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    CHP 7

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    puikee hoo

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    A : , Fi oo Y Jo What are the shape a lenses? > dj Formation of images by What are the differen: Lenses convex lens and a con Optical instruments How does a telescope fur Besides telescopes, what a: that use lenses: SN science Forms chapter Ligh and Optics ww Formation of Images by Lenses Convex Lens and Concave Lens Optical centre, 0 Focal point, ¢ 1, An optical lens is made of transparent ‘materials such as glass or clear plastic. One or both surfaces usually have a spherical curve. Figure 7.3 Parallel rays are converged by a conver ony 2. There are two types of lenses, namely convex 4, Concave lenses ~ Tenses and concave lenses. (a) Concave lenses can be regarded gs being made up of numerous prisms vi different thickness. Figure 7.4 Light rays through concave lenses () When light rays pass through a concave lens, the light rays are refracted and appear diverge from the focal point, F (©) Therefore, concave lenses are known as diverging lenses. focal point, F is a common point on th Pal axis where all rays close and parle Converge to it after passing throu Tens, or appear to diverge from # PERRO ROT ee ae ee nee pe To show the convex ens i a converging lens and a concave ens i a diverging lens and to determine the we pint, Ff both lenses. tus: Optical Ray Kit (ray box, five slit plate, power source, a cylindrical convex lens and a cylindrical Appa ens withthe sare thickness), whitepaper, pencil ruler The apparatus is Setup as shown in Figate 7.6 Five sit pate xndical convex A Figure 7.6 Set-up of apparatus through five slit plate to the cylindrical convex lens. gh the cylindrical convex lens is observed and marked on the white s is identified. eylindrical concave lens (Figure 7.7) Five it pate cylindrical ‘concave lens Five sit plate 149 > 1 4end0y9 N science Form chapter 7 Light and optics Focal Length of Convex Lens 1 The focal length, /; of a convex lens is the distance between the optical centre, O and the focal point, F. 2 The focal length of a convex lens depends on the thickness of the lens. 3 A thicker convex lens has a short focal length, Whereas a thinner convex lens has along focal 4, ‘The focal length of @ convex lens can by determined through activities in the laboratory Focal length Figure 7.8 Focal length of a convex lens Hength of a convex lens using distant objects. nses with different thickness, lens holder, screen, metre rule elder is directed to the object outside the window. The screen age is formed on it. int after passing through the convex hg the distance between the optical SES FORMS Chapter 7 Light and Optics SS stics of Images formed by Convex Lenses and Concave Lenses « characteristics of images formed by convex lenses and concave 1 Miwing the ray diagrams. A ray diagram shows the path taken by 4 es 5, the important terms in the rays diagrams are as follows: lenses can be determined by a light ray passing through a Pesiitittcn' ne The axis of a lens is a straight beet the lightray Optical centre is the line that passes through the optical : eee the principal cette of the lens, centre and at the right angle with the Bet ieiec iter principal axis, or Optical centre Axis / Parallel of fens light rays Principal axis . is a straight Principal avs line that passes through the ~ optical centre a and it is length. f perpendicular to (a) Concave lens the axis of the lens. etween the focal point and the optical centre. following rules need to adhere parallel to the Ray @: passing through focal i point, F a = f— | Light ray passing through focal point, F will be refracted so that | Point, F | it is parallel to the principal axis. | ht ray that travels towards the tion of focal point F will be d so that it is parallel to 2 : ie BS science Form Chapter 7 Light and Optics 5. Steps to draw ray diagrams (a) Convex lens Step @ é : Draw a horizontal line representing the principal af Pr axis through the centre of convex lens, Mark the | _——- ss position of focal point, F and 2/° on both parts of the lens on the principal axis. @ vertical arrow representing an object on of the principal axis. t from the end of object by ray diagrams: e optical centre moves principal axis will after passing through = fas Object 2F = distance of object (distance between object and lens) = distance of image (distance between image and lers) ing the rules of constructing ray diagrams: | Na straight line without refracting. diverge from the focal point F at the let image formed by the concave lens. | xis to the intersection point {0 | 2PM Tips wing the ray diagrams, the folowing matters must be given consideration. when dram the objects must be drawn using solid lines and hae deere + Alay tare not from the object (virtual ray) need to be drawn using dashed lines. images are drawn using sold lines and virtual images are drawn using dasted lines Image is formed at | + Real, inverted and the focal point diminished + Used in telescopes | image is formed |» Real, inverted and between F and 2F diminished | | + Used in single-lens camera Image is formed |» Real, inverted and same | at2F size as the object + Used in photostat machines [image is formed |» Real, inverted and further than 2° | magnified | + Used in projectors te a a Image is formed at + Virtual, upright and infinity magnified * Used to produce light beam Ni seydoy3 * Virtual, upright and magnified / + Used as magnifying glass. = ia, toh and diminished | | + Used for spectacies 153 > SN science Form 5 Chopler7 Light and Optics 4g SPM Tips FED Hiatights aaa | ee The charactors ofthe mages formed by a convex |g characteristics of mages formed by a con, Jane can be summarised as shown in the igure below. TEE Rote aoe 7 0 , re Which of the following positions of the 9 Seepece osm lena | placed in front of the convex lens, will oreauee Real, { vital, | characteristics? 16 iver, Sopot Bi Ginmisned_ magnited __ megrifed he ca Convexons eer ar fo Tt @eueh w=h oF Nl “+ Virtual image: cannot be seen on the sereen Examiner's Tip “Real image: can be seen on the " | When an object is placed between F and the cents Hormed by a lens is always upright and of lens, the image formed is viral, upright ara side of the object magnified Answer: D When the parallel light rays pass through (b) concave lens ht travels through it without refraction 188 Chaptor7 Lim aod Optes RS optical Instruments ation of the Final Image by a Telescope and Microscope ea * fleet cont tin one milk and eyepiece lens with short focal ler th Tae aeons k real len — Otjectve lens forms tho fst image, thats Yea, averted the focal point of objective lens. é 1c diminished ang located at Wen ts weust co boomers ee Jon® and Is adjusted so thet the frat image Objective ens: Biss ee yosice an Dt OM to $e fne Petia cer Light ry parallel tothe axe Parallel light ray that enters. «222-7 the eye appears as originated from the final image at infty The ray diagrams for the image formation in telescopes microscope Is an optical instrument used to observe very fine objects. A jeroscope consists of two high powered convex lenses which has shart focal fens with the shortest focal length (f) is used as the Jens. With the longer focal length (f,) is used as the Objects that are to be examined are put in between F, and the objective lens Eyepiece Objective Tens. Gare 7.13 Rey diagram showing the formation of ‘ image in a microscope 15515 I 4e;d0y9, WN science Form Chopter 7 Light and Optics Designing and Building a Simple Telescope 1. The main materials required to build a simple telescope: (0 em and large diameter as the objective lens (a) A convex lens with the focal length f, (@) Aconvex lens with the focal length f,= 10 em and small diameter as the eyepiece lens (©) Acardboard tube with a diameter similar to the objective lens (@ A cardboard tube with a diameter similar to the eyepiece lens i ‘Translucent ae mage ies one Lens‘holder “Arrangement ofthe objective lens and eyepiece lens sa distant object. 50 om from the objective lens and is adjusted until a sharp image up of the lenses can function as a simple telescope. . The distance is less than or equal to the sum of the cardboard tube as shown in Figu® the objective lens and high ‘a-simple camera consists of a lightproof box ‘g convex lens fixed in front and film at -of the lens. : |in the formation of image Selence Form 8 char Lp ana cence ESM 9% The speed of th © camera shutter affe brightness of images whether prodocing fees Special motion effect. + Nowadays, all the smartphones are installed with high resolution camera to capture photos and record videos clearly. 2. The camera lens consists of combination of a few optical elements made of plastic and glass. The glass optical elements can produce sharper and quality images. Lens. Aventure IR titer (CMOS sensor Colour fiter Figure 7.17 3. The distance between the lens and the sensor is known as the focal length. | 4, A thin convex lens is used in smart phones. The lens has short focal length and produces images in the angle of broad view I length of the lens decreases, of the lens increases. b 5. When the fo the thickne: The thickness of the camera lens in the smart phones are a few millimeters, depends on the ‘thickness limits of smartphones are by the thickness of the camera lens ical length of camera lens. 157 i 4eid049 IN sctence Forms Chapter Light and Opes 8 Lenses converge light from broad view angle to the sensor so that the images appear are clear and sharp. A sensor is a part in the camera that captures images. 9, The characteristics of images produced by the ‘camera lens in smartphones are real, inverted and diminished. Ret beam incident high intensity 5. Light ray that incident onto the LCD pang form display in their respective colours," 6. The images from the three LCD panels a combined by a dichroic prism and leads tothe formation of RGB image. , Red Green iia Bias Figure 7.20 RGB image 7. The light ray from the RGB image directeg onto the fens that helps to focus the image the screen. "7 8. The distance between the RGB image produced by the dichroic prism and the len u must be f < u < 2f for the lens, q 9. The image produced is real, inverted ang magnified. Spectacles di ey @ person with normal vision, the thickness ct the eye lens is changed so that images of istant and near objects are focused exactly on the retina. The ima eee. image produced is sharp However, for a short-sighted or long-sighted erson, light rays are not focused exactly 00 ® Tetina. Thus, the images formed on the na are blurred. ‘The image on the retina is blury ‘The image on the retina is blarry Lights focused at the back of retina Long siatedness (hypermetrpia) Figure 7.21 psightedness can be corrected by concave lenses spectacles to diverge it enters the eyes. Thus, light can exactly onto the retina, spectacles to converge eyes. Thus, light can retina, Selene For & chester? Li and Optca A magnifying glass is hel of object, w is less than the lens to produce im: upright and magnified dso that the distance the focal length, f for ages that are virtual, Figure 7.24 The formation of mage by megniying glass Closed circuit television (Cctv) 9 — 1. The lens of a CCTV is made of glass (or plastic) to focus the light from outer to the CCD sensor (charged-couple device) ot CMOS ‘sensor (complementary metal oxide semiconductor’. Optical ter BNC 2, Sensor CCD gives more uniform output, therefore the images produced are high quality compared to CMOS sensor. . The amount of light passing through the ‘eamera cannot be controlled by the lens. Focal length, / ‘Sensor (CCD or CMOS) Figure 7.25 Lens with adjustable ‘iris’ is only suitable for environment with constant brightness. ever, in environment with varying , auto iris lens is more suitable. 1591> i 42)doy N sctence Forms chapter 7 Light and Opis 13. The digital signals of images are reconvene 6. The focal length of lens measured in Tie signal to be transmitted to cog millimetre (mm) the sle of vision. (mm) shows the angle o! Nae 7. The short focal length (such as 3.6 mm) gives broad angle of vision but less clear: BT Checkpoint 72 | ‘The long focal length (such as 12 mm) gives | @t_ In microscopes, why do objects to be observeg i can view further. need to place at position U, f ff magnified | magnifieg ty the eyepiece lens is — 4 a é thnwor than the objective p [Real | Virtual, ane inverted inverted Se D_ the diameter of objective compared | compared oF r lens is more than the to object, _|to object, eyepiece lens diminished | magnified pees 41, What are the characteristics | oF of final image in a telescope? | 44 wry is the distance between A. Virtual, upright compared RGB image formed by the D to actual object and LCD panels in projectors and diminished the screen, wis f magnified B To ensure the image © Real, upright compared formed on screen is not, to actual object and Bere b& diminished © To form real image on the D Real, inverted compared or & a fojactual object and D_ To ensure the colour of meopiied image formed on screen 42. For a microscope that has En aeaeed ‘objective lens with focal Tength f,, where should the 45. Which statement is correct object be placed? about the formation of image Au

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