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Λαδή Νταλάκου - Εισαγωγή Στη Δημόσια Διοίκηση Και Πολιτική
Λαδή Νταλάκου - Εισαγωγή Στη Δημόσια Διοίκηση Και Πολιτική
∆√ª√™ ∞
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
ISBN 978-650-538-768-6 ÛÙË ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË
¢Ú. ™Ù¤ÏÏ· §·‰‹
¢Ú. µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ ¡Ù·Ï¿ÎÔ˘ Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋
1
∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ Û˘Á¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË Î·È ÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ
™ËÌ›ˆÛË:
TÔ EA¶ Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ªÂıÔ‰Ô-
ÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÍ ∞ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘. °È· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ·ÚÙÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÏËÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ
ÙËÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜, ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ› ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Î·È ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ› ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔÈ Ô˘ ·Ó¤Ï·-
‚·Ó ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ·˘Ùfi.
Copyright © 2008
°È· ÙËÓ EÏÏ¿‰· Î·È fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ
E§§HNIKO ANOIKTO ¶ANE¶I™THMIO
¶¿ÚÔ‰Ô˜ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜ 18, 26335, ¶ÂÚÈ‚fiÏ· ¶·ÙÚÒÓ
∆ËÏ. (2610) 367300 / º·Í: (2610) 367350
™˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹
¢Ú. ™Ù¤ÏÏ· §·‰‹ ¢Ú. µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ ¡Ù·Ï¿ÎÔ˘
∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË
£Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ ¶ÂÏ·Á›‰Ë˜
∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·ÈÒ˜
°ÏˆÛÛÈ΋ ∂È̤ÏÂÈ·
∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ∞ÏÂÍ·Ó‰Ú‹
ISBN: 978-960-538-768-6
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ N. 2121/1993
··ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‹ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋
·Ó·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‹ Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘
Ì ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ̤ÛÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉfiÙË.
™ÃO§∏ KOINøNIKøN E¶I™THMøN
¶ƒO°ƒ∞ªª∞ ™¶OÀ¢ø¡
£∂ª∞∆π∫∏ ∂¡√∆∏∆∞
∆OªO™ ∞
∂π™∞°ø°∏ ™∆∏ ¢∏ª√™π∞ ¢π√π∫∏™∏
∫∞π ¢∏ª√™π∞ ¶√§π∆π∫∏
¶∞∆ƒ∞ 2008
BIO°PAºIK∞ ™∏ª∂πøª∞∆∞
∏ ™Ù¤ÏÏ· §·‰‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÔ˘‰¿ÛÂÈ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
Î·È Â›Ó·È ¢È‰¿ÎÙˆÚ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ York, ª. µÚÂÙ·-
Ó›· Ì ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙÔÓ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿
ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ. Œ¯ÂÈ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› ˆ˜ ϤÎÙÔÚ·˜ ÛÙ· ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· ÙÔ˘ Sheffield Î·È ÙÔ˘
Exeter Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÚ¢ӋÙÚÈ· ÛÙÔ Institut Barcelona d’ Estudis Internacionals Î·È ÛÙÔ
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Leeds Metropolitan. ∂ÚÁ¿ÛÙËΠ›Û˘ ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙÈ-
‰· ÁÈ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ı¤Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ Î·È ¡ËÛȈÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∞fi
ÙÔ 2003 ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡
∞ÓÔÈÎÙÔ‡ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂȉÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·˜ ÛÙË °ÂÓÈ΋
°Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›· ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘Ú-
Á›Ԣ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂÈ ÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο Î·È ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο.
KEºA§AIO 1
µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
Î·È Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ 19
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................19
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· .........................................................................................19
ŒÓÓÔȘ ∫ÏÂȉȿ.................................................................................................................19
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ..............................................................................................20
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.1
√ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ∆Ô̤·˜ ...........................................................................................................22
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.2
¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋: ŒÓÓÔÈ·, ∫·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ Î·È ™Ù¿‰È·....................................................26
1.2.1 √ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ã·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ........................................26
1.2.2 ∫·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ Î·È ∂›Â‰· ¢ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ .....................................................28
1.2.3 √ ·ÎÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜...........................................................................29
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.3
¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ™˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ............................................................................................................31
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.4
∫˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·È ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË .........................................................................................33
7
™‡ÓÔ„Ë................................................................................................................................35
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................36
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· .....................................................................................................................37
KEºA§AIO 2
√ÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ 39
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................39
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· .........................................................................................39
ŒÓÓÔȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ .................................................................................................................39
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ..............................................................................................40
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.1
∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ £ÂˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi
‰›Ô ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ ..............................................................................................................41
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.2
∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ...............................................................43
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.3
∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜.....................................................................................................45
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.4
∏ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡................................................................................................47
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.5
∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ......................................................................................................50
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.6
√ º·Ù·ÏÈÛÌfi˜.....................................................................................................................52
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.7
¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ................................................................................................55
2.7.1 ¢›ÎÙ˘· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ .......................................................................................................55
2.7.2 ∂ÈÛÙËÌÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ............................................................................................56
2.7.3 ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ™˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÒÓ ÀÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘ (¶™À) .........................................................57
8
™‡ÓÔ„Ë................................................................................................................................60
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................61
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· .....................................................................................................................63
KEºA§AIO 3
√ ·ÎÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ 67
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................67
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· .........................................................................................67
ŒÓÓÔȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ .................................................................................................................67
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ..............................................................................................68
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1
™˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·˜ (Agenda Setting)................................................69
3.1.1 √ ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.......................................................................69
3.1.2 ∏ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ∞Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ...........................................................................................71
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.2
¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Policy Formulation)................................................................73
3.2.1 ¶ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, ¢›ÎÙ˘·, ªË §‹„Ë ∞ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ
¢È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∂ÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ..........................................................................................74
3.2.2 °ÓÒÛË Î·È ¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜..........................................................................75
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.3
§‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Decision Making).............................................................................77
3.3.1 √ÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ §‹„˘ ∞ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ............................................................77
3.3.2 ¶ÚÔÛ·˘ÍËÙÈÎfi ªÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ §‹„˘ ∞ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ........................................................79
3.3.3 §‹„Ë ∞ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ªÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ «∫¿‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ∞ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ» ....................80
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.4
∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Policy Implementation) ...........................................81
3.4.1 ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ «ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ¿Óˆ» (top down) ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜.......................................81
3.4.2 ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ» (bottom-up) .....................................82
3.4.3 ∂ӉȿÌÂÛ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ .........................................................................................85
9
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.5
∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Policy Evaluation)....................................................................87
3.5.1 ∂ÎÚÔ¤˜ Î·È ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ .....................................................87
3.5.2 ∂›‰Ë ∂ÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ......................................................................................................88
3.5.3 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ .............................................................................................89
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.6
∂ÚÁ·Ï›· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜...........................................................................................................91
™‡ÓÔ„Ë................................................................................................................................95
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................96
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· .....................................................................................................................99
KEºA§AIO 4
¶ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË
Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ 103
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................103
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· .......................................................................................103
ŒÓÓÔȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ ...............................................................................................................103
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................103
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.1
µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ................................................................105
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2
ªÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ..............................................................................................108
4.2.1 ∞ÁÔÚ¿ .......................................................................................................................108
4.2.2 ™˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ................................................................................................................109
4.2.3 ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË...................................................................................110
∞ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË..............................................................................................................110
∫·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛË.............................................................................................111
4.2.4 ∂˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË .........................................................................................112
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.3
¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ...................................................................114
4.3.1 ∞ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË Î·È ∞˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔÈ ºÔÚ›˜....................................................................114
10
4.3.2 ¡¤Â˜ ªÔÚʤ˜ ∂ϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ƒ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ....................................................................116
4.3.3 ªÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ....................................118
4.3.4 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·È ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË..............................119
™‡ÓÔ„Ë..............................................................................................................................121
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................122
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ...................................................................................................................124
KEºA§AIO 5
∂͈ÁÂÓ›˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ı̛ۈÓ
¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ 127
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................127
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· .......................................................................................127
ŒÓÓÔȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ ...............................................................................................................127
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................127
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.1
∏ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋..............128
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.2
∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜............................130
5.2.1 ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ................................................................................130
5.2.2 ∆Ô ÂıÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô - ∂ӉȿÌÂÛÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜.......................................................131
5.2.3 ŒÎ‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ .................................................................................133
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.3
«ªÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ» Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ...................................................................................................................135
™‡ÓÔ„Ë..............................................................................................................................138
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................139
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ...................................................................................................................140
11
∂π™∞°ø°∏ ™∆∏ £∂ª∞∆π∫∏ ∂¡√∆∏∆∞
12
ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ÔÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜
ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰Èο Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ô˘
··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜
ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËηÓ, ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘
1980, ˆ˜ ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁËÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË (‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜) ÙˆÓ
ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ
Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÌÂ-
Ù·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂϤÛÙËηÓ
ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
™ÙÔÓ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÙfiÌÔ, Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∂ͤÏÈÍË Î·È £ÂÛÌÔ› Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘», ·Ú-
¯Èο ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤Ó-
ÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘» ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÓÔËı› ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ
13
ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢Ù› Ô Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ÚÔ-
‚ÏÂÊıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÛËÌ·-
ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ Ù˘ ƒÒÌ˘ ÙÔ
1957 Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û˘ÓÔÙÈο ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚-
ÎÒÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ
Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜, ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘-
Ï›Ô˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆ-
Û˘ (∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ, ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ∫ÔÈÓÔًوÓ, ∂ÏÂÁÎÙÈÎfi ™˘-
Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ, ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∆Ú¿Â˙· ∂ÂÓ‰‡ÛˆÓ, √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹
Î·È ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ¶ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ). ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì›· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ ηÈ
‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ‹/Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ «ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜
·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜» Ù˘ ∂∂, Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙ· ∫ÔÈÓÔÙÈο ¶Ï·›ÛÈ· ™Ù‹ÚÈ͢.
™ÙÔÓ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙÔ ÙfiÌÔ, Ì ٛÙÏÔ «√ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ∂ȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¢Ë-
ÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜», ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È Ô ıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È
Ô ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡, Ô˘
Â›Ó·È ·ÊÈÂڈ̤ÓÔ ÛÙȘ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·Ú¯È-
ο ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÁÂÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ıÂÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÂÈ-
¯Â›ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÙÈÌÔÏÔÁȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘-
ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ô˘ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó, ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹
Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂȉÈΤ˜
Û˘Óı‹Î˜ οو ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜
·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÚÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È
ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÂÓ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù·
‚·ÛÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ, Ù· ÔÔ›·
ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÌÔÓÔˆ-
ÏÈ·Îfi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘
·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›·, ηٿ
ÔÏÏÔ‡˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ χÛË ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ
‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ηÈ
ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ È‰Èˆ-
ÙÈÎÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì›· ÂȉÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·
Î·È ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË
‰È·‰Èηۛ· ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿-
˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÂÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÛ›ˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ
(ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜, ÛËÌ·Û›·, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, ηÙËÁÔڛ˜, ÌÔÚʤ˜ Î·È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤-
Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi), Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË Ó¤· Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÛfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ‰··-
ÓÒÓ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›-
ÛÈÔ Ô˘ ‰È¤ÂÈ ÙȘ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ Ê¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜
(ηٿÚÙÈÛË, „‹ÊÈÛË, ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË Î·È ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜). ∂›Û˘, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜
Î·È Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ô Ï¢ÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛfi-
‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ, Î·È Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ
Ô˘ Û˘Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰˘Ô ·˘Ù¤˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿-
14
˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙˆÓ ∂ȉÈÎÒÓ §ÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÒÓ Î·È Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ˘Ô-
¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ˙ÒÓË, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔ¤˜ Ô˘
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Î·È ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹.
√ ÚÒÙÔ˜ ÙfiÌÔ˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Ó¤· ‡ÏË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜, Ô ÙÚ›ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ô
٤ٷÚÙÔ˜ ÙfiÌÔ˜, ηٿ ‚¿ÛË, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÈηÈÚÔÔ›ËÛË, ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË Î·È ·Ó·-
ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ¤ÓÙ ÙfiÌˆÓ (∞’, µ’, °’, ¢’ Î·È ∂’) Ô˘ ›¯·Ó Û˘ÁÁÚ·-
Ê› ηٿ ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 2000. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ™∂¶ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÂ
fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·fi ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¢∂√ ˘‹ÚÍ ηıÔÚÈ-
ÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ (∞’ ÙfiÌÔ˜) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ
ÛËÌ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ¤Ú ӷ ·Ó·ıˆÚËı› Î·È Ó· ÂÈηÈÚÔÔÈËı› ÙÔ ·Ï·Èfi ÂηÈ-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi.
™Ù¤ÏÏ· ∫·Ú·ÁÈ¿ÓÓË
∫·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜
™˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÙÚÈ· ¢∂√-24
15
¶ƒ√§√°√™
¶Ò˜, Ì ÔÈÔ ÛÎÔfi Î·È Ì ÙÈ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ‹ ·‰Ú·ÓÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÂ
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ٷ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·; ∆È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ηÈ
Ò˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ë Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·; ¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈ΋˜; ¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Â͈ÁÂÓ›˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜
·˘Ù¤˜; ¶ÔȤ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÈÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ηÈ
ÔȘ ·Í›Â˜ ÙȘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó; ∞˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ÎÂÓÙÚÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈ-
Ú› Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ÙfiÌÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÂÚ› ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘. ∆Ô ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡
ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰È¤ÂÈ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›·, fiˆ˜ Ë ÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È Ë Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ¤Ú· ·fi ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Û‡-
ÓÔÚ·, fiˆ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ.
√ ÙfiÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÙfiÌÔ
Ù˘ £ÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ «¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋» Î·È ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË ÛÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË ıÂÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ £.∂.. ™ÎÔfi˜
ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ı¤ÛÂÈ ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ
Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
√˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ› Ó· ·ӤگÂ-
ÛÙ ηٿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ ÙfiÌˆÓ Ù˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜. °È· οı ı¤Ì·
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Î·È ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ·Ú·-
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÎÙÂı›Ù ÛÙÔÓ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·-
Ù˘¯ı›. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÙ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Û·˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ
ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ÂÈϤÍÂÙ ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô˘ ÂÍËÁ› ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÂÚ›-
ÙˆÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
™Ù· ÚÒÙ· ‰‡Ô ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆ-
ÚËÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÊÂ-
Ófi˜ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙ· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·.
™ÙÔ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ÂÎÙÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ, ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È·
ÙÔ˘ «Î‡ÎÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜», ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ʈٛ˙Ô˘Ó
ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ οı ÛÙ·‰›Ô˘ Î·È Ù· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·-
Ù˘¯ı› ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘.
™ÙÔ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜, Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜
ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηÈ
ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÎÏ›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÛÙÔ ¤ÌÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, ÙˆÓ Â͈ÁÂÓÒÓ ·Ú·Áfi-
ÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ, Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi
Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.
∏ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÌÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: Ë Î. µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋
¡Ù·Ï¿ÎÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË Ù˘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ
·ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· (ÛÎÔÔ›, ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹,
·Û΋ÛÂȘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·) ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È-
‚Ï›Ô˘ Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÁÚ·„ ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜: 1.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 Î·È 4.2.3. ∏ Î. ™Ù¤ÏÏ· §·-
16
‰‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÂÏ‹ÊıË ÛÙÔÓ
ÙfiÌÔ Î·È Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ¿„ÂÈ fiϘ ÙȘ ˘fi-
ÏÔȘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘.
∂ÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ıÂṲ́˜ Ì·˜ ¢¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÙÚÈ· Ù˘ £ÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∂Ófi-
ÙËÙ·˜ Î. ™Ù¤ÏÏ· ∫·Ú·ÁÈ¿ÓÓË Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Î. £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ ¶ÂÏ·Á›‰Ë,
ηıÒ˜ Î·È Û fiÛÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó Ì ٷ Û¯fiÏÈ· Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹-
ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ì·˜.
™Ù¤ÏÏ· §·‰‹
µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ ¡Ù·Ï¿ÎÔ˘
17
KEºA§AIO 1
µ∞™π∫∂™ ∂¡¡√π∂™ ∆∏™
¢∏ª√™π∞™ ¢π√π∫∏™∏™ ∫∞π
∆∏™ ¢∏ª√™π∞™ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
√ ÛÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘, Â›Ó·È Ó· Û·˜ ™ÎÔfi˜
ÂÍÔÈÎÂÈÒÛÂÈ Ì ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛ-
ÌÂÓ· Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. √È ¤ÓÓÔȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ı·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ
Î·È ıˆÚÈÒÓ.
ŸÙ·Ó ı· ¤¯ÂÙ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ı· ›ÛÙ Û ı¤ÛË Ó·: ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ·
ñ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ ٷ ÛËÌ›· ÙÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤·, AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
ñ ‰›ÓÂÙ ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜
Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜,
ñ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û ڢıÌÈ-
ÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈΤ˜, Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ Î·È ˘ÏÈΤ˜, ‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜,
ñ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ ٷ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ «Î‡ÎÏÔ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜»,
ñ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜,
ñ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ,
ñ ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘.
19
ñ ∫˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË
ñ ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË
EÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ∏ ÚÒÙË ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ô˘ οÓÂÙ ‚ϤÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ «∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋» Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÙ ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ
ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ (‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË - ÔÏÈÙÈ΋) ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈ-
ÛÌfi «‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜». ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ˆ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ› Ôϛ٘ Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÙ ÌÈ· ÓÔË-
Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ ·›ÛıËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Î·È Èı·Ófiٷٷ ÌÈ· η-
Ù·ÛÙ·Ï·Á̤ÓË ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ.
ŒÙÛÈ, ηٷÓÔ›Ù Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ fiÙÈ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈı¤ÙÔ˘ «‰ËÌfiÛÈ·» ‰›-
Ï· ÛÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ÙÂı› Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘
‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ›ÛÙ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓÔÈ ˆ˜
ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ∂ȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË
Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (public policy) ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-
ÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË (Political Science),
Ù· √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Î·È ÙËÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·. ∞Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠÛÙË µfiÚÂÈ· ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ
∂˘ÚÒË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ Î·È ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔfiÚ·
‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Harold Lasswell (1968). µ·ÛÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ù˘ ‰Ë-
ÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ÁÂÊ˘ÚÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ¯¿ÛÌ· ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘
ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ· ÎÚ¿ÙË, ·Ó·˙ËÙÒ-
ÓÙ·˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ «Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ» ÔÏÈÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ‰ÂÓ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË «ı· ¤Ú ӷ ο-
ÓÂÈ», ·ÏÏ¿ Û ·˘Ùfi «Ô˘ Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ».
ŒÓ· ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ‰È·‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È-
‚Ï›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Â¿Ó ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Î·È ÓÔËÌ·ÙÈο ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú-
Á›Â˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∞Ó ıÂÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ Û˘ÁÎÂ-
ÎÚÈÌÂÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ¿ Ì·˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ʤÚÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ Ì˘·Ïfi Ì·˜
ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÂÓfi˜ ˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡, ÂÓfi˜ ‰‹Ì·Ú¯Ô˘ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÓÔÌ¿Ú¯Ë. ªÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÎÚÈı›
Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋; Ÿˆ˜ ı· ‰Ô‡Ì ÛÙÔ ·-
ÚfiÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙ· ÂfiÌÂÓ·, ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ Ù· ‰‡Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Â-
‰›· ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎ·Ó ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ÏËıÒÚ· ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘
˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÓÙ· ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ
fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛËÌ›· ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ηÈ, ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ
Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡.
™ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¿ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο
‰›· Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹-
ÛÂÈ ÛÙ· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·. ∆Ô ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi -fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÂ-
Ê¿Ï·ÈÔ- Â›Ó·È ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈο, ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ›Ûˆ˜ ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ› Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤¯ÂÙ Û ·˘Ù¿ ηı’
fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Û·˜.
™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ∆Ô̤·, ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ
‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤· Î·È ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·
Ë Û¯ÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘.
20
KEºA§AIO 1
21
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.1.
√ ¢∏ª√™π√™ ∆√ª∂∞™
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 1
ªÈ· ÚÒÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ
·Á·ıÒÓ. ∆· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ·Á·ı¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌË ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Î·È ÌË
·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ȉȈÙÈο ·Á·ı¿ Ô˘ ›-
Ó·È Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈο Î·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘. ŒÓ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡
·Á·ıÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ì‹ÏÔ, ·ÊÔ‡ ·Ó ÙÔ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÙÔ ÛÙÂÚ› ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ ¿Ì˘Ó· ÌÈ·˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· «¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı›»
Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. π‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·ÚÔ˘-
ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·Á·ı¿ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÂӉȿÌÂÛË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ‰ÚfiÌÔÈ
fiÔ˘ Ó·È ÌÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-
‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÏÔÈ Ù·˘ÙÔ¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÊfiÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÎÏËı› ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ¤-
ÛÂÈ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÏ·‡ÛÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó·˜ (McAleese, 2005).
∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙË
«‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÛÊ·›Ú·», Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ «·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ÛÊ·›Ú·». ™ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·
·˘Ù‹ ÛÊ·›Ú· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Î·È Ú‡ıÌÈ-
Û˘ ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ (Parsons, 1995). ™ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó
‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·. ∏ ÚÒÙË
ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÙÔ̤· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·
̤ۈ Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·
22
ENOTHTA 1.1
KEºA§AIO 1
∆· fiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ
‰˘Û‰È¿ÎÚÈÙ· ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ȉȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÌË Î˘-
‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ (ª∫√) Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È Â‰›· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ηÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ŒÓ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Û˘ÌÚ¿ÍÂȘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· fiÔ˘, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ÙÔ̤·˜ ·Ó·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi
ÙÔ̤· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ (.¯. Osborne & Gaebler, 1992Ø
Wallis & Dollery, 2005). ∂›Û˘, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ-
̤· ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Parsons, 1995).
¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÔÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÛÎÂÌ̤ӷ ›ÙÂ
Ó· ÌËÓ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù›ÔÙ (non-decision making) (‚Ï. ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 3.2.1), ›Ù ·Ú·¯ˆÚÔ‡Ó
ÌÂ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û οı ›‰Ô˘˜ ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜
ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Ô ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ̤·˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔ-
Ú›· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¢ËÌÂÚ›·˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ-
ÈΤ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·›ÍÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙȘ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜» ·Ï-
Ï¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ∏ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÎÔÛÙfi ·ÈÒÓ· ÏfiÁˆ
Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¢ËÌÂÚ›·˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ·ӤÏıÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ ÛÙȘ
23
ENOTHTA 1.1
̤Ú˜ Ì·˜, ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ›Ù ·‰˘Ó·Ù› ÏfiÁˆ ÂÏÏ›„ˆ˜ fiÚˆÓ, ›Ù ‰ÂÓ ÂÈı˘-
Ì› Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, οÔȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜
fiˆ˜ Ë ‰·ÛÔ˘ÚfiÛ‚ÂÛË ‹ Ë Ó·˘·ÁÔÛˆÛÙÈ΋, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÚ¿ÙË ¿-
ÓÙ· ÛÙÔÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤·, ÂÓÒ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆÓ
Î·È Ù˘ ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ›·˜ ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· fiÙÈ Ô «ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎfi˜
ÙÔ̤·˜» ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷وı› ÛÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÂÓfi˜ «ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·», Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜
·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ·Á·ıÒÓ Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ
(Osborne & Gaebler, 1992).
∏ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚ‹ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ÙÔ̤-
·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Û οı ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜
‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙfiÛÔ ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘
fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ‰›· ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ηÈÙ·-
ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Û οı ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ë ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÎfi-
ÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿-
Ï·ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ οı Ϸԇ (Hall & Soskice, 2001Ø Scharpf & Schmidt, 2000). ∆Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi
ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‰›ÎÙ˘· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈ-
ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙfiÔ Û ÙfiÔ. ∏ ÔÏ˘ÌÔÚÊ›· ·˘Ù‹ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-
ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Û οı ¯ÒÚ· (Putnam, 1994).
∞ÎfiÌ· fï˜ Î·È ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÙÈ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ô
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ÙÔ̤·˜, Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ò˜ ηٷӤ-
ÌÂÙ·È Ô ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘.
÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ∏¶∞, fiÔ˘ Ë ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û· ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ
ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ Ù˘
24
ENOTHTA 1.1
KEºA§AIO 1
25
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.2
¢∏ª√™π∞ ¶√§π∆π∫∏:
∂¡¡√π∞, ∫∞∆∏°√ƒπ∂™ ∫∞π ™∆∞¢π∞
∏ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¿ÏÏÔÙ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
Τ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ (.¯. ÔÈ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ Easton
Î·È Dye). ÕÏÏÔÙÂ, ¿ÏÈ, Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÈÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ
¤ÓÓÔÈ¿ Ù˘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ‹ ˘ÔÓÔÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘, Ì ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ· Ë ˘ÏÔ-
Ô›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (.¯. ÔÈ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ Rose Î·È Jenkins) Î·È ¿Ï-
ÏÔÙ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (.¯. Ô ÔÚÈ-
ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Eyestone). ∫ÔÈÓfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Û¯Â‰fiÓ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·-
ÚÔ˘Û›· ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ ÁÂÓÈο ÙˆÓ Â›ÛË̈Ó
ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜.
ŒÓ·˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ˘ÈÔıÂÙËı› Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È
·˘Ùfi˜ Ô˘ ¤‰ˆÛÂ Ô J. Anderson (2006, ÛÂÏ. 6), Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô:
«¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÛÎfiÈÌˆÓ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, Ô˘
·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·fi ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈο ÛÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ›ÛËÌÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜,
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ».
26
ENOTHTA 1.2
KEºA§AIO 1
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ıË-
Î·Ó ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÙÂ Â¿Ó ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ë ÚÔÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË Î·È
ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÔÏ›Ù¢Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ
Î·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ‰·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÙ¿ÛˆÓ.
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
27
ENOTHTA 1.2
28
ENOTHTA 1.2
KEºA§AIO 1
29
ENOTHTA 1.2
Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (Sabatier & Jekins-Smith, 1993). ¶·Ú¿ Ù·‡Ù·, ÁÈ· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔ-
Ô‡˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ‰È·-
ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ٷ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÛÙ¿‰È·:
30
KEºA§AIO 1
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.3
¢∏ª√™π√ ™Àªº∂ƒ√¡
∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔ-
ÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Î·È fiÙÈ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ı· ÌÔ-
ÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·-
Ù›·˜ (Weber, 1991). ∏ ÊÚ¿ÛË «‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ» ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ÌÈ·
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ηıÒ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ «‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ» Ô˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û ÌÈ·
Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·, Î·È ÛÙÔ «Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ» Ô˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û ÌÈ·
·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ‹ Û ÌÈ· Âȉ›ˆÍË «ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜» (Olson, 1965Ø ª·ÎÚ˘‰Ë-
Ì‹ÙÚ˘, 2006). ∏ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ıˆÚ›
ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·, ÂÓÒ Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ «‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜» ÛÙËÓ
ÔÔ›· ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ·ÙÔÌÈο ΛÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ-
Û¿ıÂÈ· ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ΤډԢ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Lane, 2000Ø Niskanen, 1971Ø ¶ÂÏ·Á›-
‰Ë˜ & ªËÙÛfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2006).
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘, ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘Ìʤ-
ÚÔÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛı› ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË Ù¿ÍË ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ
Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∆Ô 1887,
Ô Woodrow Wilson Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ˆ˜ ʇϷη ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈ-
ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘. ∆Ô ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·-
ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ›ÛÙË ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋
Î·È ·ÌÂÚfiÏËÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ (Parsons, 1995: 6-8).
∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ «‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜» ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔ-
ÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’60 (Buchanan
& Tullock, 1962). √È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ë
Ú¿ÍË fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ıˆڛ· ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ·ÓÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÔÓ «Â-
ÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi» (“bounded’ rationality”) ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÒÓ. Ÿˆ˜
·Ó¤Ï˘Û ÚÒÙÔ˜ Ô Simon (1957), Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ÛÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒ-
ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË Î·ıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó Ï‹ÙË ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ó·
·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÈ fiϘ ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ fiÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏË-
Ì·. ∂›Ó·È Èı·Ófi, οÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Ó· ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·È
·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙ‡ˆ, Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ.
∆¤ÏÔ˜, ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜
ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ «ÂÓÙÔϤ· - ÂÓÙÔÏÔ‰fi¯Ô˘» (principal-agent model). ™‡Ìʈ-
Ó· Ì ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘Ùfi, Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÌÔÚ›
Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·ÈÔ, fiÔ˘ Ô ÂÓÙÔϤ·˜-ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ «·ÁÔÚ¿˙ÂÈ» ˘ËÚÂ-
ۛ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÏÔ‰fi¯Ô-ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÏÏÈÔ‡˜ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘,
31
ENOTHTA 1.3
Î·È ¿Ú· Û˘¯Ó¿ Û ·ÎÚÈ‚fiÙÂÚ˜ ÙÈ̤˜. ∏ Ù·‡ÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙ·Ó ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ
‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Ù˘ ÂÏÏÈÔ‡˜ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂ-
ÚfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈı˘Ì›·˜ ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·, ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·-
ÁÒÓ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Û˘Á¯¤ÔÓÙ·È. ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÙÔϤ·-„Ë-
ÊÔÊfiÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÙÔÏÔ‰fi¯Ô˘-·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡. √ „ËÊÔÊfi-
ÚÔ˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ Ì ÙËÓ „‹ÊÔ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ô ·ÓÙÈÚfiÛˆÔ˜ ‰ÂÛ̇ÂÙ·È ıˆÚËÙÈο
Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹, ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ (Niskanen, 1971).
∏ ª¿ÚÁηÚÂÙ £¿ÙÛÂÚ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ: «∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ‘ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·’, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ. À¿Ú-
¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ, Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔًوӻ.
™¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÙ ÙËÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÊÚ¿ÛË Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘
Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜.
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
32
KEºA§AIO 1
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.4
33
ENOTHTA 1.4
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔËÁ‹ıËÎÂ, ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ϤÍÂȘ - ÎÏÂȉȿ
Ì ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ‹ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘:
Ó¤· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·
ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË
‰›ÎÙ˘· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ÌË - ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘
·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ
Ó¤Ô ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Ì¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ
·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·
΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
34
KEºA§AIO 1
™‡ÓÔ„Ë
√ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ∆Ô̤·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì ÙÔÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤·,
·ÏÏ¿ Ù· fiÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·fi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Û ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfi-
ÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Û‰È¿ÎÚÈÙ· ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ȉȈÙÈÎÒÓ
ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ηÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ›Û˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ò˜ ηٷӤÌÂÙ·È
Ô ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘.
∏ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÛÎfiÈÌˆÓ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ
ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·fi ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈο ÛÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·fi
›ÛËÌÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ˙Ë-
Ù‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ. √È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇: ·) ‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈÎÒÓ, ·Ó·‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈÎÒÓ,
Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ‚) ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ, Á) Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÚ›· ›‰·, ·Ó¿-
ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋: ÌÈÎÚÔÔÏÈ-
ÙÈ΋, ˘ÔÛ˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
√ ·ÎÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ ÛÙ¿‰È·: i) ı¤ÛÈÛË ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ·˜
‰È¿Ù·Í˘, ii) ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, iii) Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ix) ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
΋˜, x) ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
TÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ
Ú¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›-
ÎËÛ˘, Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛı› ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË Ù¿ÍË ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓË-
Û˘. ∏ ıˆڛ· ·˘Ù‹ ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ «‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜», ÂÓÒ Ë
‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ-
ÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÂÓÙÔϤ· - ÂÓÙÔÏÔ‰fi¯Ô˘.
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ
‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ fiˆ˜ ÎÏ·ÛÈο ›¯Â Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜. ∏ ·Ó¿-
Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ¤Ó· ÈÔ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙÔ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂ-
ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Á΢ÏÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ-
΋˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘, fiÔ˘ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ
·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi, ÛÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, ÛÙËÓ Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË.
35
¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞
∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 1
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 2
·. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÊÔ‡ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È fiÚÈ· ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿
·ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ.
‚. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ·Ó·‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ¢ËÌÂÚ›·˜,
ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ì ¯·ÌËÏ¿ Î·È ˘„ËÏ¿ ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·Ù·.
Á. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË Ú˘ıÌÈ-
˙fiÌÂÓË ÔÌ¿‰·.
‰. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÂ
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡.
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 3
∏ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜, Ô˘ fiˆ˜ ›-
‰·Ì ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙ· ȉȈÙÈο ΛÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›Ë-
Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ΤډԢ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™¯ÂÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ı·
ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.4.
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 4
36
KEºA§AIO 1
µπµ§πO°ƒ∞ºI∞
Alesina, ∞. & Glaeser, ∂. (2003). Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Anderson, J. (2006). Public Policy Making, 6th edn. Boston and N.York: Houghton
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Buchanan, J.M. & Tullock, G. (1962). The Calculus of Consent, Ann Arbor. Mich.:
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Chandler, J. (2003). ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË: ™˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ¶··˙‹Û˘.
Cleveland, H. (1972). The Future Executive: A Guide for Tomorrow’s Managers.
New York: Harper & Row.
Dye, T. (1972). Understanding Public Policy, Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall.
∂aston D. (1953). The Political System. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Edelman, M. (1964). Politics as Symbolic Action. University of Illinois Press:
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Eyestone, R. (1971). The Threads of Public Policy: A Study in Policy Leadership,
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Hall, P. & Soskice, D. (2001). Varieties of Capitalism. London: Oxford University
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Jenkins, W.I. (1978). Policy Analysis: A Political and Organisational Perspective.
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Le Grand, J. (2007). ∫›ÓËÙÚ·, ¢Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ
¶··˙‹ÛË.
Lowi, T.J. (1964). “American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political
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McAlesse, D. (2005). √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ - °È· ∂ȯÂÈÚËÛȷΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ - ∞ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜,
ª·ÎÚÔÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∆˘ˆı‹Ùˆ.
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Aldine-Atherton.
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Wesley.
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Peters, B. (2001). The Future of Governing. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
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38
KEºA§AIO 2
√ƒ°∞¡ø¡√¡∆∞™ ∆π™ £∂øƒπ∂™
∆∏™ ¢∏ª√™π∞™ ¢π√π∫∏™∏™
∫∞π ¢∏ª√™π∞™ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
™ÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÙ ÌÈ· ηϋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ‡- ™ÎÔfi˜
ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ¢ËÌfi-
ÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ›ÛÙ Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ÙȘ
Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ›Ûˆ ·fi Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Î·È ˙ËÙ‹-
Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı· Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÙ ηٿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘
ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
ŸÙ·Ó ı· ¤¯ÂÙ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ı· ›ÛÙ Û ı¤ÛË Ó·: ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ·
ñ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
ñ ∫ˆ‰ÈÎÔÔț٠ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Û ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡-
Ô˘˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ: ÙÔ «Ï¤ÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ» Î·È ÙËÓ «ÔÌ¿‰·».
ñ ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË, Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ ÙÔ˘
ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘.
ñ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈ-
ÎÈÛÌÔ‡.
ñ ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ ÙȘ ηٷ‚ÔϤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜.
ñ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·Ù·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡.
ñ ¢È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÂÈÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÛÈ-
ÛÌÒÓ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘.
39
EÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜
¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, οÓÂÈ ‹‰Ë Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜, ÔÈ
Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÂÏȯı› ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È Â›Ù ·ÓÙÈÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È Â›ÙÂ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Ë
Ì›· ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. √È ıˆڛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢
Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ™ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ı· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ
Î·È ı· ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ-
΋˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÙȘ ÂÈÛ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÂ-
ٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ı·
Û·˜ Ê·Ó› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Î·ı’ fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘.
40
KEºA§AIO 2
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.1
41
ENOTHTA 2.1
42
KEºA§AIO 2
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.2
∆∞•π¡√ª∏™∏ ª∂ µ∞™∏
∆∏¡ ¶√§π∆π™ªπ∫∏ £∂øƒπ∞
ªÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤Ó˜ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜
‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ Hood (1998) ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ The Art of the
State, ηıÒ˜ Ô Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ηٷʤÚÓÂÈ Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈ
fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ÙȘ ··ÚÈıÌ‹ÛÂÈ. √ Hood ÂÌÓÂfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ·
Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÓıÚˆÔÏfiÁÔ˘ M. Douglas (1987) ·Ó¤Ù˘Í ÌÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë Îˆ‰È-
ÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ Έ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Hood Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ì·˜ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÛÛÂ-
ÚȘ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ȉÂfiÙ˘Ô˘˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·. √È È‰ÂfiÙ˘ÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› Ì·˜
‚ÔËı¿Ó ӷ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ‡ÏË Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ÌÂ, Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›-
ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙԇ̠oÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ı· ÚÔÙÈ-
ÌÔ‡Û·ÌÂ. ∏ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ, ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÌÂÛ·›Ô˘ ¯Ò-
ÚÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹. √ Hood ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ
·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ù·˘Ùfi-
¯ÚÔÓ· ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ. ™ÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ Έ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔÙ˘ÒÛÂÈ
ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Èı·ÓÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ Û˘-
Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂÈ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Èı·Ó¿ ıˆÚËÙÈο ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·, ÙÔ Î·ı¤Ó· Ì ٷ ÏÂÔÓÂ-
ÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘. °È· ÙËÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ «ÙÚfiˆÓ
‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ: ÙÔ Ï¤ÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È Ë ÔÌ¿‰·.
– ¶Ï¤ÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ηٿ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÛÊ·›Ú· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂ-
Ù·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Î·ÓfiÓ˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜
Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ηÈ
‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô ÛÙÚ·Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÌÂ
«˘ÎÓfi» ϤÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ, ÂÓÒ Ë ÊÔÈÙËÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi «·Ú·Èfi»
ϤÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ.
– √Ì¿‰·: √ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ηٿ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÛÊ·›Ú· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜
ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ Î·È fi¯È ·fi ¤Ó·
Ù˘ÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓfi‚ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·-
ÛË fiÔ˘ ÔÈ fiÔÈÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ì¤Û· ·fi ·fiÊ·ÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜.
√È ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ó Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-
ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1).
43
ENOTHTA 2.2
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1
¶Ï¤ÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ
∏ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ-
̤· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔ-
ÓÂÎÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ, Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì οÔÈ· ·fi Ù·
ÎÂÓÙÚÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ
·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ‹ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ
Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈ-
Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ Î·Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ Ù¤Û-
ÛÂÚȘ ıˆڛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ÈÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ Û˘Ó˘-
¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÌÓ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ.
√È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·˘ÙÔ› ȉÂfiÙ˘ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂ-
Ê·Ï·›Ô˘. ∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È-
ÎÙ‡ˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È «ÔÏ˘-ıˆÚËÙÈ΋» Î·È ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂËÚ¿-
ÛÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË
ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ıÂ-
ˆÚËÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· (Hood, 1998:6-7).
44
KEºA§AIO 2
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.3
45
ENOTHTA 2.3
Ù˘ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ÙÔÓ ··Û¯ÔÏ› Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· η-
Ù·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ù· ·Ú¿ÔÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˜. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ˘fi ÙË ÛÎÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ-
Ô˘˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÌ· Î·È Ô ·ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË
ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ (Lane, 2000: 194-197 Î·È ‚Ï. ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 1.3).
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·, ÙÔ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤Ì-
Ê·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛË (oversight). ¢Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û·Ê‹˜ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú-
ÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Î·È ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ
Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıËı›, Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi˜ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘
·˘ÛÙËÚ‹˜ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛ˘. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, fiÙ·Ó ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ηÎÔ‰È-
Ô›ÎËÛ˘, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÂÁ·-
χÙÂÚË ‰È¢ÎÚ›ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈ-
Ù‹ÚËÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÙ·ı› ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ·Ú·ÎÔ-
ÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈηÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ ‹
̤ۈ Ù˘ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÙ›ÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿.
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 2
∞Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙÔÓ µ’ ÙfiÌÔ Ù˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ-
Á¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô˘ÚÁ›ˆÓ. ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÙ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘
ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·.
46
KEºA§AIO 2
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.4
47
ENOTHTA 2.4
48
ENOTHTA 2.4
KEºA§AIO 2
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2
49
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.5
50
ENOTHTA 2.5
KEºA§AIO 2
51
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.6
√ º∞∆∞§π™ª√™
∏ ٤ٷÚÙË ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÏÈÁfi-
ÙÂÚÔ ÂÍÂÏÈÁ̤ÓË ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·. ∂ÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆ-
ڛ˜ Ù˘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈ-
ÓˆÓ›·, Î·È Î·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÙÔ̤·, ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·ÓÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÙÔ Î·È ¿Ó·Ú¯Ô Û‡-
ÛÙËÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÓÔÌÔÙ¤ÏÂȘ Î·È ·Í›Â˜. ªÈ· ¿Ô-
„Ë Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ôχ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË ÂÚ› ¯¿Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›ٷÈ
Û οÔÈÔÓ ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ‹ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÂÌÏÔ΋ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÔÚ-
Á·ÓÈÛÌfi ‹ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·. ™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·Ù·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Â-
ÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· fiÔ˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘ÎÓfi ϤÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ, Ì ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·
¯·ÌËÏ‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ Ì ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌfi Ô˘
Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó, fï˜, Î·È ‰È¤ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¿Î·ÌÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜. √ Banfield (1958), ÌÂ
·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ¤Ó· ¯ˆÚÈfi ÛÙË ¡fiÙÈ· πÙ·Ï›·, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ «·‰Ú·Ó›˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜» ‰È¤-
ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ Î˘ÓÈÛÌfi ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÈÎÚ›ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ
‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÌÈ· ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ οıÂ Û˘Ï-
ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ¤Ú· ·fi ÂΛÓË Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ∫·-
Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ó Î¿ı ȉ¤· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË (Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ
«Ï·ıÚÂÈ‚¿ÙË»). ŒÓ· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÈÙ‹ÚË-
Û˘ Î·È ·Ú·fiÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÁÈ· ·‰È¿ÏÂÈÙË
Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÈÛıËÙ¿.
∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê·Ù·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi
«¿ÚÓËÛË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜», ηıÒ˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ΢ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙ· Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙ·. ∏ ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·
Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Â›Ó·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ë ÈÔ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ-
΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË Î·ıÒ˜ Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ˙Ô‡ÌÂ Â›Ó·È ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ˜ ηÈ
·ÓÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎË-
Û˘ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘, ·Ú¿
ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿
ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ï‡ÛÂȘ. §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏÒÓ ÛΤ„˘, fiÛÔÓ
·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÂÂÍ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÈÙ›·˜ Î·È ·ÈÙÈ·ÙÔ‡. ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›-
˙Ô˘Ó, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌÂÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜
ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÈ· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·¤Ù˘¯Â ηıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ÀÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙Ô˘Ó, ›Û˘, Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·
Ô˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÒÓ
Û¯ÔÏÒÓ ÛΤ„˘. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·Ù·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ fiÙÈ Î¿-
ı Èı·Ó‹ χÛË ı· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (Hood, 1998:145-167).
√È Ú›˙˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÛΤ„˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏfiÁÔ Robert
52
ENOTHTA 2.6
KEºA§AIO 2
Merton (1968), Ô˘ ÙfiÓÈÛ ÙȘ ·ÎÔ‡ÛȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·-
Ù·. √È March Î·È Olsen (1989), ˆ˜ ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔÈ ÂÓfi˜ ·fi Ù· Ú‡̷ٷ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÔ-ıÂ-
ÛÌÈÛÌÔ‡ (new-institutionalism), ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎË-
ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ
·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÙËÓ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, Î·È fiÙÈ Î¿ı ÚÔ-
Û¿ıÂÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ì ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙËÓ «ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋»
Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÔÔÈËÙÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·Ùfi-
ÌˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο, ̤۷ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∏
·ÚÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ì ¤Ó·Ó «Î¿‰Ô ·ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ» (“garbage can”), ‰Ë-
Ï·‰‹ Ù˘ Ù˘¯·›·˜ Û˘ÓÔı‡Ï¢Û˘ ·Û‡Ó‰ÂÙˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Ì¤Û· Û ÌÈ·
ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ‹ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Ù· ·ÔÚÚ›ÌÌ·Ù· ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó
·Ù¿ÎÙˆ˜ ̤۷ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÛÎÔ˘È‰ÔÙÂÓÂΤ, Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ·
«ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ·Ó·Ú¯›Â˜» fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ,
ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-
ÛÌ· ÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ï¿ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Î·È Û˘ÌʈÓË̤ÓÔÈ. ¶·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È
·Û·Ê›˜ ·Ú¿ ÍÂοı·Ú˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·ÈÙ›Ô˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ú¢ÛÙ‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ-
¯‹ ·Ú¿ Û·Ê‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈο fiÚÈ· (Cohen, March & Olsen, 1972).
√ Kingdon (1984) ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ «Î¿‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÚÚÈÌ-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ» Î·È Û˘˙ËÙ¿ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· «·Ú·ı‡ÚˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜» (“policy windows”), ‰Ë-
Ï·‰‹ ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û˘Ìو̷ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ
ÌÂٷ͇ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ Î·È Ï‡ÛˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÁÈ·
ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ù˘¯·›Â˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜
fiÔ˘ ÌÈ· Èı·Ó‹ χÛË fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Û˘˙ËÙÈ¤Ù·È Û ¢ÓÔ˚Îfi ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, Î·È ÙÂÏÈο ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È.
ªÈ· Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Ê·Ù·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚfiÙ·Û‹
ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ̤ۈ «ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Ù‡¯Ë˜» (“contrived randomness”). ∏ ÚÒÙË ‰È¿-
ÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜
Ôϛ٘. ªÂÚÈο ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ ¤ÏÂÁ¯ÔÈ Ù˘ ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌ›·˜
Û ԉËÁÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ηٿ¯ÚËÛË ·ÏÎÔfiÏ, ÔÈ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏËÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ› ¤ÏÂÁ¯ÔÈ ‹ ÔÈ
Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ ¤ÏÂÁ¯ÔÈ ·ÔÛ΢ÒÓ ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ Û ·ÂÚÔ‰ÚfiÌÈ·. ªÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ‰È¿-
ÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ «ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Ù‡¯Ë˜» ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ™¯ÂÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ì ÎÏ‹ÚÔ ÂÏÂÁÎÙÒÓ Î·È ¿Ï-
ÏˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ∞ı‹Ó·, Ë Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÂÓfiÚÎˆÓ ÛÙ· ‰Èη-
ÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ‹ ÂÊÔÚ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÚÔÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ (Hood, 1998:64-68).
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 2
Œ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ-
̤· Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ C. Hood, Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÙ ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· 1 Ô˘ ·Ú·Ù›-
ıÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û οı ÎÂÏ›.
53
ENOTHTA 2.6
¶Ï¤ÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ
¶ÔȘ Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Î¿ıÂ Ù‡Ô ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·;
∞ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ϤÍÂȘ - ÎÏÂȉȿ, Ì ηı¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ÔÚÁ¿-
ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·: ·Ú¿ı˘Ú· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹, ·˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÔÌ¿‰·˜,
ÔÈÔÓ› ·ÁÔÚ¤˜, ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ, Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜, ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜,
‰Ô̤˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ, ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ «Î¿‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ», ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ˜
Ù· ¿Óˆ», ηٷӷψ٤˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË, ·Ô˘Û›· ÂÓfi˜ «·È-
ÁÓ›Ô˘ ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜», Ó¤Ô ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Ì¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ.
54
KEºA§AIO 2
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.7
55
ENOTHTA 2.7
56
ENOTHTA 2.7
KEºA§AIO 2
Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌfiÓÔ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ô˘ ÓÔ-
ÌÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Û οÔÈÔ ÛÙ¿-
‰ÈÔ ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ (Haas, 1992:2). √È ÂÈÛÙËÌÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·¯¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË
ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¤Íˆ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ «ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜» ̤۷ ·fi Û˘Ó¤-
‰ÚÈ· Î·È ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂȘ. ∞Ó Ë ‰È¿¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙ› Û «ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋˜» (policy learning) ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â›Ù Û ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ,
›Ù Û ӤԢ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Adler & Hass, 1992).
∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È
Û ÂÏ›Ù Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÁÓÒÛË, ÂÓÒ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ηÈ
¿ÏÏÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ η̛· ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË
ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡Ó Î·Ù·ÈÂṲ̂Ó˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ·ÙfïÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÈ-
‰ÚÔ‡Ó ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, fiÙ·Ó ¤ÓÓÔȘ fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈΤ˜
ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÂÍËÁËÌ·ÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂ-
Ù·È ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÁÓÒÛË,
ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ fï˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ ÁÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, fiˆ˜ ›ӷÈ,
ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ-
̤· (Ladi, 2005).
¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ù Ì ÙÚÂȘ Û‡ÓÙÔ̘ ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
57
ENOTHTA 2.7
√ ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3 ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ
‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·.
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3
58
ENOTHTA 2.7
KEºA§AIO 2
∏ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ µã ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ∆ÔÈ΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· (‚Ï. ηÈ
Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ µã) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠÔÌfiʈӷ ·fi ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜, ÂÎÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ˘˜
·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∆ÔÈ΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ∞ã ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¢‹-
ÌˆÓ Î·È ∫ÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (∫.∂.¢.∫.∂.), ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ¡ÔÌ·Ú¯ÈÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¡Ô-
̷گȷÎÒÓ ∞˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔÈ΋ÛÂˆÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ (E.N.A.E.) Î·È ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ‰ÚÔ‡Û·Ó ˆ˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ
fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ (Ladi, 2005).
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· 3, ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÛÙ Û ÔÈÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë
˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË.
59
™‡ÓÔ„Ë
√È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÔÙÈΤ˜ ÁˆÓ›Â˜ ˘fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È
Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο
ÙÔ˘ ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˘˜ ¶ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜, Ë ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹, Ë ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¢ÔÌ‹, Ë ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË
¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, Ë ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ ª¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ, Ë ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˆ˜
¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È Ë ™˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË.
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ,
ÙÔ Ï¤ÁÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰·, ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰È-
Ô›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷٷ¯ıÔ‡Ó Û ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ Ù‡Ô˘˜: ÙÔÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú-
¯ÈÎfi, ÙÔÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ Ê·Ù·ÏÈÛÌfi.
∆Ô ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆÓ, ÙË
‚ÂÌÂÚÈ·Ó‹ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‰Èη›Ô˘ ηÈ
ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ÷ڷÎÙË-
Ú›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Û·Ê›˜ Î·È ·˘ÛÙËÚÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ ‰Èη›Ô˘, ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· Î·È ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË
ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛË ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘.
∏ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ: ·) ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¤Á-
ÁÈÛË ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ, ‚) ·Ô˘Û›· ·ÈÁÓ›Ô˘ ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Á)
Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜, ‰) ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ê‡ÛË. ∏ ÌÔÚÊ‹
ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ¿ÌÈÏÏ·.
∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ «ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÛÌfi» Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋ ÔÚ-
Á¿ÓˆÛË Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔÈÎÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ.
√È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÔÌ¿‰·˜, Ô ¤ÏÂÁ-
¯Ô˜ ̤ۈ ·ÌÔÈ‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ¿ÌÂÛË ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·.
∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê·Ù·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ¿ÚÓËÛË
Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ ·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÙËÓ Úfi-
‚ÏÂ„Ë Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ.
∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÏ˘ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰È-
ηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ¢È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈ΋˜, ÂÈÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÒÓ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘. ∆· ‰›ÎÙ˘· Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›ÎÙ˘·. √È ÂÈÛÙË-
ÌÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰›ÎÙ˘· ÂȉÈÎÒÓ Ì ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÎÔÛÌÔıˆڛ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ
·ÈÙ›·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜
ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ì ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ fiÔ˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ı· ¤ÚÂ-
 ӷ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È. √È Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÔ› ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ¿ÙÔÌ·
Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙË-
Ì· ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi ‚·ıÌfi Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂Ó˘
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ.
60
KEºA§AIO 2
¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞
∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 1
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 2
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 3
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 4
61
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 5
∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋:
∞) ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏËÊı›
µ) ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
°) ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ Ó¤ˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 6
62
KEºA§AIO 2
µπµ§πO°ƒ∞ºI∞
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Argyris, C. & Schoen, D.A. (1978). Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action
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63
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∏ ¶ÚÔÛÔ‰ÔıËÚ›· Î·È ÔÈ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ¶··˙‹Û˘.
64
KEºA§AIO 2
65
KEºA§AIO 3
√ ∫À∫§√™
∆∏™ ¢∏ª√™π∞™ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
√ ÛÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ô˘ ··Ú- ™ÎÔfi˜
Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›-
ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ʈٛ˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ οı ÛÙ·‰›Ô˘ Î·È Ù· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÂÚÁ·-
Ï›· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘.
ŸÙ·Ó ı· ¤¯ÂÙ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ı· ›ÛÙ Û ı¤ÛË Ó·: ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ·
ñ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙÂ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ ٷ ÛÙ¿‰È· ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
ñ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜
ˆ˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·
ñ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ÌÂٷ͇ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·˜
ñ ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ Ҙ ıÂÛ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Â›ÛËÌË ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Î·È ÙÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ¤Ó· «·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋˜»
ñ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·-
ʤÚÂÙ ÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘
·ÎÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ñ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋
ñ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ ÙȘ ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ñ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È
ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘
ñ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ٷ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
67
ñ Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ñ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›·
ñ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ï‹„˘ ñ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷο ÂÚÁ·Ï›·
·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ñ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ñ ÚÔÛ·˘ÍËÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ï‹„˘ ñ ÂÎÚÔ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ñ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ñ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ «Î¿‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ñ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË
·ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ» ñ ·ÚȘ, ·Ú¿Ï¢Ú˜, ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜
ñ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÌˉÂÓÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ
ñ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ - ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ ñ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ - ËÌÈÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜
Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜
EÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ™ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ Â›‰·Ì ÂÈÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ «Î‡-
¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÎÏÔ» Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 1.2.3). Ÿˆ˜ ›¯·Ì ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÈ, ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È
ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔ-
Ô‡˜. ™ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ı· ÂÌ‚·ı‡ÓÔ˘Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û οı ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô-
ÓÙ·˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ʈٛ˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ fi„ÂȘ
ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘.
™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ò˜ ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·
Î·È ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· (3.1.1). ∂ȉÈ΋ ÌÓ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ª¤Û·
ª·˙È΋˜ ∂ÓË̤ڈÛ˘ (ªª∂) ηıÒ˜ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÛÙ¿-
‰ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ
‰‡Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ·˘Ù‹ (ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1.2).
™ÙËÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·-
ÛË ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. •ÂÎÈÓ¿Ì ·fi ÙÔÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙȘ
ıˆڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ì Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ
ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ ÌË Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Lukes (1974) ÂÚ› ‰È·ÛÙ¿-
ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ηٿ ÙÔ
ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
™ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙÚ›· ‚·ÛÈο ıˆÚËÙÈο ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· fiÛÔÓ
·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ: ÙÔ «ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi», ÙÔ «ÚÔÛ·˘ÍËÙÈÎfi» Î·È ÙÔ «ÌÔ-
ÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ο‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ».
™ÙËÓ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙȘ «ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ¿Óˆ», ÙȘ «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË
ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ» Î·È ÙȘ ÂӉȿÌÂÛ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ.
™ÙËÓ ¤ÌÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÒÓ Ù˘ Î·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡-
ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘.
∆Ô ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÎÏ›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙˆÓ Ù·-
ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
68
KEºA§AIO 3
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1
69
ENOTHTA 3.1
¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÙÂ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ-ÂȯÂÈÚËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡
·ÎÏÔ˘. ªÂ ÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ë Î·ıÂÌ›·;
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘
∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ª¤ÛˆÓ ª·˙È΋˜ ∂ÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·
Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·Ï‹ÍÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ·fi„ˆÓ. ∫¿ÔÈÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ
Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÈ·Îfi˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô
Cohen (1972) ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ Ò˜ ¤Ó· ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ› ·fi Ù·
ªª∂ ˆ˜ ¿ÌÂÛ· Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi Ì ¤Ó· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó·
ÚÔÎÏËı› Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
Ôϛ٘, Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‹ ËıÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÈ-
ÎÔ‡ (public or moral panic). ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ˙Ë-
Ù‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛËÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·. ŒÓ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Ë ÁÚ›Ë
70
ENOTHTA 3.1
KEºA§AIO 3
71
ENOTHTA 3.1
¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔÒıËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ
ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ· ‰È¿Ù·ÍË;
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3
ÀÔı¤ÛÙ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÂı› ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ·
ÙË ‰È· ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛË Û ̛· ¯ÒÚ·. ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ÊÙÈ¿ÍÂÙ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ· ÁÈ·
ÙÔ Ò˜ ı· ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ‹ ›ÛËÌË ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›-
ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·Ú·¿Óˆ: ·) ÙȘ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ Ê¿ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜
·fi ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·, ‚) ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ı‡ÚˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÌÈ· ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
72
KEºA§AIO 3
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.2
¢π∞ª√ƒºø™∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
(POLICY FORMULATION)
∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÛÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘
ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ªÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÙË ı¤ÛÈÛË Ù˘
΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·˜, ÙÔ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÈÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ˘ χ-
Û˘ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. √È ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ٤˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤Ó· Ê¿ÛÌ· Èı·ÓÒÓ Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô-
̤ӷ Î·È Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚË Ï‡ÛË. ∞˘Ùfi ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛ-
ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
73
ENOTHTA 3.2
√ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ·fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ «ÂÓÂÏ¿ÎËÛ·Ó» ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì·
Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ˘-
Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ (.¯. Dahl, 1961), Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-
ÛÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÂٷ͇ ȉÂÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹
ÌÈ· ÌÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. µ·ÛÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ
·›ÁÓÈÔ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔȯً Û fiÏÔ˘˜. ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È
˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ˆ˜ ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ·Ó¿-
ÁΘ ı· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÙÚfiÔ. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜,
·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ·ÔÊ·Û›-
˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈÔ˜ ı· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ (Schattschnieder, 1960).
∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ‹Úı·Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó
ÔÈ ıˆڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ (‚Ï. ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.7). ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÛ˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
(policy subsystems, ‚Ï. ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 1.2.2), Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ
Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı›
Â˘Ú‡Ù·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ-
¯ı› fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ¤Ó· ˘ÔÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ¤Ó· Ì›ÓÈÌÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ
ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ (Sabatier, 1986). ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜
ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÛ˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÒÓÂÈ, Ò˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Ò˜ ÂËÚÂ-
¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ
ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ.
∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, ‰ÈۉȿÛÙ·ÙË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ›-
Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ÌË Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ∏ ÌË ‰Ú¿ÛË (2Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰ÂÈ-
¯ı› ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ì ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË (1Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË). √ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ÙˆÓ
·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÚÌÔÓ›· Ì ÙȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜
·Í›Â˜, ̇ıÔ˘˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ οı ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ‰˘ÛÎÔ-
χÂÈ Î·Ù¿ Ôχ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ «Ì·‡ÚÔ ÎÔ˘Ù›» ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡
Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Bachrach & Baratz, 1962, ‚Ï. ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.1 ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈ-
ÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜). ∏ «·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·» ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈÙÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË ÌÂ Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ı¤Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡-
ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· οÔÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÛÂ
οÔÈ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÂÓÒ Û ¿ÏÏ· fi¯È, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ôχ ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈ΋. °È· ·-
Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·Ô‰Â›¯ıËΠfiÙÈ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÂÚÁÔÛÙ·Û›Ô˘ ¯¿Ï˘‚· Û ÌÈ·
ÔÏÈÙ›· ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÔϤÌËÛË Ù˘
·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈ΋˜ Ú‡·ÓÛ˘ (Crenson, 1971).
√ Lukes (1974) ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ·Ú·¤Ú·, ÂÍËÁÒÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î·-
Ù¿ fiÛÔ ÔÈ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÚÒ¯ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı›
Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Âϛ٠(‚Ï. ÂÓfiÙËÙ·
2.1) ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·È fiÛÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·-
ÛÙ›. ∏ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÏÔÈfiÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÚÈۉȿÛÙ·ÙË Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ¿ÌÂÛÔ
74
ENOTHTA 3.2
KEºA§AIO 3
ÙÚfiÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ ÙÚfiÔ (3Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË), ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ-
ÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. Œ¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ «È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·»,
‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· Ù˘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÂÏ›Ù, η-
ıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· (Gramsci, 1975Ø Berger
& Luckman, 1975).
ªÈ· ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Î·ı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÙÚ›· ÌÔ-
Ó٤Ϸ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÌË-Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Lukes)
·Ú·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ›Ó·Î·:
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1
75
ENOTHTA 3.2
∞) ∏ ÚÒÙË ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÔÚ-
ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ fiÔ˘ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·, ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È ÚÔ˜
ÙÔ˘˜ «ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜».
µ) ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¤ÌÌÂÛË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ηÈ
ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, fiÔ˘ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ‰È·¯¤ÂÙ·È Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ΤÓÙÚ· ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ·
ÌÈ·˜ «ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÛÔÊ›·˜».
°) ∏ ÙÚ›ÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Î·Ù·ÓÔ› ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ˆ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο Û˘-
Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î¤ÓÙÚˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜,
fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ÈÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡Ù· ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÔÈ ‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ¤˜ ÛΤ„ÂȘ (think-tanks).
∆fiÛÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Û¯Â‰È·-
ÛÌfi ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ
«ÂȉÈÎÔ›» ·›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Î·È Î·Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô˜
ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ (Wilding, 1982). ∏ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ «Ó¤Ô˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Ì¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ» (‚Ï. ÎÂÊ¿-
Ï·ÈÔ 4) Î·È Ë ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ-
Îfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤‰ˆÛ ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›·. √È ÊÔÚ›˜
Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ï‡ÛÂ-
ˆÓ ηٿ ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È «ÂÈÛÙËÌÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜»
(‚Ϥ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.7.2) Î·È ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚-
ÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Î·È Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·, ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο
ÈÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡Ù·, think-tanks Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˘˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜. µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰ÂÓ
˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο ηχÙÂÚË Ï‡ÛË Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈ-
ÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙÂÏÈο Ó· ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Ë Ï‡ÛË Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Î·Ï¿ ÂÓۈ̷و-
̤ÓË ÛÙÔ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·.
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3
∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇
ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‚ÈÔËıÈ΋. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë Î·ıȤڈ-
ÛË Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ µÈÔËıÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÂÓÓ¤· (9)
ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ·ÚÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡. ¶Ò˜ ÈÛÙ‡Â-
Ù fiÙÈ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜;
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
76
KEºA§AIO 3
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.3
77
ENOTHTA 3.3
78
ENOTHTA 3.3
KEºA§AIO 3
∆Ô ÚÔÛ·˘ÍËÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÍËÁ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù›
ÙÔ status quo Î·È fi¯È ÈÔ Ú·Á‰·›Â˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ¢‡Ô Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›-
ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi (Howlett & Ramesh, 1995:142). ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Û˘Ó¿-
ÁÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÌÔ›Ú·ÛÌ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È Â›-
Ó·È Û·ÊÒ˜ ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· Û˘Ó¯ÈÛÙ› Ô Û˘Ó‹ı˘ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÌÔÈÚ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ Ó· ˘ÈÔ-
ıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȘ ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ÚÈ˙Èο Ӥ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ›-
Ó·È Â›ÙÂ Ë Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË ÙÔ˘ status quo, ›Ù ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ·fi ·˘Ùfi. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÔÈ
Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ¢ÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ
˘·Ú¯Ô˘ÛÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ·Ú¿ ÙË ÚÈ˙È΋ ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜
ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È Ù· ̤۷ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÙÔ ÔÈÔÈ ÛÙfi-
¯ÔÈ ÙÂÏÈο ÚÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi Ù· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ̤۷ (Lindblom, 1959).
ªÈ· ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ô˘ ›Û˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÔÚ-
ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘, Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ «‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÊ˘Ï·Î›Ô˘» (bureau-
shaping model) (Dunleavy, 1986). √ Dunleavy ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘
ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· ÛÙË ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›· › ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ª. £¿ÙÛÂÚ
(1979-1992) Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÙËΠ·fi ·ÏÏ¿ÏÏËϘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÌÂÈÒ-
79
ENOTHTA 3.3
¢·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3
ÀÔı¤ÛÙ fiÙÈ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÁÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜
ÛÙȘ ÓËÛȈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ù Û ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ ÙÚÈÒÓ ·Ú·ÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ Ù· ˘ÔıÂÙÈο
‚‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÛÂ Î·È ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ·fiÊ·ÛË ı· Ï¿Ì‚·Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË Î·ı¤Ó· ·fi Ù·
ÙÚ›· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹Û·ÙÂ: ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi, ÚÔÛ·˘ÍËÙÈÎfi, ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ
ο‰Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
80
KEºA§AIO 3
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.4
81
ENOTHTA 3.4
Ì·Ù·. ∏ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜ (‚Ï. ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.3) Ô˘
ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ› ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ
ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ˘ Ù¿Í˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹
ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈο, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË
·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÂΛ fiÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓÂÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋: Ë
ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔÈ ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙË ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó.
∫·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ
Pressman Î·È Wildavsky (1973) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ oÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÛÙÔ Oakland Ù˘ ∫·ÏÈÊfiÚÓÈ· ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂ-
Ù›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’70, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÔϤÌË-
ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÂÚÁ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚ-
ʈ٤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ô˘ ÂÌϤ-
ÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ·ÏÒ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÙË
‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚÈÛ·Ó ˆ˜ «Ù¤Ú·Ù· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜» (implementation
monsters) ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ηٿ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
΋˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó η̛· Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ȉ¤· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈÙÒÓ Ù˘. °È· ÙËÓ «ÂÎ
ÙˆÓ ¿Óˆ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË», Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ·fi ÙÔ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÌÔ-
ÓÙ¤ÏÔ, Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi
ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ‰È·-
ÌÔÚʈı› Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÛÙËÓ «ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹» ‹ ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ, ·Ú·‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÔÈ-
ÎËÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜
Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ηıÒ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È «ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو» ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ˘Ú·Ì›‰·. ŒÙÛÈ,
Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È Û ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤-
ÛÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ (Dunshire, 1978Ø Hood, 1976Ø Gunn, 1978), Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ··ÈÙ› ÍÂοı·ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ÌÈ· ηϋ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ÂÓÙÔÏÒÓ, ¿ÊıÔÓË
˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË, fiÚÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ›‚Ï„˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ-
¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ.
82
ENOTHTA 3.4
KEºA§AIO 3
·Ï˘Û›‰· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘, ¿ÊıÔÓË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È fiÚÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Î·È Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆ-
Ó›·˜ Î·È Â›‚Ï„˘. ªÔÏ·Ù·‡Ù·, Ë ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ Â¤ÊÂÚ ٷ ÂÈı˘-
ÌËÙ¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÙ¤Ú„·Ó ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ηٿÛÙ·-
ÛË, ηıÒ˜ ·˘Í‹ıËΠ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο Ô ÊfiÚÙÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Î·È ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛˆ-
ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜ ¤ÁÈÓ ʷÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌfiÓË ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· fiÓÙ· ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÏ·Ì-
‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÏÒ˜ ˆ˜ ÎÚ›ÎÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ÂÓÙÔÏÒÓ.
™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎÂ Ë «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ» ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ë
ÔÔ›· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ·Ó-
ıÚÒÈÓ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. °È’ ·˘Ùfi ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ-
ÛÙ› ηχÙÂÚ· Â¿Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· «·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË» (backward
mapping) ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó (Elmore, 1979). ¢‡Ô
Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜:
·) ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÚÒÙ· ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÊÙ¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ
ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô (end point) Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋
Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Â›Â-
‰Ô ·˘Ùfi. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘, ÂÍÂ-
Ù¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚÒÙ· Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘¯fiÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·
Ù· ÔÔ›· Î·È ı· ÎÏËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÔÚ-
Á·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
‚) ∂ȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ë ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Î·È ‰fiÌËÛË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘ Ì ٷ ¿ÙÔÌ·, ÙȘ
ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‹ ÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ (.¯. Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›) Ô˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿-
ÏÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÙÔ ÂȉȈÎfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·.
83
ENOTHTA 3.4
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3
ÀÔı¤ÛÙ fiÙÈ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÚÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È Ó· ÚԂ› ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˘Á›-
·˜. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ù ÙËÓ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ
Ì ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ R. Elmore Ô˘ ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ.
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
∆· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ» ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ‰›-
ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ë ËÁÂÛ›· Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ¯·ÌËÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· («street level»
bureaucrats) ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ ¤Ó· ‡ÚÔ˜ «‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜» (discretion)
ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Lipsky, 1980). ŒÓ·˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ
‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· fiÙ·Ó Ù· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ‡ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó Ó·
ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ Èı·ÓÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ‹ ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÓÔÌÔıÂ-
Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ οı ۯÔ-
Ï›Ԣ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ηÈÓÔÙfiÌ· ȉ¤· ‹ fi¯È. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘
‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ψı› ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜,
Ë ÔÔ›· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ù·È ·fi ·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ Ì ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·
‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È fi¯È ·fi ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ™Â ÌÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË Îϛ̷η, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¢-
¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ‰›Î·ÈÔ Î·È ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηıÈÛÙ¿ Ê·ÓÂÚ¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·
‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂ-
ÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÌÊ·Ó¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ
Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ‰›Î·ÈÔ (Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜, ηÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ› Î.Ï.) ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›Ë-
ÛË ÛÙÔ Ò˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË, fiˆ˜ ı· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÙ ÛÙÔ 5Ô ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ
ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ °ãÙ˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
84
ENOTHTA 3.4
KEºA§AIO 3
‰Ú¿ÛË ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË
85
ENOTHTA 3.4
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¿ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È Ô ‰È·¯ˆÚÈ-
ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·fi ÙË ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ›¯Â ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ Î·Ù¿
ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜. ™Â ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú·ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÙÂ Â¿Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË
ÁÓÒÌË Û·˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ÔÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ÌÂ-
ÏÂÙ‹Û·Ù ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘.
£· ‚Ú›Ù ٷ ‰Èο Ì·˜ Û¯fiÏÈ· ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
86
KEºA§AIO 3
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.5
∞•π√§√°∏™∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
(POLICY EVALUATION)
87
ENOTHTA 3.5
›‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Î·È Û ʷÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Ù˘ ‰ÈÏÔ··Û¯fi-
ÏËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÍÈÔ‰ÔÙËı¤ÓÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÓÂÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ
Ó¤ˆÓ Û οÔÈÔÓ ÙÔ̤·. ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÈ-
ÙÒÛÂˆÓ (impact assessment) ‹ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË (summative
evaluation). ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ Âȉڿ-
ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ › ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú‹-
¯ıËÛ·Ó Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ Û ÔÈ· ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÚÔÎÏËı› ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ‹ ·fi οÔÈÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ ÏfiÁÔ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔ-
Ó· Ì ·˘Ù‹. ¢ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Â¿Ó ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ¿ÏϘ
·ÈÙȷΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ‹ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ (Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ›) Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·.
88
ENOTHTA 3.5
KEºA§AIO 3
™ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2000 ÂÈÛ‹¯ıË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔ ∫ÔÈÓfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (∫¶∞), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. °È·
ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ ∫¶∞ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÂÓÓ¤· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏË-
ÊıÔ‡Ó ˘fi„Ë Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË. ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· 1 ¤ˆ˜ 5 ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ
ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ ηϋ˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘. √È ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÙÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ Ë ÔÚÁ¿-
ÓˆÛË Î·È Ò˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ¤ÚÁ· Ô˘ Ù˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÙÂı›, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ù· ÂÈı˘ÌË-
Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· 6 ¤ˆ˜ 9 ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Ë ‰Ë-
ÌfiÛÈ· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘/ ÂÏ¿Ù˜, ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi, ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·
89
ENOTHTA 3.5
Î·È Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ̤ۈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ·fi ÙË ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘.
∞) ∆È Â›‰Ô˘˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË (·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÂÈÙÒÛˆÓ) ÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ fiÙÈ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ
∫ÔÈÓfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·;
µ) ∆È Â›‰Ô˘˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ¿ÏϘ
ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, fiˆ˜ .¯. ÙËÓ ·ÏÈ¢ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋;
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
90
KEºA§AIO 3
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.6
∂ƒ°∞§∂π∞ ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (policy tools, policy instruments ‹
government instruments) ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙ¿‰È· ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
∫·Ù¿ Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ı· Ú¤-
ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Â¿Ó ı· ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ ‹ fi¯È ÁÈ· οÔÈÔ ı¤Ì·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÔÈ· ̤-
Û· ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· fiÙÈ «…Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ
ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙfiÛ˜ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜ fiÛ˜ Î·È Ë ›‰È· Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋»
(Howlett & Ramessh, 1995:80). ∏ «ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË» (instrumental
approach) Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›·,
fiˆ˜ Ù· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο, Ë ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË. ∆· ‰›· ÔÏÈÙÈ-
΋˜ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ (Peters & Nispen, 1998).
∆È ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fï˜ «ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜»; °ÂÓÈο ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ
ÔÚÈÛÙ› ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ‹ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ‰˘ÓËÙÈο Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı›
ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ (Bruijn & Hufen,
1998). Ÿˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È, «Ë ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤-
ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ٤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
΋˜, ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙË Ê·ÓÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜» (Parsons, 1995).
ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ
¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÙˆÓ «Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ» (Hood, 1986):
ñ ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ (nodality),
ñ ÙȘ ÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (authority),
ñ ÙÔÓ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi (treasure),
ñ ÙËÓ Â›ÛËÌË ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó (organization).
√È ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÏË-
ıÒÚ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜. ∏ ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡-
ÌÂÓË Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ Van der Doelen (1989), Ë ÔÔ›·
‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ:
∆· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· (regulatory instruments) ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÓÔÌÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·
Î·È ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó Ó· ıÂÛ›ÛÔ˘Ó Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ.
∫Ï·ÛÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ù· ¿ÚıÚ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÓÈÎÔ‡
ÎÒ‰Èη, fiÔ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ë ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÚԂϤÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿-
ÏÔÁË ÔÈÓ‹ Ì ÙȘ ‰È·‚·ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘. ÕÏÏ· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜
ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ, ÔÈ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο Úfi-
Ù˘·, Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂˆÓ Á˘, Î.Ï.
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈ-
ÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛË-
Ì¿ÓÂÈ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ÛËÌ›· (Bruijn & Hufen, 1998).
91
ENOTHTA 3.6
¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋ (normalizing) Î·È ÂÁ-
Á˘ËÙÈ΋ (guaranteeing) ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ÓfiÌÔ˜ Ù˘ÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤Ú-
ÁÂȘ Î·È ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ÂÁÁ˘‹ÛÂȘ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ
·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfi-
ÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÏÂÔ‰ÔÌÈÎfi Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÌÈ·˜
fiÏ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘fi ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Á˘
Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ‰fiÌËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·-
‚¿ÛÂȘ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·fi ÂȉÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜.
¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ··ÈÙ› ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË
(monitoring) Î·È ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ (enforcement), Ô˘ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ôχ
Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÂÈ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË. ™ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÂÔ‰ÔÌÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ۯ‰›Ô˘, Ë Ù‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ··ÈÙ› Û˘Ó¯‹ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘
Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÔ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜,
‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ÚÔÛٛ̈Ó, ηÙ‰¿ÊÈÛË ·˘ı·ÈÚ¤ÙˆÓ, Î.Ï.
∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, Ù· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. √ ÂÍ·Ó·-
ÁηÛÌfi˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÙȘ ·ÏÏËϤӉÂÙ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ηÈ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ Î·È Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÚÔηÏ› ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ
ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ·ÓÙȉڷÛÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ∏
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ηÓfiÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÚÁ‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ
ÚÔÏ¿‚ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∆Ô ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ηı˘ÛÙ¤-
ÚËÛ˘ ÂÎfiÓËÛ˘ ÔÏÂÔ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÈ-
ÛÙ¿ ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¤Í·ÚÛ˘ Ù˘ ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ˘ ‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜.
¶¿Óˆ ·fi fiÏ·, ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜
Î·È ·ÊÔ‡ ·ÔÎ·Ï˘Êı› Ë ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, fiˆ˜ .¯. Ë ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ΢ÚÒ-
ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ˘ ÎÙ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜.
92
ENOTHTA 3.6
KEºA§AIO 3
93
ENOTHTA 3.6
94
KEºA§AIO 3
™‡ÓÔ„Ë
™ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· ÙÔ˘ «Î‡ÎÏÔ˘» Ù˘ ‰Ë-
ÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜: ı¤ÛÈÛË ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ·˜ ‰È¿Ù·Í˘, ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ï‹„Ë
·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÚÂȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È
ˆ˜ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Î·È ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·: ·) Ô ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÙÂ-
¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¡ÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÌfi˜, ‚) Ë ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, ηÈ
Á) ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ Î·È Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏ ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ‹
‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÁÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ‹ ›ÛËÌË
Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÁÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË. ∏ ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ıÂÛ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔÒıËÛ˘ ‹ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘. °È· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜
«·Ú·ı‡ÚÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜» ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ: Ù· ÚÔ-
‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, ÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
√È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘·, Ë ÌË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘
Lukes ÂÚ› ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ «ÁÓÒÛ˘» Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·
ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ ÙfiÛÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ
ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
∏ Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÙÚ›· ıˆÚËÙÈο ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·: ÙÔ «ÔÚıÔÏÔ-
ÁÈÎfi», ÙÔ «ÚÔÛ·˘ÍËÙÈÎfi» Î·È ÙÔ «ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ο‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ».
∆Ô ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÏÂÙËı› ·fi ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÙÔ ÚÔÛÂÁ-
Á›˙Ô˘Ó «ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ¿Óˆ» ‹ «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË», ÂÓÒ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂӉȿÌÂÛ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ.
∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÎÚÔ¤˜ Î·È ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ. √È
ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î‡ÚȘ, ·Ú¿Ï¢Ú˜, ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ‹ ÌˉÂÓÈΤ˜. √È Î‡-
ÚȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜, ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜
̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ù·
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
∆· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ‹ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ‰˘-
ÓËÙÈο Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ
ÛÎÔÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ª›· ·fi ÙȘ ϤÔÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ ‰È·-
ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ.
95
¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞
∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 1
∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛ˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡
ÓÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Î·ıÒ˜ ÔÈ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÂÚÓ¿Ó ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ Â΂ÈÔÌ˯¿ÓÈ-
Û˘, ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ù· ›‰È· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
∏ ȉ¤· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎo-ÂȯÂÈÚËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÎÏÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 2
∏ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔÒıËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ-
΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ ÚÔËÁ›ٷÈ. ™ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÚÔÒıËÛË
ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢. ™ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÚÔÒıËÛË ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·È Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜
‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ·fi ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘
‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜.
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 3
A) ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·, ÙÔ
∫.¶.∞. ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ Î·È ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· 1-5 Ô˘ ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó ÙÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ Ë
ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È Ò˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ¤ÚÁ· Ô˘ Ù˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÙÂı›, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ù· ÂÈ-
ı˘ÌËÙ¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· 6-9 Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó
·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·,
·ÊÔ‡ ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ·fi Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Ë ‰Ë-
ÌfiÛÈ· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘/ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·.
µ) ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÙÔ ∫.¶.∞. ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÛÂÈ ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ
ˆ˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË (·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜), ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ Ù˘¯fiÓ ÂÌfi‰È· ‹
‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ηٿ ÙË Ê¿ÛË Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
96
KEºA§AIO 3
∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1
·) ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È· ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·fi ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·
ı· ‰È¤ÏıÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ Ê¿ÛÂȘ: ı· ÚÔÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ χÛÂȘ, .¯. Ë ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÙÚÈÙÔ‚¿ı-
ÌÈÔ˘ ȉڇ̷ÙÔ˜, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ¢ηÈÚ›·˜ Î.Ï. √È Ï‡ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ı·
˘ÔÛÙËÚȯıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ›ÂÛ˘ Î.Ï., ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ıÂ-
ÛÌÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·.
‚) ∆Ô «¿ÓÔÈÁÌ·» ÂÓfi˜ «·Ú·ı‡ÚÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜» Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È· ‚›Ô˘
Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ó· ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ∂ÎÊÚ¿-
˙ÂÙ·È ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ŒÓ· ·fi Ù· ÛËÌ›·
ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ıÂÛÌÒÓ ‰È· ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∏ ·ÁÔÚ¿
ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ȥ˙ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡. ∆Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙÌ‹Ì·
ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓÒÓÙÔ˜ ÎfiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÂÙ·È, ÂÓÒ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÂÚ›‰· ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ
¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ·. ¢ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÚÈÌÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Ï·˚΋ ˘Ô-
ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë-˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È· ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. Àfi ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË
·˘Ù‹, Î·È ÏfiÁˆ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ È¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ, Ë ∫˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÚÔ¯ˆ-
Ú¿ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·.
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2
£· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÙ ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ηÈ
ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ∏ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ µÈÔËıÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÌÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ
ÚÒÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, Ô˘ ı¤ÏÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ÂÈ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Ù¯ÓÈÎfi ı¤Ì· ηÈ
Ó· ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜. ∂¿Ó ‰Ô‡Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔËıÈ΋˜
Î·È Ò˜ Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÂÎÙ¿ıËΠÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔ-
ÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, Ù˘ ‰È¿¯˘Û˘ ÌÈ·˜ «ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÛÔÊ›·˜» fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ÙÚ›ÙË, ÂÚ›
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ó¤ˆÓ ΤÓÙÚˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜.
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3
97
ÊÂÚÔ̤ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎÂ Ë ÔÚı‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·.
™ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ο‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÚÚÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ı· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Û·ÊÒ˜ ÔÚÔıÂÙË̤ÓË ‰È·‰Èη-
Û›· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ı· ·Ó·ÁηÛÙ› Ó· ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ Û ۯ¤-
ÛË Ì ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÓËÛȈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, Ù˘¯·›· ı· Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ
ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ χÛÂȘ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ, ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹
ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ı· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ
οÔÈ· ·fi ÙȘ χÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜.
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4
ªÈ· ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˘Á›-
·˜ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·:
∞) ∞ÔÙ‡ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èη-
Û›·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙȘ ˘ÁÂÈÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜.
µ) ¢È·‚ԇϢÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜
Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ χÛÂȘ.
°) ¢È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·-
ÓˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ ˘ÁÂÈÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÙȘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ‹ Ù· ·Ô-
ÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚԂϤÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜.
¢) ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ı· ·Ó·˙ËÙËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔ-
Ó¿‰Â˜ (.¯. ·ÚÌfi‰È· ˘Ô˘ÚÁ›·, ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜ Î·È ÙÔÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜) Ô˘ ı· ÎÏËıÔ‡Ó
Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
∂) ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡-
ÌÂÓÔ ‚‹Ì· Î·È ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
™∆) ∆ÂÏÈ΋ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ, ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÈ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜
ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·.
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5
√È ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿Û·Ì ̤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡-
Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›-
Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ù˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿-
Ù·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘. ∂ȉÈο ÔÈ «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ» ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, ÙfiÓÈÛ·Ó Û ÌÂ-
Á¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ
Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ¯·ÌËÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹
η٤ÛÙËÛ ʷÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ë ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ ÌÔÚ› Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‹
Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘ÓË ÁÈ· Ù· «Ù¤Ú·Ù· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜», fiˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ
Pressman & Wildavsky (1973), fiÔ˘ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
η̛· Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ȉ¤· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈÙÒÓ Ù˘.
98
KEºA§AIO 3
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
Bachrach, P.S. & Baratz, M.S. (1962). “Two Faces of Power”. American Political
Science Review, 57, 641-51.
Bardach, ∂. (1977). The Implementation Game. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Barret, S. (2004). “Implementation Studies: Time for a Revival? Personal Reflections
on 20 Years of Implementation Studies”. Public Administration, 82:2, 249-262.
Barrett, S. & Fudge, C. (eds.) (1981). Policy and Action, London: Metheum.
Bator, F. (1958). “The Anatomy of Market Failure”, Quarterly Journal of
Economics, 72:3, 351-379.
Berger, P.L. & Luckman, T. (1975). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise
on the Sociology of Knowledge. Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books.
Breyer, S. (1979). “Analyzing Regulatory Failure: Mismatches, Less Restrictive
Alternatives, and Reform”. Harvard Law Review, 92:3, 549-609
Bruijn, Hans A. & Hufen, Hans A.M. (1998). “The Traditional Approach to Policy
Instruments”. In: Guy Peters & Nispen Frans (1998), Public Policy Instruments:
Evaluating the Tools of Public Administration”. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Carley, M. (1980). Rational Techniques in Policy Analysis, London: Heinemann,
Policy Studies Institute.
Cobb, R.W. & Elder, C.D. (1972). Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics
of Agenda-Building. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cohen, S. (1972). Folk Devils and Moral Panics, Paladin: London.
Crenson, M.A. (1971). The Unpolitics of Air Pollution: A Study of Non-Decision
Making in the Cities. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dahl, R. (1961). Who Governs?: Democracy and Power in an American City. New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Dahler-Larsen, P. (2005). “Evaluation and Public Management”. In: E. Ferlie, L.
Lynn & C. Pollitt, The Oxford Handbook of Public Management, Oxford University
Press.
Dunleavy, P. (1989). “Explaining the Privatization Boom: Public Choice Versus
Radical Approaches”, Public Administration, 64:13-34.
Dunshire, A. (1978). Implementation in a Bureaucracy. Martin Roberson, Oxford.
Doelen, F.C.J. van der & Klok, P.-J. (1989). Beleidsinstrumenten (Policy
instruments). πn: Hoogerwerf, A. Overheidsbeleid. (Government policy), Alphen
aan den Rijn: Samsom.
Dye, T.R. (1966). Politics, Economics and the Public, New York: Rand-McNally.
Edwards, W. (1954). “The Theory of Decision Making”, Psychological Bulletin, 51,
4:380-417.
Elmore, R. (1979). Backward Mapping. Political Science Quarterly: 601-16.
Fayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management. London: Pitman.
Frey, B.S. (1978). Modern Political Economy. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
Gagnon, A.-G. (1990). “The Influence of Social Scientists on Public Policy”. πn: S.
Brooks & A.-G. Gagnon (eds.), Social Scientists, Policy and the State, New York:
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Gramsci, A. (1975). Quaderni del Carcere, Torino: G. Einaudi.
Gulick, L. & Lyndal, U. (eds.) (1937). Papers on the Science of Administration, New
York: Institute of Public Administration.
Gunn, L. (1978). “Why is implementation so difficult?” Management Services in
Government, 33:169-76.
Guy Peters, Nispen Frans (eds.) (1998). Public Policy Instruments: Evaluating the
Tools of Public Administration”, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Hood, C. (1986). The Tools of Governmen”. Chatham, Chatham House Publishers.
Hood, C. (1976). The Limits of Administration. London: John Wiley.
Howlett, M. & Ramesh, M. (1995). Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy
Subsystems, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jenkins, W.I. (1978). Policy Analysis: A Political and Organisational Perspective,
London: Martin Robertson.
Jones, C. (1984). An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy, 3rd ed., Monterey,
CA: Brooks/ Cole.
Kingdon, J.W. (1984). Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, Boston: Little,
Brown, 2nd edn. 1995.
Lewis, J. & Flynn, R. (1979). “Implementation of urban and Regional Planning
Policies”, Policy and Politics, 7: 123-42.
Lindblom, C. (1959). “The Science of Muddling Through”, Public Administration
Review, 19, 2: 79-88.
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street Level Bureaucracy, N.Y.: Russel Sage.
Lukes, S. (1974). Power: A Radical View, London: Macmillan.
March, J. & Olsen, J. (1989). Rediscovering Institutions, New York: Free Press.
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comments on a theoretical paradigm”. πn: J. Kooiman (eds.). Modern Governance:
New Government- Society Interactions, London: Sage.
Neave, G. (1988). “On the cultivation of quality, efficiency and enterprise: an
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Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing Government: How the entrepreneurial
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¶ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜». ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË ¶Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, 13: 45-82.
Parsons, W. (1995). Public Policy, Cheltenham and Lyme: Edward Elgar.
Peters, G. & Pierre, J. (2006). Handbook of Public Policy, London: Sage.
Power, M. (1994). “The Audit Explosion”, London: Demos.
Pressman, J. & Wildavsky, A. (1973). Implementation. Berkeley, Cal.: University
of California Press, 2nd edn. 1984.
Ripley, R. & Franklin, G. (1982). Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation. Dorsey:
Homewood, III.
100
KEºA§AIO 3
101
KEºA§AIO 4
¶ƒ√∫§∏™∂π™ ∫∞π ∆∞™∂π™
™∆∏ ¢∏ª√™π∞ ¢π√π∫∏™∏
∫∞π ¶√§π∆π∫∏
™ÎÔfi˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜, Ù¿ÛÂȘ ™ÎÔfi˜
Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
ŸÙ·Ó ı· ¤¯ÂÙ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ı· ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ: ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ·
ñ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ ·Í›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎË- AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
ÛË Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋
ñ ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ
ñ ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ ÙȘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜
103
Ù·È ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ªÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ «¡¤Ô˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ª¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ» (New Public
Management) Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠÛÙË ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Û ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ·fi ÙȘ
΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ª. £¿ÙÛÂÚ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∆. ªÏ·›Ú. ∏ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË «∂·Ó›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫Ú¿-
ÙÔ˘˜» (Reinventing Government) ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ ˘fi ÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ª. ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ
ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’90, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· (Osborne &
Gaebler, 1992). ÃÒÚ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ∞˘ÛÙÚ·Ï›· Î·È Ë ¡¤· ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›· ›Û˘ ÚˆÙÔÛÙ¿ÙË-
Û·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ (Wallis & Dollery, 2006).
∆Ô ¡¤Ô ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ª¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÚfiÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÈÔ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋
Î·È ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÈÔ Â˘Ú›· ÌÂ-
Ù·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛË Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË»
(governance) (Hood, 2005:7-26 Î·È ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 1.4). ™ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘·Ó
ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÚÔÛÙ¤ıËÎ·Ó Ó¤Â˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË
Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛˆÓ
Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÈÔ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË.
™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ı̛ۈÓ. ¶Úfi-
ÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜.
™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ
ÙÔ˘ ¡¤Ô˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ª¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ, Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜, Ù˘ ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈ-
Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘.
™ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÛÎÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ-
΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û Ӥ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘
ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË.
104
KEºA§AIO 4
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.1
105
ENOTHTA 4.1
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4
∏ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ∆Ú¿Â˙· ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ 1997 ÌÈ· ÂȉÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÁÈ· ÙË «¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË
Î·È ÙË ªÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ∆Ô̤·» (Governance & Public Sector Reform) Ì ÛÎÔ-
fi Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÏ¿Ù˜
Ù˘. √ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ∆Ú¿Â˙·˜, Û ÏfiÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË Jakarta ÙÔÓ ∞Ú›ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘
2006, ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ:
«∆ÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÌÈÛfi ·ÈÒÓ· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ηχÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ ‚ÔËı¿ ÙȘ
΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô.
™ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· ÊÚ¿ÛË ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi: ∆Ô ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘Ì ¯ÚËÛÙ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤Ú-
ÓËÛË. √˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ıÂÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· Î·È ÏÔ-
106
ENOTHTA 4.1
KEºA§AIO 4
ÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·, ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙË ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÛˆÛÙfi.
∞˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û ÌÈ· ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ·Ô‰Ô-
ÙÈο ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘».
¶ËÁ‹: World Bank 2007
¶ÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ÛÙÔ ·Ú·¿-
Óˆ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ·;
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
107
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2
ª∂∆∞ƒƒÀ£ªπ™∆π∫∂™ ∆∞™∂π™
√È ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜
ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ ·ÏÏ¿ οÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘-
ÁÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓ˜. ∞˘Ùfi Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ
ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÓfiÙËÙ·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó ÌÈ· ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÙË ÏÔÁÔ‰Ô-
Û›· Î·È ÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·fi‰ÔÛË Â˘ı‡Ó˘, Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚ› Ù·˘Ùfi-
¯ÚÔÓ· Ó· ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ¶·Ú¿ Ù·‡Ù·, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ
·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ: ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿, ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂ-
ÙÔ¯‹, ÙËÓ ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË (Peters, 2001:348-356). ∞ÎÔ-
ÏÔ˘ı› ÌÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Î‡ÚÈˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈ-
ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÛˆÓ.
4.2.1 ∞ÁÔÚ¿
∏ Ù¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ
˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ô ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ÙÔ̤·˜ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ÈÔ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ¿Ó
ÌÔÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙÔÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤·. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ηٿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ·˘Ù‹
Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓÔÒÏÈ· Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÔÈ
‰ÈÔÈÎËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ΛÓËÙÚ· Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ó·
·Ôηχ„Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. °›ÓÂÙ·È
‰ÂÎÙfi fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔÈ ÙÔÌ›˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ¿Ì˘Ó·, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ˘fi ÙËÓ
¢ı‡ÓË Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ¿ÏÏ· ¿ÏÏÔÈ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ‹ ÔÈ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ·ÂÚÔ-
ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ˘fi Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡.
ªÈ· Ôχ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÂ-
ÚÈ΋ ‹ ÔÏÈ΋ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÂÈ-
¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ. ∏ ÔÏÈ΋ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÒÏËÛË ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ
Û ȉÈÒÙ˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ÌÂÚÈ΋ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇
ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÓÒ Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ηÈ
Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·Ú·¯ˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÂ
ȉÈÒÙ˜ (Peters, 2001). ŒÓ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÛÙ˘ÓfiÌ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÓÔÌÔ˘
·ÚηڛÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ȉȈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙˆÓ
‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ.
¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ·’ ¢ı›·˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤· ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ‰ËÌfi-
ÛÈˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ‰ÔÌÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ȉȈÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤· ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·. ŒÓ·˜ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ̤-
·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡.
°È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· ·ÓÙÈ-
ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·fi ¤Ó· «Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÏËÚˆÌÒÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË» (pay for
108
ENOTHTA 4.2
KEºA§AIO 4
4.2.2 ™˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹
ªÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ
‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË. √È Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘
·˘Ù‹˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÙÈÌ›·˜ (‚Ϥ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.4). ∫‡ÚÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·
Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ˆ˜ χÛË ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘-
ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜.
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÈ-
Û¯˘ı› Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ·Ù› ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ΛÓËÙÚÔ
109
ENOTHTA 4.2
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈ΋ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È fi¯È Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡
ÙÔ˘˜ ΤډԢ˜. (Peters, 2001). √È ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ì ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË
Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Â˘ÓÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔ-
ÏÔÁÈÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹-
ÙˆÓ, ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÈÔ ‹ÈˆÓ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂϤÁ-
¯Ô˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ηÙÒÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ˘·ÏÏ‹ÏÔ˘˜. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË Ù¿ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ
¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ √ÏÈ΋˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙÔ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·fi„ˆÓ
ÙˆÓ ˘·ÏÏ‹ÏˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘Ë-
ÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (Peters & Pierre, 2000).
∏ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ˘ÏÒÓ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂ-
ˆÓ Ì ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹, ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ŒÓ·˜
ÙÚfiÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈ·. °È· ·-
Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ë ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÁÔ-
Ó¤ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎfi Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ó·Ô-
Ê·Û›˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Ù· ÙÂÎÙ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ã¿ÚÙ˜
¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· Ï›ÛÙ· ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ
˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏ›ÙË Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. √È Ã¿ÚÙ˜
·˘ÙÔ› ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË Â˘ı˘ÓÒÓ Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Î·ÎÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÔ-
̤ӈ˜ ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘.
√È ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ì ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘
ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ì ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙË ÌË ÁÓËÛÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ
ÔÈ Ôϛ٘ Î·È ÔÈ Î·ÙÒÙÂÚÔÈ ˘¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÓÒ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ηıÒ˜ Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÈÛ¯‡-
Ô˘Ó fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿
ÛÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó Î·È ÛÙȘ ηı˘ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ›
Ó· ÚÔÎÏËıÔ‡Ó ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ηٿ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èη-
ۛ˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ (Peters, 2001).
∞ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË
∆Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ô ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜
ÙÔ̤·˜ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ηÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÓfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›-
Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfi˜. ∏ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·
110
ENOTHTA 4.2
KEºA§AIO 4
∫·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛË
µ·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌ›-
ÛÂȘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË
ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘. ™ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋
ŒÓˆÛË ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·-
ÁηÈfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜, Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔ-
‰ÔÛ›·˜, Ù˘ ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (Mandelkern, 2001).
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÚÈÓ ÙÂı› Û ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ‰Ë-
ÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÔÈ ∞Ú¯¤˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Â¿Ó ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ó¤ˆÓ
Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹ Ù˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ô˘ ı¤-
ÏÔ˘Ó Ù· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ηÈ
ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ (fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, Ù· ÔÈÎÔ-
ÓÔÌÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ
Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ).
∏ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Î¿ı ڇıÌÈÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á-
¯¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈ-
ÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ ¿ÓÙ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi Ô˘ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı›.
∏ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ
ÂΛÓÔ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏ›ÙË.
111
ENOTHTA 4.2
∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜, ÚÈÓ Î·Ù·ÙÂı› οÔÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·-
ÁˆÁ‹ Ó¤·˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Î·È Ë ‰È·‚ԇϢÛË
(consultation) Ì ٷ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ· ̤ÚË. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÛÈ
ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÈÛfiÙÈÌË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È ÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ-
‰È·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓˆÓ ‹ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜, fiÏ· Ù· ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ· ̤ÚË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ
Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ
Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-
ϛ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ Ú˘ı̛ۈÓ.
∏ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ· ̤ÚË ı· Ú¤-
ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û fiÏÔ ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó. ∏ ÂÊ·Ú-
ÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ·Ú-
¯ÒÓ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· ÔÌ¿‰Â˜-ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ‹ ÚfiÛˆ·, Ù· ÔÔ›·, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·-
Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜.
∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¯‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ï¤˜,
ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ›˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi.
ŒÓ· ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛË Â›Ó·È Ë
·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ (regulatory impact assessment), Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈ-
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û fiÏÔ ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ
˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ Ë ‚ÈÒÛÈÌË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi
·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi, Û ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÛÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ Î·È ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋
‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË (∫·ÚηÙÛÔ‡Ï˘, 2004). ∂›Û˘, ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó·
ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ› ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘ÌÊÂ-
ÚfiÓÙˆÓ, ·ÓÙÈÚfiÛˆÔÈ ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ·Ù›ˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Ù˘
ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿-
Ï˘Û˘ ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ËÌfiÛȈÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÌË ·Ó·Áη›Â˜ ‹ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ηÈ
Ù· ‚¿ÚË Î·È ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ
ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÌÂ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ.
∞Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 2, fiÔ˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹Û·Ù ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ηÈ
¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
ªÂ ÔÈÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË Û·˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ù¿ÛÂȘ: ·) ÁÈ· ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈ-
ÛË, Î·È ‚) ÁÈ· ηχÙÂÚË ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛË;
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
112
ENOTHTA 4.2
KEºA§AIO 4
113
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.3
¶ƒ∞∫∆π∫∂™ ¢π√π∫∏∆π∫ø¡
ª∂∆∞ƒƒÀ£ªπ™∂ø¡
∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔË-
ÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ¯ÒÚ· Û ¯ÒÚ· Î·È ·fi ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ (.¯.
™ˆÙËÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2007). ∏ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û οÔȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜
Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹.
114
ENOTHTA 4.3
KEºA§AIO 4
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4
115
ENOTHTA 4.3
Ó·È fiÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈ-
ÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤· Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÛÙ·Ì·Ù¿Ó ӷ Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔÈ ˘¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ
Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ ·˘ÙÔ› Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰ÈÔÈ-
ÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Ì¿Ó·Ù˙ÂÚ, Ô˘ ÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·È· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘
Î·È ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ˘fi Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ı¤ÛË
ÙÔ˘˜ Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜, Ë fiÏË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÊÔ-
Ú¤ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ. ™˘¯Ó¿ Ô ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈ-
ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· ̤۷ ·fi
Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·È· Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜. º˘ÛÈο ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÙÔ̤· Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÚ¿ÍÔ˘Ó Ì ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹
ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (Peters, 2001).
ŒÓ· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ›-
Ó·È ÙÔ «Next Steps» Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·
ÙÔ˘ ’90. ªÂÙ¿ ·fi ۯ‰fiÓ ‰‡Ô ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, ÙÔ 75% ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‚ÚÂ-
Ù·ÓÈ΋˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÊÂÚı› Û ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, fiˆ˜
Ô ºÔÚ¤·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ (Employment Agency), Ë ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÀËÚÂÛ›· (Office for
National Statistics) Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·fi fiÏ· Ù·
˘Ô˘ÚÁ›·. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ ·˘-
Ùfi ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜, Ë ∞˘ÛÙÚ·Ï›· Î·È Ë ¡¤· ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›·.
∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó Î¿ÔȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›-
ıÂÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË. ∏ ™Ô˘Ë‰›· Î·È Ë ¢·Ó›·, ÂÓÒ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì¤Ûˆ
ÔÏÏÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ, ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ˘fi ÙÔÓ
¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ (Peters, 2001Ø Chandler, 2000).
116
ENOTHTA 4.3
KEºA§AIO 4
117
ENOTHTA 4.3
118
ENOTHTA 4.3
KEºA§AIO 4
Ù·ÁˆÁ‹. ∏ ÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ ÛÙ· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· ÎÏÈÌ¿ÎÈ· ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·. ÃÒÚ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ™Ô˘Ë‰›·, Ë √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· Î·È Ë ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·
·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 2000 ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÛ·Á¿ÁÂÈ ıÂÙÈο ̤ÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·-
Ó¤ˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÔ ÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓË Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·
(Ingraham, 2005). ™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ıÂÛÌÔ› Ô˘ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ
‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ (∞™∂¶),
Ë ∂ıÓÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ∂ıÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘.
119
ENOTHTA 4.3
∂ÈÛÙÚ¤„Ù ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Î·È ı˘ÌËı›Ù ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂ-
Ù·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘. ¶Ò˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Í›Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂ-
ˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂ-
Ù‹Û·ÙÂ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ·;
£· ‚Ú›Ù ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘.
120
KEºA§AIO 4
™‡ÓÔ„Ë
∆Ô ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi ·̷ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÁÓˆÛÙfi ˆ˜ «¡¤Ô ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ª¿Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ»
‹ ˆ˜ «∂·Ó›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˘˜» ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜,
Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹-
ıËÎÂ Ô fiÚÔ˜ «‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË» Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ÓÔÌÈÌfi-
ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜.
∆Ș ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜
Ù¿ÛÂȘ: ·) ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿, Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹ ÔÏÈ΋ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÈ-
ÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ, ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË
Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤· ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·, ÙË
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ Î·È ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ·fi ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÒÓ-ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ, ‚) ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÛÙË
Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Á) ÙËÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·Ú-
Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛË, Î·È ‰)
ÙËÓ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó ÈÔ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙ˜ ‰Ô-
̤˜ Ô˘ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ-
ÛÌ·ÙÈο Î·È ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·.
µ·ÛÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË,
Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ fiˆ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‹/ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜
·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘, Ù˘ ‰·ÊÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ-
΋˜ ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ·˜ ‹ οıÂÙ˘ ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘. ÕÏϘ Ú·ÎÙÈ-
Τ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘, fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ
·Ú¯ÒÓ, ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛˆÓ, ÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂϤÁ¯ˆÓ, ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ Î·È ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÙÔ̤·. ªÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙÔ˘
·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Ì ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÛıÔ‡ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ
·fi‰ÔÛË, Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ì›· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ËÏÂ-
ÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏ-
Ù›ˆÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ
ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·.
121
¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞
∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 1
·) ∏ ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÂÌÓ¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚ‹
ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ Ì›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ̤۷ ÛÙȘ
ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ, Ô˘ Û˘Ì›ÙÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿-
ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙÔÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌfi. µ·ÛÈ΋ Âȉ›ˆÍË
Ù˘ ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·, ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡.
‚) √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ηχÙÂÚ˘ ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘
‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜, Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜, Ù˘ ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ
ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ·Ú·¤ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘
ÈÛÔÙÈÌ›·˜. µ·ÛÈ΋ ȉ¤· ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÙÈÌ›·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ
˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹,
‰›ÓÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘, ÂÓÒ Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜
‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ¿ÌÂÛË ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·.
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 2
√È Ó¤Â˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÓ¤ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜
Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ - ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ, Ë Â˘-
ÂÏÈÍ›·, Ô ÌÈÛıfi˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË, ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂ-
ÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË
ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ˆ˜ ÏÔÁÈÎfi ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ
ÂÍÔÈÎÔÓfiÌËÛË fiÚˆÓ.
∏ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Û ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÂÌÓÂfiÙ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈ΋˜,
·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ. ™Â ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ê¿ÛË
fï˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈ› Î·È ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ì-
ÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ Î·È ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË
ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜.
122
KEºA§AIO 4
∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1
™ÙÔ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Â›Ó·È ÛÙË ¯ÚËÛÙ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË. ∂ÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚËÙ¿ ÔÈ
·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∏
ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ· Â͢ÔÓÔÂ›Ù·È ÛÙË ÊÚ¿ÛË «ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÛˆÛÙfi». ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿
ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙÔ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÚËÙ¿ ÛÙË Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·.
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2
123
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
Bovens, M. (2005). “Public Accountability”. πn: E. Ferlie, L. Lynn & C. Pollitt, The
Oxford Handbook of Public Management. Oxford University Press:182-208.
Chandler, J. (2000). Comparative Public Administration. London and New York:
Routledge.
Chisholm, D. (1988). Coordination without Hierarchy. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Dahler-Larsen, P. (2005). “Evaluation and Public Management”. In: E. Ferlie, L.
Lynn & C. Pollitt, The Oxford Handbook of Public Management. Oxford University
Press.
Etzioni, A. (1964). Modern Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hood, C. (2005). “Public Management: The World, the Movement, the Science”.
πn: E. Ferlie, L. Lynn & C. Pollitt, The Oxford Handbook of Public Management.
Oxford University Press: 7-26.
Horton, S. and Farnham, D. (eds.), (1999). Human Resource Flexibilities in the
Public Sector: International Comparisons, London: Macmillan.
Ingraham, P. (2005). “Striving for Balance: Reforms in Human Resource
Managemet”. πn: E. Ferlie, L. Lynn & C. Pollitt, The Oxford Handbook of Public
Management. Oxford University Press: 521-536.
Jerome-Forget, M., White, J. & Wiener, J.M. (1995). Health Care Reform Through
Internal Markets. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
∫·ÚηÙÛÔ‡Ï˘ ¶. (2004). ∆Ô ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˜ Û ªÂÙ¿‚·ÛË: ∞fi ÙË «¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ı-
ÌÈÛË» Î·È ÙÔ «¡¤Ô ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ª·Ó·Ù˙ÌÂÓÙ» ÛÙË «¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË». ∞ı‹Ó·: π. ™È‰¤Ú˘.
Lane, J.E. (2000). The Public Sector. London: Sage Publications.
Majone, G. (1996). Regulating Europe. London and New York: Routledge.
ªandelkern Group on Better Regulation (2001). Final Report, EEC.
McKean, R.N. (1958). Efficiency in Government through System Analysis. New
York: Wiley.
Minogue, M., Polodano, Ch. & Hulme, D. (1998). Beyond the New Public
Management. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
OECD (1997). The OECD Report on Regulatory Reform. Paris.
Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing Government. New York: Addison-
Wesley.
Peters, G. & Pierre, J. (2000). “Citizens Versus the New Public Manager: The
Problem of Mutual Empowerment”. Administration and Society, 22: 9-28.
Peters, G. (2001). The Future of Governing. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Pollitt, C. (2005). “Decentralization”. πn: E. Ferlie, L. Lynn & C. Pollitt, The
Oxford Handbook of Public Management. Oxford University Press: 371-397.
Power, M. (1994). The Audit Explosion. London: Demos.
Snellen, I. (2005). “E-government: A Challenge for Public Management”. πn: E.
Ferlie, L. Lynn & C. Pollitt, The Oxford Handbook of Public Management. Oxford
University Press: 398-421.
124
KEºA§AIO 4
125
KEºA§AIO 5
∂•ø°∂¡∂π™ ¶∞ƒ∞°√¡∆∂™ ∆ø¡
ª∂∆∞ƒƒÀ£ªπ™∂ø¡ ¢∏ª√™π∞™
¢π√π∫∏™∏™ ∫∞π ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
™ÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Â͈ÁÂÓÒÓ ·- ™ÎÔfi˜
Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË
ÛÙÔÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.
ŒÓÓÔȘ
ñ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË
ñ ¢ÈÂıÓÔÔ›ËÛË KÏÂȉȿ
ñ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜
ñ ªÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ñ ¢›ÎÙ˘Ô ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
ñ ∂ÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
EÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜
∆Ô ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ô˘ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ȤÛÂȘ
¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ
Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›-
ËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÌË-
¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.
™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Û˘˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-
Ô›ËÛ˘ Î·È Ë Â›‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·-
ÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.
™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, ÔÈ «ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔÈ» ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜
Î·È ÔÈ Èı·Ó¤˜ Â΂¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡.
™ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Û˘˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜» Î·È ÂÚÈ-
ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙ¿‰È· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÔÈÎÂÈÔ-
ıÂÏÔ‡˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.
127
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.1
128
ENOTHTA 5.1
KEºA§AIO 5
129
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.2
130
ENOTHTA 5.2
KEºA§AIO 5
131
ENOTHTA 5.2
132
ENOTHTA 5.2
KEºA§AIO 5
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1/∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 5
ª›· ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ™˘ÓÂÚ-
Á·Û›·˜ Î·È ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Sigma (Support for Improvement in Governance
and Management), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÙ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ¯ÒÚ˜:
∞) ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË Ô˘ ÂÓÙ¿¯ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ ÙÔ 2007 (µÔ˘ÏÁ·Ú›· Î·È ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·),
µ) ÛÙȘ ˘Ô„‹ÊȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ (∫ÚÔ·Ù›·, ÚÒËÓ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚È΋ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ù˘ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜
Î·È ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·),
°) Û ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙˆÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÒÓ µ·ÏηӛˆÓ (∞Ï‚·Ó›·, µÔÛÓ›·-∂Ú˙ÂÁÔ‚›ÓË, ª·˘ÚÔ‚Ô‡ÓÈÔ,
™ÂÚ‚›·, ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô),
¢) ÛÙËÓ √˘ÎÚ·Ó›·.
√È ÙÚfiÔÈ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Sigma ›ӷÈ:
ñ ∂ÎÙÈÌ¿ ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË
ÙȘ ηϤ˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· (ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi
ÎÂÎÙË̤ÓÔ).
ñ ™˘Ó‰Ú¿ÌÂÈ fiÛÔ˘˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÙȘ η-
Ϥ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜.
ñ ¢È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ·fi ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙ˜ ÂÎÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÓÙfi˜ Ù˘ ∂∂ ̤ۈ
133
ENOTHTA 5.2
ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÊ·Ú-
ÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ SIGMA, ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ÊÙÈ¿ÍÂÙ ÌÂÚÈο
ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ (ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 5.2.2) Ô˘ ı· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›-
‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ Â΂¿ÛÂȘ (ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 5.2.3) Ù˘ ÚÔ-
Û¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
134
KEºA§AIO 5
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.3
«ª∂∆∞º√ƒ∞ ¶√§π∆π∫ø¡»
∫∞π ª∂∆∞ƒƒÀ£ªπ™∂π™ ¢∏ª√™π∞™
¢π√π∫∏™∏™ ∫∞π ¶√§π∆π∫∏™
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ «ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ» (policy transfer) ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú›-
˙˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Â͈ÁÂÓÒÓ
·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. √
Dolowitz Î·È Ô Marsh (1996:344), Û ¤Ó· ¿ÚıÚÔ ÔÚfiÛËÌÔ, Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ·Ó ¤ÓÓÔȘ
fiˆ˜ Ë «ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜» (policy learning), Ë ‰È¿¯˘ÛË Î·È Ë Ì›ÌËÛË Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ
›‰ÈÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ: «∏ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, Ë Ì›ÌËÛË
Î·È Ë ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, fiϘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë
ÁÓÒÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ, ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Î.Ï.
Û ¤Ó·Ó ÙfiÔ ‹/ Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ, ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ıÂÛÌÒÓ Û ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ÙfiÔ ‹/Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ».
ŸÏÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜.
∏ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÔÈÎÂÈÔıÂÏÔ‡˜ ÌÂÙ·-
ÊÔÚ¿˜ ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙˆÓ
Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ¿ÓÙ· Û ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÔÈÎÂÈÔıÂÏ‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·È ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÏfiÁˆ Â͈ÁÂÓÒÓ
·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ È¤ÛÂȘ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ (.¯. ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ∆Ú¿Â˙·),
Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ó· Ï¿-
‚Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ë ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Û ·ÚÓËÙÈο
·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÙ·Ú-
Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘, ·Ó ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ¯ÒÚ˜ Ì ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (Rose, 1991).
√È Evans & Davies (1999) ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ıˆ-
Ú›· ÌÂÛÔ-ÂȤ‰Ô˘. ¢ËÏ·‰‹ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ıˆڛ· Ô˘ ηχÙÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÂÓfi ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·-
ÎÚÔ-ÂȤ‰Ô˘ (.¯. ıˆڛ˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘) Î·È ÌÈÎÚÔ-ÂȤ‰Ô˘ (.¯. ıˆڛ·
ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡) Î·È Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰Èη-
ÛÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ. ∫ÔÌ‚ÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ
ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. °È· Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÛÔ-ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤Ó-
ÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ «‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ» (policy transfer network), Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ
ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (‚Ϥ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.7) Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·-
ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÌÂ-
ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÛÙ·‰›ˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÂÈÔıÂÏÔ‡˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜: ·) ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË, ‚) ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, Á)
·ʤ˜, ‰) ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÚÔÒıËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, Â) Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË, ·Ô‰Ô-
¯‹ Î·È ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ÛÙ) ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË, ˙) ·ÍÈÔ-
ÏfiÁËÛË, Ë) ·fiÊ·ÛË, Î·È ı) ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹, ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:
135
ENOTHTA 5.3
∞Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 2.7 ÂÚ› ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË fiÛ· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹Û·ÙÂ Î·È ÛÙËÓ
ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 5.3, ··ÓÙ‹ÛÙ ÛÙ· ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·:
136
ENOTHTA 5.3
KEºA§AIO 5
137
™‡ÓÔ„Ë
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË
ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯‡ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ˘fiÌÂÓ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓË-
Û˘. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ Î‡Ì· ÙˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ηÈ
Ë ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È. ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Î‡Ì· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ
˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ù›ÔÙ· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È
fiÙÈ Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÙÚ›ÙÔ Î‡Ì·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È Ô-
ÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔ-
ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘.
√ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¢-
Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙËÓ Ù˘È΋ Î·È ¿Ù˘Ë ‰È¿¯˘ÛË
ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· Û‡ÓÔÚ· Ù˘ ∂∂, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘
∂∂ Û ÎÚ¿ÙË ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓfiÚˆÓ Ù˘. √ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ›-
Ó·È Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË, Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ë Ï·È-
Û›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÙ‡ˆ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ. √È Î‡ÚÈÔÈ ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜
ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ¢¿ıÂÈ·, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙË-
Ù·, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿, ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜. √È Èı·Ó¤˜
Â΂¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·, Ë Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛË Î·È Ë ·fiÎÏÈÛË.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ «ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ» ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Â›-
‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Â͈ÁÂÓÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ
ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ
ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÛÙ·‰›ˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÂÈÔıÂÏÔ‡˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜,
ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ οÔÈÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË
Ó¤ˆÓ ȉÂÒÓ, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÊÒÓ, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÚÔÒıËÛ˘ ÏË-
ÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË, ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Î·È ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ, Ë ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜, Ë Ï‹„Ë Ù˘ ÙÂÏÈ΋˜ ·fiÊ·Û˘ Î·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·fiÊ·Û˘.
138
KEºA§AIO 5
¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞
∞¿ÓÙËÛË Û ¿ÛÎËÛË ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÕÛÎËÛË ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 1
∞) ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ·fi ÙËÓ
ÔÔ›· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È. ŒÙÛÈ, .¯., ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ª·ÚÍÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ı· ΢-
ÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ù·È ·fi Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ Âϛ٠ı· ΢ÚÈ·Ú-
¯Â›Ù·È ·fi οÔȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ›ÂÛ˘ Î·È Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÏ›Ù, ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜, ‰ÂÓ
ı· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ëı› ·fi ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰·, ·ÏÏ¿ ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›ÎÙ˘·.
µ) ∆Ô ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Â›Ù ӷ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi Î·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ¯·Ú·-
ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜» Ì ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ̤ÏË Î·È Ì ۷ʋ Û˘ÌÌÂ-
ÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ›Ù ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ ¯·Ï·Ú¿ fiÚÈ· Î·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓ·
̤ÏË, ÔfiÙ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο «ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘».
139
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Anderson, J. (1995). “The Exaggerated Death of the Nation-State”. πn: J.
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140
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141
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