HKDSE CHEMISTRY ⎯ A Modern View (Second Edition) Coursebook 2

(Reprinted with minor amendments 2019)

Chapter 21 Homologous series, structural formulae and

naming of carbon compounds

Class practice
A21.1 (p.21-3)
CO, CO2, Na2CO3, KHCO3, H2O, NH3, KOH, HCl, HNO3, NaCl (Accept other
correct answers)

A21.2 (p.21-7)
1. (a)
OR CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2

(b)
OR (CH3)2C=CH2

(c)
OR CH3CH(OH)CHBrCH3

2. (a) Condensed structural formula:

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 OR CH3(CH2)6CH3

Skeletal formula:
(b) Structural formula: Skeletal formula:

(c) Condensed structural formula: CH3CH=CHCH3

Skeletal formula: OR
(d) Structural formula: Condensed structural formula:

(e) Structural formula: Skeletal formula:

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(f) Structural formula: Condensed structural formula:

A21.3 (p.21-9)
(a) (i) C5H12
(ii) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 OR CH3(CH2)3CH3
(b) (i) C11H24
(ii) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 OR CH3(CH2)9CH3

A21.4 (p.21-10)
(a) His statement is wrong. A has no functional group while B has the
functional group. Hence, they belong to different homologous series.
(b) D and F; alkanoic acid (series)
(c)

A21.5 (p.21-13)
(a) A, B, D and F
(b) Alkanol (series)
(c) A, B, D, F. The larger the molecular size is, the stronger the van der Waals’
forces between the molecules are. As a result, more energy is needed to separate
the molecules during boiling.

A21.6 (p.21-14)
1. (a) Propyl group
(b) Hexyl group
2. (a) CH3(CH2)3CH2–
(b) CH3(CH2)5CH2–

A21.7 (p.21-17)
(a) Methylpropane
(b) 2,3-dimethylbutane
(c) 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
(d) 3,4-dimethylhexane

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY ⎯ A Modern View (Second Edition) Coursebook 2
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A21.8 (p.21-19)
(a) 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(b) 1,1-dichloro-2,2-dimethylpropane
(c) 1,2-dibromo-4-chloro-3,3-difluoropentane
(d) 2-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methylhexane

A21.9 (p.21-21)
(a) Methylbut-2-ene
(b) Propene
(c) Methylbuta-1,3-diene
(d) 4-ethyl-2-methylhexa-1,3-diene
(e) 8-chloro-2,3-dimethylocta-2,4,6,-triene

A21.10 (p.21-22)
(a) Butan-1-ol
(b) Pentan-2-ol
(c) Propane-1,3-diol

A21.11 (p.21-23)
(a) 3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid
(b) 3-methylpentanedioic acid
(c) Butanedioic acid

A21.12 (p.21-26)
(a) Chloroethene
(b) Trifluoroethanoic acid
(c) 3,4-dibromobutan-1-ol
(d) 3-bromobut-1-ene
(e) But-2-en-1-ol
(f) 6-chloro-3-fluorohex-4-enoic acid

A21.13 (p.21-27)
1. (a) (b)

(c)

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2. (a) The correct structural formula is

each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds (double

covalent bond is considered to have 2 bonds), not 5

(b) The correct structural formula is

the methyl group is

attached to C-2

(c) The correct structural formula is

the carboxyl carbon is always the first

carbon of the main carbon chain

Think about
Think about (p.21-2)
1.

2. It means the hydroxyl group is attached to the C-2.

3. Hydroxyl group (−OH)

Think about (p.21-16)

We should give the lowest possible numeral to the alkyl groups. As ‘2,3-’ is lower
than ‘3,4-’, the prefix of this compound is not 3,4-dimethyl.

Think about (p.21-18)

We should consider the alphabetical order of the first letter of the name of the
substituent. Here, bromo comes before chloro. Thus, the name of the compound is not
1-chloro-2-bromopropane.

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Try it now (p.21-26)

○1

○
2

○
3

○
4

Chapter exercise (p.21-33)

1. Structural formula; skeletal formula
2. functional group
3. general formula; CH2, physical; chemical
4. (a) alkane
(b) alkene
(c) alkanol
(d) alkanoic acid
5. IUPAC
6. (a) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
(b) 4-methylpent-2-ene
(c) 2,3-dibromo-2,3-dichlorobutane
(d) 1-bromo-2-chlorohex-3-ene
(e) Methylpropan-1-ol
(f) Penta-1,2,3-triol
(g) 1-bromo-3-methylbut-2-ene
(h) 1-chlorobut-2-en-1-ol
7. (a) (i) (ii)

OR
(CH3)2C=CHCH(CH3)2

(iii)

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(b) (i) (ii)

(iii)

(c) (i) (ii)

(iii)

(d) (i) (ii)

(iii)

(e) (i) (ii)

(iii)

(f) (i) (ii)

(iii)

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(g) (i) (ii)

(iii)

(h) (i) (ii)

(iii)

8. A
There should be four shared electron pairs for each carbon atom.

9. B
(1) and (3) have the same systematic name: 2-methylpentane.

10. D
Refer to p.11 of chapter 21 for details.

11. B
Members of a homologous series show similar but NOT identical chemical
properties.

12. A

13. D

14. C

15. (a) Alkene (series)

(b) Ethene and propene
(c) Yes. This is because they have the same functional group, .
(d) No. As the members have different molecular sizes, the strengths of van der
Waals’ forces between their molecules are also different.

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16. (a) Pentane

(b) X is a liquid under room conditions.
(c) (i) CnH2n+2
(ii) x = 6, y = 14
(d) Butane has a larger molecular size than methane. Hence, the van der Waals’
forces between butane molecules are stronger than those between methane
molecules. More energy is needed to separate the butane molecules during
boiling.

17. (a) (i) For 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane:

For dichlorodifluoromethane:
(ii) No. They cannot be represented by the same general formula.
(b) (i) Global warming refers to an undesirable rise in average temperature of
the Earth’s surface caused by enhanced greenhouse effect.
(ii) Average sea levels would rise, causing flooding in low-lying coastal
areas. OR
Climate changes would cause damage to agriculture and reduce the
world’s food supply. OR
Flooding and climate change would put wildlife in danger.
(c) (i) Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
only.
(ii) CFCs deplete ozone, causing the ozone layer becomes thinner.
Hydrocarbons do not deplete oxygen.

18. (a)

(b) (i) For propan-1-ol: For propan-2-ol:

(ii) Propan-1-ol has a larger molecular size than ethanol. The van der
Waals’ forces between propan-1-ol molecules are stronger than those
between ethanol molecules. As a result, propan-1-ol is more viscous.
(c) This is because the ethanol in hand sanitizer gel is flammable.

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