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4 0 Electronics
4 0 Electronics
What is
thermionic
emission? __________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 9.1
(b) ………… emitted are accelerated ………….. the anode by the high ……………………
between the cathode and anode.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………….
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
Figure 9.3
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
What is the
energy change?
1
Kinetic Energy change mv2
2
The principle of conservation of energy is the change of ____________ electric energy to ________
energy.
1 2
mv eV ,
2
1
Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains) (h)
2
Short time intervals, t = no. of divisions between two pulses × time-base value.
Examples
1. The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an a.c voltage is connected to the
Y-input. The Y-gain control is set at 2 V/div and the time base is off.
Calculate the value of :
Solution:
How to measure 2. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and reflected
short time signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 150 ms cm-1. The diagram
intervals? shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The speed of sound in
water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea?
Solution:
Figure 9.11
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
…………………………………………............................................................................................
What is the
“doping” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
process? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Silicon like Silicon doped with ………………atoms such as …………… or phosphorus. The
phosphorus atoms have …….. valence electrons. The fifth electron is free to move through
the silicon. The silicon has ….………………….. as majority charge-carriers and it thus
known as an n-type semiconductor.
Semiconductor like Silicon doped with ……………….. atoms such as ………… or indium
What is
has more positive holes. The Boron atoms have only …………. valence electrons with
semiconductors
missing an electron. The majority charge-carriers in this semiconductor are the
diodes?
……..................... and this semiconductor known as a p-type semiconductor.
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
Semiconductor Diode
A diode is a component (device) that allows _______________to flow in ________ direction only.
The following figure shows structure and the symbol of a semiconductor diode :
Any further movement of _____________ across the boundary in the depletion layer will be repelled
by the charges in the layer.
The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the
__________ region(the electrons) from crossing the boundary. Similarly , the positive charge layer in
the n-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the __________region(the holes) from
crossing the boundary in the opposite direction.
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
Thus, a potential difference ,known as the ___________.In its normal state a p-n junction delivers no
____________ since the charges are in equilibrium. The effect of this junction voltage is to _________
charge carriers from drifting across the junction.
For half of the cycle, A is more positive than B ,the diode conducts.
For the other half cycle, A is more negative than B , no current can flow.
Full-wave rectification
For half of the cycle, A is more positive than B ,the diode D1 and D3 ___________ and the
___________flows through the resistance.
For the other half cycle, A is more negative than B , the diodes D2 and D4 conduct and current flows
through the resistance in the same direction as before.
By connecting a capacitor parallel to the resistance , the half-wave and the full-wave rectified
waveform could be partially _____________ out.
For half of the cycle, the capacitor is charged up.___________is stored in the capacitor.
For the other half cycle, the capacitor_________ its __________ (discharges)
UNDERSTANDING TRANSISTORS
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
4.3
What is the type 1. Draw and label the symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.
of transistors?
RX
IC
Battery IB
voltage
Base RY
IE
voltage
Figure 9.23
The circuit shown in figure, a resistor, RX and a …………………………. are being used to
form a potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is ………. and
the transistor switches ………. If the resistance of the variable resistor is increased, the base
voltage will……………. When the base voltage reached a certain minimum value, the base
current, IB switches on the transistor. A large collector current, IC flows to light up the bulb.
2. State the transistor used in this circuit.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Light Controlled Switch
(i) Complete the statement below.
10 k R
IC
1k
6V
IE
LDR
Figure 9.24
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
The ………………………...... (LDR) has a very high resistance in the …….… and a low
resistor in ………………... R is a fixed ……………. The LDR and R form a potential divider
in the circuit. Voltage across the LDR is ……… enough to switch on the transistor and thus
lights up the ............. automatically at .................
In bright light, the LDR has a very ………. ................... compared to R. Then, the base voltage
of the transistor is too …….. to switch on the transistor.
Daylight
Darkness
R2 IC
R1
A
R IB Figure 9.25
IE
I C
Current Amplification
I B
2. What will happened to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, A when the
resistance of R is reduced?
.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
What is logic A circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal and is applied in a computer
gate? and other electronic devices. This gates use in switching on and off operations.
Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0).
Binary “0” represents 0 V and a binary “1” represents a non zero voltage.
Input Output
A B Y
AND gate
Input Output
A B Y
Input Output
A Y
NOT gate
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
Input Output
A B Y
NAND
gate
Input Output
A B Y
NOR gate
What is the 1. Diagram shows a simple electronic control system that is used as an automatic and manual
application of switches to switch on the street lights when it is dark. The control system allows the street
logic gate lights either to switch on manually by a switch at any time, or automatically by a light sensor
control when it is dark. Light sensor : daytime =1 Dark/ night = 0
systems?
Switch on = 1
Switch off = 0
Switch Light sensor Output Output
A B ofinverter, C
Street light on = 1
Street light off = 0
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
2. A student would like to construct a logic gate circuit to switch on an air conditioner in his
home automatically. He has chosen a light-sensitive device to detect daytime and night and
a heat –sensitive device to detect the surrounding temperature. He has constructed a truth
table to show the function of the logic gate circuit to switch on the conditioner. Draw the
logic gate circuit that will switch on the air conditioner based on the function stated in the
truth table.
Night =0 Hot = 1 On = 1
Day=1 Cold = 0 On = 1
Day=1 Hot = 1 On = 1
3. The figure below shows a circuit consisting of three different logic gates.
(b) Complete the truth table for the system shown above.
Input Output
A B
0 0
0 1
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
1 0
1 1
(c) (i) The combination of the logic gates above can be replaced by a single logic gat
What is this equivalent logic gate?
(ii) Give the Boolean equation for the logic gate in your answer in ( c)(i) above.
4.
Input Output
A B P Q Y
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
3. Which of the following quantities cannot be measured by the cathode ray oscilloscope?
A. The speed of sound wave in air.
B. The potential difference across a resistor.
C. The electric current in a conductor.
D. The short time interval between two hand claps.
4. In a pure semiconductors
A. There are more free electrons than holes.
B. There are equal numbers of free electrons and holes.
C. There are more holes than free electrons.
D. The resistance increases with temperature.
5. In a p-type semiconductor
A. The number of holes is less than the number of free electrons.
B. The number of holes is equal to the number of free electrons.
C. The number of holes is more than the number of free electrons.
7. Figure shows the trace on the screen of a C.R.O. with its Y-gain control adjusted at 5 V/ div.
What is the peak value of the voltage measured?
9. A beam of electrons is deflected by a vertical electric field between two horizontal parallel
metal plates P and Q as shown in Figure. Which of the following is true?
10. Figure shows the trace on the screen of a C.R.O. with the Y-gain set at 2V/ cm. and the time –
base set at 2 ms/ cm. What is the peak voltage and frequency of the voltage measured?
11. The sound waves produced by clapping of hands are recorded by a microphone which is
connnected to a C.R.O. with a time-base setting of 150 ms cm -1. The trace on the screen of the
C.R.O. is shown in Figure. What is the time interval between the hand claps?
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
13. When an A.C. signal is connected to the input terminals of a C.R.O., the trace shown on the
screen is as shown in Figure. The time-base of the C.R.O. is set at 4 ms?cm. What is the
frequency of the A.C. signal?
15.
16. one of the uses of semiconductors is to make of a transistors. In an npn transistor, two types of
semiconductors are used to make the electrodes. Which of the following combination below is
the correct sequence of the semiconductors used?
Emitter collector base
A. p-type n-type n-type
B. n-type n-type p-type
C. n-type p-type n-type
D. p-type p-type n-type
Structures
1. The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. power supply connected to Y-input of a
CRO.
(a) What is
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
(b) Draw the waveform display on the screen of the CRO in figure below when
ssay
1 (a) Figure shows a light bulb connected to a resistor R, two switches A and B and a LED.
The states of the switches A and B determine whether the LED emits light or not. The circuit
represents a logic gate.
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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 4- Electronics GCKL 2010
(ii) Write down the states of the switches A and B when the LED is switched on and the states of
A and B when the LED is switched off. Construct a truth table to show the state of A and B
for the effect on the LED. Hence name the logic gate that produces a similar truth table
and draw the symbol of the logic gate.
A B LED
(c) Figure below shows the combination of two logic gates, X, to form a single logic gate.
Q R S
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