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DY
-
-
Ri
char
d H
Si
ll
it
oe
Gr
ani
tes
and
met
al
depos
its
Granit
ic
roc ks
,
spanning
a broa
d range o
fc
ompos i
ti
ons ap
pear
to
be
products
of
two
broad i
ntr
usi
ve
sui
tes
wit
h
and
sil
ica
c onte
nts,
ar
e rel
ated
geneti
call
y t
o
a s
pe c
trum di
feren
t r
edox
s
tates,
as
re
le
f cte
d by
an
ass
oci
ati
on wit
h
ofpre
cious- ,
chalco
phi l
e-
and l
it
hophile-
me t
al
deposit
s. ei
the
r c
halco
phile
or l
it
hophi
le
metals.
The me t
als prese
nt
are dic
tat
ed by the composit
ion,
d
egr
ee
offr
act
io
nat
ion
and
r
edo
x s
tat
es
of
t
he
ass
oci
-
at
ed int
rusi
ons .
The
fert
il
e i
ntrusio
ns and associ
ated I
ntroduct
ion
metal
deposi
ts occu
py many tect
onic set
ti
ng s
, but
arc
and b
ack-a
rc
e nvir
onment
s are
the most
i
mpor t
ant.
With Gran
iti
c r
ocks (s
e n
su lat
o),
incl
udi
ng a
ssocia
ted porphy
ry in t
ru-
呻deP(『Uafin,!stoc
th
e e
xcept
ion of
some rare-metal co
ncentrati
ons in si
ons,
a
re
rel
ate
d spat
ial
ly,
t
empo r
all
y a
nd genet
icall
y t
o many
o f
the
ld osrel 洲Sc 派
I's
pr
emier
me tal
de
posit
s.
Near
ly
allt
he world'
s Mo,
Sri
and W
hi
ghl
y e
vol
ved
gra
nit
es
and
rel
ate
d pe
gmat
it
es,
the s
it
s,
many
ra
re
met
al
(
Ta,
Nb,
Li,
Be
,
Zr,
Ga
,
REE)
depo
sit
s,
deposit
s
aref
ormed
by
prec
ipi
tati
onfrom metal
-beari
ng )
re t
han 60% of
Cu
re
sources,up
to 10% of
Fe,An,
Zn Ag and
lu
f id
that
se
parat
es
duri
ng magmati
c c
ryst
alli
sat
ion.
A a
s
we l
l a
s al
l
or
much o
f ma ny minor
me t
als
(BiCd, Te,
,
Re,
I
n,
S c)
are
presen
t i
n a
nd around la
te- t
o post
-t
ect
onic
plut
ons and
varie
ty
of
deposi
t
ty
pes
is
recogni
sed wide
ly.
The por- s
tocks emplaced
mainl
y i
n the epi
zona l
envi
ronment,
say
bet
we en
ph
yry
t
ype
acc
oun
ts
f
or
al
l
of
t
he
wor
ld'
s
mol
ybde
num one
and
ive
f kil
om e
tres
beneat
h t
he
Eart
h's
surf
ace.
and
much o
f the copper Vei
n, s
karn and car
bonat
e- Furthermo re,
con c
e aled g
r anit
ic in
strusi
o ns,
ma
y have
supplied
me tals
to other ore environme nt
s, including epit
her mal de
pos i
ts
re
pla
cement
types
supply
all
t
he t
in a
nd tungst
en,
wi
th associated with subaeri
a l
volcanic r
oc ks,
vo l
ca nogen i
c ma s
sive s
ul-
di
sse
minat
ed greis
ens bei
ng t
he sour
ce f
or much
all
u- phide d
e posits
g e
ne rat
ed on and imme di
a t
ely ben eath t
he se
afloor
vi
al
t
in.
Peg
mat i
tes
dominate
li
thi
um and t
antal
um pr
o- and di s
se mina t
ed repla
c eme nt (
Carlin -
type) An depos i
ts
hosted
by
d
uct
io
n.
Lar
ge
gol
d de
pos
it
s,
t
he
mai
n
foc
us
of
c
urr
ent sedime ntary rocks (Sawk ins,
19 90;
Si l
li
toe, 1995) .
Howev er,
these
three deposit t
yp e
s are
be yond the s
c ope oft
his revi
e w.
e
xplor
ati
on act
ivi
t
y,
include
porphyr
y,
br e
ccia,
sk
arn, The ir
f st p
a r
t of
this art
icle i
s a revi
e w of me t
a l
concentrat
ion
c
arbonat
e-r
epl
acement and shee
ted-s
tockwo r
k vei
n proce ss
e s
related
to graniti
c in
trusions ,
i
nc l
uding t
he role
of
ma gma
t
ypes.
Gold de
posit
s, unli
ke t
hose o
f othe
r metal
s, chemi stry,
the tecto
nic setti
ngs of mi nerali
sation, t
he product
ion of
吞补认
.
0
FORT
KNOX
U
RUN
AV勺A
--
-j
,
二 今M
ACT
UNG 沙
a 、 人
E
NDA
KOV
T
ANC
O田
0
ZORTMAN-
LANDUSKY
热 嘿豁鉴H
LE
MA
口0
MOKRSKO
VASI
LKOVSKOYE
4
L
ERMONTOV,
F
o
ORT
I
Tu
UD
I
叹 犷肠
B
IN
GHA
性黔 HENDERSON了
PANASQUEI
RA
KAMI
OKA
C
AND
EL
ARI
A SANTA
EULALI
A
DACHANC 矽S
HI
ZH
UYU
AN
飞愁。 〔
旧UASHAN
Fe v
P
I
T
I
NO
G
M
A
A
I TI
NTAYA 、
SBERG/
GERA
CU 0
\
AD 令
MARCONA 从S
AN
R
A
FA
EL
.)
怡
6S
S
I
NG
ZnPb O
丫飞 L
LAL
LAG
笋 STON
CHUOUI
CAMATA 勺
Ag 0
_
o
-
R
CH
E
F
AU
R
G
A,
R
o
C
r
IL
LO
CANDELARI
A DDI
W 令
Sn ▲ EL
TENI
ENTE
、.
赢 N
CO-
E
:BR
ONC
E GREENBUSH
Rare 田
met
als
U 曰
Au 0
Fi I Loc
gure ati
ons
o
ft
he
gr
ani
te-
rel
ate
d me
tal
de
pos
it
s
hi
ghl
ight
ed
i
n t
his
rev
iew.
December
1996
127
t
ha t
Sn and W depos i
ts
ma y be t
he products
of
either I
- or
S-type
granit
es s
o lo
ng as
there
is appreciable f
ract
ionati
on by plagiocl
ase
干
cryst
alli
sat
ion d uri
ng consoli
dation of t
he r
elat
ed ma gma s
uit
e.
Cu-
Au Ex t
reme fr
acti
o nati
on of
e i
ther
I-
o r
S-type magma s
un der
the i
nlu-
f
e
Au CU-
MO Mo ence of
high volati
le (
F, B, P) contents
ma y lea
d to t
opa z-
and Li
祠川】
Au mi c
a-beari
ng granit
e s
and granit
ic pegma ti
tes
that
contai
n comme r-
sxoPe
ci
al
concent
rat
ions
of
t
he
rar
e met
als
.
Alee .
M -
誉一W
-
-
---
-
W
-M
o-
--
-
Sn-
, The o ve ral
l
corre l
a ti
on betwe e n m
etal
ra t
ios in de
pos its and the
.
、、
me
compo s
ition s of their assoc iated gr anitic r
o cks
prov id
es st
rong evi
-
J助u一
t dence
embod
t
ha
i
ed
t
i
t
n
he
the
ma
lo
g
n
ma
g-st
s
and
we
in
re
g
t
ma
he
g
di
ma
r
t
e
i
c
c-
t
s
hy
ou
dr
rc
ot
e
he
of
r
t
h
mal
e
the
me
or
ta
y o
l
s ,
f
a
or
s
e
5
Sn-
W for
ma ti
on (e.g. Li ndgre n, 1933 ). The me t
al d epos i
ts
can be gene r
-
门e
ate
d by no rma l ma gma tic
pr oce sses an d,
not
even i
n the cas e of Sn
J。
(Lehma n n, 199 0) ,
is
a n initial
ly me tal-enriche d me lt
r
eq uired .
Ne v-
ul
ert
he les
s,
low- order me t
al
e nri
c hme nts in
mag ma ti
c s
ou rce re gions
canno t
be e asily discou nted and a re invo ked to exp lai
n the pre -emi-
nence of some me tall
og e nic prov ince s,
su c
h as
tho se o
f Sn a nd W i
n
I
ncr
easi
ng
f
rac
tion
ati
on southern Ch in a
(e.g.
Pe i
a nd Hon g, 1995) .
A c orollary
of a
ma gma ti
c
Fi
gur
e 2 Di
agr
am
s
ummar
isi
ng
t
he
cont
rol
o
f
s
ele
cte
d me
tal source for
met als i
s tha t ore forma t
ion doe s not normal ly resul t
by
de
pos
it
s勿t
he
de
gree
o
ffr
act
ionat
io
n and
r
edo
x s
tat
e
of lea
c hing and r
e con centr a
tion of me tals from t
he host rocks ot
genet
ical
ly
rel
ate
dg
ranit
ic ro
c ks
. Pri
nci
pal
and
sub
sidi
ary
me t
al graniti
c intrus ions by h eated gr
ou nd - or forma t
ion wa t
er .
concent
rati
ons
are
re
presented妙 l ar
ge
and
small
e
lement Red uc ed i
ntrus i
o ns f
a vour hyd rothe r
ma l conc en
trat
ion of Sn,
symbols
,
respe
cti
vel
y.
Mod iie
f dfrom Ble
vin
and
Chappel
l (
1996). whic h i
s
un a ble to en ter t
he ma gma t
ic sulp hides a
nd ilme ni t
e t
h a
t
crystall
ise e arly in t
he co oling history of s uch ma g
ma cha mb e r
s
(Is
hiha r
a ,
1 98 1).I
n con trast,
ox idised ma gma s
inhibit
ma g ma tic sul
-
metal-
enri
ched magma ti
c lui
f d and
the e
gress
of
thi
s
lui
f d t
o si
tes
of phi
de
pr
eci
pit
at
ion
and
t
he
con
seq
uen
t s
equ
est
ra
ti
on
of
c
oppe
r a
nd
metal
deposit
ion.
Th e s
econd
pa r
t compri
ses a
summa r
y of major gol
d,
whi
ch
the
ref
ore
rema
in
ava
ila
ble
for
par
ti
ti
oni
ng
i
nto
hyd
ro-
t
hermal
lui
f d (
Candel
a,
1989)
.
deposi
t
types
and,
for each
pri
nc i
pal
me t
al,
th
e out
sta
nding depos
it
ty
pe s
usi
ng world-
class
examples
are
deine
f d (
Figur
e 1).
Te
ctoni
c
se
tti
ngs
Magma
type
s and
cor
res
pondi
ng
met
als
The
ma j
ori
ty of g
ranit
e-relat
ed metal
deposi
ts
oc c
upy arc o
r back-
ar
c s
ett
ings
, a
lthough c
olli
sion
and i
ntra-
plat
e se
tti
ngs
ar
e al
so r
epre-
Mos t
me tal
de po sits co nsid ered h ere are related t
o granitic ro cks of se
nted
(Table 1;
Sawk ins,
1990).
Extensi
onal r
e g
ime s,
or
a t
l
east
low- t
o hig h-K ca lc-alka lme or alka line cha r
a cter,
whi ch rang e fro m di
lat
ant
sit
es i
n broadl
y c
ompr ess
ive
setti
ngs,
favour
int
rusion a
n d
me talumi nou s to peral umi no us in c ompo siti
on a nd cov er a wi d e met
al
concent
rat
ion.
range of sil
ic a co ntent s (dio ri
te to g ranite, sensu stri
c t
o) .
The co m- Ma ny
intr
usion-
r
e l
ated
Fe,
Cu and Au deposi
ts ar
e found i
n
pos it
ion, de gre e of fra ction ati
on an d red ox state of ma gma s are th e Cordi
lle
ran or
isl
and a r
cs ge
nerat
ed dur
in g
subduction
of oceani
c
fun dame nta l
co n trols on the me t
a l
c onte nts
of asso ciat
e d or es (Fi g- l
it
ho s
phere.
Indee
d,
subcrust
al
cont
ri
bu t
ions,
incl
uding H2 0,
Cl,
S
ure 2; Blev in and Ch a pp ell, 1992 ) .
Fr actiona ti
on i
n mi n eralise d and
me t
als,
to t
he parent
a l
magmas
ma y
b e r
equir
ed for
the g
enera-
gra nit
ic su it
e s inv olve d a variety of ign eous proc es s
e s, of wh ic h t
ion of
ma j
o r
deposit
s. Sever
al
lar
ge An and Cu-Au deposit
s i
n
fractional
cry stallisation seems to be the mos t
imp ortant
(Le hma n n, west
ern
Paci
ic
f isl
and
arcs
(Tabl
e 1
) and
els
ewher
e we
re
for
med
19 93).
The c lassiic
f ation of gran it
e s i
nto eit
he r
I-
an d S-typ es, wh ic h f
rom in
trus
ions
empla
ced i
mme di
ate
ly
fol
lowin
g c
oll
is
ion
event
s
relec
f t
s t
he compos itions of s
our c e regio ns (e.g. Bl evin a nd Cha p- t
hat
r
esult
ed i
n r
eve
rsa
ls
of
subd
ucti
on p
ola
rit
y a
nd
poss
ibl
e e
xte
n-
pe ll
, 1992) , or ma gne tite-
a nd ilme ni t
e -seri
e s,
whi ch de scr i
be s th e
redo x
state s
of t
he roc ks the ms elve s (
I s
hi hara, 1981 ),ma
y be us ed as
a ba si
s f
or g ros s me talloge nic subd ivision. Es sent i
a l
ly all S- typ e
intrusions bel on g to the ilme ni t
e-s eries,whe
reas I-types
inc lud e bo th
DEPTH
(
km)
F
o
c
of
u溉d
m
i
s
ac
t
h
i
ca
r
ge
ma gn etit
e- and, less c ommon ly, ilme nite-series rock s (Ishiha ra, 1
to
2一
1981 ). A- t
yp e gr anites (Col lins et a l.
, 1982 ) g ene rated l
itho ph ile- 印c
use
d
di
s佗
护ar
gO A
dmi
x
tur
e
of ,人_
夕 , ,
‘
met al
mi ne ralisa t
io n, bu t
fe w ma j or dep os i
ts.
f
o
t
h
a
i
u
r
m
o
l
t
u
a
g
h
m
d
a
i
u
l
a
c
t
a
n
u
t
飞
c
g
o
r
n
i
r
uv
c
e
n
d
c
l
a
w
t
i
v
a
n
e
g
t
l
y
r,
梦
靡
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
ne
Li tt
le-f ractio na ted 1 -type/mag netite-s
e
r
ie s qua rtz dio rites,
gra nodiorites a nd qua rtz mo nzoni tes, as we l
l
as the ir
alka line c oun - 2
to
4
terparts,
ma y giv e rise to ma jo r Cu,
Mo and /or An depos i
ts .
Th e
Cu/ Mo ratio o f
de po s i
ts typi cally de crea ses
wi th d egree of fraction - , I 、 _ Ji
-,
'4
A r
--
""
.-
ation.
Th is re ach es
an extreme in the Cu- deic
f i
e nt Clima x-type po r-
ph
as
ph
me
ti
s
ve
yr
oc
lt
l
y
s
i
a
ynes
s
y
Mo
t
e
r
e
e
d
o
e
d
f
m
uc
de
wi
al
t
e
pos
t
ka
o
h
f
d
l
a
1
v
-
i
hi
i
ts
gh
ne
ou
t
yp
,
-
pa
h
s
r
i
r
hy
e
gh
i
l
e
ic
nt
dr
gr
l
a
y
a
a
o
n
en
(
ge
t
i
he
ti
r
(
i
>75
Ca
r
c
c
ma
ro
he
wt
r
c
l
t
e
d i
n
Au
ks
n
.%)me
e
a
W ,Sn
t
co
pp
al.
nc
ea
t
a
,
e
1
n
r
lu
99
t
t
r
,
mi
a
o
Ta
3)
t
i
nou
be
.
on
.
,
Hi
,
a
Nb
s
s
g
a
s
r
hl
l
t
o
a
hy
y
hou
cia
nd
oli
ox
t
t
F
e
i
gh
ed
di
r
a
po
s
e
wi
nd
e
l
r
a
t
-
d
-
h
3
t
o 6
‘
2
六al
i
z
i
n
g
g
+r
a
o
n
i
t
-
c
o
m
-
a
g
o
T
m
o
a
贡臀i
e
c
ry
c
s
t
f
a
l
u
l
i
d
z
ed Upwar
d
of
channel
vol
at
magmati
i
l
c
e-
f
l
r
l
i
i
ui
ng
ch
d
some de po sit t
yp e s (e.g.
Au- ri
c h sk ams ;
Me inert, 1993; Figu re 2).
Th e mo re ev olv ed,
felsic a nd red uc ed I-type intru sions, exe mp liie
f d Figure
3 Sc hemati
c
sect
ion
to
show t
he
ac cumulat
ion
and
by t
hos e
in the La c hlan Fo ld Be l
t of s outh-ea st
e m Aus tralia and the focus
ed rel
eas
e o
f magmati
c加 id dur
ing
crysta
lli
sat
ion
ofg
rani
ti
c
Ca ledon i
a n terrane s o fB r i
ta i
n, tend to
be poor l
y mi neralise d. int
rusio
ns .
Note
the
upward
admixtur
e wi
th dee
ply c
onvect
ing
In co ntras t
, frac ti
on a ted and relatively r ed uced S-ty
pe o r gr
oundwat
er.
Met
alpr
eci
pi
ta
ti
on
f
rom
t
he
magma
ti
cf
lui
d
is
il
me ni
te -
se ries gr anite s are a ss
oc iate d t
ypi cally wi th Sn士W (
wo l- c
onc
ent
rate
d i
n t
he mixi
ng
zone
s prov
ided
b
y t
he
cyl
indr
ica
l
frami t
e) de pos its.
Bl e vin a nd Cha pp ell
( 1995 )
e mp ha sise, ho we ve r, c
upo
奴t he
rea
ctiv
e l
imest
one
hotiz
on and
t
he
dil
ata
ntfaul
tz
o
ne.
Fni
sodps-
VnI
_ 19
nn
4
128
s
ive
par
ti
al
mel
ti
ng
of
the
oxi
dis
ed
uppe
r pa
rts
of
st
all
ed
sla
bs
(McI
nnes
and Camer
on,
1994)
. Never
thel
ess,
a
few Fe
and Cu 邑 SI
DEROPHI
LE
方
@分T
M
-O
'
I
Au
depos
it
s
rel
ate
d t
o gr
ani
tes
al
so
fo
rmed
in
in
tra-
pla
te
ext
ens
iona
l s
et-
,
I
(RH
PROXI
MAL
ti
ngs,
as
exempli
i
fed
by
Ol y
mpic
Dam,
Sout
h Aust
ral
ia
(
Reeve
et
al
., (
wit
hin DI
STAL
3
}
}
O
1
990)
. (
wit
hin
nea CHALCOPHI
LE wal
l-
M
a j
or,
grani
te-r
elate
d Zn-Pb-Ag deposit
s ar
e t
ypical
ly pres
ent
⑩、O
grani
te r
ock
s)
whe
i
nn e
re
r
i
s
i
nt
de
r
us
s
o
ion
f
s
Co
c
r
ut
di
l
l
mi
er
a
o-
n
c
a
oc
rc
s
l
.
i
na
l
Mo
sedi
1
me
Cu
nt
de
a
p
ry
osi
s
t
e
qu
s
ar
enc
e a
ls
e
s
o
a
pr
lo
e
s
ng
en
t
t
he
in
i
ntrusi
on)
B
i
"' nA
g
arc
terranes
,
bu t
t
h e
lar
ge Cu-deici
f ent
porp
hyry Mo( 士W)
deposit
s V LI
THOPHI
LE I
&
ot Climax type we r
e generate
d in back-a
rc envir
onme nts
during
modest
extension of
cont
inent
al
crust
(Car
ten et
al..
1993). Figure4 Sc he mati
c representat
ion oft
he two princi
pal
met
al
Cr
us t
al contaminati
on,
deduced f
rom such features
as
el
evat
ed zoning sequences,
si
d er
ophile to
chalcophile and li
thophil
e t
o
i
niti
al
Sr
iso
tope ra
ti
os a
nd i
nher
ited
zi
rcons
,
is
more e
videnti
n gran
- chalcophile
,
di s
played勿 o r
e deposit
s and distr
icts
relat
ed
i
tes
associ
ated
wi t
h Sn,
W,
U and r
are
-metal
dep
os i
ts,
henc
e t
heir genetical
ly
to granit
ic
intrusi
o ns.
Zn and Pb are present
in
both
a
ssociat
ion
wi t
h back-
arc
compressi
ve
(fol
d-t
hrus
t bel
t)
set
ti
ngs. a
s sequenc e
s,
as emphas is
ed sche mati
call
y by the cross-
over
point
.
i
n Bol
ivi
a and
Per
u (
Sri
) and
the
Nor
thwes
t Ter
rit
ori
es-Yukon
in 材o diie
f dfrom Rundq uist
(1982).
Canad a (W), or
zones of
c ont
inental
coll
isi
on,
as i
n t
he Her
cy ni
an
bel
t
of Europe (
Sri
, U),
southern Chin
a (Sr
i,
W) and
the Damara
bel
t
of
Na mi bi
a (U).
In
tra-pla
te grani
tic
nia
gma ti
sm,
tri
ggered
by
man t
le ma rginal grou nd water
(Fi gure 3;
Bur nha m, 1979). Se que nt
ial pre-
plume acti
vity,
as in Brazil
a n
d Ni
geria,
is
als
o associ
ate
d wi
th cipit
a t
ion of me tals
gi ves r
ise to zoni ng at the depos it and dist
r i
ct
li
thoph il
e-e
lemen t
i
ni ner
alisat
ion. scales (Emmo ns , 1
927 ). Exa mp les inc l
ud e: outwa rd increas
es in
Mo/ C_u and Mo/ Au an d upwa rd decrea s
e s
in Au/ Cu in ma ny Au- rich
porp hyry Cu depos it
s ( Sill
itoe. 1993 ); and Zn -Pb1Ag c oncentra-
M et
al
concent
rat
ion ions
f on the per i
ph eries of Cu,
Mo ,
W a nd Sri
d eposits and distr
ic t
s
(Figu r
e 4;
Run dq uist, 1
98 2) .
Gen era ll
y,
the ext
ract
ion of me tal
s and other
eleme nts fr
om i
na gma s Stud ies of pri
ma r
y lui
f
d inclus i
ons in qua rt
z a nd associated
takes place by means
ofex
solu ti
on of
an aque ous lu
f id phase.
Exc ep- mine rals from g ra
nite -
re lat
e d ore de pos i
ts reveal t
h at mos t of the
ti
on s are s
o me of t
he r
are met als,
especi
al l
y Ta an d Li,
whi ch att
ain me tals
we re i
ntrodu ced a s compon ents of Na -,
K-
and C-a-ri
ch chlo-
comme rci
al
concentr
ati
ons b y dir
ec tc
r
ystalli
s a
tion of
minerals
from ri
de bri
nes at
tempe ra t
ur es i
n t
he 550 -300' C rang e,
wi th mo re
dilute
highly evolved me l
ts (
Ce rny , 1991;Po lla
rd, 1995). The transport and coole r f
l
ui ds ge nera ll
y being respo nsible only for l
a t
e a nd
effici
e ncy of
mos t
inet
als i
s con tr
olled
by t
he chloride content of
the periph er
a l mi ne ra
lisation stages (
Roe dde r,
1 984). Mi croanalys i
s
lui
f d pha s
e because t
he me tals concerned are comp lexed wi t
h chlo- revea l
s that
the hype rsaline liquid
co ntains
sever al
hun dre d
to thou-
ri
d e io ns.
The lik
e l
y exce ptions are W and Mo. tra
ns ported as sands of ppi n
o ft
he ore me t
a l
s (Heinr i
ch et a
l.
, 1992; Bo dna r,
1995) .
hydr ox yacid complexes.
Pa rtiti
oning ot me tal
s,
such a
s Cu, i
nto a Ox yg en a nd H i
sotopic studies confirm that
the ear l
y lui
f ds wer e
ma gma ti
c lui
f d (
both
vapour a
nd hyp er
saline li
qu i
d) is
mos t
effi
c i
ent ma gma t
ica ll
y de ri
ve d, whe re as
the later lui
f ds in t
he shallowe r
a nd
at shallow cr
us t
al
depths,
say 3-4 km,
from we t
ma gma s with high mo re distal parts o
f de posits or
d i
stri
c t
s show ev id
enc e for mixing of
Cl
/H20
rat
ios
(Candel
a and
Piccol
i,
1995)
. the ma gma tic
c ompo n ent
with up to
5 0% groun dwa t
er (Ta ylor,
1979) .
In
order
for
a me ta
l
de posit
to f
orm i
n o
r
around t
he apica
l part
s
of
a gr
anit
e
pl ut
on,
met al-b
ea ri
n g
lui
f d mu st
ir
f st
undergo concentr
a-
ti
on i
n t
he upper
parts o
f th
e c hambe r,
possi
bly by pr
oc es
ses s
uc h
as De
pos
it
t
ypes
convect
ive
ov er
turn
a nd si
de-wa l
l
crystal
i
f s
ation.
Fluid
intr
oduc ti
on
als
o may re
s ul
t
from in
trusi
on of maic
f magma i
nto t
he lower part
s Mo st
in trusion- relate d
me tal de
posits
ge n erate d f
rom ma gma tic lu
f id
of
fels
ic
chamb ers
(e.g.
Ca r
ten et
a]
., 1993).
1
he lui
f d t
hen mu st
be can
be as si
gn e d to six broad t
yp e s
, wh ich ma y oc cur
a l
on e or in var-
channel
led
u pwards eff
ec t
ively thr
ou gh t
he ma gma column (
Figure i
ous combi na tions . The l
arge st
of
the se d epos it
s ,
att
ainin g several
3).
This
requir
es perme abil
ity in
the crysta
llis
ing mag ma chamb er, thousa nd mi lli
on tonn es, are of the p orph yr y type, whe rea s the
wh
ich
i
s
fa
vou
red
by
hi
gh
i
nit
ial
wat
er
an
d ot
her
v
olat
il
e
con
cen
tra
- sma l
le st, norma lly l
e s
s t
ha n te n mi l
lion to nn es,
are v eins. La r
ge.
ti
ons, low degre
es
of cryst
all
isa
ti
on a nd l
ow press
u r
es,
i.
e.
shall
ow skarn, c arbon ate -
replaceme nt. greisen and bre c
c i
a-hos t
ed d epos it
s
depths (
Cand e
la, 1991 )
.I n
trusi
ve con t
acts,
faul
ts an
d perme a
ble are
typ ica l
ly of in terme diate size s
.
li
thologies
are
effective
in
focusi
ng the as
cent o
f t
he magma tic
lu
f id Por phyr y dep os i
ts .
con tainin
g ma inly Cu,
Mo an d/or Au,
are
beyon d t
he magma ch a
mb er
(Fi
gu r
e 3). centred on cy li
nd r i
c al
porp hyr y st
oc ks ,
from less
than 100 m to sev-
So r
ti
e o
f the me l
t an
d lu
f id
a r
e ven
ted
from the
paren t
magma era]
kilo me tres in di ame ter-t he cupo las o n the tops of gran iti
c plu-
chambe r
s t
hroug h cupolas.
which i
n por
p h
yry syst
ems
c ommon ly tons (Fi gure 5). The st
oc ks
ar e mul ti-ph ase in character, wi th the
have the f
orm of
st
eep cyli
nders
that
a r
e t
all
er (
>2 km)
tha n
they
are highe st
g rade or e be ing hoste d by early ,co
mmon ly
the e arli
e st,
por-
wi
de.
Ma
gma
cha
mbe
rs
wit
h v
olume
s a
s s
mal
l
as
15
km3
ar
e e
sti
- phyry intrusio ns a nd .
in some depos its,
a lso by the wa llrocks . Less
Ma t
ed to li
be rat
e s uff
icient ma gma ti
c lui
f d to generat
e mo derat
e- well-mi n eralised po rphyries
intrud e du ri
ng ,
a nd ate
f r the ma in alt
e r
-
si
sed porphy ry
Cu de posi
ts
in t
h ei
r cup ola
s (Cl ine, 1
995),
alt
h ough atio
n an d rneta l
in troduction eve nts
(Fi gur e 5;
Gus tafson a nd Hun t
,
ini
tial ma gma vo l
ume s s
ome 20-time s greater
are beli
eved to be 1975 ,
- Ca rt
en e t
A, 198 8;
Si ll
itoe, 1993) .
Mu c h
of the me tal
in po r
-
required t
o g enerate a Sri d
ep os i
t (
Leh mann, 1990).
Ma j
or me ta
l phyry de pos i
ts oc cu r
s i
n mul ti
-direc tiona l s t
ockwor k sulph ide1
depos it
s are
fa v
ou red by t
h e
foc used ascent of lu
f i
d thr
ough one or
a quartz ve i
nl ets that a
c compa ny K- silicate a l
terat
ion, t
ypi ie
f d by
few cu polas (Fi
gu re 3).
Que nching of ma gma in these
cupolas
gives post-ma gma ti
c bi otite
and K- feldspar. Se riciti
c alter
ation,
de in
f ed by
ri
se to the developme nt
of
the ch ar
acteristi
c po rphyry t
extur
e (BUrn- qu a
rtz ,
se r
icite a nd p yri
te,
c ommo nly ov erpr ints
a l
l
or
pa r
ts of’ K-sil
-
hain, 197 9). Release of me cha nical
en ergy du ring esca
pe 01'
lui
f d icat
e zon es an d, in ma ny cases .
giv es rise to pa r
tial or c ompl e t
e
genera tes
fracture
ne t
wo rks ,
inc l
uding hy drothe rma l
br
eccias,
which r
emoval
of
met
als.
provide s i
tes f
or me tal
depo si
tion (Bur nham, 1979 ). Sk ar n deposi
ts develop by co nver
sion ma i
nly of
ca r
bona t
e
Met alde
pos i
ti
on,
in
the form of sulphides
(Cu.
Mo
,
Pb,Zn,
Ag, r
ocks t
o me tal-
bearing calci
c or ma gnesi
an sil
ic
ate ass
embl ages
Bi, Sb ),
oxides
( F
e,
Sr i
,
W) , lu
f orcar
b onate (REE) or
nati
ve me tal al
ongsi
d e or near
graniti
c int
rus i
ons. The in
trus
ions ma y host p
or-
(
An)
,
is
ca
use
d by
des
tabi
li
sat
io
n oft
hei
r
aqu
eou
s,
mos
t
commonl
y phyr
y de posit
s (Fi
gur e 5)
or be l
argely unminera
lised (Figure 7)
ch
lori
de
comp l
exes.
Des
tabi
li
sati
on
is
induc
ed
by c
ooli
ng,
rea
cti
on Earl
y
pro grade s
ili
cate ass
embla ges,
princ
ipall
y gar
ne tan
d pyroxene
wit
h r
ock i
n or
around
the
cupola
and,
in
par
ti
cul
ar,
mixi
ng wit
h i
n ca
lci
c s ys
tems ,
ar
e n ormall
y deic
f ie nt
i
n metal
s,
wh ereas l
ater
ret
-
December
1996
129
Hydr
other
mal and
6).
Ma jor
vei
ns
extend
for
up to
severa
lki
lometre
s al
ong st
ri
ke
砒才 巍 姗
Ser
i
cit
ic
brec
cia and
a k
ilome tr
e d
own dip.
Veins
ma y ac
comp any t
he oth
er de
pos i
t
Carbonat
e-repl
acement
I deposi t
ype
t s,
bu t
ma ny la
rge ones occur a
lone.
Histori
call
y, hi
gh-gra
de
vei
n deposit
s were
the main s
ource of
me t
als
, su
ch as
Cu in n
orth-
(
Zn
Vei
ns
_._
r
-
二/(
or
Z
n
-P
b
-
A
pnyr
g
)
y uu-
mo /
e
i
r
n
mp
Chi
ort
a
l
e
nc
a
e
n
i
d
s
d
Sr
i
i
m
i
i
n
ni
Cor
sh
ed
nwa
.
l
l,
England,
but
today th
eir ec
onomi c
ae
.
pos,
I
wi
th
I/
乍s
il
i
caI
e 口/
撒
Cu
a
ner
at
l
on J护
一尸吃二
Pr
inc
ipl
e me
tal
de
pos
its
、
Iron
『
从
.弓
,
skal
f
i
ltr
usi
on-rel
ated Fe deposi
ts
are dwarf
ed by t
hos e f
orme d syn-
奔
部
们 们 51 心
a
D
(
Z
i
sn
t
-
a
Pl
b
s-
k
C
au
r
n
-
A
d
g
e-
p
A
ou
s
)
it g
eneti
cal
ly i
n Precambri
an banded i
ron formati
o ns.
The la
rgest
t ‘
i
ntr
usi
on-rel
ated deposi
ts
,
consi
sting
ma i
nly of
ma gneti
te,
ma y b
e
、夕
十
Sil
ici
clast
ic a
ssi
gned to two , p
ossi
bly tr
ansit
ion
al categori
es :
conv e
ntional
Granodi
ori
te hostrocks
丰 s
karns
, s
uch as Ma r
cona i
n Per
u,
and i
gneo us
rock-hosted
bodies,
p
orphyr
y
了 s
uch
ro
un
as
Ki
ds
i
r
t
unavaar
he or
i
a
gi
i
n
n
Sweden
of
the l
(
a
t
Ta
t
bl
e
r
e
c
a
1)
t
e
.
Much
go r
y,
di
a
l
scus
tho
si
ug
on
sur
h t
-
he
balance of evi-
牛
dCDCe seems to favou r magne t
it
e i
ntroduction by r
eplace me nt
+ \!
了 产1
十
200
ra
the r than ma gma tic segr
ega t
ion (Hitzma n et
al,1 992 ). Th e
m
e
t
r
es i
gne ous
rock-hosted Fe
de posi
ts
typicall
y contain
acti
noli
te,
wi th or
十
‘
上十
十
withou t
pyroxen e,ga
rneta
nd s
c apoli
te,
and are ac
comp ani
e d by K-
Int
er-mi
ner
al
200
si
licate al
tera
tion .
Albiti
sati
on is
a deep,
pre-ore al
ter
ati
on in so me
gr
anodi
ori
t
e por
phyr
y di
stricts (
Hitzma n et
a l
.,
1992),
as it
i
s i
n the porphyry
cop per and
g
rei
sen
e
nvi
ron
ment
s
(e
.g.
Fig
ure
6)
.
Fi
gu re
5 Sc he mati
c sec
tion
to s
how spatiali
nter
-rel
a t
ionshi
ps Th e i
gneou s rock-ho st
e d Fe d
eposit
s ma y conti
nue thei
r
be
twee n por
ph yry Cu,
skarn,
carbonate-
replace ment,
brecc
ia
and hydrotherma l
evoluti
on and, gi
ve
n adequate
S availabil
it
y,und
ergo
ve
in depos i
t
s in and
around a
por phyr
y cupola above
a granit
ic parag
e ne t
ical
ly
late ad
ditions
o fC
u and Au (
e.g.Ca
ndelar
ia,Chi
l
e)
pl
uton. Allt
he deposi
t
ty
pe s
do notne
ces
sar i
ly occur
in
a si
ngle and eve n t
ransforma t
ion of ma gnetit
e-beari
ng K- sili
cat
e assem-
s
yst
em. bla
ges to haema t
ite-
domi na t
e d sc
rici
tis
a t
ion.
In
de ed, t
he
haematit
e-
ri
ch Cu- U-Au -Ag brecci
a de posit
at
Ol ympic Da m (
Ta bl
e 1) i
s
r
o gr
a de stages int
roduc e mos t
of t
he metal
s i
n conjun
ction with commo nly
cons i
d er
ed as an end- memb er
of t
his
gr anit
e-r
elate
d Fe
hydrous
assemb lages
con taini
ng suc
h mi ne
rals as acti
nol
ite,
biotit
e, oxide
-Cu - Au clan (
Hitzma n et
al.
,
1992; Willi
ams et
al.
,
1995).
mu s
c ovit
e ,
c hl
or i
te,
talc, quart
z and car
bona tes (Eina
ud i et al.
,
198
1).
Al l
me tal
s concentrated
by mag mati
c lu
f id are f
ound in skarn Coppe
r
deposits.
Skam deposit
s
are lo
cali
sed
by combi nations
of
favo urable
l
ithologies and faul
ts,
and theref
ore commo nly are str
ata
bou nd,
but Int
rusi
on-r
elat
ed copper
deposi
ts a
re dominat
ed by those
of
po r
-
part
ially
v ei
n -
and fr
acture-contr
olle
d. phyry
type,
t
he la
rgest
bei
ng t
he Cu-(Mo)
deposit
s a
t El
Teni
ente
Ca r
bona t
e- r
eplace me nt
deposit
sa
r
e generated where
ca r
bo n- and Chuqui
cama t
a i
n Chil
e (
Table
1).
The la
tt
er owes it
s
pre-
erm-
at
e rocks beyond the
skam fronti
nteract
wit
h diluted
mag ma t
ic lui
f d, nence t
o t
he genera
tion
of s
upergene o
xidis
ed and enri
ched
ores
du
rin
g mi
d-Te
rt
ia
ry
wea
the
rin
g.
Anot
her
e
xtr
eme
ly
l
arg
e po
rph
yry
t
he ho st
limes t
one or ma rble
being r
e pl
aced directl
y by semi-ma s-
s
ive
t
o mas
si
ve
sul
phi
des
.
Tin
(F
igu
re
6)
and
Zn-
Pb-
Ag
(Fi
gur
e 5)
a
re
commo
nly
hos
ted
i
n c
arb
ona
te-
repl
ace
ment
de
p
osi
ts
,
w hi
ch
ma
y 产、
occur
alone
or
as
dis
tal
ext
ensi
ons
to
skar
n bodi
es
(Ei
naudi
et
al.
, Vei
ns 习
1
981).
Int
erconn e
cted s
trat
abound ma nt
o and
st
eep c
himne y
co nf
ig-
u
rat
ions t
ypify carbonate-
replace
me nt d
eposit
s.
Source int
rusions
夯、
过、
Carbonate-
rep
lacemen
t
c
ommo nly do not occur
wi t
hin 500im of c
arbonat
e-re
p la
ce ment deposit
(
cassi
t
erit
e+
sul
phi
de
s
)
d
eposit
s,
alt
ho ugh p or
phyry dykes common l
y occupy controll
ing
f
aul
ts. Met
a-s
edi
men
tar
y
__S'
host
r
ocks
G
reisen
de pos i
ts
co ntain Sri
, W (
as wolf
ramite) a
nd some t
ime s
Mo, Bi
or Be, accomp anie d by p
a r
ageneti
call
y l
ate base
me t
als,
as
disseminat
e d
mi ne r
ali
s a
tion in p e
rvasiv
e l
y al
ter
ed c upolas
a nd t
heir G 玫: ;
}'
- Dol
omi
te
匀
con t
iguous
wa ll
ro cks
(Figu re
6) .
There
is c
ommonl y a c
lose re
lati
on
吮叩ma
ti
ti
c塑 呈_
to quart
z-domina ted s
he eted or stockwork vei
n systems (
Figu r
e 6). Sk
arn
depos
it
(
s
i
oc
s
ce
i
汾 (
cassi
tente+
Gr ei
sen al
tera
tion i
s
compo sed of q
uart
z and white mi c
a ,
accomp a- magnet
i
te)
nied by t
opa z,
lu
f orit
e and /or tourma l
ine.
Greis
en s display t
ra n
si- 毛 十
ti
ons
to
porphy r
y,
skarn and carbonate-
replac
eme nt deposits. 十
+ 十
Breccia de posits commo nly comp ri
se verticall
y ext
ensive 十 +
// +
pipes t
hat
de velop eit
he r within g r
anit
ic i
ntr
usions or in overlyi
ng . _ r
-,
,。}
;
#} +
、 200
+ ura + 丫 \ 一了
/ 十 + \ I
wal
lrocks.
M os
t of
t
he
ore
miner
als
eit
her
cement
t
he
brecci
a cl
ast
s / , + 1
/ + + ‘ 1
or
impregnate breccia
ma tri
ces
comp osed of
commi n uted rock ma t
-
er
ial.
Ma r
ginal part
s of
brecci
a pi
pes ,
abutting
zones of sheeted frac
- + + ‘ .
』二日
tu
res,
are
favour ed
s i
tes
for
ore
conc e
ntrati
on.
Cop per-be ari
ng brec
- 200 0
ci
as occur within and around porphyry Cu d
eposits (Figure 5) o
r
al
one ,
but
brecc i
as al
so ma y
contai
n one or more ot t
he ot
he r ma g
- Fi
gur
e 6 Sc hemati
c
secti
on
to
show s
pati
al
int
er-r
elati
orshi
ps
mati
c a
lly
con cen t
rate
d me tal
s
(Sil
li
toe,
198 5). be
twe
en gr
e i
sen
, s
karn,
car
bonate-
repl
acement,
s
tockwork
and v
ein
Ve i
ns are norma ll
y contr
olle
d by st
e ep t
o
mod erate l
y dipping de
pos
it
s i
n a
Sn-dominat
ed s
ystem
cent
red
on a
granit
ic
copol
a.Al
l
fa
ults
that
cut
g ra
niti
c i
ntr
usions
an d
/or their
wallr
o cks (Figu r
e s
5 de
pos
itt
ypes
do notne
ce
ssari
ly
occ
ur i
n“s i
ngle
syst
em.
Epi
sodes,
Vol
.
19,
no.
4
Cu-(Mo) de
pos i
t,
Rio Bla nco-Lo s
Bro nces
in Chile,
i
s dominate
d by an d Geji
u,
Yu nn
an provin
c e,
Ch i
na;
Re nison Bell
in Ta smania,
Aus-
a hydrotherma l
br eccia comp l
ex that destr
o yed muc h of
the pf
e - tralia)
,
forme d i
n associ
ation wit
h eit
he r S- or I
-t
yp e peralummous
exi
sting st
ockwor k
mi nera l
isati
on (Table I;Se rr
ano et
al.
, 1
996). gra nit
es (
Ta ble
I).Ne v
ertheless,
th
e wor ld's l
argest Sri
deposi
t was
Th e only other granite-rela
ted Cu depos i
t
that
ap p
roaches
t
he the s
tockwo rk a
nd ve i
n system in su
bv olc a
nic S-typ e quart
z l
ati
te
st
ature of
the porphyr y cop pers
is
the breccia-host
ed Olympi c
Dam por phyry at Ll
alla
gua, Bol ivi
a (Sil
li
to e e
t a l
.,
1 975 ),
which is
deposit(
Table I;Re eve et
a l.
,
1990).
Se veral
Cu skarns,
nota
bly
Tin - ex ploi
ted curren
tly
on only a small
sc
ale b y
a local
mi n
ing co-o
per-
tay
a in Peru
a nd Ertsbe r
g in Indonesia,
a r
e impo r
tant
economi c
ally, ative.
alt
hough t
hey are an order of
ma gnitude smallert
han
the l
argest
por-
phyry Cu depos i
ts. Rare met als
Mol
ybde
num Rare metal
s (
1 Sri
) ar
e present
in
ma gma ti
c mi n
erals
for med as
part
oft
he
cryst
all
isati
on sequence,
rat
her t
han as h
ydrot h
er ma l
i
ntr
odu c-
Mo r
e t
han ha
lf
the wor l
d's Mo is
suppli
ed a
s a
by-pro
du c
t
fr
om por- ti
ons,
in s
ome extreme ly
fract
ionated t
opaz-
and Li
mi ca-beanng I-
phyr
y Cu ore
s,
ma inly i
n t
h e west
ern Americas
.
Mos t
of
the
remain- and S-typ
e albi
te granite
s and gr
an it
ic pegma t
ites.
Gi ant
Precarn-
der
come s f
rom p orphyry Mo deposi
ts,
ma i
n l
y t
he Henders
o n bri
an pe g
ma ti
tes at
Gr eenbushes, We st
ern Aus tra
lia and Tan ko,
deposi
t
in Colo
rado.
USA. host
ed by hi
gh-sil
i
ca rhy
olit
e porphyry Ma nit
oba,
Ca n
ada a c
co unt
for
mu ch of
the world's
Li
supp l
y and a
and
the lo
we r
-grade En dako d
eposit
in
Briti
sh Colu
mbi a,
Canada. lar
ge shar
e of
Ta produc t
ion (
Table I;Poll
ard, 1995).
host
ed by
quart
z mon zonite (Tabl
e 1).
Ur
ani
um
Zi
nc
and
lead
Vein-type
U deposit
s, n
otabl
y t
hose o
f the Aue-Ob e
rschl
ema dis
-
The large s
t i
ntr
usion-r
e l
ated
Zn-Pb-(Ag)
deposit
s are
eit
her c
alci
c tr
ict,
Germany (
Ia
ble I)
,are
wides
pread i
n and a
round fr
acti
onat
ed
skarns,
like
Ka mioka,
Japan,
or
car
bonate-re
placeme nt
manto-c
him-
grani
te s
.
Howe v
er.
they
are c
ommo nl
y formed lo
ng ater
f
magmati
c
ney dep osit
s l
ike Sant
a Eulali
a,
Me xi
co (Table I)
.I n
both de
posit lui
f d exsol
uti
on
ceased (
Ta bl
e I
)because of
the
high hydr
other
mal
types,
ore is
formed dist
all
y wit
h r
espect t
o fel
si
c I-t
ype i
ntrus
ions,
mo
bil
it
y o
f U6
1 i
n e
ven
lo
w-t
empe
rat
ure
groun
dwa
ter
(
Lehman
n,
commonl y in
associat
ion wit
h dykes,
and shows
proximal en
rich
- 1
993)
me nt
in Cu.
Nev e
rthel
ess,
such
deposi
ts
are oversh
a dowed by
sedi-
me nta
ry- exhal
ativ
e (se
de x)
Zn-Pb-(Ag) deposit
s u
nr el
ate
d to
ma g
- T
he only inaJor intr
usion-r
ela
ted U d
ep osit in pr
oduc t
ion is
m ati
sm .
Rossing, Nami bia,
whi ch compris
es in
f e
-graine d diss
emi nati
ons of
mainly uraninit
e
in
S- t
ype pegmati
ti
c al
askit
e (Ta ble 1
).
Th e
alas
kite
i
s t
ho ught t
o be t
he produc t
of
a
na
tecti
c
mel t
ing of
gneiss
ic bas
eme nt
Si
lver
roc
ks (Be r
ning, 1986). Nevert
heless
. t
he by- produc t
pitchble
nde
Mos t
of t
he world's Ag su
pply i
s der
ived as
a by-product f
rom cont
en t of t
h e Ol y
mpi c Da m Cu deposit
(Ta ble I)ma kes i
t the
epi
thermal Au and se dex Zn-Pb deposi
ts.
Large granit
e-rel
ated world's l
arges t
U resource.
deposi
ts
exploi
ted p
rincipall
y f
or
Ag ar
e r
are,
and
only Candelari
a,
Nevada,
USA i
s
inined curre
ntl
y (
Table I
)Ca ndela
ria i
s
a bulk-
lon- G ol
d
nage dis
seminat
ed an d st
ockwork deposi
t host
ed by sedimentary
roc
ks
locat
ed di
stal
ly with
res
pect
to an inf
err
ed plut
on a
t depth Mos t
of the premier in
trusio
n- r
ela
ted An deposit
s are of
porphyry
(
Thomson
et
al
.,
1995)
. type (
Silli
toe, 1991),and i
nclude Au-only exa mple s l
ike Refugio,
The super
gene oxi
dise
d and enri
ched zones o
f vein-
type Ag Chile
beside s
t
ho se
containi
ng minor (
Ca dia
Hi ll
,
Ne w South
Wa les,
de
pos i
ts
, many
in
Ii
inest
one-
bearing
volcan
o-sedimentar
y se
q uen
c es Au st
ral
ia; Bod dingt
on, We st
ern Austral
ia) as well as major
(Gr as-
al
ongside d
iori
t
e or
granodi
orit
e i
ntr
usions,
were
exploi
ted
in Chile berg,
Indon esi
a )
amo unts
of
ex pl
oita
ble Cu (
Ta bl
e 1).
At
Boddi n
g-
dur
ing t
he l
ast
cenl
ui
ry}
t
he l
argest
was
Cha harc
ill
o (
Ta b
le I
). ton,
an aurifer
ous
la
te r
it
e ,
de
ve l
oped by Ph anerozoic we at
hering
of
the
porphy ry-t
ype mi ner
a l
isa
tion,
i
s mined cu r
rently (Symon s
e t
al
..
1
990)
.
几ngs
ten
In
addition,
th er
e are si
n gle ma j or exampl es (
Ta ble 1)
of a car
-
Drama t
ic
fal
ls
in
the world
price
of W in
the 1980s
res
ult
e d i
n cl
o- bona t
e -
rep lace me nt An de pos i
t at Telfe r,
Wes t
er n Aus tr
alia (
Goe ll
-
sur
e of
mos t
of
t
he we st
ern
wor l
d's
W mines.
Th e l
argest
and hi
gh- nicht et
al .
, 198 9) ,
a se dime nt-ho sted stoc k
wo rk Au depos it
, o
ve r
-
est
gr
a d
e deposi
ts
are wolfr
amite-
domma t
ed,
gr eise
n-bordered v
ein printed by high -gr ade, fa ul
t-cont rol l
ed epitherma l An min e
ralis
a-
sys
tems and sc
heeli
te-beari
ng cal
cic
skarns
(Ta ble I)
.The pr
emier ti
on.
at
Po rge ra, Papua Ne w Gu inea (Ric hards and Ke rr
ich, 1993)
W s
ka r
n (an
d asso
ciated grei
sen)
deposit
is
SliizhLl
yuan i
n Hunan and a shee ted-ve in An dep osita
t
Va si
lkov skoye,
Ka zakhs t
a n.
pr
ovi
nce,
Chi
na
(Mao
et
al.
, 1
995)
. Mor
e t
han
75%
of
t
he
wor
ld'
s Th e por phyr y de po sit
s, alon g wi th Tel fer
a nd Por gera,
a
r
e al
l
mined W come s fr
om numerou s
gr
eisen-bordered vein deposi
ts
, rel
a t
ed t
o oxidise d I-type i
ntr usion s of either cale-a l
ka l
ine or al
ka-
not
ab ly Xilma shan, as
sociat
ed with S-type granit
es in Jian
gxi lin
e afinity (Tabl e I).Ot her imp ortant,
bu t
smal l
er bulk-tonnage,
pro
vinc e,
Chi na (Wu and Mci. 1982). Neverthel
ess ,
t
he ext
ensive
, intrusion-rela t
ed Au d e posits, li
ke t he brecc ia-hosted Ki d
ston
sha
llowl y dipping givi
sen vein system at Panasqueira,
Portu
gal depo si
t
in Qu eens land . Au strali
a, assoc iated wi th Mo- mi nerali
sed
(Ta
bl e I),
and the
Lerni
on t
ov skarn and a
s s
oc i
ated gr
eisen d
eposit
s
rhyolite po rphy ry, and the F- and Te -be ari
ng stock wo r
k Zor tman-
in
t
he Russian Far
East
are
als
o current pr
oduc ers
.
La ndus ky de posit, Mon tana, USA, in sye nit
e por phyr y,
ma y als
o be
assigned to the s ame ox idised I-type categ ory.
Ti
n In ma rked contra st,
the Va si
lkov s koy e An dep osit (Table I )
,along
Si
nce t
he 'cras
h' of t
he Sn pri
ce in 1 986, only high-grade Sn with othe r
she eted qu artz vein an d stockwor k depo sits,
characteri
sed
de
pos i
ts,
b
esides d e
ep l
y we a
thered elluvial
, all
uvial and ma rine by K- si
licate and se ri
ci t
ic alt
e ration, at
Mok rsko in the Czech
pl
acer deposi
ts,
ha ve been comme rc
ially via
ble. Large,
low- grade Re public, For t
Knox in Alaska , USA a nd Oma i in Gu yana seem t
o
gr
eis
e n and stockwor k d
epos i
ts have l
argely cea s
ed p
rodu ct
ion. be assoc iated wi th some wha t mor e redu ced, 1-t
yp e, calc-
alk a
in
f e t
o
al
t
hou gh weathering of such ma t
eria
l ga v
e r
ise
to a ma j
or allu
vial alkali
ne i
ntrus ions (e.g. Thomps on et al .
, 1995; Cr 6peau et
al.
an
d sa pr
olit
e Sn- (Ia -Nb)
d e
po s
it at Piin
f ga i
n Brazi
l (Tab l
e I
; 1 9
96) . As an appa rent cons equ enc e ,
thes e depos its contain W (
as
s
cheel
it
e).
Bi
, As
and/
or
Sb
rat
her
than
Cu,
Zn
and/
or
Ph.
Moder
-
Horbe et
al
.,
1991 ).
Cu r
rentl
y. t
h e
inaJor deposi
ts are of vein type (San Ra fael
. a
tel
y r
educ
ed
I-
typ
e i
ntr
usi
ons
ar
e a
lso
rel
ate
d t
o An
(-As
-Bi
-Te
)
Per
u) and car
b o
na te-
rep la
ceme nt
type (Da chang,
Gu angxi province s
kar
ns,
such
as
For
tit
ude
i
n Nevada,
USA
(Memer
t,
1993)
.
December
1996
u司1
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