEF (Bloomberg New Energy Finance) study demonstrates the levelised
cost of electricity (LCOE) for a number of mainstream technologies. LCOE is the price that
must be received per unit of output as payment for producing power in order to reach a
specified financial return – or to put it simply, the price that project must earn per megawatt
hour in order to break even. The LCOE calculation standardises the units of measuring the
life cycle costs of producing electricity thereby facilitating the comparison of the cost of
producing one megawatt hour for each technology. The simple formula for this calculation is
shown below:
LCOE= Annualised capex + fixed O&M + variable O&M + tax

8 760 hours * resource factor * efficiency * availability
The LCOEs presented in the report reflect the actual costs of each technology and exclude
all subsidies and support mechanisms. This makes it possible to compare the total costs of
each technology on an equal basis, but does not represent the net costs faced by
developers in the market and additional costs of volatility. Environmental costs are not taken
into consideration, neither are other system integration costs.
The figures used reflect the most recent data available for costs from Q1 and Q2 2013.
Global levelised cost of energy in Q2 2013 (USD/MWh)
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

Note: forecast is from BNEF New Normal forecast scenario from the BNEF Global Renewable Energy Market Outlook:
http://about.bnef.com/presentations/global-renewable-energy-market-outlook-2013-fact-pack-2/
1059
861
531
500 Global LCOE range

Regional scenarios
450 Q1 2013 central
Q2 2013 central
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Landfill gas
Biomass – anaerobic digestion
PV – thin film
Municipal solid waste

Marine – tidal
Wind – onshore
Geothermal – flash plant

Biomass – incineration
PV – c-Si tracking
Natural gas CCGT

Marine – wave
STEG – tower & heliostat
CHP
STEG – parabolic trough
Large hydro
STEG – tower & heliostat w/storage
Geothermal – binary plant

STEG – LFR
PV – c-Si
Fuel cells
Small hydro
STEG – parabolic trough + storage
Wind – offshore
Biomass – gasification
Nuclear
The road ahead

Demand for energy will continue to grow for decades to come. Population increases and
a growing rate of electrification will place huge requirements on energy supplies. Global
primary energy demand could increase by 50% by the middle of the century. At least 80%
of this increase is expected to come from developing countries. The total primary energy
demand of China alone is expected to double by 2035, and that of India to increase by
almost 150% during the same period. Both countries with huge populations and high
economic growth are expected to dominate the global consumption of energy resources in
the coming years.
Key messages
The key messages emerging from the World Energy Resources survey 2013:
► The changes in the energy industry over the past 20 years have been significant. The
growth in energy consumption has been higher than anticipated even in the high-growth
scenarios. The energy industry has been able to meet this growth globally assisted by
continuous increases in reserves’ assessments and improving energy production and
consumption technologies. The results of the 2013 WEC World Energy Resources survey
show that there are more energy resources in the world today than 20 years ago, or ever
before.
► It is obvious that moving away from fossil fuels will take years and decades, as coal, oil
and gas will remain the main energy resources in many countries. Fuel-switching does
not happen overnight. The leading world economies are powered by coal: about 40% of
electricity in the United States and 79% of the electricity in China is generated in coal-
fired thermal plants. These plants will continue to run for decades. The main issue for
coal is the CO2 penalty.
► Contrary to the expectations of the world running out of oil within a few decades, the so
called notion of ‘peak oil’ which prevailed 20 years ago, has almost been forgotten. The
global crude oil reserves are almost 60% larger today than in 1993 and the production of
oil has gone up by 20%. If the unconventional oil resources such as oil shale, oil sands,
extra heavy oil and natural bitumen are taken into account, the oil endowment of the
world could be quadrupled. An increasing share of oil will be consumed in the rapidly
growing transport sector, where it will remain the principal fuel.
► Natural gas is expected to continue its growth spurred by falling or stable prices, and
thanks to the growing contribution of unconventional gas, such as shale gas. In addition
to power generation, natural gas is expected to play an increasing role as a transport
fuel.
► The future of nuclear energy is uncertain. While some countries, mainly in Europe, are
making plans to withdraw from nuclear, other countries are looking to establish nuclear
power generation. The future of nuclear depends to a large degree on public acceptance,
costs and liabilities.
► The development of renewables, excluding large hydro, has been

considerably slower than expected 20 years ago. Despite the exponential
growth of renewable resources in percentage terms, in particular wind power
and solar PV, renewable energy still accounts for a small percentage of
TPES in most countries. Their share of energy supply is not expected to
change dramatically in the coming years. The continuing growth of
renewables depends on subsidies and other support provided by
governments.
► Integration of intermittent renewables in the electricity grids also remains an

issue, as it results in additional costs for the system and thus higher
electricity bills.
► Energy efficiency helps address the “energy trilemma” and provides an

immediate opportunity to decrease energy intensity. This will achieve energy
savings and reduce the environmental impacts of energy production and use.
Finally, demand for energy will continue to grow. Even if global energy resources seem
to be abundant today, there are other constraints facing the energy sector, above all,
significant capital investment in developing and developed economies is needed. The
environment and climate, in particular, pose an additional challenge. Clean technologies
will require adequate financing, and consumers all over the world should be prepared to
pay higher prices for their energy than today. Energy is global and to make the right
choices, decision makers should look at the global picture and base their decisions on a
thorough life cycle analysis and reliable energy information. World Energy Council has
been and remains the prime reference institution for energy resource assessments,
independent of geopolitics.
Member Committees of the World Energy Council
Albania Israel South Africa
Algeria Italy Spain
Argentina Japan Sri Lanka
Austria Jordan Swaziland
Bahrain Kazakhstan Sweden
Belgium Kenya Switzerland
Bolivia Korea (Republic) Syria (Arab Republic)
Botswana Kuwait Taiwan, China
Brazil Latvia Tanzania
Bulgaria Lebanon Thailand
Cameroon Libya Trinidad & Tobago
Canada Lithuania Tunisia
Chad Luxembourg Turkey
China Macedonia (Republic) Ukraine
Colombia Mexico United Arab Emirates
Congo (Democratic Republic) Monaco United Kingdom
Côte d’Ivoire Morocco United States
Croatia Namibia Uruguay
Cyprus Nepal Zimbabwe
Czech Republic Netherlands
Denmark New Zealand
Egypt (Arab Republic) Niger
Estonia Nigeria
Ethiopia Pakistan
Finland Paraguay
France Peru
Gabon Philippines
Germany Poland
Ghana Portugal
Greece Qatar
Hong Kong, China Romania
Hungary Russian Federation
Iceland Saudi Arabia
India Senegal
Indonesia Serbia
Iran (Islamic Republic) Slovakia
Ireland Slovenia
The World Energy Council (WEC) is the principal impartial network of leaders and practitioners promoting an
affordable, stable and environmentally sensitive energy system for the greatest benefit of all. Formed in 1923,
WEC is the UN-accredited global energy body, representing the entire energy spectrum, with more than 3000
member organisations located in over 90 countries and drawn from governments, private and state corporations,
academia, NGOs and energy related stakeholders. WEC informs global, regional and national energy strategies
by hosting high-level events, publishing authoritative studies, and working through its extensive member network
to facilitate the world’s energy policy dialogue.
Further details at www.worldenergy.org and @WECouncil

Regency House 1–4 Warwick Street
London W1B 5LT United Kingdom T
(+44) 20 7734 5996
F (+44) 20 7734 5926
E info@worldenergy.org
www.worldenergy.org
For sustainable energy.

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For sustainable energy.

World Energy Resources

WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL

Pierre Gadonneix Abubakar Sambo

World Energy Council

All rights reserved. All or part of this publication may

Published 2013 by:

ISBN: 978 0 946121 29 8

Vice Chair Marcos Assayag

Study Group Members Mostafa Tavanpoor Paveh

Brigitte Svarich Paul Cheliak

Fabian Melon Roland Luebke

Fabio Emiro Sierra Vargas Sandra Scalari

Firouzeh Amini Sylvain Hercberg

What has changed ......................................................................................................5

Energy efficiency ......................................................................................................... 21

Cost of generation technologies ............................................................................. 22

The road ahead ....................................................................................................... 24

Key messages ............................................................................................................. 24

Wind Solar PV Geothermal Peat

Marine Energies Energy Efficiency

‘The WEC Report presents energy

What has changed?

Table 1: Key indicators for 1993, 2011 and 2020

GDP, trillion USD 25 70 65 180%

TPES, Mtoe 9 532 14 092 17 208 48%

Total Electricity production/year, TWh 12 607 22 202 23 000 76%

Total CO2 emissions/year, GtCO2 21 30 42 44%

Energy intensity, koe/2005USD 0.24 0.19 n/a -21%

* Includes figures for all renewables, except Hydro

Total Primary Energy Supply by resource 1993, 2011 and 2020

<1 000 >200 000

R/P ratio (years)

The continuing popularity of coal becomes particularly obvious when compared to

Coal reserves: top 5 countries

Reserves (Mt) Production (Mt) 2011 R/P

Country 2011 1993 2011 1993 years

China 114 500 80 150 3 384 1 150 34

Australia 76 400 63 658 398 224 > 100

India 60 600 48 963 516 263 > 100

High emissions of CO2,

<1 000 Mt >200000 Mt

R/P ratio (years)

South and Central Asia

Crude oil reserves: top 5 countries

Reserves (Mt) Production (Mt) R/P

Country 2011 1993 2011 1993 years

Venezuela 40 450 9 842 155 129 > 100

Saudi Arabia 36 500 35 620 526 422 69

Canada 23 598 758 170 91 > 100

Iran 21 359 12 700 222 171 96

Iraq 19 300 13 417 134 29 > 100

Rest of World 82 247 68 339 2 766 2 338 30

World total 223 454 140 676 3 973 3 179 56

Currently indispensable for road transport and

Geopolitical tensions related to areas

Market dominated by leading oil producers

<1 000 bcm >85000 bcm

R/P ratio (years)

South and Central Asia

Natural gas reserves: top 5 countries

Reserves (bcm) Production (bcm) R/P

Country 2011 1993 2011 1993 years