— Alyclete_ gerds are fhe post e5senfiq] bine ; |. Paolecule $. These are Narnly compased i j 4,0, and P. Debendifty ubon thediggerent i Fypes Sugay molecule p¥esent in nucleic _ i cid er€é are two types @ nucleic acrds. ge eT aye: xo) Deoryrilonuclerc acid CDNA) ea acid CRNA l vita types 4 nucle‘e acrds are bslumers ce combrsed 4 number gp Wonomers - aie nuclerc Aad 1's colled nhucleo- | tide. Eqch nucleotide js composed ¢ three _ ! Cowmbowents They are: Pentose sSugay | Nrbogen base _Phosphorre acid fentose sugay: There ave two tybes % Bentose | Sugay in hucleic acids: They are deomyri base | sugay and Aibose sugar. Deowmn'bose | sitgoy found in DNA and vibose’ sugoy | Peuind in RNA. Hy a Devry rvhow: ee Scanned with CamScannerNrbogen_base : There aye mainly tuo types cf __hifegen base. they art purine and Py idine. Purine Ybase further divided —Inb_two types they ave qdenine and Quanine. These ave°deuble ving Combeunds i +e rimidine base Further dywided__ into | ee es They aye +thyamihe. josthe Land oath d J 4 | Purine ~ Pyrimidine | — —_ 7 fi | | | In_e€ach type ef nucleic acid, there are | tuo purine base and twa _joynwrdine. base. Purthe bases aye only two tyheo thats why they ave similay jW on Qnd RNAS ut the \oysimidine bases |_ Gye three types thats Lihy there t's Lone Opphim " 'n__each pe midine haseo % DNA are thykwine and i wwhere as ‘pyunmids hases of Rua ax Cypsine Gnd _uraci]- VU . In_deyble_ stranded! sfructore 4ase pairing. occyng between purine and — i —— _-hyeinidine Le. Adenine bons tuo th Thyorone 1 M Scanned with CamScanner———— es 5 by dewble bycbagen bee CA ee vy | Guanine bers unfhr cyfos/ne by pple kod plapen | bonds C G30) 4 Phosphanc aciel : | phabhenc acid js corn tn beth DwA and RNA ¥s HL tl be ae remed See } - OH, Format of Single nucleotide ° ov Hy” OF ES 5 te pee i 5 L Ny = iS { + fe E = ee B-N glycosidic bond ! 0 / Ww | wucleosize = a sypOY F A LOPE bgse inucleesrde = es ay ANibegen hESC 7 aphorrc eco Scanned with CamScannere } Gao 5 eae Sp wee ; yw \ 3 Sr as eee x S-A_=T-S. pat & DHA mijecy}e. Scanned with CamScanner9t_is fend in nucleus aaa matrix Of mito chondsr4 ‘and Plast - 7 2nm € 20A) a-4nm (3th) pp e-s4nm (3:48) —: The angle between tuv hase paiy = 260°. 3c” 16 | gt 3! Watson and Crick model o2 = Sniny | guonin ivs__uith cytusine by “bible hydyogen __ bonds Caen’ ‘The “distance _ DNA) be$weeh strands Cdrametey ¢ pase |pairs [2 hm (208): There ave ten | = drstence betwee i In Gne comblete tun: The 10 base baivs GePitch Length) 15 3:4 nm etween two Cc 34.) » tthe drstance b i is 0:34nm+( 3:4 A). Transxer Rib clei, APrerd tRNA gt _conshtude jo-is 7. % total RNA present | in the cell. —sbenig pavtein synthesis tRNA Corres Gmirmoac’ molecules from amrhoaod. pov! do the mbosome. tRNA (5 fermed just rom the DNA template - Fach ; Ake RNA bls ” ammoawd has jté avn specific tkNA which. | transfer rt Cyfeplasm to wribosumes . | Scanned with CamScanneroe 5 a Binding site % Specip'c qmino aor Bibosome atHachme— ne Aegio n Premino acyl ted unthetase Fe} [recog nising [Agen ~ an ) \— Antico doy Aeg ton o00 dimensional structure % DNA *‘bosomal_ Rybenucleic Acid C7RNA gt conshiute abut 20. o% the tosal RNA byesent fn the cell. 9b is the a nQyor. comm ponint. 4 Aubeseme. -1C_ 1S. nucle up puclegy organize: JE ae dae aa a Scanned with CamScanneriffeonce | RNA ; IS_9N_jmpcrfant ole fn _protern t Syathes's eSity 12 Jtss the heveditery maternal mn certain {| VINUIA i - | i Ditterence between DNA and RNA ic NnA RNA ; ), It is deuble shonded |» gt rs single shounded 1 | ond helreally eailed | ana non helical. 23 4t has eenyaibore | 2) 9t has Arshose Sugor. Pats oy soe 4ases gre |S Mine n basea ere_f, he purrAvme APA pyxpywWNe| and pyrirardne . Peme lpumne bases gre adenne| bares are seDe Os DNA | Phd qugnine and pyri nyalne byt_bypmvaine begses ore. | basee_qre_thyomine ond| cytesine ancl cwacit. ! i Gs FOFINE - Gt han equal propertim | 4) It has _upeguel fuper- |e pumne_end_pynrnrdn te y pune and py rire | Ef Le Ls na /> Do. pycleatrded : Aoks 10. huclestdes Cee. more fhan 4 million) | (pc. Fo fo 12000) — Ot can_Arphcate fe ferm| 9) 9t can hot Acbiicate | neor DNA_rpafecuse __|_s¢8¢/¢— Scanned with CamScannerdies Pe) ge ys rot hereds al at ig_Aere recite — pnatenral i heredchay Wd - Dt _aarneo Genetic gp It tales fart _/n in forrng Hen fecon preter Syn fheoss. 2 enero hen fe Lang Q 9 Is und ca nucey| 9) Gt ys Sernd _¢n and_fnopax. EMI —\ Pucleug ze Cy foflacm aden g and plaaha| Scanned with CamScanneri Tl i h 1 I | Dna_is the hevedi matenal which has infermahen the Feymah'on 2 protein mslewles, ie be move speci tic for bo. brides. Polypebhdes gye mode up Unumber o aininpacids: On fouy ¥ hiingen baseo Se DNA determines ko t | e5_4° aminoacids +hat form the bate ; I ; a Eee Lineoy ayrangqunent sf. niijaveg engue. iN DN determines the Sequence % aminpacid in prvte'n molecule: There are _ 20 aGminoauds avarlable mn the cell Which aye coded by nucleob’de basco % mrnA je. UCAG kettles instead Sf nucleotide bases ce DNA. This Aclatimship %& Nucjeohide bases % aminoacids js Knowy 2 genetic code. gh othw word geneto code” 7$ The Ge lrenaiy that helps VYiA Cc. | | | drarh. cag 7 gate PUMECG acvf hd, 2 DARA Vil€ VeYEQ+ | C4 18 ce Lette feppugye feade &% Litepen paren tuhich 25 L2G PCE C. Ligermopen fo Cole 2 pacrr Y a0 decd) The prep 4 futygen based thet Afeci Pita of cocks $o¥ qne_onmroaud | known op Codon v code werd. The iy potstae cocte, cures Gwen by. George Scanned with CamScanner| i 1 = lL courd not cade Yor single aminavd | | beccewse only Geuy omnoacrd could be | | Cocke’, Fhe essrbele Comb pakarg csred | se UCHG Only. The _combinahon % fur | hogeo Cou/Y code Sor only 16 amines. | The fossrble combynatresy [are _g1Ver) | befaly - a smale Genetic ade i's triplet :- A_genetrc code consists oy three _nirhogenus bases. Theve ave 64+ possible codons which codes Rov 20 digger types 4 aminoacids - yo} Genetic code is Comma less _'- 9t means 1 that _there is_no punctuation Ccommg) berwveen | __ tee. adjacent. codens - i i} Scanned with CamScanner3) The oH1 ks Universal ANGE LNCQNS. phat. the syne gencite. code, (s_usee fo code phe Fae gmrnbaca B_ Genetre code (3 nen averlappin nll onisins Lreliang vrub~ SO | 9t_meons phat _szme Latter rs pol used ger fun Ai fgercn€ codons > -Genefra cade Is. degenera/e 9¢_ means. thal _Luere than one coe yay be Used For OE enmoaud » Tes Tittle _syst77 % coding 3 Callecl degenerate cace ov eexbne rate Gyster. 63 The genetic cade £6. Dg = 2D GUL at. Snean’ that a prprsldr Coder ctl r fhe_AGME BALINO BES: However fhere wh Ame op rhe AGA Codes Jor fev encephicn amiteadcdh> ghyane and ghusarore acid. Iutiahen codon UG. codon rs Called pnipobon codon ao 1 rhclicasea Proky pe phil chain Goxmanen) Scanned with CamScanner_@B es coat, gextain Co inne. Lrke i URA ,UAG Gnd UGA do nit code oH Y Oninoacrd but they ;nobcare the Ferrynation. polypeptide ohein. I 9) Fhe gGurekc code fas ology te code alurays AAS 1 Cx fncect Lyectin. fe. 5! +03! dyechorn- I | i Scanned with CamScannerff L DNA REPLICATION. i I ihe process ot feamation $an_extracop ac splice % DNA_ I's Khaw _@s DNA ica Ben. Watson and Crack suggested a’ sumple_mechanism cation on tbe _ Asis 4 ts -deble pelical sfeyctyre: In thE. cess [ure_ strands Can scborge | @nd'@ct ge _terflofes ie fox C2LI2D T1227, | oR new ar Compblemen? an strands . | Keblcahan @ fporkaryele ’s_pnuch_ Clear Tigh LL, ‘0 t Base. Aequsrements 22k bOZ2e: ae pophecin Mc _sirzla7- There ae Shree jpessible 2€CAONEI oy] on DA: They gre: @_. Comservarre Rephcohen @® “Dispersive Rebh cafrery ©. Serticomservatve Keblica herp jq Conservative _Keblicahex) _In this pethod’, Ceuble stranded DNA is conserved Qs Sich WPA c& feu) (e) 5s 4 ; Old \\ Compjemen Tey Strand i \ 3 v a \ a Porent DNA Dayghtey DNA molecule molecules Scanned with CamScanneris rnethid was propesea by Watsan and/ CPChK._1).1D 53 OD SiC PKS op Shely soece/ | doe P2ofewle. If OCle~B Yr Y a cell: LO Consiet al, coding cHeAs . LACIE @_Origin-of 2 eplica tron is AcBve pen ep. Se __1@ Unarind; Ch: 2 Fermaf aA Drimey __~ LN GALI) “Be New strand @ Lerminopen oo eading and AWucleofde chain Yormaetion proceeds San the tnthation site by the addition 4 new bases. Due to base Speerperry CA arg Lath Ted ¢& pairs th © seco 4 fermpplefe. _ DNA strand .attact p¢35_Cozb/enre baseo froma pyclesplasm: sew baste are _acldedt a! fo 3! Lrechen a7 — ater strand 3! fox’. hae, J lication proceeds on both fempiaya DN strands. Thertfere, the Aeblicafrer? pre cess ys brdvrecpnd). since (he sponds OX : Oz eC SexMed _ tn. Opposite arechion. Replication 15 Contnyens. th_One fermplake_sfrand se. single RNA. primey _k: bon stb le portise Loring fr 4 while arond: e pew strand ee | gerard Lehich 22 called Leaching cfrand: an 0 verery Abeginn ts rok CoB pinup cup ler Ca on _Ofhil hand Le. more than one prrmen Scanned with CamScannernew strand -As Q pesull (204 smaley | raed These che eeted okazaa / enti Te 5E _ exo Ks Prop BAL Jo2nted. Fo 9eHhey hyo Dia Lipase _ensyme to Porn Corrpjy, | Ip yg st22BA - Ths sfrand 15 Called | Lagging sfrone: ; fey nucleotide chain Yor rGion 15 typ _Complefe , RNA pr £3 Aemoved and Lhe 2 Gilled by complemen. Faas beetle toe rata Meee DAA. Agase CO5YIDE. & Termingher; | Ih_scme DNA molecules : Aeplicafrery 1S fertanagtled Whenever ftw A cplitafion Forks meet. in offer, sheci fc levrmhihien segitcnces black Lepfher cakiey): ie a D PY + SAR CLI Wrong bgseo Be LnsexflY Lerin2 é fay fe “ 29 eb Lapirr) . Duh ervey I: Carrected ip “@ processe Such error (5 CalleL premf— about Ofce |_frer “tne Laney nuycleotrdlys Scanned with CamScannerclaceoute. —— Finally L, fo Onuughyer DNA profecyle4 cb wthesited. Etch: DNA Pas One eone fem) th PIA Offer sfraaW 15 Sewiy fered. Thus, ths method % Acblicatien pg calfeL Sen conservenve AChlca Wer. Scanned with CamScanner