Suggested answers to b The mucus traps dust particles and bacteria. 1 Exercise and Reading to ‘The mucus is then moved to pharynx, learn where it is swallowed or coughed up. 1 ¢ i Large number of air sacs provides a MS Word file is available in Teaching Resource large surface area for diffusion of Centre: gases. / | www.oupchina.com.hi/biology Thin walls of air sacs reduce the The overseas examination boards bear no diffusion distance of gases. / responsibility for the suggested answers contained Moist inner surface of air sacs allows in this publication. Answers for HKDSE, HKCEE gases in inhaled air to dissolve in it and HKALE questions are not available due to before diffusion, 1 yright rest Soppright restrictions ii Onygen diffuses into red blood cells, and combines with haemoglobin. 1 The red blood cells containing oxyhaemoglobin are carried to other Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans parts of the body. 1 Exercise Red blood cells have a biconcave dise Miultiple-choice questions (p. -27) shape, which increases the surface area to volume ratio for oxygen to ] a 2 8B 38 a8 diffuse in and out of the cells. 1 5 D 6 A 7 B 8 ¢ “The shape of red blood cells also 9c wc ne provides a short distance for oxygen to some ( reach and leave the haemoglobin | Short questions (p. 729) in the red blood cells rapidly 1 12 HKDSE Combined Science Practice Paper 15 a i Oxygen passes through the wall of 2012 Bt air sac, 1 13. a The air sacs have thin walls / one-cell and the wall of capillary into the thick epithelium / thin epithelium. 1 blood. 1 {The estore ison dance ii The ditfusion pathway of gases between air and blood. becomes longer. / The diffusion of Air sacs provide a large surface area for gases becomes slower. 1 diffusion of gases. 1 ; bi. Ventilation brings in air containing a b i Smoking / infection / inflammation 1 higher oxygen concentration, 1 fi The surface area of the ait sac is and removes air with a lower oxygen reduced, / There ate fewer capillaries. 1 concentration. 1 ‘Therefore, there will be less gas fi. Circulation of blood 1 exchange taking place / less uptake of oxygen / les removal of carbon 16 a i The diaphragin lowers / flattens, 1 dioxide 1 so the volume of the lungs increases. 1 14 a The cartilage supports the trachea / ii Airis entering the tungs 1 prevents the trachea from collapsing. 1 b sons 1 8.2 breath/min 1 71 |T2 Structured questions (p. 7.37) 17 18 19 HKCEE Biology 2008 1 93, HIKCEE Biology 2005 1 Q4 a Flask A 1 ‘The tube connecting to the mouthpiece is in the ait / not in the liquid, 1 i Lime water / hydrogencarbonate indicator 1 ii The lime water in flask A stays clear. / The hydrogencarbonate indicator in flask A stays red. 1 ‘The lime water in flask B tums milky / cloudy. / The hydrogencarbonate indicator in flask B turns yellow. 1 i Respiration uses oxygen 1 and produces carbon dioxide. 1 ii Exhaled air is warmer / contains more moist / less dust / bacteria. (any 2) 1x2 ‘The pressure decreases to a minimum of -0.31 kPa 1 ar 0.9s, os then returns to zero at the end of inspiration 1 at 1.68 s, os 0.29 ~ (0.31) 1 6 kPa 1 i The diaphragm muscles and the intercostal muscles contract. 1 ‘The volume of the thoracic cavity increases, and the pressure in the lungs decreases. 1 Air rushes into the lungs, and the pressure in the lungs rises again. 1 ‘The diaphragm muscles and the intercostal muscles relax. 1 The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, and the pressure in the lungs increases. 1 Air is forced out of the lungs and the pressure in the lungs decreases again. 1 2 a i A:trachea 1 B: bronchus 1 C: bronchiole 1 ii The rib cage protects the internal organs / heart / lungs. / ‘The ib cage takes part in ventilation / breathing, 1 iii Structure Q flattens during breathing in 1 to increase the chest volume / decrease the pressure in the lungs. 1 b> The lungs will collapse / be unable to expand / inflate 1 ‘There will be no pressure change. / ‘The pressure inside and outside the chest will be equal. / There will be no ventilation. / ‘The person cannot breathe. / Air cannot get in oF out of the lungs 1 Essays (p. 732) 22 23 ‘Oxygen is taken into the human body during inhalation, 1 During inhalation, the diaphragm flattens 1 and the intercostal muscles contract. 1 ‘The ribs move upwards and outwards. 1 ‘The volume of the lungs increases, 1 ‘The pressure in the lungs decreases and air from the atmosphere rushes into the lungs. 1 Inhaled air enters the air sacs in the lungs. 1 Oxygen in the inhaled air dissolves into the moist surface of the air sacs 1 and diffuses across the walls 1 of ait sacs and capillaries. 1 ‘Oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in red blood cells. 1 ‘The flow of blood carries oxygen away, and @ concentration gradient is maintained. 1 Red blood cells are fully packed with haemoglobin. 1 Oxygen is carried as oxyhaemoglobin, 1 Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape. 1 ‘This increases the surface area to volume ratio for diffusion of oxygen 1| and provides a short distance for oxygen to reach and leave the haemoglobin, 1 Mature red blood cells have no nucleus, 1 This provides more room for holding haemoglobin. 1 Communication 3 Reading to learn (p. 7.33) 1 ma attack, the bronchioles During an asth constrict and the lining of the bronchioles swells. The airways become narrow 1 ‘Mucus secretion increases. Excess mucus blocks the airways. 1 Air entering the lungs decreases. 1 Any two of other correct answers: 1x2 Reduce exposure to pollen grains / animals hait / cigarette smoke / air pollutants. Quit smoking, Avoid staying in polluted areas. Keep places clean. As the patient inhales the drugs, the drug reach the lungs directly 1 A smaller dose is needed. / The effect will be faster. / The amount of drugs reaching, the rest of the body will be smaller 1 Ch 8 Transport in humans Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 2.32) D 2A 3° »D 4 8 c 6c 7D 8 oD c Short questions (p. 233) 10 M1 HKDSE Biology 2012 18 QI ai [ ValveJ closes opens _ 13. Structured questions (p. rv 15 16 b Contraction of the muscles increases the blood pressure in the vein. 1 There will be a higher pressure above valve K, 1 [Vein [Artery [Te in its wall elastic tissue in its wall More muscle in its] | Less muscle in its wall | wall | Lumen is wider | Lumen is narrow Presence of valves (any 2) Aorta 1 Pulmonary vein carries blood with more oxygen / less carbon dioxide. 1 Less blood flows to the heart muscle, Less glucose / oxygen reaches the heart muscle. Less energy for the heart muscle to contract Heart muscle dies. (any 2) 12 Plasma is forced out 1 through the capillary wal 1 i Glucose / amino acid / oxygen 1 ii Carbon dioxide / urea 1 Plasma proteins are too large to pass through the capillary wall 1 HKCEE Biology 2010 1 Q3 HKCEE Biology 2008 1 Q9b a b Plasma 1 ‘More proteins / glucose / amino acids fatty acids / oxygen Higher pressure / Less urea / carbon dioxide 1 i The left ventricle contracts 1 ii Loss of fluid / volume Friction / resistance of capillary wall 1 3The water potential in the capillary is not as low /is higher / less negative, / The water potential gradient is reduced. 1 More tissue fluid is formed at the arteriole end 1 Less is absorbed into the capillary by osmosis, 1 Essays (p. 636) 17 Arteries carry blood leaving the heart. 1 ‘They have thick walls to withstand the high pressure. 1 Capillaries are the site of material exchange. 1 Capillaries have a single layer of cells so diffusion distance is short 1 Veins return blood to the heart. 1 Veins have larger lumen to reduce resistance to flow. 1 Veins do not support high pressure. 1 Veins have valves to avoid backflow of blood. 1 18 The heart has four chambers. 1 ‘The upper chambers / atria receive blood, 1 ‘The lower chambers / ventricles pump blood, 1 Deoxygenated blood flows into the right side of the heart via the venae cavae, 1 and is then pumped out to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. 1 Blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 1 Onygenated blood returns to the left side via the pulmonary veins 1 Reading to learn (p. 37) 1 Due to the blocking of the lymph vessels, tissue fluid in the legs cannot return to the blood circulation. 1 On the other hand, tissue fluid forms continuously. 1 ‘Tissue fluid accumulates in the legs and leads to swelling 1 2 Kill mosquitoes using pesticides. / Wear long-sleeved clothes to avoid mosquito bites. / Use insect repellant. (any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1x2 14 Ch9 = Nutrition and gas exchange in plants Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 9-78) 1D 2 D 30°C 4 °C 5 Cc 6 D Short questions (p. 9-19) 7 HKDSE Biology 2012 1B QS 8 a Hydrogencarbonate indicator 1 Carbon dioxide 1 b The beaker of water acts as a heat shield / water bath to maintain / control the temperature / provides an optimum temperature 1 ¢ In dim light, there is less photos The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the pondweed is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the pondweed. / The rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration. / This is the compensation point. fany 2) 1x2 Structured questions (p. 9-19) 9 HKDSE Combined Science Practice Paper 2012 BQ7 10 aA: upper epidermal cell 1 B: lower epidermal cell 1 C: guard cell 1 b There are air spaces among cells, which allow gases to diffuse freely / gas exchange to take place. / ‘The surface of the cells is moist, which allow gases to dissolve in it and then diffuse into cells easily 2 ¢ Xylem transports water / minerals. 1 Phloem transports food / organic nutrients. 1Essay (p. 920) 11 Nitrogen is important for the synthesis of proteins in plants. 1 Deficiency in nitrogen leads to poor growth and yellowing of leaves. 1 Potassium promotes photosynthesis and the transport in plat 1 It is also required in some enzymatic reactions. 1 Deficiency in potassium leads to poor growth. Curled-up leaves with dark-coloured edges are also formed 1 Magnesium is important for the synthesis of chlorophyll / forms part of the chlorophyll molecules in plants 1 Deficiency in magnesium leads to poor yrowth and yellowing of leaves. 1 Communication 3 Reading to learn (p. .21) 1 Athigh tide, the air spaces in soil are completely filled with water. 1 Less oxygen is available for gas exchange in roots. 1 2 Some mangrove species developed aerial roots. They have numerous lenticels on the surfaces of the roots which allow the roots to exchange gases with the environment even at high tide, 1 There are many air spaces in the aerial roots. This allows the diffusion of gases from the aerial roots to the underground roots. 1 Ch 10 Transpiration, transport and support in plants Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 10-33) 1 ¢ 2 A 3 OD 4 °C s 6A Short questions (p. 1034) a i 3 hours 1 9am 1 b i Xylem 1 ii Stoma / stomata 1 8 HKCEE Biology 2008 I QS 9 HKDSE Biology 2012 1B Q3 Structured questions (p. 1035) 10 HKDSE Biology 2013 1B Q6 M1 a Timer / scale / ruler 1 b Check if the shoot is healthy. / Assemble the apparatus / cut the shoot under water. / Cut the last 2 to 3 cm off the cut end / cut at ar angle, Check that there are no air bubbles in the apparatus. / Check if the apparatus is water tight / has no leaks. / Check if the leaves are (any 3) 1x3 c i 253 1 ii To make the results more reliable. 1 To help identify anomalies, 1 i In the afternoon, the stomata were closed It was more humid in the afternoon. / There was less air movement / wind. (any 2) 1x2 iv The potometer measures water uptake. / Not all the water taken up is lost. / Some water is used in photosynthesis making cells turgid. (any 2) 1x2 Essay (p. 10:36) 12 HKDSE Combined Science Sample Paper B a9ae Reading to learn (p. 10.37) 1 In dicotyledonous stems, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring at the periphery. 1 Phloem is located in the outer region in each vascular bundle while xylem is located in the inner region 1 2 Sugar was continuously produced in leaves of the tree by photosynthesis 1 ‘The downward transport of sugar was stopped by the removal of phloem. ‘Therefore, sugar accumulated in the tissue just above the ring 1 3 As the leaves of the tree had fallen in winter, less sugar was produced by photosynthesis. 1 ‘Therefore, the amount of sugar being transported down the stem decreased 1 6