3.3.5 Proportioning a beam for deflection In rectangular beams that contain greater than 0.8 per cent tensile reinforce- ment, Jef is typically of the order of 0.30~0.40 Jg. In shallow beams and slabs, reinforcing ratios are typically less than 0.5 per cent and gris normally of the order of 0.25 ~0.35 dg. These can be used with Equation 3.46 as the basis for the preliminary sizing of beam sections to meet deflection limit cri- teria, In proportioning a section for deflection, the time effects of creep and shrink- age have to be considered. This may be done by utilising Equation 3.42. Alternatively, a pscudo-clastic approach can be used with deflections obtained from calculations based on clastic theory with the applied load mag- nified to take the time-dependent effects into account. The effective load for total deflection is calculated as: Foe = tk G+ (Wy + Wik IO (3.48) where G is the permanent (dead) load, Q is the transient (live) load, ye and 1p) are short- and long-term load factors, respectively, and kgs is obtained from Equation 3.43 12 Reinforced concrete basicsAnalysis and design for ser EXAMPLE 3.5 PROPORTIONING A RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR DEFLECTION Determine a preliminary section for the two-span beam shown in Figure 3.15. ‘The beam is pinned at its outside supports and continuous over its centre sup- port. Each span is 7 metres and the section is to be rectangular. The long-term total deflection limit for the beam is A/L < 1/250 Loading: wg = 55 kN/m, wg = 40 KN/m Data: 32 MPa, By = 30 100 MPa, y, = 25 kN/m?, y,= 0.7, yy = 04 Figure 3.15 Two-span beam: Exampie 3.5 SOLUTION _ Estimate self-weight: For a total deflection limit of A = span/250 and from Appendix C a depth of span/I0 is assumed and for preliminary sizing D=700 mm. Taking the width of the section as 60 per cent of the depth, the preliminary beam width is 420 mm. The solf-weight is then estimated as: self-weight ~ 0.7 x 0.42 x 25 = 7.4 kN/m ‘Time-dependent effective service load: Taking k,, = 2, the effective service load is then: Faog = (1+ 2)(55 +7.4)4 (0.7 + 0.4 x2)40 = 250 kN/im Reinforced concrete basics 13Beams Considering the left span: L=Ly=7m Moments: M, = 0 2 Fyeg 17/16 = 770 KNm . 2 My = ~Fage £°/8 = -1530 Nm Second moment of area (rearranging Equation 3.46): L My + L0Myy + My] L nee 2 ctv * SEE CATES I 7000 6 4 tay 2 SES 36100 (1 7ASD)LC + 10% 770 1530]10" mm = 3.7«10° mm* and assuming 1, © Jypq,/04 gives: 1,23.7x10°/04 = 93x10" mom” Selecting s beam width of 6=400 mm, then the depth of the rectangular sec- tion is calculated from: 3x10” mm4 Jg2bD°/12 = and gives D2 653 mm. Trial section: b= 400 mm: D= 660 mm (self-weight = 6.6 KN/n) Note: If the deflection is subsequently found to be too large, compressive steel reinforcement may be added to reduce the creep and shrinkage compo- nents of the total deflection (Equation 3.43) 114 Reinforced concrete basics