KIM

KIM CHRISTIAN
CHRISTIAN JAMES
JAMES L.
L. AMADOR
AMADOR

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
 FLAGELLATES
Giardia intestinalis
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trichomonas hominis
Enteromonas hominis
Retortamonas intestinalis
Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas vaginalis

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
1
 FLAGELLATES
Giardia duodenalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITES
Giardia duodenalis trophozoites are pear-shaped and measure 10-20 micrometers in length.
In permanent, stained specimens, 2 large nuclei are usually visible. The sucking disks (used for
attaching to the host’s mucosal epithelium), median bodies, and flagella (8) may also be seen.

. duodenalis trophozoite in a wet mount stained with . G. duodenalis trophozoite stained with trichrome. |
iodine. | CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

. G. duodenalis trophozoite stained with trichrome. | . G. duodenalis trophozoite stained with trichrome. |
CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
2
 FLAGELLATES
Giardia duodenalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

. G. duodenalis trophozoite. | CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis. G. duodenalis trophozoites in Kohn stain. | CDC - DPDx
(n.d.). CDC. - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

G. duodenalis trophozoite in a wet mount under

G. duodenalis trophozoites in a Giemsa stained differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Image
mucosal imprint | CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. taken at 1000× magnification.| CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html (n.d.). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis
/index.html

G. duodenalis trophozoite trichrome stain. WHO. G. duodenalis trophozoite trichrome stain. 100x oil
(2012). Bench aids for the diagnosis of intestinal immersion magnification | Giardia lamblia. (n.d.).
parasites. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/davidb/50249/web/giar
/10665/37323/9789241544764_eng.pdf?sequence=1 dia46.ht m

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
3
 FLAGELLATES
Giardia duodenalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

CYSTS
Size ranges from 8 to 17 μm long by 6 to 10 μm in width. An ovoid shape. Immature cysts
contains two nuclei and a mature cysts contains four nuclei. Peripheral chromatin is absent but
with a central karyosome Cytoplasm is retracted from cell wall. Immature cyst has two median
bodies while mature cysts has four.

G. duodenalis cyst in a wet mount stained with iodine.| CDC G. duodenalis cyst in a wet mount stained with iodine.| CDC
- DPDx - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. - DPDx - Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx -
Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
4
 FLAGELLATES
Giardia duodenalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx -
Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx -
Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - G. duodenalis cyst stained with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx -
Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC. Giardiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
5
 FLAGELLATES
Chilomastix mesnili (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITES
Size ranges from 5 to 25 μm long by 5 to 10 μm in width. A pear or teardrop shape. Exhibits
stiff, rotary, directional motility. Single nucleus with a small centrally located karyosome.
Peripheral chromatin is absent. Three flagella in anterior end and one extending posteriosly.
Prominentcytostome extending 1/3 to 1/2 body length (Spiral groove).

Trophozoite of C. mesnili from a stool specimen, stained Trophozoite of C. mesnili from a stool specimen, stained
with trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification..| CDC - with trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification..| CDC -
DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili. (n.d.). CDC. DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html

Trophozoite of C. mesnili from a stool specimen, stained Trophozoite of C. mesnili stained with Giemsa Image taken
with trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification..| CDC - at 1000x magnification. | Chilomastix mesnili. (n.d.). UK
DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili. (n.d.). CDC. NEQAS Parasitology. https://tinyurl.com/2x9w4f93
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
6
 FLAGELLATES
Chilomastix mesnili (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Trophozoite of C. mesnili stained with trichrome.| CMCC.

Trophozoite of C. mesnili stained with trichrome. 1000x | .
(2015). Medical chemical Corporation: Parasite., from
Giardia lamblia.(n.d.). from http://ruby.fgcu
http://www.med-chem.com/para-site.php?url=org%2Fchil
.edu/courses/davidb/50249/web/chilo51.htm
mast

Trophozoite of C. mesnili from a stool specimen, stained Chilomastix mesnili trophozoite. viewed by phasecontrast
with trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification..| CDC - microscopy (1000x) .| Lehman, D. (2008). Diagnostic
DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili. (n.d.). CDC. parasitology from http://www1.udel.edu/mls/dlehman/m
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html edt372/C-mesnili.html

Trophozoite of E. hartmanni stained with trichrome taken

Trophozoite of C. mesnili stained with trichrome. 1000x | .
at 1000x magnification .| Tille, P. M. (2017). Parasitology. In
Giardia lamblia.(n.d.). from http://ruby.fgcu
Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology (14th ed.). St.
.edu/courses/davidb/50249/web/chilo51.htm
louis, Manssouri: Elsevier.

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
7
 FLAGELLATES
Chilomastix mesnili (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

CYSTS
Size ranges from 7 to 10 μm long by 3 to 7 μm in width. A lemonshaped, with a clear
hyaline knob. Consists of a single nucleus with a large central karyosome. No peripheral chromatin.
Well defined cytostome on one side of the nucleus.

Cyst of C. mesnili in a stool specimen, stained with Cyst of C. mesnili in a stool specimen, stained with
trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification.| CDC - trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification.| CDC -
DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili (n.d.). CDC. DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html

Cyst of C. mesnili in a stool specimen, stained with Cyst of C. mesnili in a stool specimen, stained with
trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification.| CDC - trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification.| CDC -
DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili (n.d.). CDC. DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
8
 FLAGELLATES
Chilomastix mesnili (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Cyst of C. mesnili in a stool specimen, stained with Cyst of C. mesnili in a concentrated wet mount of stool,
trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification.| CDC - stained with iodine. Image taken at 1000x
DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili (n.d.). CDC. magnification.| CDC - DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili (n.d.).
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html

Cyst of C. mesnili in a stool specimen, stained with Cyst of C. mesnili in a concentrated wet mount of stool,
trichrome. Image taken at 1000x magnification.| CDC - stained with iodine. Image taken at 1000x magnification. |
DPDx - Chilomastix mesnili (n.d.). CDC. Chilomastix mesnili. (n.d.). UK NEQAS Parasitology.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/chilomastix/index.html https://tinyurl.com/2x9w4f93

C. mesnili cyst iron hematoxylin stain, oil immersion 100x | C. mesnili cyst trichrome, stain oil immersion)100x.| Giardia
Giardia lamblia. (n.d.). Retrieved from lamblia. (n.d.). from http://ruby.fgcu.edu /courses/davi
http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/davidb/50249/web/chilo54.html db/50249/web/chilo55.htm

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
9
 FLAGELLATES
Dientamoeba fragilis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITES
Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoites measure 5 to 15 µm; cyst-like stages are rare.
Pseudopodia are angular to broad-lobed and transparent. Although most trophozoites are
binucleate, some have only one nucleus. The nucleus typically has a fragmented karyosome with
discrete chromatin granules, and a thin nuclear membrane may be visible.

Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained
with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis
Infection. (n.d.). CDC. Infection. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html

Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained
with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis
Infection. (n.d.). CDC. Infection. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
10
 FLAGELLATES
Dientamoeba fragilis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained
with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis
Infection. (n.d.). CDC. Infection. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html

Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained
with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis
Infection. (n.d.). CDC. Infection. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html

Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained Binucleate form of a trophozoite of D. fragilis, stained
with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Dientamoeba fragilis
Infection. (n.d.). CDC. Infection. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dientamoeba/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
11
 FLAGELLATES
Trichomonas hominis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITES
There is no known cyst stage for Pentatrichomonas hominis. Trophozoites are pyriform in
shape, measuring 6—20 µm long. They possess five flagella: four directed anteriorly and a fifth
directed posteriorly, that forms the outer edge of the undulating membrane and projects beyond
the posterior as a free flagellum. The axostyle is slender and projects from the posterior end. The
single nucleus is located at the anterior end and contains a small karyosome.

Trophozoite of E. polecki stained with trichrome.| CDC - Trophozoite of E. polecki stained with trichrome .| CDC -
DPDx - Amebiasis. (n.d.). CDC. DPDx - Amebiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/amebiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/amebiasis/index.html

Trophozoite of E. polecki stained with trichrome.| CDC - Trophozoite of E. polecki stained with trichrome.| CDC -
DPDx - Amebiasis. (n.d.). CDC. DPDx - Amebiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/amebiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/amebiasis/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
12
 FLAGELLATES
Trichomonas hominis
Trophozoite of E. polecki stained with trichrome .| CDC -
DPDx - Amebiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/amebiasis/index.html
Trichomonas hominis trophozoite taken at 1000x
magnification. | Kennisgeving voor omleiding. (n.d.-b). Science
Direct Topics. https://tinyurl.com/aypke6t8
Trichomonas hominis trophozoite taken at 1000x
magnification | Kennisgeving voor omleiding. (n.d.-c).
Pinterest. https://tinyurl.com/2p87sxu6
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
(Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)
Trophozoite of E. polecki stained with trichome| Ash, L. R.
(n.d.). Protozoan. In Bench Aids for the diagnostic of
Intestinal Parasites. World Health Organization. 1994.
Trichomonas hominis trophozoite taken at 1000x
magnification. | Kennisgeving voor omleiding. (n.d.-b). Science
Direct Topics. https://tinyurl.com/aypke6t8
richomonas hominis trophozoite taken at 1000x magnification
| Trichomoniasis - Image Library Page 1. (n.d.). MCD
International. https://www.mcdinternational.org
/trainings/malaria/english/DPDx5/HTML/ImageLibrary/S-
Z/Trichomoniasis/body_Trichomoniasis_il1
13
 FLAGELLATES
Enteromonas hominis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITES
Size range from 7 to 20 μm long by 5 to 18 μm wide, with an average length of to 10 to 12 μm, the typical
Trichomonas hominis trophozoite is pear shaped. The characteristic nervous, jerky motility is accomplished
with the assistance of the full body length undulating membrane. The rod-like structure located at the base of
the undulating membrane, known as the costa, connects the undulating membrane to the trophozoite body.
The single nucleus, not visible in unstained preparations, is located at the anterior region of the organism. The
small central karyosome is surrounded by a delicate nuclear membrane. Peripheral chromatin is absent. It has
typically three to five flagella that origiantes at the anterior end.

Trophozoite of E. hominis stained with trichrome.| Trophozoite of E. hominis stained with trichrome.|
Enteromonas hominis. (n.d.). Pathology Outlines. Enteromonas hominis. (n.d.). Pathology Outlines.
https://www.pathologyoutlines .com/topic/parasitology https://www.pathologyoutlines .com/topic/parasitology
ehominis.html ehominis.html

Trophozoite of E. hominis stained with trichrome.| Trophozoite of E. hominis stained with trichrome.|
Enteromonas hominis. (n.d.). Pathology Outlines. Enteromonas hominis. (n.d.). Pathology Outlines.
https://www.pathologyoutlines .com/topic/parasitology https://www.pathologyoutlines .com/topic/parasitology
ehominis.html ehominis.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
14
 FLAGELLATES
Enteromonas hominis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Trophozoite of Enteromonas hominis in a stool specimen stained Trophozoite of Enteromonas hominis in a stool specimen stained
with Trichrome.| Trophozoite of Enteromonas hominis in a stool with Trichrome.| Enteromonas hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.).
specimen stained with Trichrome | Cysts, Index, Stain. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/366973069616350825/ collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

Trophozoite of Enteromonas hominis in a stool specimen stained Trophozoite of Enteromonas hominis. | Enteromonas hominis 1
with Trichrome.| Enteromonas hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.). 08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh- collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html
collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

Trophozoite of Enteromonas hominis. | Enteromonas hominis 1 Trophozoite of Enteromonas hominis. | Enteromonas hominis 1
08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh- 08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
15
 FLAGELLATES
Enteromonas hominis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

CYSTS
The typical oval to elongated E. hominis cyst measure 3 to 10 μm long by 4 to 7 μm wide,
with an average length of 5 to 8 μm. On first inspection of these organisms, yeasts cells may often
be suspected. Further investigation, however reveals one to four nuclei. When more than one
nucleus is present, these structures are typically located at opposite ends of the cell. Although
binucleated cyst appear to be the most commonly encountered, quadrinucleated forms may also
occur. Peripheral Chromatin is absent. It is protected with a well defined cell wall.

Enteromonas hominis cyst 4 - 10 x 4 - 6 microns in faecal Enteromonas - like cyst 4 - 10 x 4 - 6 microns in fresh faecal
preparation stained with Trichrome | Enteromonas hominis 1 preparation, oval with 2 nuclei. | Enteromonas hominis 1 08.jpg.
08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh- (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

Enteromonas - like cyst 4 - 10 x 4 - 6 microns in faecal preparation Enteromonas - like cyst 4 - 10 x 4 - 6 microns in faecal preparation
stained with Trichrome, oval with 4 nuclei, no fibrils. | Enteromonas stained with Trichrome | Enteromonas hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.).
hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh- Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
collection/Enteromonas%20hominis %201%2008.jpg_Index.html collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
16
 FLAGELLATES
Enteromonas hominis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Enteromonas - like cyst 4 - 10 x 4 - 6 microns in faecal preparation Enteromonas-like cyst from a faecal preparation fixed with PVA
stained with Trichrome | Enteromonas hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.). and stained with Trichrome. | Enteromonas hominis 1 08.jpg.
Parasite.Org.http://parasite.org.au/pugh-collection/Enteromon (n.d.). Parasite.Org. http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
as%20 hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html collection/Enteromonas%20hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

Enteromonas - like cyst 4 - 10 x 4 - 6 microns in faecal preparation Enteromonas hominis cyst stained with Trichrome | Enteromonas
stained with Trichrome | Enteromonas hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.). hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org.http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
Parasite.Org.http://parasite.org.au/pugh-collection/Enteromon collection/Enteromon as%20 hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html
as%20 hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

Enteromonas hominis cyst stained with Trichrome | Enteromonas Enteromonas hominis cyst stained with Trichrome | Enteromonas
hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org.http://parasite.org.au/pugh- hominis 1 08.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org.http://parasite.org.au/pugh-
collection/Enteromon as%20 hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html collection/Enteromon as%20 hominis%201%2008.jpg_Index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
17
 FLAGELLATES
Retortamonas intestinalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITES
Trophozoites of Retortamonas intestinalis are ovoid or pyriform and measure 4—10 µm long
by 3—8 µm wide. They possess two flagella, one directed anteriorly and one extending posteriorly. A
cytostome is present at the anterior half of the trophozoite and is bordered by a fibril. The single,
spherical nucleus is located at the anterior end and contains a small karyosome and a fine layer of
peripheral chromatin.

Trophozoite of R. intestinalis in a stool specimen, stained Trophozoite of R. intestinalis in a stool specimen, stained
with trichrome. | CDC - DPDx - Non-pathogenic Flagellates. with trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - Non-pathogenic Flagellates.
(n.d.). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/nonpathogenic_ (n.d.). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/nonpathogenic_
flagellates/index.html flagellates/index.html

Retortamonas intestinalis. Iodine stain.| Rtefano, L. (2010). Retortamonas intestinalis. Wet mount examination.|
Retortamonas intestinalis http://www.atlasprotozoa. Rtefano, L. (2010). Retortamonas intestinalis
com/gallery. phpSOT_CAP=F_RETRO&link=index.php#8 http://www.atlasprotozoa. com/gallery.
phpSOT_CAP=F_RETRO&link=index.php#8

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
18
 FLAGELLATES
Retortamonas intestinalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Retortamonas intestinalis. Giemsa stain.| Rtefano, L. (2010).

Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites | Retortamonas
Retortamonas intestinalis http://www.atlasprotozoa.
intestinalis 6 06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org.
com/gallery. phpSOT_CAP=F_RETRO&link=index.php#8
https://www.parasite.org.au/pughcollection/Retortamona
s%20intestinalis%206%2006.jpg_Index.html

Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites | Retortamonas Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites | Retortamonas

intestinalis 6 06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. intestinalis 6 06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org.
https://www.parasite.org.au/pughcollection/Retortamona https://www.parasite.org.au/pughcollection/Retortamona
s%20intestinalis%206%2006.jpg_Index.html s%20intestinalis%206%2006.jpg_Index.html

Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites | Retortamonas Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites | Stefano, L. (2010).

intestinalis 6 06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. Retortamonas intestinalis http://www.atlasprotozoa.
https://www.parasite. com/gallery. phpSOT_CAP=F_RETRO&link=index.php#8
org.au/pughcollection/Retortamonas%20intestinalis%206
%2006.jpg_Index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
19
 FLAGELLATES
Retortamonas intestinalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

CYSTS
Cysts of Retortamonas intestinalis are ovoid or pyriform and measure 4—7 µm long by 3—5
µm wide. Mature cysts contain a single nucleus, with a compact central karyosome and varying
amounts of peripheral chromatin. The fibril associated with the cytostome may be been seen in
close proximity to the nucleus.

Cyst of R. intestinalis in a stool specimen, stained with Cyst of R. intestinalis in a stool specimen, stained with
trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - Non-pathogenic Flagellates. (n.d.). trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - Non-pathogenic Flagellates. (n.d.).
CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/nonpathogenic_ CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/nonpathogenic_
flagellates/index.html flagellates/index.html

Cyst of R. intestinalis in a stool specimen, stained with Cyst of R. intestinalis in a stool specimen, stained with
trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - Non-pathogenic Flagellates. (n.d.). trichrome.| CDC - DPDx - Non-pathogenic Flagellates. (n.d.).
CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/nonpathogenic_ CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/nonpathogenic_
flagellates/index.html flagellates/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
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 FLAGELLATES
Retortamonas intestinalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites and cyst in faecal Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites and cyst in faecal
smear stained with FeHx.| Retortamonas intestinalis 6 smear stained with FeHx.| Retortamonas intestinalis 6
06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. https://www.parasite. 06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. https://www.parasite.
org.au/pughcollection/Retortamonas%20intestinalis%206 org.au/pughcollection/Retortamonas%20intestinalis%206
%2006.jpg_Index.html %2006.jpg_Index.html

Retortamonas intestinalis cysts stained with trichrome stain.| Retortamonas intestinalis cysts stained with trichrome stain.|
Stefano, L. (2010). Retortamonas intestinalis http://www.atlas- Stefano, L. (2010). Retortamonas intestinalis http://www.atlas-
protozoa.com/gallery.php?SOT_CAP=F_RETRO&link=index.php#8 protozoa.com/gallery.php?SOT_CAP=F_RETRO&link=index.php#8

Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites and cyst in faecal Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoites and cyst in faecal
smear stained with FeHx.| Retortamonas intestinalis 6 smear stained with FeHx.| Retortamonas intestinalis 6
06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. https://www.parasite. 06.jpg. (n.d.). Parasite.Org. https://www.parasite.
org.au/pughcollection/Retortamonas%20intestinalis%206 org.au/pughcollection/Retortamonas%20intestinalis%206
%2006.jpg_Index.html %2006.jpg_Index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
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 FLAGELLATES
Trichomonas tenax (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITE
The typical T. tenax trophozoite is described as being oval to pear- shaped,
measuring 5 to 14 μm long, with an average length of 6 to 9 μm. the single ovoid, vesicular
nuleus is filled with several chromatin granules and is usually located in the central anterior
portion of the organism. It is equip with five flagella, all of which originate at the anterior end .

Trichomonas tenax.| Trichomonas Tenax.wmv. (2011, Trichomonas tenax.| Trichomonas Tenax.wmv. (2011,
January 2). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? January 2). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DMXBqQgIH8g v=DMXBqQgIH8g

Trichomonas tenax .| Periodontitis Oral trichomoniasis . Trichomonas tenax .| Periodontitis Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas tenax Alert. GUNA Dr Mark Bonner. (2016, Trichomoniasis Oral GUNA Necrotizing periodontitis Alert.
March 13). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? (2015, September 29). YouTube.
v=XXVMX7uNzns https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VOy0dIot_0

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
22
 FLAGELLATES
Trichomonas tenax (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Trichomonas tenax in Phase-contrast microscope, 1000× Trichomonas tenax in Phase-contrast microscope, 1000×
magnification, salivary smear .| CWikipedia contributors. magnification, salivary smear .| CWikipedia contributors.
(2021, October 12). Trichomonas tenax. Wikipedia. (2021, October 12). Trichomonas tenax. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomonas_tenax https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomonas_tenax

Trichomonas tenax.| File:Trichomonas tenax unique.ogv - Trichomonas tenax (Tt) and neutrophil (N) in pleural fluid (May-
Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Wikimedia Gr ̈nwald-Giemsa stain). Magnification, 1,000x. | Bellanger, A. et.
Commons.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tric Al (2008). Two Unusual Occurrences of Trichomoniasis: Rapid
homonas_tenax_unique.ogv Species Identification by PCR. https://tinyurl.com/vv8xspnc

Trichomonas tenax.| Matuni, F. (n.d.). T.tenax. Trichomonas tenax.| Trichomonas Tenax.wmv. (2011,
Slideshare.https://www.slideshare.net/FtoonMatuni/tten January 2). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
ax v=DMXBqQgIH8g

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
23
 FLAGELLATES
Trichomonas vaginalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

TROPHOZOITE
Trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis are pyriform and 7-30 µm long. They have five
flagella: four anteriorly directed flagella and one posteriorly along the outer membrane of the
undulating membrane. The large nucleus is usually located at the wider, anterior end and
contains many chromatin granules and a small karyosome. The cytoplasm also contains many
granules, but these are often not seen in Giemsa-stained specimens.

Two trophozoites of T. vaginalis obtained from in vitro Trophozoites of T. vaginalis obtained from in vitro culture,
culture, stained with Giemsa.| CDC - DPDx - stained with Giemsa.| CDC - DPDx - Trichomoniasis. (n.d.).
Trichomoniasis. (n.d.). CDC. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trichomoniasis/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trichomoniasis/index.html

Trophozoites of T. vaginalis obtained from in vitro culture, Trophozoites of T. vaginalis obtained from in vitro culture,
stained with Giemsa.| CDC - DPDx - Trichomoniasis. (n.d.). stained with Giemsa.| CDC - DPDx - Trichomoniasis. (n.d.).
CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trichomoniasis/index.html CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trichomoniasis/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
24
 FLAGELLATES
Trichomonas vaginalis (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoite stained with Lugol's Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoite stained with Giemsa at
iodine at 1000x. | Walocknik, J. (2009). Protozoan Pathogens: 1000x. | Kolarova, L., Nemeckova, V., Zitova, D., Bednar, M.
Identificationhttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/Trichom (n.d.) images of Human Parasites.
onas-vaginalis-trophozoite-Lugols-iodine-stain-A-1000_fig1 http://mikrobiologie.lf3.cuni.cz/parazitologie/index.html
_227986489

Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoite stained with Giemsa at

Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoite stained with Giemsa at
1000x. | Kolarova, L., Nemeckova, V., Zitova, D., Bednar, M.
1000x. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(n.d.) images of Human Parasites.
Trichomonas vaginalis. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/
http://mikrobiologie.lf3.cuni.cz/parazitologie/index.html
trichomoniasis/index.html

Trophozoites of T. vaginalis stained with Giemsa.| Giron, R.,

Esteban, J. (2008). Protozoa in respiratory pathology: A Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoite stained with Lugol's
review. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Trichomonas- iodine at 1000x. | Bagfi, A. et. Al. F Trichomonas vaginalis,
vaginalis-two-Giemsastained-trophozoites-Scale-bar515- trophozoite https://www.researchgate.net/figure/T-
mm_fig2_23445584 vaginalis-trophozoite-Giemsastaining-10_fig1_43529506

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
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 CILIATE
Balantidium coli (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

Both Balantidium coli trophozoites and cysts may be shed in stools. Both stages may occur
in diarrheal stools, and usually only cysts are observed formed stools.

TRPHOZOITES
Trophozoites are characterized by: their large size (40 µm to 200 µm), the presence of cilia on
the cell surface, a cytostome, and a bean shaped macronucleus which is often visible and a smaller,
less conspicuous micronucleus.

. coli trophozoite in a primate fecal sample. | CDC - DPDx - B. coli trophozoite in a wet mount, 500× magnification. |
Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC. CDC - DPDx - Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html

B. coli trophozoite under differential interference contract B. coli trophozoite in a wet mount, 1000× magnification.|
(DIC) microscopy, 500× magnification. | CDC - DPDx - CDC - DPDx - Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
26
 CILIATE
Balantidium coli (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

B. coli trophozoite in a Mann's hematoxylin stained smear, B. coli trophozoites in colon tissue stained with hematoxylin
500× magnification.| CDC - DPDx - Balantidiasis. (n.d.). and eosin (H&E) at 200x magnification.| CDC - DPDx -
CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html

B. coli trophozoites in colon tissue stained with hematoxylin B. coli trophozoite in tissue stained with H&E. | Balantidiasis -
and eosin (H&E) at 400x magnification.| CDC - DPDx - Image Library Page 1. (n.d.). MCDInternational.
Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC. https://mcdinternational.org/trainings/malaria/english/dpdx5/h
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html tml/ImageLibrary/A-F/Balantidiasis/body_Balantidiasis_il1

B. coli trophozoite. | A microscopic picture of Balantidium B. coli trophozoite. | A microscopic picture of Balantidium
coli (trophozoite stage). (2019, May 5). Reddit. coli (trophozoite stage). (2019, May 5). Reddit.
https://www.reddit.com/r/microbiology/comments/bl34su https://www.reddit.com/r/microbiology/comments/bl34su
/a_microscopic_picture_of_balantidium_coli/ /a_microscopic_picture_of_balantidium_coli/

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
27
 CILIATE
Balantidium coli (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

CYSTS
Cysts are seen less frequently and range in size from 50 µm to 70 µm. B. coli trophozoites can
also invade tissue.

B. coli cyst in a wet mount, unstained. | CDC - DPDx - B. coli cyst in a wet mount, unstained. | CDC - DPDx -
Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC. Balantidiasis. (n.d.). CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html

B. coli cyst in a wet mount, unstained. | Balantidiasis -
Image Library Page 1. (n.d.). MCDInternational.
https://mcdinternational.org/trainings/malaria/english/d
pdx5/html/ImageLibrary/A-
F/Balantidiasis/body_Balantidiasis_il1
B. coli cyst in a wet mount, unstained. | Balantidiasis -
Image Library Page 1. (n.d.). MCDInternational.
https://mcdinternational.org/trainings/malaria/english/d
pdx5/html/ImageLibrary/A-
F/Balantidiasis/body_Balantidiasis_il1

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
28
 CILIATE
Balantidium coli (Phylum: Sarcomastigophora)

B. coli cyst. | A microscopic picture of Balantidium coli B. coli cyst. | Diagnostic Parasitology; B. coli. (n.d.).
(trophozoite stage). (2019, May 5). Reddit. Diagnostic Parasitology.
https://www.reddit.com/r/microbiology/comments/bl34su https://www1.udel.edu/mls/dlehman/medt372/B-coli.html
/a_microscopic_picture_of_balantidium_coli/

B. coli cyst. | Diagnostic Parasitology; B. coli. (n.d.). B. coli cyst. | Diagnostic Parasitology; B. coli. (n.d.).
Diagnostic Parasitology. https://www1.u Diagnostic Parasitology.https://www1.udel.edu/mls
del.edu/mls/dlehman/medt372/B-coli.html /dlehman /medt372/B-coli.html

B. coli cyst.| DBalantidium coli. (n.d.). Pinterest. B. coli cyst.| DBalantidium coli. (n.d.). Pinterest.
https://www.pinterest.ph/MLAB1231/balantidium-coli/ https://www.pinterest.ph/MLAB1231/balantidium-coli/

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
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