Explanation:

Chapter 14
Quantitative Data Analysis
INTRODUCTION
 
GETTING THE DATA READY FOR ANALYSIS
Coding and data entry
Coding the responses
Data entry
Editing data
Data fransformation
 
GETTING A FEEL FOR THE DATA
Frequencies
Bar charts and pie charts
Measures of central tendency and dispersion
Measures of central tendency
Measures of dispersion
Relationship between variables
Relationship between two nominal variable: X2 test
Correlations
 
EXCELSIOR ENTERPRISES: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS PART 1
TESTING THE GOODNESS OF MEASURES
Reliability
Excelsior enterprises: checking the reliability of the multi-item measures
Validity
 
EXCELSIOR ENTERPRISES: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS PART 2
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
1. demonstrate the ability to obtain data ready for quantitative analysis
2. describe the various processes by which a person can feel the data (get a feel for
data) in the study
3. describe the ways in which the reliability and validity of the measurement can be assessed
 
GETTING THE DATA READY FOR ANALYSIS
After the data is obtained through a questionnaire, it needs to be coded, entered, and edited
(need to
be coded, keyed in, and edited).
 
DATA PREPARATION STAGE
1. Coding and data entry
The first stage in data preparation is data coding
Data coding: data coding involves numbering participants' responses (responses
participant) so that they can be entered into the database (data base).
Coding the responses
The process of coding each measurement (measurement)
Data Entry
After obtaining a response, the results are entered into the data base. Raw data (raw data)
can be entered via any software program, eg SPSS.
2. Data Editing
Data Editing: concerned with the detection and correction of illogical omissions (illogical), no
inconsistent, or illegal data in the information returned by study participants.
For example Illogical response is an outlier response.
The outlier response is an observation that is substantially different from other observations.
Substantial = significant / most
What is meant by outlier data is data that is much different than that
the whole data.
For example, there is research data on the height of high school students, namely 160 - 180
cm. But deep
The data shows a child who has a height of 140 cm. Data of children with a height of 140 cm
these are called outlier data, because they differ so clearly.
Inconsistent responses, namely responses that are not in line with other information.
Illegal codes are values that are not specified in the coding instructions.
For example: in the questionnaire there is a choice of code 1-5 but the answer that appears is
code 6
3. Data transformation
Data transformation, a variation of data coding, is the process of changing numerical
representations
from a quantitative value to another value. Usually using logarithmic transformations.
For example: data X is transformed with the formula X '= Log X
Another type of data transformation is reverse scoring.
 
GETTING A FEEL FOR THE DATA
The researcher can get an idea by looking for a visual summary or by looking at tendencies
principal and dispersion of the variable. It can also be determined by examining the
relationship between variables.
Tendency = tendency
Dispersion = spread
Descriptive statistics for a single variable are provided by frequency, measures of central
tendency
and despersion
Frequencies
Frequency refers to the number of times various subcategories of a particular phenomenon
occur, from
where the percentage and the cumulative percentage of occurrences can be easily calculated.
Bar charts and pie charts
For easier understanding, the frequency can be visualized in graphs such as bar graphs and
pie so it's easier to understand. Data in charts provides a strong relationship
with basic information from existing data.
Measures of central tendency and dispersion
Measures of central tendency
The main tendency measurement can be done by calculating the average (mean), the mean
value
(median), the most frequently occurring value (mode).
Measures of dispersion
Range: the extreme value determined from observation. For example: between 30-50 for
Company A,
(dispersion of 20units), range between 10 and 70 units (dispersion of 60units) for Company
B.
Variance: calculated by subtracting the average of each data set of observations,
take the square of this difference, and divide the total by the number of observations.
The greater the variance, the more difficult it is to estimate and vice versa.
Standard deviation:
Namely by calculating by calculating the ratio of the data by giving
distribution of variability from the data.
Relationship between variables
A nonparametric test is available to assess the relationship between variables measured on a
nominal scale
or ordinal.
Ex: Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall's correlation
Correlation matrix is used to test the relationship between interval and / or ratio variables.
Relationship between two nominal variables: X2 test
This is done if the researcher wants to find out whether there is a relationship between the two
variables
nominal or whether the variable is independent of other variables.
Correlations
Correlation shows the direction, strength and significance of the relationship among all the
variables
measured using interval levels and ratios.
 
EXCELSIOR ENTERPRISES: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS PART 1
TESTING THE GOODNESS OF MEASURES
Descriptive statistics such as maximum, minimum, average value, standard deviation and
variance
obtained for the items for the interval scale. From the descriptive statistical data later
appropriate measures are taken to correct illegal data.
 
TESTING THE GOODNESS OF MEASURES
Reliability
Reliability is an index that shows the extent to which a measuring device is trusted or
reliable. When a measuring instrument is used twice to measure the same symptoms and
results
the measurements obtained are relatively consistent, so the measuring instrument is reliable.
Or in other words,
reliability shows the consistency of a measuring instrument in measuring the same symptoms.
Validity
Validity is a measure that shows the level of validity or validity of an instrument.
The principle of validity is a measurement or observation which means the principle of the
reliability of the instrument in
collecting data. The instrument must be able to measure what it is supposed to measure. So
validity
more emphasis on measuring or observation tools.
 
EXCELSIOR ENTERPRISES: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS PART 2
Descriptive statistics such as maximum, minimum, mean, standard deviation, variance can be
obtained to determine the independent multi-item scale variable and the interval dependent.
After obtaining descriptive statistics for the independent and dependent variables in
research, the research hypothesis can then be tested.