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ngine and airframe manufacturers for While the cost benefits of reduced-thrust
decades have cited the direct relation- takeoffs are thoroughly documented, the
ship between engine wear and high safety benefits are not as well understood.
exhaust gas temperature (EGT) in Thus, there is a common perception that
recommending that operators use less than using reduced thrust is less safe than taking off
maximum takeoff thrust whenever possible. with full-rated power. Undoubtedly, maximum
BY PATRICK CHILES
© Chris Sorensen Photography
operating at an actual temperature that important factor in reducing turbine 51 percent reduction in blade life after
is lower than the assumed maximum, blade failures and deterioration.”2 3,500 hours at 870 degrees C, compared
true airspeed likewise will be lower. Reducing EGT has been tied to a 35 percent loss when operating at
Because of this true-airspeed ef- directly to improved engine wear and 705 degrees C, and a near doubling of
fect, we enjoy a great deal of cushion time-on-wing maintenance intervals. hot section life overall.4
between what the airplane must do EGT deterioration, a major factor in
and what it actually is doing. We are, in engine removal and overhaul, also has Tradeoff
reality, using less runway and achieving been shown to be retarded by reduced Apart from safety, there is the consider-
a higher climb gradient, or obstacle- thrust. Related deterioration of fuel ation of noise reduction in our environ-
clearance margin, than if the ambient flow also is countered by reduced- mentally sensitive culture. It stands to
temperature was at the maximum for thrust operations. According to the GE reason that an engine operating at lower
that same weight. Depending on condi- study, each 10 degrees C of EGT dete- thrust will create less noise. As noted pre-
tions, the effect can be considerable — rioration translates to a 1 percent fuel- viously, reduced thrust, actual-condition
on the order of several hundred feet in flow deterioration. Limiting this effect takeoff distance is less than the assumed-
field length. The benefit increases as the has obvious advantages in maintaining condition distance. It is not, however,
difference between the actual and the a higher level of specific mileage for a less than the takeoff distance at full-rated
assumed temperatures increases. given amount of on-board fuel. power. So, while “sideline” noise may be
Manufacturers approximate the ef- improved, the longer takeoff distance
Inside the Engine fects of engine use against the engine’s and lower climb path actually may put
Performance margins are not the entire designed operating life through severity the airplane closer to noise monitors and
story. Reduced-thrust takeoffs trade analysis, which considers the total picture increase “in-line” decibel levels.
some excess capability for reduced en- of degraded performance, rotating parts Reduced thrust operations are
gine wear. Operating temperatures, tur- life and parts deterioration and failure. always a tradeoff. How, then, should
bine speeds and overall stress levels are Parameters like rotor speeds, internal we define “safety” in these terms? Is it
lower, and the engine is less likely to fail. temperatures and internal pressures are safer to use the maximum allowable
This is especially important when you used to gauge the total severity. Analysis power setting or to back off and reduce
consider that the possibility of engine has shown that these parameters are di- our exposure to failure during the most
failure is the basis for all those takeoff rectly affected by two factors: stage length engine-critical phase of flight? Ulti-
performance margins in the first place. and the level of reduced thrust used. The mately, it is up to the pilot to decide.
The closely held studies by engine takeoff phase places the most stress on an Patrick Chiles is a member of the Flight Safety
manufacturers are based primarily on engine and is thus weighted more heavily; Foundation Corporate Advisory Committee
fixed derate thrust data because opera- however, other factors emerge during and the Society of Aircraft Performance and
tors typically do not report assumed cruise on longer flights.3 Thus, although Operations Engineers.
temperature thrust data. However, any carrier will benefit, short-haul Notes
equivalent temperature levels using airlines that put several cycles a day on 1. Screen height is a parameter used in
assumed temperature techniques can be their aircraft would gain the most from a certification to determine an airplane’s
favorably compared to the results. reduced-thrust policy. accelerate-go performance. Minimum
Component wear in the hot section, Considering the extreme operat- screen heights, or heights above the depar-
ture threshold, are 15 ft for a wet runway
particularly the high-pressure turbine, ing conditions of a turbine engine’s hot
and 35 ft for a dry runway.
can be dramatically improved. One avail- section, limiting wear should be an
2. Stopkotte, Jack. “Minimizing Costs While
able GE Aviation study of failure modes obvious goal. Turbine blade fatigue, in
Maintaining Performance Margins, Part 1 —
in the CF6-80 indicated that regular use particular, is directly affected by high Lowering Costs and Improving Reliability.”
of the maximum 25 percent fixed derate centrifugal forces and vibration stresses, GE Aircraft Engines, September 2003.
resulted in a near order-of-magnitude and these loads have a direct relation- 3. Ibid.
increase in cycles to failure — from 1,000- ship to increased turbine inlet tempera- 4. Chenghong, Yan. “Reduced Thrust
2,000 cycles to 5,000-10,000 cycles. This tures. A study performed by the China Takeoff.” International Council of the
study identified thrust derate as the “most Civil Aviation Flight College found a Aeronautical Sciences Congress, 2002.