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EFFECT OF ADIABATIC ENTRY ON FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION IN THERMALLY DEVELOPING REGION OF AN
ANNULUS

Conference Paper · November 2018

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 Proceedings of the 20th National and 9th International
ISHMT-ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference
January 4-6, 2010, Mumbai, India

10HMTC433

EFFECT OF ADIABATIC ENTRY ON FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER WITH VISCOUS

DISSIPATION IN THERMALLY DEVELOPING REGION OF AN ANNULUS

M. M. J. Kumar
Res. Scholar, Dept. of Mech. Engg.
I.I.T Kharagpur 721302
India
mmjk.iitkgp@gmail.com
V. V. Satyamurty
Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engg
I.I.T Kharagpur 721302
India
vvsmurty@mech.iitkgp.ernet.in

ABSTRACT ri Radius of the Inner Pipe

Recent investigations related to studies on laminar forced
convection in tubes including viscous dissipation, considered
the entry temperature to be the viscous dissipation generated
temperature profile in an otherwise adiabatic duct, and
termed this region as the adiabatic preparatory zone. In the
present investigation, the geometry chosen has been that of an
annular duct whose walls are kept at constant and equal
temperature. The present article investigates the effect of
considering adiabatic entry temperature in place of commonly
assumed uniform entry temperature on heat transfer in the
thermally developing region of the annular duct including
viscous dissipation. The problem is characterized by the
parameters, radius ratio, R* of the annulus, the Brinkman
number, Br (that characterizes the viscous dissipation) and the
Peclet number, Pe, which can be absorbed in the normalized
axial distance. It has been found that, due to adiabatic entry
temperature the wall heat transfer significantly larger when
the fluid is getting cooled and lesser when the fluid is getting
heated.
NOMENCLATURE
Br Brinkman Number
CP Specific Heat of the Fluid at Constant Pressure
DH Hydraulic Diameter {= 2(ro -ri)}
hix Local Heat Transfer Coefficient at the Inner Pipe
hox Local Heat Transfer Coefficient at the Outer Pipe
k Thermal Conductivity of the Fluid
Mass Flow Rate Through the Annular Duct per Unit
m& Width
Nuix Local Nusselt Number at the Inner Pipe
Nuox Local Nusselt Number at the Outer Pipe
Pe Peclet Number
Qx Total Heat Transfer from the Inner and Outer Pipes
Qix Dimensional Heat Transferred from the Inner Pipe
Non-Dimensional Heat Transferred from the Inner
Qix Pipe
Non-Dimensional Heat Transferred from the Outer
Qox Pipe
r Dimensional Radial Coordinate
 
ro Radius of the Outer Pipe
R Non-Dimensional Radial Coordinate
Non-Dimensional Inner Radius of the Annular Duct
Ri
{= R* / 2(1- R*)}
Non-Dimensional Outer Radius of the Annular Duct
Ro
{= 1 / 2(1- R*)}
R* Radius Ratio (= ri /ro)
Tb Dimensional Bulk Mean Temperature of the Fluid
Te(r) Viscous Dissipation Generated Inlet Temperature
Ti Inlet Temperature of the Fluid
Tw Inner and Outer Pipe Temperature
u Dimensional Fully Developed Velocity of the Fluid
um Average Velocity through the Annular Duct
U Non-Dimensional Fully Developed Velocity
x Dimensional Axial Coordinate of the Annular Duct
X* Normalized Axial Distance {= (x/DH)(1/Pe)}
ΔX* Interval along Axial Direction in Numerical Scheme
ΔR Interval along Radial Direction in Numerical Scheme
ε Prescribed Small Positive Number
θ Non-Dimensional Temperature
Non-Dimensional Viscous Dissipation Generated
θe(R)
Inlet Temperature
θ* Non-Dimensional Bulk Mean Temperature
μ Dynamic Viscosity of the Fluid
ρ Density of the Fluid
ω Acceleration Factor in the Numerical Scheme
INTRODUCTION
Studies on laminar forced convection in annuli find their
importance in the present day applications like fuel cells,
compact heat exchangers, solar energy thermal conversion
devices and electronic cooling etc., Objectives of such studies
include evaluation of the viscous dissipation effects. Reviews
of the land mark results and achievements on this subject can
be found in the monograph by Shah and London [1], and in
Kakac, Shah and Aung [2]. Extensive literature dealing with
internal duct heat transfer mainly comprising of pipes,
channels, and annuli and other shapes is available, but studies
relevant to the heat transfer in annuli are given here.
1
 Hatton and Quarmby [3] presented the solution to the characterized by inner and outer pipes being kept at constant
Graetz problem in an annulus with a heated core and an equal temperature of Tw. The flow enters the Region 1 with a
insulated outer wall considering both uniform temperature and uniform entry temperature of Ti and is assumed to be fully
uniform heat input on the inside wall for different radius developed. Viscous dissipation is included in both the regions
ratios. Lee and Kuo [4] obtained analytical solution by and axial conduction has been neglected. When Region 1 is
Galerkin integral method for the thermal entry region heat characterized by adiabatic wall condition, the flow presented
transfer in laminar flow through annuli, subjected to constant to Region 2 comprises of a fully developed velocity profile
wall temperature. Silva, Queiroz and Elmoar [5], presented and an entry temperature, Te(r).
solutions to the extended Graetz problem with three different  
boundary conditions; a) prescribed wall temperature, b) dT/dr = 0
specified wall heat flux and c) specified convective heat Tw
transfer at the boundaries. Jambal et al., [6] investigated
laminar heat transfer in annular ducts subjected to uniform Ti Region 1 r Region 2
ro
wall temperature and step change in wall temperature by Tw r
i
taking into account both viscous dissipation and fluid axial
heat conduction in non-Newtonian fluids. Analytical solutions x Tw
for Newtonian concentric annular flows are obtained by Ti Region 1 Region 2
Coelho and Pinho [7] under imposed asymmetric constant
wall heat fluxes as well as under imposed asymmetric constant Tw
wall temperatures, taking into account viscous dissipation and dT/dr = 0
for hydrodynamically and thermally fully-developed
conditions. Barletta and Magyari [8, 9] investigated fully Figure 1. PHYSICAL MODEL AND COORDINATE SYSTEM
developed laminar forced convection in tubes including the
effect of viscous dissipation and neglecting axial conduction With the above mentioned assumptions, the non-
for constant temperature and uniform heat flux boundary dimensional governing equation for conservation of thermal
conditions and introduced the concept of adiabatic preparatory energy is given by,
zone. Barletta and Magyari argued that the conventional
uniform inlet temperature for the heat transfer analysis in the 2
thermally developing region has to be replaced with inlet ∂θ ⎛ 1 ⎡ ∂ ⎛ ∂θ ⎞ ⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ∂U ⎞
U =⎜ ⎢ ⎜R ⎟ ⎥ ⎟ + Br ⎜ ⎟ (1)
temperature which is derived by considering an imaginary ∂X *
⎝ R ⎣ ∂R ⎝ ∂R ⎠ ⎦ ⎠ ⎝ ∂R ⎠
adiabatic upstream region (needed to enable the flow to be
fully developed) to include the effect of viscous dissipation.
In Eqn. (1), X* and R are the non-dimensional axial and
This approach retains the simplicity of the fully developed
radial coordinates. θ is the non-dimensional temperature. X*, R
flow assumption while retaining the thermal field change due
and θ are defined by,
to viscous dissipation had the flow been considered as
developing. In this article, the temperature thus obtained shall
x r T − Tw
be referred to as adiabatic entry temperature. Barletta and X* = ;R= ;θ = (2)
Magyari have not evaluated the influence of adiabatic entry DH Pe DH Ti − Tw
temperature on wall heat transfer or on energy gain (or loss)
by the fluid. In Eqn. (2), DH is the hydraulic diameter given by,
The objective of the present investigation is to examine the
influence of adiabatic entry temperature on forced convection
flow through annulus in the thermally developing region
DH = 2 ( r0 − ri ) (3)
including viscous dissipation. The inner and outer pipes of the
annulus have been kept at constant equal temperatures and the Pe the Peclet number and Br the Brinkman number are
flow enters the heated zone (Region 2 of Fig. 1) with fully defined by,
developed velocity profile and adiabatic temperature. The
problem is characterized by the radius ratio, R* of the annulus, Pe = ρ C p um DH / k ; Br = μ um2 / ⎡⎣ k (Ti − Tw ) ⎤⎦ (4)
the Brinkman number, Br (that characterizes the viscous
dissipation) and the Peclet number, Pe, which can be absorbed
in the normalized axial distance. Numerical solutions to the In Eqn. (1), U is fully developed non-dimensional velocity
energy equation have been obtained using Successive referred to mean the velocity. U, adapted from [12], given by,
Accelerated Replacement (SAR) scheme [10, 11] for 0.1 ≤ R*
≤ 0.9, Br = -0.5, 0 and 0.5. u 2 ⎛ R2 ⎛ R ⎞⎞
U= = ⎜⎜ 1- 2 + B log e ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ (5)
um M ⎝ Ro ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
The physical model and the coordinate system are shown where, B and M the constants are given by,
in Figure 1. The physical model considered is that of a
M = 1 + R*2 − B; B = ( R*2 − 1) / log e ( R* )
concentric annular duct of inner radius is ri and outer radius ro.
It is assumed that, (a) the flow is steady and incompressible, (6)
(b) the fluid properties are uniform and constant and (c) the
pressure work is negligible. x is the axial coordinate and r the Solutions to Eqn. (1) with U given by Eqn. (5) are sought
radial coordinate. Region 1 is characterized by adiabatic wall subject to the following boundary conditions for Region 1 and
condition; where as, Region 2 (the heating zone) is Region 2.
  2
Boundary Conditions Heat Transfer
The non-dimensional wall heat transfer from the inner
Region 1: pipe, Qix in terms of X* is expressed as,

θ = 1, at X * = 0 and R = Ro
∫ −k ( ∂T ∂r )
x

∂θ / ∂R = 0, at R = Ri dx
(7) Qix r = ri
∂θ / ∂R = 0, at R = Ro Qix = = 0
& p (Tw − Ti )
mC & p (Tw − Ti )
mC (15)

4 R ⎡ ⎛ ∂θ ⎞ ⎤
*
Region 2: One of the following two boundary conditions * X
= ∫
*
is applicable at the inlet. When the fluid enters with uniform ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ dX ⎥
inlet temperature, Ti (1 + R* ) ⎢⎣ 0 ⎝ ∂R ⎠ R= Ri ⎥⎦
θ = 1, at X * = 0 for Ri ≤ R ≤ Ro (8) where, Qix is the dimensional heat transferred from (or to) the

When the fluid enters with viscous dissipation generated inlet

inner pipe. Similarly, from the outer pipe, Qox is expressed as,
temperature, Te(r),
4 ⎡ ⎛ ∂θ ⎞ ⎤
*
X

θ = θ e ( R ) , at X * = 0 for Ri ≤ R ≤ Ro Qox = ⎢ ∫⎜
− *
⎟ dX ⎥ (16)
(9)
(1 + R ) ⎢⎣ 0 ⎝ ∂R ⎠ R= Ro ⎥⎦
*

The other boundary conditions at the inner and outer pipe are,
Total heat transferred from the two walls, Qx , is given by,
θ = 0, at R = Ri for X > 0 *

(10)
θ = 0, at R = Ro for X * > 0 Qx = Qix + Qox (17)

In Eqns. (7) to (10) Ri and Ro are the non-dimensional

inner and outer radii, which can be expressed as, ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR REGION 1
Assuming the thermal field to be developed since the

{ }
Ri = R* / 2 (1- R* ) , Ro = 1/ 2 (1- R* ) { } (11)
Region 1 has adiabatic walls (a special case of constant heat
flux), setting ∂θ/∂X* = constant and using Eqn.(5) for U , on
integrating Eqn. (1) and applying the boundary conditions
In addition to the temperature profiles obtained as given by Eqn. (7), the expression for non-dimensional viscous
solutions to Eqn. (1) for the two regions, following are the dissipation generated temperature, θe(R) is obtained as,
quantities of interest.
⎡ F 2 ⎡ R2 ⎛R⎞ ⎤ ⎤
⎢ R ⎢1− 2 + B loge ⎜ ⎟ − B⎥ + ⎥
4Br ⎢ 4 ⎣ 4R R
⎝ o⎠ ⎦ ⎥
θe ( R) = 1− 2 ⎢
o
Nusselt Number
M 2 ⎥ (18)
⎢G.log R − H − ⎡ R + B ( log R)2 − B R ⎤ ⎥
4 2
The local heat transfer coefficient hix at the inner pipe is
⎢ ⎢ 4 ⎥
Ro2 ⎦ ⎥⎦
e e
defined by, ⎣ ⎣ 4Ro 2

− k (∂T ) = hix (Tw − Tb ) (12)

∂r r = ri The constants F, G, and H are given as follows

On non-dimensionalizing Eqn. (12), the local Nusselt

⎡ ⎤
number Nuix at the inner pipe and correspondingly Nuox at ⎢
F = ⎢
{R *4
+ B 2 lo g e R * − 2 B ( R *2 − 1 ) − 1} ⎥
⎥
the outer pipe, based on hydraulic diameter are given by, ⎢ 2
(19)
⎧ R *2 B 1 B ⎫⎥
⎢ Ri ⎨ 0 .25 − + lo g e R * − (1 − B ) − ⎬ ⎥
⎣ ⎩ 4 2 4 R *2 4 ⎭⎦
hix DH 1 ∂θ
Nuix = = *
k θ ∂R Ri
(13) ⎡ D ⎤
G = ⎢1 + B 2
lo g e R o − 2 B − R o2 (1 − B ) ⎥ (20)
h D 1 ∂θ ⎣ 4 ⎦
Nuox = ox H = − *
k θ ∂R Ro

where, θ*, the non-dimensional bulk mean temperature is ⎡F ⎛3 ⎞ B2 1⎤

( log e Ro ) − ⎥
2
H = ⎢ Ro2 ⎜ − B ⎟ + G log e Ro + B − (21) 
given by, ⎣4 ⎝4 ⎠ 2 4⎦

⎛ Tb − Tw ⎞ ⎛ o ⎞ ⎛ Ro ⎞
R
By virtue of the assumptions, θe(R) shall be the entry
θ =⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ∫ Uθ R.dR ⎟⎟ / ⎜⎜ ∫ UR.dR ⎟⎟
*
(14) temperature for the Region 2, or θ = 1, which corresponds to
⎝ Ti − Tw ⎠ ⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎝ Ri ⎠ the usual uniform entry temperature.
  3
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO REGION 2 The boundary condition at R = Ri {Eq. (10)} now becomes,
It is to be noted that X* is set equal to zero at the entry to
Region 2. Thus, at X* = 0, θ = 1 or θ = θe(R) {given by Eqn. ∂θ ∂R = 0, at R = 0 for X * > 0 (24)
(18)} in obtaining the numerical solutions to Eqn.(1) along
with the boundary condition given by Eqn. (10). Numerical
solutions to the energy equation have been obtained using Values of Nusselt number calculated based on the
Successive Accelerated Replacement (SAR) scheme [10, 11] hydraulic diameter (= 2 ro) at different X* for Br = 0.0, 0.5 and
-0.5 are given in Table 1. Also shown in Table 1 in italics are
as described below in brief.
the corresponding Nusselt number values taken from Shah and
London [1] for Br = 0.0 and from Barletta and Magyari [8] for
Numerical Scheme Br = 10-4 and -10-4. The agreement is excellent, within ±0.1 %.
The basic philosophy of the SAR scheme [10, 11] is to
guess an initial profile for each variable such that the Table 1. VALIDATION OF THE NUMERICAL SCHEME:
boundary conditions are satisfied. Let the partial differential COMPARISION WITH THE RESULTS FOR THE PIPE FLOW
equation governing a variable, φ (X, R), expressed in finite
Br Nux at X* =
difference form be given by φM , N = 0, where M, and N 0.001 0.005 0.02 0.05 0.1 2.0
10.68 6.07 4.17 3.7 3.64 -
represent the nodal points when the non-dimensional length 0.0
10.13 6.00 4.17 3.71 3.65 -
and radius of the annulus are divided into a finite number of 10-4
10.6 6.96 4.31 3.73 3.65 9.57
intervals MD and ND respectively. The guessed profile for the 10.12
10.6
6.3
6.96
4.25
4.31
3.66
3.73
3.65
3.64
9.6
9.59
variable φ at any mesh point generally will not satisfy the -10-4
10.12 6.3 4.25 3.66 3.65 9.6
equation. Let the error in the equation at (M, N) and kth
iteration be φM , N . Then the (k+1)th approximation to the
k RESULTS AND DICUSSION
Numerical solutions to Eqn. (1) along with the boundary
variable φ is obtained from, conditions given by Eqns. (8), (10) or Eqns. (9), (10)
applicable for the Region 2 have been obtained employing the
φMk , N SAR scheme [10, 11] as described above, for -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0
φ k +1
=φ k
−ω (22) and R* = 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9. Solutions obtained employing Eqns.
∂φMk , N ∂φM , N
M ,N M ,N
(8) and (10) as boundary conditions correspond to uniform
entry temperature referred to as Case 1, and those obtained
In Eq. (22), ω is an acceleration factor which varies employing Eqns. (9) and (10) as boundary conditions,
between 0 and 2. ω < 1 represents under relaxation and ω >1 correspond to adiabatic entry temperature θe(R), which shall be
represents over relaxation. The procedure of correcting the referred to as Case 2.
variable φ at each mesh point in the entire region of interest is
repeated until a set of convergence criteria is satisfied. For
example the change in the variable at any mesh point between Temperature Profiles
kth and (k+1)th approximation satisfies, The variation of non-dimensional temperature, θ with R at
different non-dimensional axial distances, X* is presented for
R* = 0.5 in Figure 2 (a) to (c) for Br = 0.5, 0 and – 0.5
1 − (φMk , N φMk +,1N ) < ε (23) respectively for Case 1, and in Figure 3 (a) to (c) for Case 2.
The features displayed by θ profiles in Figure 2, where the
where, ε is a prescribed small positive number. entry temperature is uniform are on the expected lines. The
To correct the guessed profile, each dependent variable has profile for Br = 0 being modified for Br ≠ 0. When Br > 0, the
to be associated with one equation. It is natural to associate the fluid is getting cooled and gets less cooled because of viscous
variable with the equation, which contains the highest order dissipation compared to when viscous dissipation has been
derivative in that variable. For example, conservation of neglected. Thus dimensional temperature at a given point is
energy equation will be associated for correcting the higher leading to θBr>0 > θBr=0. Similar argument for Br < 0,
temperature profile. The feature of using the corrected value i.e., when the fluid being heated leads to, θBr<0 > θBr=0. Thus,
of the variable immediately upon becoming available is
inherent in this method. θ Br >0 > θ Br =0 > θ Br <0 (25)

Further, for a given |Br|, it can be seen that,

Validation of the Numerical Scheme
Values of MD = 2000, ND = 80 i.e., ΔR = 0.5 / ND, ω ≤
1.2 and ε = 10-5 have been found to be satisfactory. MD =
2000 corresponds to ΔX* = 0.0002, if it is assumed that the
thermal field is fully developed for X* = 0.4, which is
considerably higher than that for pipe flow {Kays and
Crawford [12]}.
Numerical scheme has been validated by comparing the
results obtained with the present scheme for flow through a
pipe (now of radius ro) with uniform entry temperature with
and without viscous dissipation. The governing equation, Eq.
(1) and Eq. (5) for U, reduce to flow through a pipe when R* is
set equal to zero.
θ Br − θ Br =0 = θ Br =0 − θ − Br (26)
From the θ profiles given in Figure 3 (a) to (c), when the
entry temperature is the adiabatic temperature, it can be noted
that the profiles differ from those given in Figure 2 (a) to (c).
For a given Br > 0, θCase 2 > θCase 1 where as for Br < 0,
θCase 2 < θCase 1 at corresponding (X, R).The difference in θ
increases as |Br| increases. Further, the relation given by Eqn.
(26) is valid for the θ profiles given in Figure 3 also. Of
course, when Br = 0, the θ profiles do not differ for Case 1 and
Case 2 entry temperatures.

  4
 1.0 1.0

Non-Dimensional Radius, R

Non-Dimensional Radius, R
0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

*
* X =0.001
0.7 X =0.001
*
0.7 *
X =0.005
X =0.005
*
*
X =0.02 X =0.02
*
*
X =0.05 X =0.05
0.6 *
0.6 *
X =0.1
X =0.1 *
*
X =0.4 X =0.4

0.5 0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Non-Dimensional Temperature, θ Non-Dimensional Temperature, θ
(a) Br = 0.5 (a) Br = 0.5
1.0 1.0
Non-Dimensional Radius, R

Non-Dimensional Radius, R
0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8
*
0.7
*
X =0.001 X =0.001
*
X =0.005
0.7 *
X =0.005
*
X =0.02 *
X =0.02
*
X =0.05
0.6
*
X =0.05
*
X =0.1 0.6 *
X =0.1
*
X =0.4 *
X =0.4
0.5
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Non-Dimensional Temperature, θ
Non-Dimensional Temperature, θ
(b) Br = 0.0
1.0
(b) Br = 0.0
1.0
Non-Dimensional Radius, R

Non-Dimensional Radius, R

0.9
0.9

0.8 *
X =0.001
0.8 *
X =0.005
*
* X =0.02
X =0.001
0.7 *
X =0.05
*
X =0.005 0.7 *
X =0.1
*
X =0.02 *
*
X =0.4
X =0.05
0.6 *
X =0.1 0.6
*
X =0.4

0.5
0.5
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Non-Dimensional Temperature, θ
Non-Dimensional Temperature, θ
(c) Br = - 0.5
Figure 2. NON-DIMENSIONAL TEMPERATURE PROFILES
(c) Br = - 0.5
Figure 3. NON-DIMENSIONAL TEMPERATURE PROFILES
FOR a) Br = 0.5 b) Br = 0.0 and c) Br = -0.5
FOR a) Br = 0.5 b) Br = 0.0 and c) Br = -0.5
Bulk Mean Temperature Profiles
at X* = 0, when Br > 0, θ* > 1 and when Br < 0, θ* < 1. For
Numerically obtained solutions to Eqn. (1) have been used
large X*, however, θ* reaches the same limiting value for all
in Eqn. (14) along with Eqn. (5) to obtain the non-dimensional
Br, for both Cases, 1 and 2. This limiting value is an
bulk mean temperature for the two cases, 1) uniform entry
equilibrium temperature such that the energy gained by the
temperature and 2) entry temperature obtained with adiabatic
fluid by viscous dissipation is removed from the wall in
preparatory duct.
keeping the wall temperature constant.
The variation of non-dimensional bulk mean temperature,
θ* with X* for -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0 and R* = 0.5 is presented in
Figure 4. (a) for Case 1 and in Figure 4. (b) for Case 2. θ*
Local Nusselt Numbers
corresponding to Br = 0 is shown by continuous line in both
Numerical solutions obtained for θ and θ*, have been used
Figure 4 (a) and (b).
in Eqn. (13) to calculate the local Nusselt numbers at the inner
It can be seen from Figure 4 for both Cases 1 and 2,
and outer pipes for the two cases, 1) uniform entry
temperature and 2) entry temperature obtained with adiabatic
(θ *
Br > 0 − θ Br
*
= 0 ) = − (θ Br < 0 − θ Br = 0 )
* *
(27) preparatory duct. They are designated by Nu1ix, Nu2ix for the
two cases at the inner pipe and by Nu1ox, Nu2ox at the outer
Values of θ* = 1 at X* = 0 for all Br for Case 1 and reach a pipe.
limiting value, θ* < 0 for Br < 0, and θ* > 0 for Br > 0. Of The variation of Nusselt number Nu1ix at the inner pipe of
course, when Br= 0, θ*→0 for large X* for Case 1. For Case 2, the annular duct with X*, for -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0, and R* = 0.5 is
shown in Figure 5 (a), and the variation of Nu1ox is shown in
  5
 2.0 40
Br=1.0
*
1.5 R =0.5 Br=0.5
30
Br=0.0

∗
Non-Dimensional Bulk

Nusselt Number, Nu1ix

Mean Temperature, θ
Br= -0.5
1.0 Br= -1.0
20

0.5 10
Br=1.0
0.0 0 Br=0.5
Br=0.0
-0.5 -10 *
R = 0.5 Br= -0.5
Br= -1.0
-1.0 -20
0.001 0.010 0.100 0.001 0.010 0.100
*
Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X
*

(a) Case 1, Uniform Entry Temperature (a) Nu1ix

40
2.0
Br=1.0 30 *
R = 0.5

Nusselt Number, Nu 1ox

1.5 Br=0.5
∗
Non-Dimensional Bulk
Mean Temperature, θ

Br=0.0 20
Br= -0.5
1.0 Br= -1.0
10
0.5 Br=1.0
0 Br=0.5
0.0 Br=0.0
-10 Br= -0.5
* Br= -1.0
-0.5 R =0.5
-20
0.001 0.010 0.100
-1.0 Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X
*

0.001 0.010 0.100

* (b) Nu1ox
Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X
1 1 *
(b) Case 2, Adiabatic Entry Temperature Figure 5. VARIATION OF (a) Nu ix AND (b) Nu ox WITH X

Figure 4. VARIATION OF θ* WITH X*

40
Figure 5 (b). Similarly, the variation of Nusselt numbers Nu2ix 30
*
R = 0.5
and Nu2ox with X*, for -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0, and R* = 0.5 is shown in
Nusselt Number, Nu2ix

Figure 6 (a) and (b). 20

It can be observed from both Figures 5 and 6, that all,
Nu ix, Nu ox, Nu ix, and Nu ox display an unbounded swing for
1 1 2 2
10
Br < 0, the case of fluid getting heated. This is due to bulk Br=1.0
mean temperature reaching the wall temperature and 0 Br=0.5
Br=0.0
exceeding owing to viscous dissipation. Thus, the non- Br= -0.5
-10
dimensional bulk mean temperature θ* → ± 0, and it is clear Br= -1.0
from the defining Eq. (13), that the Nusselt numbers display -20
unbounded swing, i.e., Nux → ± ∞. The values of X* for which 0.001 0.010 0.100 *
the Nusselt numbers display unbounded swing are lower for Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X
Case 2, since the fluid effectively enters at a higher (a) Nu
2
ix
temperature. Also, Nu2ix < Nu1ix and Nu2ox < Nu1ox for Br > 0.
This is due to the fluid entering effectively at a higher 40
temperature for Case 2 and Br > 0 corresponds to fluid getting *
R = 0.5
30
cooled. Similarly, When Br < 0, Nu2ix > Nu1ix and Nu2ox >
Nusselt Number, Nu ox
2

Nu1ox near the entry and beyond the location of unbounded 20

swing, the inequalities get interchanged for Br < 0. It can be
readily understood that there will be no unbounded swing 10
when Br >0, since viscous dissipation prevents the fluid to get
0 Br=1.0
cooled to reach the wall temperature. Br=0.5
For ready reference, values of Nuix and Nuox for -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ Br=0.0
-10 Br= -0.5
1.0 and R* = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 at different X* are given in Br= -1.0
Tables 2 to 5 for the two cases. -20
0.001 0.010 0.100
*
Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X
Wall Heat Transfer (b) Nu
2
ox
Numerical solutions obtained for θ, have been used in
2 2 *
Eqns. (15) and (16) to get the heat transferred from the inner Figure 6. VARIATION OF (a) Nu ix AND (b) Nu ox WITH X

  6
 Table 2. Nuix AND Nuox VALUES FOR -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0 AND R* Table 4. Nuix AND Nuox VALUES FOR -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0 AND R*
= 0.2 AT DIFFERENT X* = 0.6 AT DIFFERENT X
*

Nuix Nuox Nuix Nuox

X* Br Case 1) Case 2) Case 1) Case 2) X* Br Case 1) Case 2) Case 1) Case 2)
1.0 28.33 20.38 15.63 10.42 1.0 20.16 14.16 17.05 11.69
0.5 23.82 19.95 13.79 10.95 0.5 17.42 14.31 14.95 12.07
0.001 0.0 19.16 19.16 11.91 11.91 0.001 0.0 14.54 14.54 12.74 12.74
-0.5 14.33 17.15 9.96 14.36 -0.5 11.57 15.18 10.47 14.42
-1.0 9.34 1.084 7.93 33.87 -1.0 8.53 19.31 8.14 25.65
1.0 26.40 20.72 12.56 9.34 1.0 17.56 13.63 14.15 10.77
0.5 20.56 18.47 10.03 8.62 0.5 13.88 12.29 11.24 9.83
0.005 0.0 13.86 13.86 7.13 7.13 0.005 0.0 9.6037 9.60 7.92 7.92
-0.5 6.14 -0.537 3.77 2.46 -0.5 4.64 1.42 4.07 2.13
-1.0 -2.88 448.9 -0.123 147.24 -1.0 -1.13 868.3 -0.47 618.67
1.0 27.83 22.91 12.32 9.87 1.0 18.13 14.89 14.23 11.59
0.5 22.47 20.33 9.8 8.69 0.5 14.57 13.18 11.42 10.21
0.02 0.0 13.77 13.77 5.68 5.68 0.02 0.0 8.7737 8.77 6.71 6.71
-0.5 -2.77 -35.76 -2.09 -16.96 -0.5 -2.65 -24.01 -2.48 -19.54
-1.0 -46.1 57.34 -22.69 25.7 -1.0 -35.40 38.10 -28.97 30.08
1.0 29.28 26.06 12.90 11.33 1.0 19.17 17.17 15.08 13.41
0.5 25.84 23.82 11.19 10.21 0.5 16.92 15.65 13.21 12.19
0.05 0.0 14.17 14.17 5.59 5.52 0.05 0.0 8.84 8.84 6.65 6.65
-0.5 147.8 53.51 71.15 24.86 -0.5 68.73 33.65 55.3 26.79
-1.0 51.09 36.47 23.56 16.37 -1.0 31.81 23.79 25.35 18.78
1.0 30.14 29.08 13.34 12.80 1.0 19.82 19.19 15.5 15.07
0.5 29.00 28.00 12.77 12.31 0.5 19.10 18.64 15.03 14.55
0.0 14.19 14.19 5.51 5.51 0.1 0.0 8.85 8.85 6.64 6.64
0.1
-0.5 35.16 33.27 15.78 14.88 -0.5 22.57 21.59 17.79 17.09
-1.0 33.14 31.65 14.81 14.07 -1.0 21.47 20.69 16.91 16.31

* *
Table 3. Nuix AND Nuox VALUES FOR -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0 AND R Table 5. Nuix AND Nuox VALUES FOR -1.0 ≤ Br ≤ 1.0 AND R
* *
= 0.4 AT DIFFERENT X = 0.8 AT DIFFERENT X

Nuix Nuox Nuix Nuox

X* Br Case 1) Case 2) Case 1) Case 2) X* Br Case 1) Case 2) Case 1) Case 2)
1.0 22.37 15.85 16.38 11.13 1.0 18.99 13.26 17.69 12.21
0.5 19.13 15.83 14.39 11.55 0.5 16.47 13.47 15.44 12.51
0.0 15.80 15.80 12.35 12.35 0.001 0.0 13.86 13.87 13.10 13.10
0.001 -0.5 12.34 15.75 10.24 14.35 -0.5 11.17 14.86 10.70 14.54
-1.0 8.76 15.14 8.04 28.23 -1.0 8.39 21.41 8.21 24.19
1.0 19.96 13.98 13.40 10.12 1.0 16.29 12.58 14.84 11.37
0.5 15.68 15.57 10.67 9.28 0.5 12.89 11.39 11.77 10.35
0.0 10.77 10.76 7.55 7.55 0.005 0.0 8.98 8.98 8.27 8.26
0.005 -0.5 5.07 0.94 3.90 2.31 -0.5 4.44 1.68 4.19 1.95
-1.0 -1.61 627.2 -0.35 339.2 -1.0 -0.89 1017.5 -0.62 878.59
1.0 20.76 17.09 13.38 10.82 1.0 16.70 13.70 15.03 12.31
0.5 16.73 15.13 10.69 9.53 0.5 13.44 12.09 12.05 10.86
0.0 10.15 10.15 6.24 6.24 0.02 0.0 8.02 8.02 7.15 7.15
0.02 -0.5 -2.69 -27.27 -2.42 -18.43 -0.5 -2.64 -22.28 -2.52 -20.37
-1.0 -38.65 43.37 -26.57 28.11 -1.0 -33.51 35.14 -30.64 31.72
1.0 21.93 19.60 14.07 12.48 1.0 17.65 15.82 15.92 14.23
0.5 19.37 17.89 12.34 11.33 0.5 15.62 14.39 14.02 12.96
0.0 10.31 10.31 6.13 6.13 0.05 0.0 8.05 8.05 7.11 7.11
0.05 -0.5 84.89 39.01 57.18 25.73 -0.5 61.70 30.96 55.96 28.19
-1.0 36.92 27.25 24.31 17.69 -1.0 29.25 21.92 26.57 19.84
1.0 22.63 21.94 14.55 14.06 1.0 18.27 17.73 16.48 15.98
0.5 21.87 21.23 14 13.61 0.5 17.65 17.17 15.896 15.45
0.0 10.32 10.31 6.13 6.13 0.1 0.0 8.05 8.05 7.10 7.11
0.1 -0.5 25.91 24.76 16.79 15.96 -0.5 20.70 19.87 18.77 17.91
-1.0 24.65 23.68 15.93 15.28 -1.0 19.83 19.06 17.85 17.19

and outer pipes for the two cases of 1) uniform entry Similarly from Figure 8, it can be noted, that, for both cases,
temperature and 2) entry temperature obtained with adiabatic
1 2
preparatory duct. They are designated by Qix , Qix at the inner Qox Br − Qox Br = 0 = Qox Br = 0 − Qox − Br (29)
1 2
pipe, and by Q ox , Qox at the outer pipe. The total wall heat
The effect of adiabatic entry temperature on the basis of
transfer, Qx = Qix + Qox , as per Eq. (17). 1,2 1,2 1,2
change in the total heat transfer Qx = Qix + Qox has been
Variation of wall heat transfer at the inner pipe, Qix with evaluated in terms of the normalized change EAD, defined as,
*
X is presented in Figure 7 for the Cases 1 and 2 for -1.0 ≤ Br
≤ 1 and R* = 0.5. Similarly the variation of wall heat transfer E AD = (Qx2 − Qx1 ) / Qx1 (30)
at the outer pipe, Qox with X is presented in Figure 8.
*

It can be seen from Figure 7, that, for both Cases 1 and 2
Qix Br >0 − Qix Br =0 = Qix Br = 0 − Qix Br <0
 
Values of EAD for Br = -1, -05, 0.5 and 1 are given at X* =
0.001, 0.005, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 in Table 6.
(28) From the values of EAD given in Table 6 the following are
evident. 1) EAD is significant, at 12.3% for Br = 0.5, even at X*
= 0.1, where the thermal field is nearly developed. 2) EAD > 0
7
 for Br > 0. This is due to, more heat needs to be removed to
cool the fluid since the fluid enters at a higher temperature due
to viscous heating for Case 2. 3) Recalling that Br < 0
corresponds to fluid getting heated, Qx required to be
1
supplied will be less than Qx since the fluid enters heated due
to viscous dissipation for Case 2. Thus EAD < 0 for Br < 0 for
smaller X*. 4) EAD attains a maximum for Br > 0, which
indicates that the bulk mean temperature reached the wall
temperature; subsequently, heat needs to be removed from the
wall just equal to the energy dissipated due to viscous
dissipation. 5) Similar argument leads to a change in sign for
EAD when Br < 0.
10
8 Case 1
6
Br=1.0
R =0.5
Br=0.5
Heat Transfer, ⎯Qix
have been obtained employing the SAR scheme in the
thermally developing region including viscous dissipation
with the two entry temperatures mentioned. In addition to
2 local Nusselt numbers, a wall heat transfer quantity has been
defined which serves the purpose of average Nusselt number
conveniently. It has been found that the heat that needs to be
transferred to the fluid is reduced significantly up to the point
where the Nusselt number displays unbounded swing when
the fluid is getting heated (Br < 0), and more heat needs to be
removed when the fluid is getting cooled (Br > 0) when the
entry temperature is the adiabatic preparatory temperature.
REFERENCES
[1] Shah, R. K., and London, A. L., 1978, Laminar Flow
Forced Convection in Ducts, Advances in Heat
*
Transfer, Academic New York.
[2] Kakac, S., Shah, R. K., and Aung, W., 1987,

Br=0.0
4
Br= -0.5 Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer,
2 Br= -1.0
Wiley, New York.
0
[3] Hatton, A. P., and Quarmby, A., 1962, “ The Thermal
-2 Case 2
Entry Length with Laminar Flow in an Annulus,” Int.
Br=1.0
-4 Br=0.5 J. Heat Mass Transfer, 5, pp. 973 – 980.
-6 Br=0.0
[4] Yung-Ming Lee., and You-Ming Kuo., 1998,
Br= -0.5
-8 Br= -1.0 “Laminar Flow in Annuli Ducts with Constant Wall
-10 Temperature,” Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 25,
0.010 0.100 pp. 227 – 236.
*
Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X [5] Silva Telles, A., Queiroz, E. M., and Elmoar Filho,
Figure 7. VARIATION OF Qix WITH X* G., 2001, “Solutions of the Extended Graetz
Problem,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 44, pp. 471 –
10
483.
8 Case 1 *
[6] Jambal, O., Shigechi, T., Davaa, G., and Momoki, S.,
Br=1.0 R =0.5
6 Br=0.5 2005, “Effects of Viscous Dissipation and Fluid
Heat Transfer, ⎯Qox

4 Br=0.0
Axial Heat Conduction on Heat Transfer for Non-
Br= -0.5
2 Br= -1.0 Newtonian Fluids in Ducts with Uniform Wall
0 Temperature, Part II: Annular Ducts,” Int. Comm.
-2 Case 2 Heat and Mass Transfer, 32, pp. 1174 – 1183.
-4
Br=1.0
Br=0.5
[7] Coelho, P. M., and Pinho, F. T., “Fully-Developed
-6 Br=0.0 Heat Transfer in Annuli with Viscous Dissipation,” J.
Br= -0.5
-8 Br= -1.0
Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech, 138, pp. 7 – 21.
-10 [8] Barletta, A., and Magyari, E., 2006, “Thermal
0.010 0.100 Entrance Heat Transfer of an Adiabatically Prepared
Non-Dimensional Axial Distance, X
* Fluid with Viscous Dissipation in a Tube with
Isothermal Wall,” J. Heat Transfer, 128, pp. 1185 –
Figure 8. VARIATION OF Qox WITH X* 1193.
[9] Barletta, A.., and Magyari, E., 2007, “Forced
Table 6. NORMALIZED CHANGE EAD IN WALL HEAT Convection with Viscous Dissipaiton in the Thermal
TRANSFER DUE TO ADIABATIC ENTRY TEMPERATURE Entrance Region of a Circular Duct with Prescribed
Wall Heat Flux,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 50, pp.
X* EAD 26 – 35.
Br 0.001 0.005 0.02 0.05 0.1
1.0 0.16 0.276 0.296 0.226 0.146
[10] Satyamurty, V. V., 1984, “Successive Accelerated
0.5 0.09 0.169 0.205 0.173 0.123 Replacement Scheme Applied to study of natural
-0.5 -0.11 -0.31 -0.90 2.364 0.336 convection heat transfer in porous cryogenic
-1.0 -0.27 -1.05 2.607 0.568 0.234
insulations,” ASME paper no. 84-WA/HT-37.
[11] Marpu, D. R., and Satyamurty, V. V., 1989,
CONCLUSIONS
“Influence of variable fluid density on free convectin
Effect of entry temperature on laminar forced convection
in rectangular porous media,” ASME Journal of
heat transfer in annular ducts in the thermally developing
Energy Resources Technology, Vol.111, pp.214 –
region, including viscous dissipation has been studied. The
220.
entry temperatures considered were, 1) uniform temperature
[12] Kays, W. M., Crawford, M. E., Bernhard, W.,
and 2) a temperature distribution (a function of the radial
Convective Heat and Mass Transfer.
coordinate) obtained in an adiabatic preparatory duct with
viscous dissipation before entering the annulus. Analytical
solution has been obtained for the entry temperature profile
which takes viscous dissipation into account in the upstream
imaginary adiabatic preparatory zone. Numerical solutions
  8

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