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    Yearly warship publication containing the following articles: French Treaty Cruisers: the Middle Period, The Underside of Warship Design, Post War Cruiser Designs for the Royal Navy 1946-1956, The High Speed Submarines of the I 201 Class, The Design of the Castle Class, The Breakout Fleet: The Oceanic Programmes of the Regia Marina 1934-1940, Project 82: The Stalingrad Class, Battleship end-notes Abmirante Latorre and Chiyoda II First Armoured Cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

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    Yearly warship publication containing the following articles: French Treaty Cruisers: the Middle Period, The Underside of Warship Design, Post War Cruiser Designs for the Royal Navy 1946-1956, The High Speed Submarines of the I 201 Class, The Design of the Castle Class, The Breakout Fleet: The Oceanic Programmes of the Regia Marina 1934-1940, Project 82: The Stalingrad Class, Battleship end-notes Abmirante Latorre and Chiyoda II First Armoured Cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    520 views212 pages

    Warship 2006

    Uploaded by

    SaskJack
    Yearly warship publication containing the following articles: French Treaty Cruisers: the Middle Period, The Underside of Warship Design, Post War Cruiser Designs for the Royal Navy 1946-1956, The High Speed Submarines of the I 201 Class, The Design of the Castle Class, The Breakout Fleet: The Oceanic Programmes of the Regia Marina 1934-1940, Project 82: The Stalingrad Class, Battleship end-notes Abmirante Latorre and Chiyoda II First Armoured Cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

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    EDITOR John Jordan i former languages teacher wh bas writen for defence magaines which incite Navy Intemational, Defence ara Jen's Defence Weeks. He ithe author of to major books fn the postwar Soviet Navy, and wis responsible for the sections on France, the Netherlands a Belgium iy Con's All the Word's Fighting Ships 1947-95. He has been associated with Wears since its eet heginning, and in recent yrs has contributed a series of articles on the French Marine Nationale of the intervar ad postwar periods He took over the Editors athe end of 2004 MAIN CONTRIBUTORS It has always been the poliey of Warship wo publish a wide variety of work, and this is reflected in the different backgrounds and expertise ofthe contribucors to his volume. David K Brown spent the whole of his working life as a member of the Royal Corps of Constructors, ering as Deputy Chief Naval Architect in 1988. He is Vice-President of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects. He has publishes! many ‘books and articles on warship design with one or more in every year of Warship Enrico Cerauschi and Vincent O'Hara have collaborated on | 1a number of projects. Cemuschi has written over 150 articles ‘maritime subjects an is coauthor ofthe definitive Le nav dla guera italiane 1940-1945. C'Hata’s work has recently appeared in several publications. He is the author of The German Fleet at War 1939-1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2004) and is now working on a book on the Pacific War, 1941-45, Hans Lengerer is an acknowledged expert on the Imperial Japanese Navy, an has written many books and articles on the subject, including a number for Warship Stephen MeLaughlin is librarian ae the San Francisco Public Library. Besides being a regular contributor to Warship, he is the author of Russian and Soviet Batdeshps (Naval Institute Press, 2003) and co-author with R.D. Layman of The Hybrid Warship (Conway Maritime Press, 1991). He is currently working on a hook about Russian ironclads and coast defence ships Kathrin Milanovich has been researching the history of the Innperil Japanese Navy for many years, and has previously contributed an article for Warship on the British-buile cruisers Noni and Takachio. George Moore constituted numerous articles to Warship on | British warship building programmes fom the 1930s onward He was co-author (with David K Brown) of Rebuilding the Royal [Naty (Chatham Publishing, 2003). George died in May 2005. Tan Sturton is a regular contributor of both aicles and Akstrations to aval jurals, and also edited Contay’s Al he Word's Baeeskps Conrad Waters is a barrister by alning but a banker by profesion. The author of a number of articles on movlern naval history, he is public relations officer for the group attempting £0 return the Second World War sloop HMS: Whintrel to the UK £30.00 RRP. WARSHIP 2006 WARSHIP 2006 Founding Editor: Antony Preston Editor: John Jordan Assistant Editor: Stephen Dent © CONWAY Frontispiece: “The French cnuiser Foch in March 1937. The photograph gives a pasicuart goo view of the distinctive structure ofthe fremast, in which che two outer legs ane used to support the HA fine control divectors. Note the two rangefnders in che main DCT, painted white to reflect the hot sun and thereby prevent distortion of the optics, with the black range clock beneath. The rangefinder turret atop the conning tower was fied afer completion. The single 90mm HA guns pore and starboard ae in shies andl beneath ther, fied tothe angled sides ofthe deckhouse, ave the paraveres ‘The eurets are named afer the campuiens with which General Foch was idensified, and the nameplates for the inlvidual guns relate to particular ations or place-names within chose campaigns. They read as follows: No.1 ewret LA MARNE, with che gus named FERE-CHAMPENOISE and MONDEMENT; No.? turret L'YSER; the poreside gun is named DIXMUDE, but the name- plate forthe starboard gun is obscured. (Marius Bar) © Conway Maritime Press 2006 First published in Great Britain in 2006 by CConvay Maritime Press A division of Anova Books 151 Freston Road London W10 6TH wwmconwaymaritime.com — wwwanovabooks.com All rights reserved No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval sytem, or transmitted in any form or by any ‘means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, rocording of ‘otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher Britis Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A recond of this ile is available on request fom the British Library. ISBN 10: 1 844860302._ISBN 13: 9781844860302 Design and layout by Steve Dent Reproduction by Anorax Imaging Led, Leeds Printed in Singapore by Kyodo Printing Co Pre Led CONTENTS fem McCallum (1929-2005), George Moore (1938-2005) Biitorial FEATURE ARTICLES French Treaty Cruisers: the Middle Period by John Jordan The Underside of Warship Design: A Preliminary History of Pumping and Drainage Part 2: The Dreadnought Era by Stephen MeLaughlin Post War Cruiser Designs for the Royal Navy 1946-1956 by George Moore ‘The High-Speed Submarines of the I 201 Class by Hans Lengerer The Design of the ‘Castle’ Class: a Personal View by D K Brown The Breakout Fleet: The Oceanic Programmes of the Regia Marina, 1934-1940 by Enrico Cernuschi and Vincent O'Hara Project 82: The Stalingrad Class by Stephen McLaughlin Battleship end-notes: Almirante Latorre by lan Sturton Chiyoda (II): First ‘Armoured Cruiser’ of the Imperial Japanese Navy by Kathrin Milamovich REVIEW SECTION Warship Notes Navies in Review 2005 Reviews Warship Gallery Index 28 38 59 78 86 102 124 126 137 167 188 202 207 lain McCallum 1929-2005 George Moore 1938-2005 T past year has not been a good one for Warship. As the 2005 edition was going to press, we were all greatly saddened to heat of the death of the annual’ founding editor, Ancony Preston. Teibutes to Antony from the Editor, Publisher and a number of conteibutors appeared in Warship 2005. Then in May, while the annu- ‘al was being printed, it lost two more regular contibutors: George Moore and lain McCallum. ‘George was hor in 1938, and following a family eadi- tion joined Lloyds Bank for the whole of his working life. His last appointment was as Senior Manager at Peterborough until his retirement in 1993. He and his wife Jackie settled in nearby Elton where he became very involved in village ite He soon became an active and very carefl worker in the history of HM Ships. He was a frequent visitor to the Public Record Office (now The National Archives) and to the Plans Collection of the National Maritime ‘Museum. Not content with these sources he found his way into Windsor Caste to verify Royal approval of names of British ships of the Second World War. This led to his hook Building for Victory (World Ship Society, 2003, reviewed in Warship 2004) clarifying the confused story of ‘wartime building programmes with all theie changes, can- cellations and delays. This valuable book is supplemented by a monograph Admialy Job Numbers 1939-1945. "He was also co-author with DK Brown of Rebuilding the Royal Navy (Chatham Publishing, 2004, reviewed in Warship 2005), a fll account of post war British desiges. There were numerous articles for Warship, the mageine Warship Intemational and for the World Ship Society max azine. All his writing showed the same determination to get it ight and complete. When he died he had just com- pleted an article on postwar RN cruiser designs, and this can be founcl in this edition, Warship would like to offet particular thanks to DK Brovin and John Roberts for their help in getting this final arccle into print. ‘George was always willing to answer questions from anyone but particularly through the World Ship Society information service. A frequent speaker at the World Ship Society Naval Meetings his other interests included rail- ‘ways, sailing, village life and his family. All those involved in the Warship annual will greatly miss both his meticu- lous research and his hearty, good humoured, no-nonsense lain McCallum was bors in. 1929 and worked for the British Council where he won a cohort of friends world- wide, and acquired a very wide range of interests. His frst book, The Riddle ofthe Shells, dea with the procuremenc of shells before and during the First World War for both the Army and Navy. Although it failed to find a publish- cr, the naval aspects were published under the same title in Warship editions 2002-3, 2004 and 2005 and proved to be very popular, generating a lot of positive feedback from the annuals readers. His next book, Blood Brothers: The Lives and Times of Hiram and Hudson Maxim, was pub- lished by Chatham in 2003, and tells the story of the Maxim brothers of machine gun and flying machine fame. Then came a complete change with a study of a litle known 18th century painter, Thomas Barker of Bath: The Arist and His Circle, published by Millstream Books in 2003, Even when he was il, Iain was always a most welcom- ing host to Warshi's Assistant Editor during the prepara tion of The Riddle ofthe Shells for publication in the ann: al. He was always willing to sit down and go through things, whether in relation to matters of gunnery and projectiles, or the possibly even more arcane field of modern computerised publishing, It is hoped that the remaining part of The Riddle of the Shells, concerned with, the problems faced by the army, will find a publisher in due course. ‘George and Iain were both fine historians, and Warship is much the poorer without them. All those involved with, the annual extend their deepest condolences to the farni- lies and friends of both. EDITORIAL F irstly, many thanks to those of our regular subscribers who returned the questionnaire enclosed with theit copy of last year’s Warship. It is good to know how much sex enjoy the annual ~ all but a handful of those who serured questionnaires have been regular readers since ‘Worship began in January 1977 ~ and the generally posi- sve nature of your responses is much appreciated by those of us who work hard to put the book together over the cours of the year. Your complaints, small in number but se less heartfelt on the part of those who made them, ave been noted, as have your many suggestions for future Sanutes. One of the aspects of the exercise which was Sent encouraging was that we were already starting 0 ssove in the direction many of you would like us to take, 224 hopefully this will be apparent inthe format and con- sent of this year's annual Beginning with Warship 2005 we made a decision that future line drawings would not be published across the ‘ete’ uns this were strictly necessary chis is clearly a change which many of you will welcome. We are also encouraging our authors to produce articles which are sepropriately ‘sized for the annual. This will hopefully seslt in fewer lengthy treatises on difficult ‘technical subjects and obscure classes of warship; i will ako mean shat an article will normally be completed within a single Ssue, rather than being spread across two or three annu- als. This is a delicate area, and we are conscious of the seed for balance. Warship has always been a forum for arti cles beyond the mainstream and our authors are, by and lenge, individuals who have undertaken extensive and original research on a particular area of naval history which they are anxious to share with an informed reader- ship. You have our assurance that there will be no ‘dumb- ‘ng down’, nor will there be a narrowing of our scope. On. the contrary, that scope will not only be maintained but broadened; future issues of Warship will include articles on the British HACS fire control system of the interwar peri od, on the Royal Navy postwar guided missle tial ship Girdle Ness, on the destroyer base at Port Edgar on the Firth of Forth, as well as on the smaller European navies, with our coverage increased to take in the postwar NATO/Warsaw Pact era. This year’s annual sees the publication of the final art- cle in George Moore's series on the postwar Royal Navy The aticle traces the development of the postwar cruiser designs from the 16,000-ton Nepeume ofthe late war peri- od through the various Minotaur proposals, later variants of which were to be equipped with highly-automated dual-purpose main guns, modern sensors and fire control systems, past the abortive ‘Cmuiser/Destroyer’ of 1949 to the ‘Guided Weapons’ (GW) designs of the mid-1950s What stands out in all of this is the considerable effort, expended both by the various committees and sub-com- iittees set up to consider all aspects of the cruiser issue and by the constructors, who were changed with drawing up one series of studies after another without any appre- ciable outcome. George Moore rightly describes the quest for cruisers after the Second World War as'a sorry saga for the Royal Navy’. There is a similar feel to Stephen McLaughlin’ article on the Stalingrad-class battlecruisers designed postwar for the Soviet Navy. Stephen traces the development of the plans for these ships through the labyrinthine processes of Soviet policy-making and bureaucracy. If ever there was ship ‘designed by committee’ then it was the Stalingrad, the requirements for which seem to have derived from Stalin’ ‘gut feeling’ about the qualities required fora ship capable of defending the approaches to the USSR's open. frontiers in the Arctic and the Black Sea. Deprived of Stalin's patronage after the dictator’ death in March 1953, the design had to stand on its own merits, and by this time Stalmgrad and her two sisters had fewer Support- crs than detractors. Admiral Kuznetsov, recently reinstat- ced as Navy Minister, was among the latter and construc- tion was promptly cancelled. The story of the grounding, of the prematurely-launched hull ofthe Stalingrad and the subsequent attempts at salvage make a fitting end to a story of a ship whose conception and construction are mired in confusion and incompetence. After an absence from Warship of twelve years, Hans Lengerer returns with an article on the IJN’s equivalent of the German Type XXI, the submarines of the I 201 class, designed for a sustained underwater speed of 20 knots Derived from the experimental prototype No.7! laid down in 1937, the I 201 design depended on high-capac- ity batteries and a hull-form which minimised resistance, with retractable deck guns and a small elliptical conning tower. Unfortunately development was plagued by prob: lems with the machinery and underwater stability; the three boats completed between February and May 1945 entered service too late to change the course ofthe Pacific War, and thei trials were protracted due to serious tech- nical problems, Litele has been published about this revo- lutionary design in the English Language, so Hans Lengerer’s article, which traces the development of the class from conception to completion using a range of pri- mary and secondary Japanese-language sources, is particu larly weleome. ‘Also on the subject of the Imperial Japanese Navy, but from a more distant era, is Kathrin Milanovic’s article on the cruiser Chiyoda. Built by J & G Thomson of Clydebank, Glasgow, during the late 1880s, Chiyada was auite diferent both in her overall configuration and in hher equipment from the French-buile cruisers then in service with the IJN, and despite her modest displacement was given a waterline belt which led to her classification as an ‘armoured’ rather than as a ‘protected? cruiser. AS such she can be considered the predecessor of the larger WARSHIP 2006 armoured cruisers built for Japan after 1892. The poor quality of Japanese coal was to prove a major problem for the locomotive-type boilers fitted by the ship-builders, and these would later be replaced by boilers of the Belleville watertube type. Kathrin Milanovie’s article, which is based on Japanese-language sources, also looks at the service history of the Chiyoda, and in particular the damage sustained when the ship struck a Russian mine in July 1904 during the Japanese blockade of Pore Arthur. Drawing up grandiose plans to enhance national pres- tige seems to go hand in hand with dictatorships, and Mussolini Italy was no exception. In this year's Warship Vincent O'Hara andl Enrico Cernuschi outline the litte- known proposals dating from the early 1930s for a Flota Aevasine, or ‘Breakout Fleer’, intended to force the Strats at either end of the Mediterranean and to operate in the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf The brainchild’ of Admiral Cavagnati, the fleet would have comprised no fewer than nine battleships, three air craft carriers, 36 cruisers andl oceanic scouts, 142 destroy- cers and torpedo boats, and 84 submarines, to be complet- ced by 1942. One of the more interesting features of the programme was the ‘pocket battleship’ design, an Italian version of the German Panzersciff, powered by FLAT. diesels and armed with six 254mm (10in) guns in triple turrets fore and aft: Predictably, the plan was to prove beyond Italy's financial and industrial eapabilities, but it provides a fascinaring insight into the Regia Marina’ thinking both from a strategic and technological view- point David K Broven's contribution to this year’s annual is an article with a personal touch, When David was with the Royal Comps of Naval Constructors, one of the projects he ‘worked on was the design of the Offshore Patrol Vessels of the ‘Castle’ clas. In the article he traces the development of these successful ships, now at the end of their active service lives, from conception to completion. Davids per- sonal insights into the design process wil he weleomed by those interested in knowing how a set of staf require- ‘ments evolves into a living, breathing ship. Finally, the Exlitor completes his study of the French interwar Treaty’ cruisers with a detailed look at the erus- ers Sujfren, Colbert, Fock and Duplex. These ships have generally been treated as a class by standard reference books, but the truth is more complex. Using oficial plans fiom the French archives at Chatellerault, the author aims to show that the frst two ships, despite major differ- ences in their external appearance and layout, were infact virtually identical between decks, whereas the last two ships, although similar to Colbert in external appearance, difered from their predecessors by chet radically different protection system, and! from one another by the scale of their protection. The article corrects some serious errors which are still in evidence in both French- and English- language secondary sources, and clarifies the confusions surrounding the propulsion system installed in each of the four ships. Last year we re-introduced the ‘drawing’ feature which graced many of the earlier Warship quarterlis. For this year’s feature lan Sturton has provided drawings of the Chilean battleship Amirante Latorre, as_ originally designed by Armstrong, together with drawings of a pro posed AA moxlernisation by Vickers immediately after the Second World War. We welcome similar short features from other naval artists who would like to see their work ‘showease! in this way. This year’s ‘Navies in Review” section has been again compiled by Conrad Waters, and is complemented by our castomary ‘Warship Notes’, book reviews and photo gallery. ‘Warship Notes’ has traditionally been our forum for reader contributions, and this year is no exception, with A’ & A¥ and further responses to Antony Preston's Word's Worst Warships firmly on the agenda. However, we hhave also used the space available this year to publish a number of shore articles on items of naval technology or naval history to complement the longer feature articles in the main seetion of the annual ‘We have had an encouraging respanse to last year’s request for a greater involvement of the readership with the annual, Quite apart from the questionnaires, we have had numerous e-mails and letters from readers comment- ing on material we have published and offering eontribu- tions. Several feature articles have now been commie sioned from people who have never before contributed to Warship, and we hope that this process of ‘renewal’ will continue in the coming years. If you are reading this edi- torial as a ‘casual’ or first-time purchaser of Waeship, we encourage you to become a regular subscriber; this’ not only gives you the advantage of a substantial discount in price with the annual delivered to your door, br it makes it much easier for us to bring you into the consultation process by which we hope to move the annual forward into the future John Jordan New contact details At Warship we invite contributions and comments from our readers. If you are interested in writing for us or simply wane co express your views about current or future issues, please contact us at Warship’s new postalfemail address:- JOHN JORDAN Editor Warship Conway Matitime Press 151 Freston Road LONDON Wi10 6TH FRENCH TREATY CRUISERS: THE MIDDLE PERIOD Even before the orders for Duquesne and Tourville had been placed, the French Naval General Staff was already concerning itself with the characteristics of a new 10,000-ton cr t to be laid down the following year. This ship, Suffren, was in her turn followed by the cruisers Colbert, Foch and Dupleix. Approved at the rate of one per year between 1925 and 1929 (the 1928-29 programmes were effectively combined), each ship incorporated incremental improvements, so that Dupleix emerged as a significantly different ship to Suffien. Following his article on Duquesne and Touruille in last year’s Warship, John Jordan analyses the discussions that attended the development of their successors, and looks at how the key considerations are reflected in each of the four designs. ©) nce the design for France’ first pair of Treaty cruis- cers had been finalised the Naval General Staff immediately began to consider how the programme would proceed, andl it was decided that a single ship of a modi- fied design would figure in the 1925 tranche. On the one hhand there were concerns regarding the low level of pro tection it had been possible to provide for Duquesne and Tonle, particularly once it became known that the Iealians had managed to incorporate a TOmm belt with a 5mm armoured deck in their own first Treaty cruisers, the Trenco and Trieste; on the other the General Staff was anxious that the high speed of the Duquemes should not be seriously compromised in the new design. The first rnote tothe STCN addressing the proposed characteristics of the new cruiser was dated [1 February 1924, some three ‘months before the order for the first two ships was place. Like their counterparts in the Royal Navy and US Navy, the French constructors were condemned to an endless game of ‘catch-up’, the latest thinking having to be cmmbodied in new designs not only long before their pred ecessors could be completed, but often before they had even been laid down, The characteristics requested by the Naval General Staff forthe new eruiser were as follows: ~ a standard (Washington) displacement of 10,160 tonnes 0,000 long tons); = a main armament of eight 203mm in twin turrets as Duquesne, but with only 120 rounds per gun (the mag- azines woukd, however, have a capacity equivalent to 150epm, which would be embarked only in time of war)? fan anti-aircraft armament comprising eight single 75mm (500rpg), eight 40mm (1000rpg), and twelve 8mm MG; = @ torpedo armament of at least two triple 550mm mountings with six reloads; an endurance of 5000nm at 15 knots. ‘Aside from the reduction in the number of rounds pro- vided for the main guns, these characteristics were identi cal to those adopted for Duquesne and Tourville atthe time the onders were placed with the Naval Dockyard of Brest and Lorient. While the first two ships were under con- struction the 40mm AA would be replaced by the 37mm. Model 1925, and the number of torpedo reloads would be reduced to three, and these modifications would be incor- porated in the third ship. However, the other characteristics demanded by the General Staff reflected a new emphasis on survivability at the expense of speed. They were: ~ a hull with sufficient buoyancy and stability to survive the effects of a direct hit from a 550mm torpedo or a near miss by a 100kg bomb, enabling the ship to pro- ‘ceed under its own power at reduced speed; = protection over the ship’ vitals sufficient 1 resist a direct hit by a 14cm shell or a 100kg bomb; = the maximum propulsive power compatible with the above requirements, ideally for 33 knots ‘The initial studies by the STCN suggested that this level of protection was attainable only at the cast of two knots in speed, and that the simplest and most cost-effective way of achieving it was to reduce propulsive power by a quartet. Two boilers and one set of curbines would have to WARSHIP 2006 be sccrficed, leaving a chree-shafe installation producing 90,000shp for 31.6 knots at fll load 4 In onder to minimize changes to the overall layout of the ship the engineers adopted ‘simmed-down’ machin- xy spaces af, with single boilers in separate boiler rooms (coch of the after boiler rooms in the Duguesnes housed two boilers side by side), and a single ser of turbines to

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