Foreword

Teachers, students, and thinking enthusiasts are invited to explore this

academic work. Conceptual and practical contents of this module are
expressed concisely, but with high degree of prudence. They are based on
the existing Logic syllabus which is redesigned to fit the demand of
distance or online learning. Though, it is equally considered that this
module can be used in self-learning activity even without the use of
internet. The concepts, teaching methodologies, and assessments are
readily available to significantly capture the learning dynamics and
absorption of the learner. This module is also suitable for teachers’ use in
facilitating Logic course both in direct teaching or in distance learning.

The variety of activities provided for in this module is sufficient to

assess and evaluate the understanding of the students about Logic as an
academic course. Their ability to complete the open-ended tests or self-
help activities shall serve as demonstrative aspect of the learners’ ability
to apply the concepts that are discussed in this module, as well as,
meeting the aims and learning outcomes of each sub-topic.

Nonetheless, the author gladly encourages the readers of this module

to use supplemental references that may be relevant in further
understanding and developing profound ideas in the process of reasoning.

Table of Contents

Module Objectives

CHAPTER I: BASICS OF LOGIC

 A. Logic Defined
B. Logic and Language
C. Logic and Truth
D. Sound Versus Unsound
E. Language And Meaning
F. Language and Functions
G. Ordinary Sentence versus Logical Propositions
H. Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
I. Immediate Inferences
J. Traditional Square of Oppositions

CHAPTER II: FALLACIES

A. Informal Fallacies
B. Formal Fallacies

CHAPTER III: CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

A. Figure 1
B. Figure 2
C. Figure 3
D. Figure 4
E. Venn Diagram Testing

CHAPTER IV: HYPOTHETICAL AND DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISMS

A. Antecedents
B. Consequents
C. First
Disjunct
D. Second Disjunct
E. Truth Tables and other Symbolic Notations

MODULE OBJECTIVES / COURSE OUTCOMES

1. To design a system of methods and principles that could be used as
criteria for evaluating our own arguments as well as the arguments
of others.

2. To use these criteria as guides in constructing our own arguments.

3. To increase in confidence in evaluating the validity and soundness

of an argument.
Exercise 1: True or False
Before each number, write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise, write
FALSE.
_____FALSE_____1. Logic is primarily a science.
_____FALSE_____2. Logic can operate only as an art.
_____TRUE_____3. Algebra is also logical.
_____TRUE_____4. Rules of Logic are fixed, unless new theorems prove otherwise.
____TRUE______5. Mathematicians are also logicians.
_____TRUE_____6. Logical arguments can be expressed in symbolic notations.
_____TRUE_____7. (2x + 2y) 4 = 8x + 8y, is a logical argument.
_____TRUE_____8. One plus one plus one plus one yields to three is an example of a
proposition.
____TRUE______9. Art and science can be combined in logic.
____TRUE______10. A claim is also called a conclusion.

B. Logic and Language

Aims and Learning Outcomes That

students can:
1. Explain the role of language in Logic.
2. Identify major role of language in argumentation.
3. Explain the concepts of valid and sound judgment.

Language is the basic vehicle of logic in conveying logical concepts and

applications. It remains the pivotal tool to arrive at coherent, consistent,
valid, and sound activities and discussions which is called logic. To make
claims or denials clear for others to understand is called coherent. To
make the second and/or third persons follow a non-contradicted pattern
of thought of what is being asserted or denied is called consistent. An
argument, claim, or denial is valid when it is aligned with the existing rules
and theorems of logic or mathematics, as well as on positive and natural
laws. On the other hand, a sound judgment does not contradict reason,
common sense, including existing rules and natural phenomena
altogether. However, it should be noted that a valid argument does not
yield to a sound argument, but not vice versa.

Exercise 2: True or False

_____TRUE_____1. Language is a tool.
___TRUE_______2. Coherence is an outcome of logical thought.
____TRUE______3. Consistency happens when the thought of one sentence with
another to arrive at a claim expresses a unified thought.
____TRUE______4. Common sense is also a logic in itself.
____TRUE______5. Natural laws are also bases of logical phenomenon.
____TRUE______6. A sound judgement is aligned with common sense.
___TRUE_______7. A natural law is a natural phenomenon.
____TRUE______8. Positive law is the opposite of negative law.
____TRUE______9. A valid argument follows from the rules or theorems.
____FALSE______10. A sound argument does not yield to a valid argument.